At independence many in Africa anticipated a national state police force that would provide a universal, effective and just protection from crime and disorder, but after 40 years of independence it has become apparent that African governments are not willing or able to provide the level of service they had promised. The explanation is partly financial, but it is also true that weak states often choose to privilege “regime stability and narrow sectional interests over public safety considerations” or at times are simply guilty of “malevolent indifference” (Goldsmith, 2003: 4,7; Hills, 2000). As regards offering protection for citizens, state police are widely perceived as indifferent, inept, inefficient and corrupt (Adu-Mireku, 2002; Chukwuma, 2000; Shaw, 2002). Worse, there are many occasions when the police, pursuing their own or regime interests, commit extra-judicial killings, beat detainees, use excessive force, arbitrarily arrest and detain persons, and act in collusion with criminals (see annual reports of US Department of State, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International). Given their regime-determined agenda, it is little surprising that police who commit such abuses are rarely investigated or punished.
Security Sector Reform
