Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

There is an emerging consensus that United States (US) and international policies are wrong-headed and ineffective in delivering peace, stability and democratic governance to Afghanistan. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is part of a signature research project exploring Afghanistan. The US and partners must adopt a regional approach toAfghanistan's problems and foster the development of an appropriate governance system to replace the current dysfunctional system.

Author: M. Nazif Shahrani Source: Shahrani M.N., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Alternatives for Peace, Governance and Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens & Rulers to Civil Servants', The Afghanistan Papers, No. 2, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 18 pages (657 kB)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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What has been the impact of the current economic and financial crisis on countries such as the Maldives? This article is a transcript of a speech by Dr Ahmed Kahleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations, to the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development, held on 24 - 26 June 2009. He argues that the Maldives needs urgent assistance from the international community to stabilise the situation and jump-start the country's economy.

Author: Ahmed Khaleel Source: Khaleel A., 2009, 'Statement by His Excellency Mr. Ahmed Khaleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations at the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its impact on development' Size: 4 pages (104 kB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is an autochthony discourse? Why is this discourse a popular explanation for current global political conflicts? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the use of autochthony discourse is an attractive way to respond to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. It examines why these autochthony discourses are commonly associated with violence. The article firstly investigates the reasons why the current postmodern/postcolonial condition is characterised by an increasing degree of ontological uncertainty. It then follows with an analysis as to why autochthony discourses are often linked to violence.

Author: Kevin Dunn Source: Dunn K., 2009, ''Sons of the Soil' and Contemporary State Making: Autochthony, Uncertainty and Political Violence in Africa', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 113 - 127 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the socio-economic and ecological effects of mass-production in the South for the purpose of matching mass-consumption in the North? This Third World Quarterly article examines the two levels of the process of displacement, which in the current global capitalist order inherently displaces insecurity onto marginalised populations in order to reproduce the social conditions for accumulation at a global level. This illustrates the current crisis as a momentary violation with an existing rational social order, the discourse of security seeks to normalise the global status quo and justify a sequence of actions to securitise it.

Author: Marcus Taylor Source: Taylor M., 2009, 'Displacing Insecurity in a Divided World: Global Security, International Development and the Endless Accumulation of Capital', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 147 - 162 Size: 17 pages ()
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What is the Third Worldism project? What was its impact upon world politics? This Third World Quarterly article analyses the political merits and highlights the limitations of the Third Worldism project. The article first provides a brief historical explanation of the origins of the Third Worldism project and its key elements as well as some of its underlying assumptions. This is followed by the development of a string of arguments which illustrate the main contradictions of the Third Worldism project which rendered its practical application problematic and contradictory at times. The article concludes with a word of hope by challenging the need for an alternative method to achieve development by recognising the interconnectivity between the wider social and political relations and national development.

Author: Heloise Weber | Mark Berger Source: Weber H., Berger M., 2009, 'Human (In)Security and Development in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 263 - 270 Size: 9 pages ()
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Africa has produced many able mediators in the past fifty years; it is time to refine, improve and assert this homegrown peacemaking capacity. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reports on the African Mediators' Retreat 2009, held to assess mediation efforts in various African states. Future discussions of the role of African mediators should address whether crisis response mediation undermines longer-term mediation objectives of social transformation and durable peace.

Author: HD Centre Source: Centre H., 2009, 'Meeting Report - African Mediators' Retreat 2009', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (564 kB)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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There is a public security crisis in Jamaica, which has one of the highest rates of violent crime in the world. This Amnesty International report examines this crisis and argues that the Jamaican government is failing to effectively provide human security to its population. It calls on the Jamaican government to create a comprehensive public security plan for the protection of human rights and for other governments to support this process.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2008, '"Let them kill each other": Public security in Jamaica's inner cities', Amnesty International, London Size: 53 pages (443kB)
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How can government development agencies play a part in tackling the problems that contribute to violent conflict? This paper by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) seeks to show how DFID understands and responds to conflict across the breadth of its work. It proposes to place a greater emphasis on resolving conflict before it becomes violent, to make its response to armed conflict more effective by improving its support to peace processes and enhancing the conflict-management capacity of relevant bodies, and to make its development work more 'conflict-sensitive'. The paper includes case studies from Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia, Uganda, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sudan and Yemen.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2007, 'Preventing Violent Conflict', UK Government Policy Paper, DFID, London Size: 40 pages (690 kB)
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Is building peace through community development a promising approach? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute draws on a recent CMI evaluation of a UNDP-led programme in Ituri district in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Community development can be an effective tool to build peace, even in the midst of violence. The Ituri experience suggests that aid agencies that adopt this strategy will stand a fair chance to succeed in significantly reducing poverty-related violence.

Author: Ingrid Samset Source: Samset, I., 2007, 'A promising experience: building peace through community development', Brief, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Vol.6 No.3, Norway Size: 4 pages (452KB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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Should external actors intervene to trigger or force a transition in extreme cases of autocratic or failed governance? This article considers the case of Burma. It explores the country's deprivations under military rule, identifies means to make its institutions adequate to the task of democratic governance, and proposes limitations on assistance under various scenarios for political transition. It argues that some degree of political transition will have to occur before assistance can be delivered, and that Burma's Asian neighbours will be crucial to any breakthrough.

Author: PRISCILLA CLAPP Source: Clapp,P., 2007, 'Building Democracy in Burma', Working Paper 02, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA Size: 77 pages (820 kB)
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What challenges confront the peacebuilding agenda in Africa? To what extent have peacebuilding measures been undertaken in conflict-ridden African states? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges, extent and achievement of peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace. The experience of Sierra Leone demonstrates growing international recognition that peacebuilding should be an essential part of any multinational peacekeeping operation in Africa. While many positive developments have strengthened the prospects for long-term peace in Sierra Leone, several problems still need to be urgently addressed.

Author: Theo Neethling Source: Neethling,T., 2007, 'Pursuing Sustainable Peace Through Post-conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Sierra Leone', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (148 kB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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Gender-based violence and discrimination hinder the establishment of peace and human security. Without gender equality, progress in global poverty reduction and development will fail. This study by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) argues that gender-sensitive reform of the security sector can make an important contribution to the reduction of gender-based violence and discrimination. It is an aspect of reform that has been overlooked in development cooperation to date.

Author: Sandra Oelke Source: Oelke,S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Gender: Concept and Points of Entry for Development Cooperation', Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany Size: 24 pages (1.62MB)
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What factors determine the degree to which a country is democratic? This study in the European Journal of Political Economy uses a set of graphs and tables to present the pattern of democracy in the world, using the Gastil Index. A statistical analysis is then conducted. Regression techniques are used to analyse the effect on democracy of a number of variables. Poverty, Communism and the Muslim culture are revealed as the main barriers to democracy. Bayesian probability methods make explicit the concept of the 'risk' of countries being undemocratic. The analysis investigates whether the dynamics of the democratic deficit of the Muslim countries is stationary or transitory.

Author: Vani K. Borooah | Martin Paldam Source: Borooah,V.K. and Paldam,M., 2007, 'Why is the world short of democracy? A cross-country analysis of barriers to representative government', European Journal of Political Economy, Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2007, pp.582-604 Size: 24 pages ()
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Minority issues lie at the heart of many of the world's conflicts. Yet minority rights are often marginalised in peace processes and conflict prevention programmes. This study, by the Minority Rights Group, looks at Chechnya, Darfur, Kashmir, Kosovo and Sri Lanka. Understanding the warning signs provided by minority rights violations could prevent conflicts. Groups should not be separated along ethnic, religious or linguistic lines as a way of creating peace, as such divisions can entrench old hatreds and wounds in the long term.

Author: Clive Baldwin | Chris Chapman Source: Baldwin, C., Chapman, C. and Gray, Z., 2007, 'Minority Rights: The Key to Conflict Prevention'. Minority Rights Group International (MRG), Minority Rights Report, UK Size: 44 pages (435 KB)
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What is the cost of armed violence? IANSA, Saferworld and Oxfam's investigation into the cost of armed violence to Africa looks at where the weapons come from which feed this violence, and then highlights an important area where progress is urgently required at both African and international levels. Armed conflict alone has cost Africa around US$300bn since 1990. This is a massive waste of resources - roughly equivalent to all international aid to Africa from major donors during the same period.

Author: Oxfam | IANSA Source: Hillier,D., 2007, 'Africa's missing billions: International arms flows and the cost of conflict', Oxfam International, IANSA and Saferworld, Briefing Paper 107, UK Size: 38 pages (427 kB)
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To what extent has the World Bank incorporated gender considerations into its investments in post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) situations? This paper from Gender Action examines World Bank PCR investments for gender considerations, with particular attention to Angola, Cambodia, Colombia, Iraq, Sri Lanka and Rwanda. It shows that the World Bank has integrated gender considerations into its investments to only a limited extent. The Bank must integrate into PCR: 1) women-focused activities; 2) gender aware programming; and 3) the promotion of gender equality aimed at building peaceful societies.

Author: Elaine Zuckerman | Suzanna Dennis Source: Zuckerman, E., Dennis, S. and Greenberg, M. 2007. 'The Gender Dimensions of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The World Bank Track Record', Gender Action, Washington, D.C. Size: 68 pages (843 KB)
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What are the implications of gender for security and development? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development argues that gender is vital in any discussion of security and development since women are affected by war, conflict and poverty in different ways to men. It also illustrates the ways in which gender systems are bound up with other 'differences' and how these are specific to individual contexts.

Author: Marsha Henry Source: Henry, M. (2007). 'Gender, security and development', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 61-84, Routledge Size: 25 pages ()
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What are the implications for human security (conflict and poverty) of low state capacity and resilience? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development suggests a model of state fragility that is based on the state's capacity to protect itself, deliver services and manage economic risks and on the state's resilience in negotiating social relations and political risks. By isolating initial conditions in a country, the model gives a truer picture of performance. It suggests a more appropriate aid distribution that takes into account fragility.

Author: Eka Ikpe Source: Ikpe, E. (2007). 'Challenging the discourse on fragile states', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 85-124, Routledge Size: 41 pages ()
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What progress have developing countries and their development partners made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What obstacles and challenges remain to meeting the goals by the target date of 2015? This report from the United Nations presents a comprehensive global assessment of progress towards achieving the MDGs. While some progress is being made, the MDGs will only be achieved if concerted additional action is taken immediately and sustained until 2015. All stakeholders must fulfil the commitments made in the Millennium Declaration and subsequent pronouncements.

Author: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Millennium Development Goals Report - 2007', United Nations, New York, USA Size: 21 pages (1.18 MB)
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How do poverty and inequality causally interact with conflict? While there is a general view that poverty and inequality can lead to conflict, the nature of the links are less well appreciated. This paper draws out the links based on the recent economics literature and discusses their implications for policy. While inequality is a natural concomitant of economic processes, particularly those driven by the market, its implications for security emerge when unequal outcomes align with socio-political cleavages.

Author: Ravi Kanbur Source: Kanbur, R., 2007, 'Poverty and Conflict: The Inequality Link', International Peace Academy, New York. Size: 2 pages (29kb)
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What is the impact of the War of Terror (WOT) on development aid? This study, by the North-South Institute, examines the way in which WOT has affected the orientation and efficacy of official development assistance (ODA). It argues that ODA has become a tool for the realisation of the goals of WOT. Aid for political and security purposes has undermined support for development priorities.

Author: Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, K., (2007), 'Security, the War on Terror and Official Development Assistance', Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 32 pages (343KB)
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Civil unrest reduces potential for economic growth and poverty reduction. But what triggers civil unrest in society and how can it be prevented? This paper from the Households in Conflict Network analyses the comparative merits of redistributive transfers in preventing and reducing civil unrest. In the medium-term, redistributive transfers are more successful and cost-effective than more direct intervention. Policing is at best a short-term strategy and may, in the longer term, trigger further social discontent.

Author: Patricia Justino Source: Justin, P., 2007, 'Carrot or stick? Redistributive Transfers Versus Policing in Contexts of Civil Unrest', HiCN Working Paper 33, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton Size: 2 pages (40KB)
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the challenges facing the development of a security sector reform (SSR) policy agenda for West Africa? This Workshop Report from the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre argues that while Africa happens to be the largest recipient of SSR programmes, it lacks its own SSR concept. The paper explores options and strategies for the design of a comprehensive SSR concept for West Africa. West African security sector reform must address security issues pertinent to the sub-region.

Author: John Mark Pokoo | Eunice Dadson Source: Opoku, J. et al., 2007, 'The Challenges of Developing a Policy Agenda for Security Sector Reform and Governance in West Africa', Workshop Report 5-6 June 2007, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 12 pages (929 kB)
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Terrorism is an urban phenomenon, with states undergoing rapid urbanisation under an increased risk. Historically youth bulges, in conjunction with rapid urbanisation, has been an important contributor to political violence; especially where unemployment and poverty exist. The existence of youth bulges significantly increases the risk of conflict. However, no thorough review exists over government targeted programmes aimed at mitigating the security risk posed by youth bulges. More research is therefore required over youth bulges, political violence and remedial policies; particularly in regards to urban settings.

Author: Henrik Urdal Source: Urdal, H., 2007, 'The Demographics of Political Violence: Youth Bulges, Insecurity and Conflict' in Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict and Security in the 21st Century, eds. L. Brainard and D. Chollet, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 90-100 Size: 11 pages (79.5)
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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How has our understanding of and approach to human security evolved in relation to the war on terrorism? This paper published by the German Development Institute explores human security as a technology of international governance, examining how the concept facilitates our understanding of populations living in ineffective states. It argues that the war on terrorism has deepened the interconnection between development and security, refocusing aid towards populations, regions and issues seen to present a risk to security.

Author: M. Duffield Source: Duffield, M., 2006, 'Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S., Bonn, DIE Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 28 pages (833 KB)
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What national security challenges does the United States face? How will it mitigate those threats through economic policy, military action, diplomatic engagement and domestic institutional reform? This paper from the US National Security Council explores international development and security trends as they impact upon US national interests. It outlines Washington's policy to address poverty, regional instability and terrorism by expanding free trade, promoting democracy, developing cooperative alliances and disabling terrorist networks.

Author: National Security Council (USA) Source: National Security Council, 2006, 'The National Security Strategy of the United States of America', National Security Council, Washington D.C. Size: 54 pages (653 kB)
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What factors have led to the failure of the international mission in Afghanistan to achieve its objectives of security and stability? Five years after their removal from power, the Taliban are back and have substantial support and effective military control over half of Afghanistan. This report from The Senlis Council argues that prioritising a narrow militaristic agenda over cooperation and development has left the fundamental problems of poverty and instability unaddressed.

Author: The Senlis Council Source: The Senlis Council, 2006, 'Afghanistan Five Years Later: The Return of the Taliban', The Senlis Council, London Size: pages ()
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While donors and the academic community are paying increased attention to civil society, few studies examine security sector reform (SSR) and governance from a civil society perspective. This paper by Marina Caparini and Philipp Fluri is the first chapter of a book that explores the nexus between civil society and the security sector. Using conceptual perspectives and studies of central and east european countries (CEE), the book provides a detailed analysis of civil society actors in CEE and its current relationship with the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini | Philipp Fluri Source: Caparini,M. & Fluri,P., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini,M., Fluri,P. & Molnar,F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.1. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Does environmental scarcity cause civil conflict? This paper by Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Indra de Saysa and Nils Petter Gleditsch reports the findings of a study exploring the correlation between the scarcity of natural resources and the presence of conflict or peace. Contrary to the argument that scarcer natural resources propel societies to compete with each other, the study finds that the ecological footprint - the consumption of natural resources - is positively correlated with peace.

Author: Helga Malmin Binningsbo | Indra de Soysa Source: Binningsbø,H., Soysa,I. & Gleditsch,N., 2006, 'Green Giant or Straw Man? Environmental Pressure and Civil Conflict, 1961-99', Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway & Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka? What capacity does the state have to control illegal weapons more effectively? This report from the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA) and Saferworld outlines the findings and recommendations of a pilot SALW survey carried out in Hambantota. It examines the distribution of SALW and their impact on safety, security, development and governance, and the capacity of the state to control them.

Author: Saferworld | NCAPISA Source: NCAPISA. 2006. 'Hambantota: Illegal small arms and light weapons pilot survey', National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA), Sri Lanka Size: 62 pages (933 KB)
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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The judicial system of Malawi is compromised because of archaic laws and systemic lack of legal representation for indigents. This paper, published by the International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, analyses Malawi's criminal justice system and examines the use of paralegals to redress the lack of legal representation. Use of paralegals to assist poor people provides benefits for the poor and helps countries' progress towards provision of fundamental human rights.

Author: Hillery Anderson Source: Anderson H., 2006, 'Justice Delayed in Malawi's Criminal Justice System: Paralegals vs. Lawyers', International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS) Vol. 1 Size: 11 pages (135 kB)
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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Recent studies show the increasing extent that women operate as combatants in (ir)regular armies in conflict. How can disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes become more gender-sensitised? This study by the Clingendael Institute examines men and women's active involvement in warfare, their gender-specific roles and gender relations within armies and discusses the challenges for DDR programmes in targeting female ex-combatants.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, "Clingendael", The Hague Size: 37 pages (128KB)
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What is the link between security and development? What is the best way to achieve both? This strategy paper by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) outlines how DFID, through its commitment to fighting poverty, can help tackle insecurity among the poor. It explains the complex connections between security and development and sets out how DFID can build security by working with poor people, their governments and international partners.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2005, 'Fighting Poverty to Build a Safer World: a Strategy for Security and Development', Strategy paper, Department for International Development, UK. Size: 48 pages (264KB)
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The PRSP has become the primary tool for articulating a vision for growth and poverty reduction in nearly 60 low-income countries. Some 15-20 of these countries are affected by conflict, and other conflict-affected countries are still to begin the process. In what ways do Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSPs) in conflict-affected countries take account of their particular contexts? To what extent have assessments of the sources of conflict and the ways they interact with poverty informed the strategies? This report from the World Bank aims to contribute to more effective poverty reduction in countries affected by conflict by analyzing these questions.

Author: Source: World Bank, 2005, 'Toward a Conflict-sensitive Poverty Reduction Strategy : Lessons from a Retrospective Analysis', Report no. 32587, World Bank, Washington Size: 75 pages (510 kb)
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This paper by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) examines Canberra's approach to development assistance with a focus on the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, The Philippines and Burma. Over three-quarters of Australia's major bilateral aid programmes operate in countries that are experiencing, recovering from or are vulnerable to conflict. Australia's approach to peace, conflict and development emphasises the role of humanitarian aid in addressing the symptoms of conflict.

Author: Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) Source: AusAID, 2005, 'Australian Aid: Approaches to Peace, Security and Development', AusAID, Canberra Size: 6 pages (61KB)
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How has the Asian Development Bank (ADB) helped its developing member countries (DMCs) in Asia and the Pacific to undertake legal reforms? This paper from the ADB outlines initiatives adopted to reform legislative, institutional and judicial structures, raise awareness of individuals' legal rights and strengthen government capacity. It argues that law reform is a central component in reducing poverty, promoting growth and empowering marginalised groups.

Author: Asian Development Bank Source: Asian Development Bank, 2005, 'Law and Policy Reform in Asia and the Pacific: Ensuring Voice, Opportunity and Justice', ADB, Manila Size: 16 pages (285 KB)
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What factors contribute to violent conflict? How should the US Agency for International Development (USAID) adapt to the risks and difficulties of its work in conflict zones? This paper from USAID explores the new conflict-related contexts in which development actors increasingly operate and outlines the changes that such actors need to effect in their responses to conflict. It argues that USAID should prioritise a different recruitment approach, new partnerships, cross-sectoral policy perspectives and context-specific research into - and action which addresses - the causes and consequences of conflict.

Author: USAID/Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation Source: USAID, 2005, 'Conflict Mitigation and Management Policy', USAID, Washington, D.C. Size: 16 pages (240 KB)
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What are the roles of national security decision-making structures in developing and developed countries? How could these structures benefit from reform? This paper from RAND Europe surveys case studies of national security architectures worldwide to evaluate the effectiveness of their organisation and operations. It argues that, since developed and developing countries face different security threats and logistical challenges, their emphases in security reform will vary, but transparency, accountability, coordination and broad-based information gathering are key.

Author: Kevin O'Brien | Andrew Rathmell Source: Bearne, S., O'Brien, K., Oliker, O. & Rathmell, A., 2005 'National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Reform', Security Sector Development Advisory Team, London Size: 38 pages (128 kb)
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Development cooperation has an increasingly important role to play in the areas of peace and security. This paper from the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) defines its approach to peace and security in development cooperation. It clarifies Sida's policy to create conflict-sensitive development programmes that integrate peace and security issues into implementation. Application of peace and security issues to development cooperation programmes not only promotes human security and empowerment of the poor, it also increases the likelihood of sustainable development.

Author: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Source: Sida, 2005, 'Promoting Peace and Security through Development Cooperation', Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (23.5 kb)
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While Afghanistan has made remarkable progress recently, its transition to democracy remains fragile and uncertain. Authored by Mark Sedra and Peter Middlebrook, this paper assesses Afghanistan's progress since the onset of the 2001 Bonn Agreement, which provided a road map for the transformation of the state. Continued progress requires sustained international support and a renewed Afghan commitment to pursue deep structural security sector and general public administration reforms.

Author: Mark Sedra | Peter Middlebrook Source: Middlebrook,P, & Sedra,M., 2005, 'Revisioning the International Compact for Afghanistan', Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC, USA Size: 24 pages (320kb)
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Who authorises and delivers policing in Uganda? Participative research reveals a fragmented and overlapping pattern of policing. However, for historical reasons, it is still heavily influenced, if not controlled, by state institutions. This paper, published in Policing & Society, argues that the diversification of policing in Uganda is more one of choice, rather than ownership. Such 'multi-choice' policing demands the construction of a law and order policy that is based on incorporating all acceptable policing groups.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2005, 'Multi-choice Policing in Uganda', Policing and Society, 15, 1, 19-41. Size: 23 pages (139 kB)
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The current proliferation of political gangsters, paramilitary groups and vigilantes in Indonesia reflects the inability of the state to ensure security and maintain public order. This paper, published by the Asia Research Centre, analyses the recent democratisation of violence in Indonesia that is driven by paramilitary groups attached to political parties. Response to such organised violence requires that Indonesia undertake a re-configuration of the state that includes efforts to address deep-rooted social and economic causes of violence.

Author: Ian Wilson Source: Wilson I., 2005, 'The Changing Contours of Organized Violence in Post-New Order Indonesia', Asia Research Centre, Murdoch, Australia: Working Paper No. 118 Size: 33 pages (531 KB)
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What are the best ways to promote security sector governance in Africa? What are the roles of government, the military and civil society in the process? This paper comes from a workshop with the theme Security Sector Governance. It was held in Ghana and organised by Africa Dialogue and Security Research (ASDR) and Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). The workshop included presentations by practitioners and academics and case studies from African countries and other regions in transition to democracy for example Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Author: Anicia Lala | Riefqi Muna Source: Lalá, A. and Muna, R., 2004, Workshop on Security Sector Governance in Africa', in Elmina, Ghana, 24-26 November 2003, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform Paper 33 Size: pages ()
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Could small arms and light weapons (SALW) reduction programmes help address some of the shortfalls of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? How can SALW and DDR programming be better phased and integrated? This briefing from the Centre for International Cooperation and Security examines how SALW programmes can contribute to the effectiveness of DDR in post-conflict reconstruction (PCR).

Author: Jeremy Ginifer | Mike Bourne Source: Ginifer, J. with Bourne, M. and Greene, O., 2004, 'Considering armed violence in the post-conflict transition: DDR and small arms and light weapons reduction initiatives,' a CICS Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative Briefing Paper, September 2004, University of Bradford Size: 13 pages (139 kB)
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In post-conflict developing countries, there is a frequent need to address human rights violations committed during the conflict period. The mechanisms used for this purpose include criminal and civil prosecution in domestic, foreign and international courts, traditional justice processes, truth commissions, lustration/ vetting, reparations and amnesties. These mechanisms are designed to achieve such goals as justice, reconciliation and peace. Do they also have the potential to contribute to the goal of poverty reduction?

Author: Jane Alexander Source: Alexander, J., 2003, 'A Scoping Study of Transitional Justice and Poverty Reduction', Final Report for Department for International Development (DFID), London. Size: 64 pages (463)
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The uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of arms by government forces and armed groups takes a massive human toll in lost lives, lost livelihoods and lost opportunities to escape poverty. What action is required at international, national and local level to control arms proliferation? In this report, Amnesty International and Oxfam argue that governments can and must do more to control arms proliferation effectively. Better co-ordination between governments is needed to address both the trade in arms and safety at community level.

Author: Debbie Hillyer | Brian Wood Source: Hillier, D., and Wood, B., 2003, 'Shattered Lives: A Case for Tough International Arms Control', Amnesty International and Oxfam, UK Size: 95 pages (3.2mb)
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of developmental approaches to security sector reform (SSR)? How is the concept of SSR changing, and how might it be developed to enable better implementation? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces traces the origins of the SSR debate and surveys the opportunities and challenges presented by reform. It argues that, while a comprehensive and developmental approach to SSR is important, donor governments' inadequate coordination and competing objectives and recipient countries' resistance have hampered SSR efforts.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, M., 2003, 'Development Donors and the Concept of Security Sector Reform', Occasional Paper no. 4, DCAF, Geneva Size: 61 pages (281 kB)
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What does the UK Government mean by Security Sector Reform (SSR) and how does it manage its SSR assistance to developing countries? This statement sets out the UK Government's policy on SSR. It is illustrated with examples of SSR assistance to date and outlines implications for the future. SSR requires a joined up and holistic approach. In order to be effective, assistance should be provided in coordination and in cooperation with other donors and the recipient state.

Author: GFN-SSR | Security Sector Advisor Source: GFN-SSR, 2003, 'Security Sector Reform Policy Brief', GCPP, London Size: 18 pages (3.2 MB)
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Colombia's President Alvaro Uribe has made combating the insurgents the overriding priority of his government. What are his prospects of success? This study, by the International Crisis Group, shows that a sense of public security has begun to be re-established. However, Uribe's "Democratic Security Policy" (DSP), the long-term strategy, which gives coherence to the security effort, has been stalled by arguments over how best to bring the conflict to a close. Without some serious modifications, it is unlikely to achieve its goal.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy' Latin America Report N°6, 13 November 2003, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 34 pages (501 kB)
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A badly-managed, irresponsible security sector contributes to unstable governments, excessive military expenditures, human rights abuses and intractable poverty. This document, published by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), is a set of guidelines for DFID governance advisors and managers considering security sector reform (SSR). It may also assist those working on economic reform, social development and post-conflict reconstruction. SSR programmes should only be considered if they contribute to DFID's primary mission: the reduction of poverty.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2002, 'Understanding and supporting security sector reform', DFID, UK Size: 42 pages (232 kB)
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The public perception of human security in Bangladesh is one of widespread violations, especially against the poor and disadvantaged, and of an inefficient, complex and corrupt criminal justice system. This report reviews human security and provides recommendations for change. It finds that 'anti-poor' elements of Bangladesh's criminal justice system include the bail system, costly and cumbersome court procedures, and wide misuse of discretionary powers by the police. There is also a significant 'implementation gap' in the enforcement of existing laws due to police and court inefficiencies. Political leaders and the elite should ensure the implementation and monitoring of the whole criminal justice system, taking a multidisciplinary approach to address the multifaceted nature of human security.

Author: UNDP Source: UNDP, 2002, 'Human Security in Bangladesh', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Dhaka, Bangladesh Size: 125 pages (3.8 MB)
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Security is critical for the success of development and development is critical for security. This double proposition was widely supported by the participants of the London Symposium on Security Sector Reform and Military Expenditure (February 2000). Drawing on examples in particular from Sub-Saharan Africa, this UK Department for International Development report examines the questions of how military spending and civil/military relations can be improved and how the reform of the military can take place in light of development policies.

Author: Department for International Development Source: Department for International Development 2000, 'Security-sector Reform and the Management of Defence Expenditure: A Conceptual Framework', Discussion Paper no. 1, Annex 3, pp. 41-57, Security-Sector Size: 16 pages (1.1 MB)
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The security sector reform debate is still in its embryonic stage. Considerable political, practical, conceptual and strategic work still needs to be done on security sector reform before a flexible approach can be developed to most situations. There has been a shift in thinking from donor countries, international financial institutions and development agencies towards security sector reform.

Author: Williams, R. Source: Williams, R. 2000, 'Africa and the Challenges of Security-sector Reform', in Cilliers, J. and Hilding-Norberg, A. (eds), Building Stability in Africa: Challenges for the New Millenium, ISS Monograph Series, No 46, Pretoria. Size: 10 pages (50 KB)
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Why are security issues important for generating sustainable development? What are the current World Bank activities in this area? How can donors contribute to improving security? This report explores the relationship between security and development. The state of a country's security has a major impact on the Bank's ability to respond to a country's needs. Addressing these concerns has been difficult because understanding the nexus of poverty, insecurity and development, and a strategic approach to dealing with it are still evolving.

Author: World Bank Source: World Bank 1999, 'Security, Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development: Challenges for the New Millennium', Washington D.C. Size: 40 pages (223 kB)
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It is increasingly recognised that security sector reform (SSR) can improve the circumstances of poor people by creating stable and predictable environments. But in what ways can the Department for International Development (DFID) be involved?

Author: Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, DFID Source: Department for International Development, 1998 'Poverty and the Security Sector', DFID, London. Size: 12 pages (233 kB)
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This harrowing account from UNICEF documents the reality of 69 children interviewed in six countries in the region, with an average recruitment age of 13. While individual experiences are varied, the conflicts have some common features. They are often geographically localised, of low intensity, rooted in ethnic or religious identities and directly affect only a small proportion of the population. A common strategy of deliberate terror against civilians is employed and the use of child soldiers is widespread.

Author: UNICEF | Karen Emmons Source: Emmons, K., 2002, 'Adult Wars, Child Soldiers: Voices of Children Involved in Armed Conflict in the East Asia and Pacific Region', UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Region Office (EAPRO) report Size: pages ()
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What are the European Commission's priorities for development cooperation with Bangladesh? How do these priorities relate to the development priorities of the government of Bangladesh (GoB) and the challenges it faces? This paper from the European Commission (EC) sets out its strategy for engagement with Bangladesh from 2007 to 2013. It specifies the EC's objectives in the key areas of human and social development, good governance and human rights and economic and trade development.

Author: European Commission Source: European Commission, 'Bangladesh -European Community: Country Strategy Paper for the period 2007-2013', European Commission External Relations Report, European Commission Size: 55 pages (378 kB)
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