Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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Since the beginning of the Transition Period in 2003, international partners have invested considerable resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)'s justice, police and defence sectors under the banner of Security Sector Reform (SSR). Nonetheless the consensus is that progress in SSR has been limited.

Author: Boshoff et. al. Source: Boshoff, H., Hendrickson, D., More, S., and Vircoulon, T., 2010, 'Supporting SSR in the DRC: Between a Rock and a Hard Place - An Analysis of the Donor Approach to Supporting Security Sector Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 46 pages (218 kB)
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How can the fragmented Afghan National Army (ANA) attain the unified national character required? This paper finds that ethnic frictions and political factionalism at high levels in the Ministry of Defence and general staff have stunted the army's growth, and structural flaws have undermined the military's ability to operate independently. Military aid currently empowers patronage networks. Emphasis on rapid expansion of the army may outpace the capacity of an inherently unwieldy system. It is important to strengthen civilian input into military development, to confront corruption and factionalism, and to prioritise sustainability of the armed forces.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting the Afghan National Army', Asia Report No. 190, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 42 pages (1.32 MB)
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More than two years after declaring independence, Kosovo struggles with uneven rule of law and a weak justice system that is failing its citizens. This report surveys Kosovo's domestic legal system and recommends national and international actions to address systemic weaknesses. Above all, Kosovo's President, government and Assembly must fully support efforts to curb high-level corruption and adopt key framework laws for the judicial system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'The Rule of Law in Independent Kosovo', International Crisis Group, Europe Report No. 204, Washington, D.C. Size: 33 pages (1 MB)
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What is the most promising way forward for security and stabilisation processes in Somalia? This article points to the convergence of Somali-led experiences of security management and emerging international best practice as a fruitful approach. Peace processes must include negotiations on credible security mechanisms if they are to be effective. The development of credible security mechanisms requires careful sequencing of security transitions through negotiation, mediation and consensus building.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill, J., 2010, 'Security and Stabilization in Somalia: Learning from Local Approaches', in Somali Peace Processes, Accord Issue 21, pp27-29 Size: 3 pages (3 MB)
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What are citizens' perceptions of the security sector in Bangladesh? What are the lessons for security sector reform? This paper reports results of a public perceptions survey on the police, army, the Rapid Action Battalion, defence parties and border guards. While citizens of Bangladesh feel safer today and crime has declined slightly, a large number of challenges remain that all security providers must address. The Bangladesh police and criminal justice system are in most need of reform; greater links between formal and informal security and justice mechanisms would improve security provision.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Security Provision in Bangladesh: A Public Perceptions Survey', Saferworld, London Size: 18 pages (210 KB)
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What role may ill-conceived, externally driven stabilisation efforts play in prolonging the Somali conflict? What can be learned from disarmament and demobilisation efforts in southern Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland? This article finds that externally driven initiatives have been viewed with suspicion and alarm, while Somali-led, locally owned initiatives have achieved some success. Conventional international approaches to state-building in Somalia must be reassessed. Security sector issues must be treated not as purely technical, but as integral to the political process.

Author: Matt Bryden | Jeremy Brickhill Source: Bryden, M. and Brickhill J., 2010, 'Disarming Somalia: Lessons in Stabilisation from a Collapsed State', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 239-262 Size: 24 pages (200 kB)
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What has been the impact in South Africa of the 'new security'? This article argues that the security-is-development thesis affects the functions of security agencies and is used to legitimate anti-democratic behaviour. In South Africa, a broad and deep vision of security promoted by inexperienced policymakers has contributed to the involvement of intelligence agents in domestic (often partisan) matters. An intellectual construct intended to critique state behaviour has thus become a tool of state power. Ultimately, all regime types define security in a self-interested, often anti-democratic way. A wide mandate in the hands of the state contains anti-democratic potential at least equal to that of a narrow understanding of security.

Author: Annette Seegers Source: Seegers, A., 2010, 'The New Security in Democratic South Africa: A Cautionary Tale', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 10, no. 2, pp 263-285 Size: 23 pages (200 kB)
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Have government-backed initiatives supporting informal armed groups improved security in Afghanistan? This report analyses the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police (ANAP), the Afghan Public Protection Programme (AP3), and the Local Defence Initiative (LDI). These entail support to informal armed groups to provide security, particularly in areas where the Taleban is gaining ground. However, lessons from the earlier ANAP programme were not learned, and AP3 and LDI have reproduced its shortcomings.

Author: Mathieu Lefèvre Source: Lefèvre, M., 2010, 'Local Defence in Afghanistan: A Review of Government-backed Initiatives', Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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What are the challenges and risks involved in the reintegration of insurgents in Afghanistan? This paper argues that reintegration is more complex and difficult to accomplish than is commonly appreciated. Obstacles include lack of trust, insurgent cohesion and revenge attacks. A well-executed reintegration scheme could have social and economic benefits and reduce insurgency. But if mishandled, it could do the reverse. Without intelligent design, effective delivery and political resolve, reintegration has the potential to exacerbate security problems, undermine high-level talks and even increase insurgent recruitment.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2010, 'Golden Surrender: The Risks, Challenges, and Implications of Reintegration in Afghanistan', Discussion Paper 03/2010, Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul Size: 12 pages (277 KB)
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What could aid effectiveness mean in the context of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? How could existing frameworks and processes best be used to improve SALW assistance? States need to build longer-term and strategic approaches at the international and regional levels, and to take more immediate steps to improve the management, evaluation and measurement of SALW assistance.

Author: Kerry Maze Source: Maze, K., 2010, 'Searching for Aid Effectiveness in Small Arms Assistance', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 86 pages (1.92 MB)
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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How can violence against women and girls (VAW) be addressed more effectively in security and justice (S&J) programmes? This paper outlines how S&J programmes have addressed VAW and provides suggestions for improvement. Engagement with civil society is important; CSOs can help women to articulate their experience and can advocate for institutional and social change. A focus on prevention should complement support to victims of violence.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Addressing Violence Against Women in Security and Justice Programmes: Briefing', Saferworld, London Size: 12 pages (107 KB)
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This report finds that the service improvements arising from SSR processes in Sierra Leone are threatened by questionable long-term affordability. Further, rebuilding the SLP with a mandate to provide internal security was an explicit state-building exercise. The case of Sierra Leone highlights the focus of international SSR interventions on state institutions, even in the absence of a state's monopoly over the means of violence. Sierra Leone exemplifies the difficulty - and importance - of engaging traditional security providers in broader justice reform, and of balancing what is necessary with what is sustainable.

Author: Peter Alexander Albrecht Source: Albrecht, P. A., 2010, 'Transforming Internal Security in Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone Police and Broader Justice Sector Reform', DIIS Report 2010:07, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen Size: 84 pages (444 kB)
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How is security governance organised in the Central African Republic (CAR)? Is international assistance helping security governance to become more democratic? This paper uses a multi-level governance approach to analyse the relationships between national and international actors in the CAR's Security Sector Reform (SSR). Despite a policy that emphasises increasingly decentralised security governance, informal links and structures of power have enabled the CAR executive to dominate SSR implementation. Domestic and international decison-making processes overlap and interfere with each other. It is therefore crucial that international partners understand decision-making processes in Southern countries, and that local actors understand the procedures by which international actors are intervening in their environment.

Author: Niagalé Bagayoko-Penone Source: Bagayoko-Penone, N., 2010, 'Multi-level Governance and Security: The Security Sector Reform Process in the Central African Republic', EUI Working Paper, European University Institute, Florence Size: 31 pages (160 kB)
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How do Palestinians assess Palestinian ownership in security sector reform? How could such ownership be improved? This report outlines the findings of working groups of local stakeholders. While perceiving donor support as critical for the success of security sector reform, participants expressed dissatisfaction with donor control of the planning and implementation of reform projects, noting discrepancies between donor and local priorities. They concluded that Palestinians should take the lead in SSR through improved coordination, development of a coherent strategy, and improved aid monitoring.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Source: DCAF, 2010, 'Building Ownership in Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF Spotlight no. 6, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Ramallah Size: 4 pages (459 KB)
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How do police training programmes support or undermine post-conflict reconstruction? This article analyses the importance of democratic policing to rebuilding the state after conflict. International policing and police training missions in post-conflict and fragile states have been fragmented, ad hoc, and rarely focused on the principles of democratic policing. When a new regime emerges after war or replaces authoritarianism it is essential that the training, mindset and methods of the police undergo fundamental change. Instilling an ethos of democratic policing requires training programmes and reform that builds professional competence, accountability, and a public service ethic.

Author: Michael D. Wiatrowski | Jack A. Goldstone Source: Wiatrowski M. D. and Goldstone J. A., 2010, 'The Ballot and the Badge: Democratic Policing', Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, pp79-92 Size: 13 pages (600 kB)
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What has been the impact of the current economic and financial crisis on countries such as the Maldives? This article is a transcript of a speech by Dr Ahmed Kahleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations, to the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development, held on 24 - 26 June 2009. He argues that the Maldives needs urgent assistance from the international community to stabilise the situation and jump-start the country's economy.

Author: Ahmed Khaleel Source: Khaleel A., 2009, 'Statement by His Excellency Mr. Ahmed Khaleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations at the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its impact on development' Size: 4 pages (104 kB)
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How can the international community engage successfully in peacemaking and peacekeeping? How can it develop effective exit strategies for such engagements? This article from the journal of International Affairs argues that, in most African conflicts, peace engagement can only be successful if international actors focus on achieving a bargain between elites based on the realities of the political marketplace. If they do not, they risk creating a mission without end.

Author: Alex De Waal Source: Waal A.D., 2009, 'Mission without end? Peacekeeping in the African political marketplace', International Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 1, pp. 99-113 Size: 15 pages ()
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How can armed violence be reduced in post-conflict situations? Are disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and small arms control programmes the most effective approach? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that the effectiveness of DDR and small arms control programmes is unproven. Reducing armed violence in the aftermath of conflict requires a broader approach, which responds to the heterogeneous character of such violence.

Author: Robert Muggah | Keith Krause Source: Muggah R., Krause K., 2009, 'Closing the Gap Between Peace Operations and Post-Conflict Insecurity:Towards a Violence Reduction Agenda', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 136-150 Size: 16 pages ()
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What have been the effects of counter-narcotics policies in Afghanistan since 2001? Have eradication campaigns been successful? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that aggressive opium poppy eradication programmes have been premature and counterproductive. They have not increased stability or undermined the counter-insurgency. The most important role peacekeeping forces can play is providing security.

Author: Vanda Felbab-Brown Source: Felbab-Brown, V., 2009, 'Peacekeepers Among Poppies: Afghanistan, Illicit Economies and Intervention', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 100-114 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the links between illicit commerce and political relationships in West Africa? How can a contexualised understanding of social relationships improve approaches to post-conflict statebuilding? This article from International Peacekeeping critiques the automatic criminalisation of armed networks, some of which have strong societal roots. It argues for a more nuanced understanding of the connection between illicit economic activities and violent conflict and a more pragmatic approach to post-conflict statebuilding. A strategy that selectively incorporates some networks, and targets the more predatory, is likely to be most effective.

Author: William Reno Source: Reno, W., 2009, 'Understanding Criminality in West African Conflicts', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 47-61 Size: 15 pages ()
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What effect has a legacy of impunity for human rights violations had on the security sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How can the EU incorporate justice-sensitive reform initiatives within security system reform (SSR) programmes? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding examines the need for justice-sensitive SSR in the DRC. It argues that strengthening accountability and integrity in the security system is a priority for SSR which has yet to be addressed in the DRC.

Author: Laura Davis Source: Davis L., 2009, 'Justice-Sensitive Security System Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', International Center for Transitional Justice, Initiative for Peacebuilding, International Alert Size: 36 pages (361 kB)
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What should be the primary, explicit aim of security sector reform (SSR) efforts - democracy or development? What role should the concept of the 'social contract' play in SSR? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management examines the evolution of SSR and the roles of development and democratisation in that concept. It argues that there is a tension between traditional development paradigms and democratisation that is unresolved within the present SSR discourse. To resolve this tension, the SSR discourse should explicitly acknowledge democracy as the overarching objective of SSR.

Author: Mark Knight Source: Knight M., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform, Democracy & the Social Contract: from implicit to explicit', Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol.7., No.1. Size: 20 pages (310 kB)
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What progress have Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia made in establishing effective democratic governance of their security sectors? How can international donors, civil society actors and parliamentarians strengthen legislative oversight of the security sector in West Africa? Based on case studies of Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia this report from the Center on International Cooperation examines security sector governance in West Africa. It argues that strengthening security sector governance by creating opportunities for citizens to influence security policy can help bridge divisions between society and state institutions.

Author: Jake Sherman Source: Sherman J., 2009, 'Strengthening Security Sector Governance in West Africa', The Center on International Cooperation, New York Size: 18 pages (153 kB)
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What are the priorities in terms of security in Nepal? What contribution can the European Union (EU) make towards building and maintaining peace in the country? This briefing from International Alert examines security sector reform (SSR) and public security in Nepal. It argues that there is an urgent need to address security provision and the security sector as part of Nepal's ongoing peace process.

Author: Charlotte Watson | Rebecca Crozier Source: Watson C., Crozier R., 2009, 'Security for Whom? SSR and Public Security in Nepal', International Alert Size: 28 pages (349 kB)
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How should United States Government (USG) departments and agencies implement security sector reform (SSR) programmes? What principles should guide the design and implementation of US SSR programmes? This paper from the USG provides Department of State, Department of Defense (DOD) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) practitioners with guidelines for coordinating, planning and implementing SSR programmes with partner nations. It provides guidance on how to design, develop and deliver foreign assistance in a way that promotes effective, legitimate, transparent and accountable security sector development.

Author: USAID Source: USAID, 2009, 'Security Sector Reform: USAID, DOD, DOS Policy Statement', United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Size: 14 pages (608 kB)
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A consensus among domestic security sector reform (SSR) actors in Haiti that the reform agenda is imposed from outside has led to limited local ownership of the process. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, reviews the current status of reform of Haiti's judiciary, police and penal systems. Until the suspicion of reform measures imposed by outsiders can be reversed and genuine political will for reform nurtured, SSR policy makers will be hard-pressed to succeed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M. (ed.), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Haiti', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Size: 12 pages (1.55 MB)
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Integrated, comprehensive and inclusive armed violence reduction (AVR) programmes are an emerging and growing area of development practice around the world. This paper, published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, discusses the components of a multi-level AVR approach. Adopting integrated AVR programmes requires understanding of the multi-faceted, multi-level nature of armed violence, application of rigorous diagnostics of local situations and incorporation of local ownership at all levels of programme design and implementation.

Author: OECD-DAC Source: OECD-DAC, 2009, 'Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), Paris Size: 140 pages (1.7 MB)
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Post-conflict environments can attract huge numbers of external actors that create management and coordination problems and often apply short-term approaches that can lead to resumption of conflict. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. SSR success can be assessed by measuring the reduction of violence, economic growth, improved security professionalism and the degree of local ownership.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Peacebuilding', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.50 MB)
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In virtually all security sector reform (SSR) programming and delivery, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) have either led international community efforts or supported the lead provided by other actors. This background paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, summarises IGO functions, norms and obstacles to their effectiveness. Underdeveloped IGO oversight mechanisms to ensure that activities are conducted in a transparent and accountable manner reduce IGOs' ability to contribute to long-term SSR sustainability.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform and Intergovernmental Organisations', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.41 MB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators provides guidance on grappling with justice issues in peace negotiations. Co-published with the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, the report seeks to provide peace process actors with basic facts of law, guidance on amnesties and international criminal justice, as well as lessons for incorporating approaches to accountability. The report is written by Priscilla Hayner, cofounder of ICTJ and Director of ICTJ's Geneva office and Peace and Justice Program.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner P., 2009, 'Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators', The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 24 pages (242 kB)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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How can European Union (EU) and Member State policymakers improve the impact of their security-related programming? What are the challenges that prevent policy from being implemented and what are the strategies that might ensure success? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding (IfP) focuses on security sector reform (SSR) programmes. It shows that security-building efforts that succeed are grounded in effective national political processes and backed up by robust diplomatic dialogue between donors and recipient states. Security-building programmes fail if they focus on technical responses when the political conditions for progress at the operational level are absent. It finally makes a number of observations and recommendations to enhance the people-centred dimension of SSR and other security-building programmes.

Author: Sebastien Babaud | Robert Parker Source: Babaud S., Giarmana V., Parker R., Rynn S., 2009, 'Responding to people's security needs: Improving the impact of EU programming', Initiative for Peacebuilding, London, United Kingdom Size: 24 pages (340KB)
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To what extent does Liberia's legislature have the necessary authority, ability and attitude to provide effective security sector oversight? What effect has international involvement had on security sector reform in Liberia? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines internationalised SSR and legislative oversight of the security sector in Liberia. It finds that while international support has helped to deliver critical reforms, it has also led to a top-down decision-making process lacking local consultation. The legislature and civil society are therefore important avenues for Liberians to shape the direction of security discourse.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye T., 2009, 'Liberia: Parliamentary Oversight and Lessons Learned from Internationalized Security Sector Reform', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 19 pages (147 kB)
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Why has the United Nations been sidelined in the Timor-Leste security sector reform (SSR) process despite its mandated role? This study from the Center on International Cooperation examines the evolution of SSR in Timor-Leste, focusing on the role of the UN and its ability to deliver effective and efficient SSR programme support to the national government. The research argues that while there is a still a need for a comprehensive, neutral assessment of the security sector, the UN has lost the credibility necessary for its current Security Sector Review process to fulfill this role.

Author: Yoshino Funaki Source: Funaki Y., 2009, 'The UN and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste: A Widening Credibility Gap', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 15 pages (338KB)
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While a normative framework for security sector reform (SSR) has been well established, it has not been fully applied in practice and translated into effective programming. This report, published by the Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), summarises the main findings of an e-Conference discussion of unresolved SSR challenges. A new SSR research agenda needs to be launched in order to create an implementation framework more attuned to contemporary issues and challenges.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M., 2009, 'The Future of Security Sector Reform', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (648 kB)
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There is an emerging consensus that United States (US) and international policies are wrong-headed and ineffective in delivering peace, stability and democratic governance to Afghanistan. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is part of a signature research project exploring Afghanistan. The US and partners must adopt a regional approach toAfghanistan's problems and foster the development of an appropriate governance system to replace the current dysfunctional system.

Author: M. Nazif Shahrani Source: Shahrani M.N., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Alternatives for Peace, Governance and Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens & Rulers to Civil Servants', The Afghanistan Papers, No. 2, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 18 pages (657 kB)
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The enduring presence of warlords and the influence of their international supporters are inadequately addressed by current post-conflict state building practices. This paper, published by The Round Table, discusses aspects of an east Congo rebel movement to illustrate some of the challenges warlordism poses to statebuilding. The international reluctance to recognise the importance of multiple sovereignties in statebuilding, including warlords and neighbouring states, suggests attempts to create a functioning empirical state after conflict will remain deficient.

Author: Danielle Beswick Source: Beswick D., 2009, 'The Challenge of Warlordism to Post-Conflict State-Building: The Case of Laurent Nkunda in Eastern Congo', The Round Table - The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs: Volume 98, Issue 402, pp.333-346 Size: 15 pages ()
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Nepal's peace process, which has always been predicated on a fragile political consensus, is in danger of collapse. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, discusses political and regional factors that threaten the 2006 peace settlement that ended the ten-year civil war. Averting a return to conflict requires cooperation between parties to address their differences, and international backing of the process, including a decisive lead from India.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Nepal's Future: In Whose Hands?', Asia Report No. 173, International Crisis Group Size: 53 pages (1.33 MB)
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The United States (US) Department of Defense (DoD) did not establish clear guidelines for supplying weapons to Afghan NationalSecurity Forces (ANSF), resulting in significant lapses in accountability. This report, published by the US Government Accountability Office, traces the lack of systematic tracking for obtaining, transporting and storing weapons and recommends remedial action. The Secretary of Defense should establish clear accountability procedures, assess and verify ANSF capacity to safeguard weapons and train the ANSF in accountability.

Author: United States Government Accountability Office Source: United States Government Accountability Office, 2009, 'Afghanistan Security: Lack of Systematic Tracking Raises Significant Accountability Concerns about Weapons Provided to Afghan National Security Forces', GAO-09-267, United States Government Accountability Office Size: 46 pages (826 kB)
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What options are available to the Afghan judiciary for improving its use of information and for organisational development? This United States Agency for International Development (USAID) report reviews information management planning and associated organisational development activities within the Afghanistan judiciary. It finds that the Afghan judiciary is affected by severe resource constraints. It must implement a number of change programme activities and processes - focusing on areas such as public trust and confidence - to overcome these challenges.

Author: Barry Walsh Source: Walsh B., 2009, 'An Information Management and Organizational Plan for the Judiciary of Afghanistan', United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Size: 46 pages (238KB)
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What impact have European Union security sector reform policies had in Afghanistan? This paper from the European Union Institute for Security Studies analyses the evolution and impact of EU police and justice sector reform policies in Afghanistan. It argues that while the particular Afghan context poses considerable challenges for SSR, the fragmentation of both international and European efforts has also complicated matters. Only by improving coordination and increasing resources and efforts towards joint strategies will the EU have a positive impact on SSR in Afghanistan.

Author: Eva Gross Source: Gross E., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The EU's Contribution', European Union Institute for Security Studies (Paris) Size: 52 pages (665 kB)
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What progress has the Afghan National Army (ANA) made in terms of manpower, infrastructure and equipment, training, operational proficiency and public perceptions? What challenges still remain in rebuilding the ANA? This report from the RAND Corporation offers an assessment of the progress of the ANA to date. It argues that the ANA remains a work in progress, but is an indispensable part of the ultimate security of Afghanistan.

Author: Obaid Younossi | Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Younossi O., Thruelsen P.D., Vaccaro J., Sollinger J.M., Grady B., 2009, 'The Long March: Building an Afghan National Army', RAND Corporation Size: 85 pages (392 kB)
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What is the security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan? What strategy should the US and its allies adopt in these countries and how will they know if it is succeeding? This paper from the Center for a New American Security assesses the situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan, making operational recommendations for the US and its allies. It argues that as of mid-2009, the situation in both countries is dire and getting worse. The US and its allies should adopt an 'ink blot' counterinsurgency strategy, prioritising protection of the population while setting the stage for strengthening state institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Exum | Nathaniel C. Fick Source: Exum A.M., Fick N.C., Humayun A.A., 2009, 'Triage: The Next Twelve Months in Afghanistan and Pakistan', Center for a New American Security Size: 36 pages (1.46 MB)
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What progress has recently been made in Nepal's peace process? This report, by the United Nations Secretary General, reviews progress since January 2009 and gives specific consideration to the implementation of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN). It highlights the progress made on the constitution drafting process and the reintegration of Maoist army personnel. However, it notes with concern the continued culture of impunity with regards to human rights abuses committed during and since the end of the conflict.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UN Secretary General, 2009, 'Report of the Secretary-General on the request of Nepal for United Nations assistance in support of its peace process', United Nations, S/2009/221 Size: 15 pages (208kB)
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Despite successful elections and a lasting military ceasefire, Nepal's peace process is facing its most severe tests yet. This report, published by International Crisis Group, argues that a number of major issues remain unresolved. There is little unity of effort amongst the governing coalition led by the Maoists, but the democratic alternatives are alarmingly weak. The parties need to rebuild consensus on the way forward or face a public backlash. International supporters of Nepal must target assistance and political pressure to encourage the parties to face the threats to peace.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group , 2009, 'Nepal's Faltering Peace Process', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 163 Size: 45 pages (964 kB)
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The United States sees Pakistani cooperation in defeating militants in the northwest of the country as crucial to winning the war in neighbouring Afghanistan. The Obama administration has focused on strengthening Pakistan's counterinsurgency capabilities, and is pushing for increased assistance for equipment and training for Pakistani forces. This article, by the Council on Foreign Relations, outlines the forms this assistance has taken and examines some of the major debates surrounding it. It highlights the suggestion that Pakistan may not be fully committed to refocusing its army on counterinsurgency as it still sees India as its biggest security threat.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2009, 'Realigning Pakistan's Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC, US Size: 4 pages (76 kB)
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The connection between community security and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), is largely omitted in current policy and is unexplored in both academic and policy literature. This report, by the Peace Security and Development Network, reviews the existing literature on this link and identifies a number of weaknesses in DDR processes that stem from a lack of focus on community security. Local actors have limited influence on donors and national governments, which limits the possibilities for DDR programmes to reinforce community security arrangements, and vice versa.

Author: Rens Willems | Willemijn Verkoren Source: Willems R., Verkoren W., Derks M., Kleingeld J., Frerks G., Rouw H., 2009, 'Security Promotion in Fragile States: Can Local Meet National?', Peace, Security & Development (PSD) Network Size: 142 pages (1.1 MB)
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Despite various reforms dealing with increasing the security of nuclear weapons in Pakistan, there is significant concern as to how safe the nuclear weapons are in light of national and regional political instability? This report by the Congressional Research Service provides a historical timeline of Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons and highlights the key reforms that have been implemented to secure the nuclear weapons in the country. The report concludes with various legislative issues considered by Congress to help Pakistan maintain the security of nuclear, biological, and chemical materials and weapons in the country.

Author: Paul K. Kerr | Mary Beth Nikitin Source: Kerr P.K., Nikitin M.B., 2009, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues', Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C. Size: 21 pages (233 KB)
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What are the implications of the Taliban insurgency in Pakistan for India and for the US-India relationship? How should the US and India respond to the situation in Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online looks at how the US can cooperate with India to prepare for and respond to instability in Pakistan. It argues that the effect of the evolving situation in Pakistan has been to re-link India with Pakistan in US relations. The US and India need to hold intimate conversations on how to deal with Pakistan if the situation worsens.

Author: Robert D. Blackwill | YaleGlobal Online Source: Blackwill R.D., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part II', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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While the Sri Lankan Government won the recent war against the Tamil Tigers, the humanitarian cost was high and both parties stand accused of war crimes. This paper, published by the House of Commons Library, reviews recent Sri Lankan developments, international involvement, and military aid and development issues. Sri Lanka now faces the challenges of reconstruction and political and constitutional reforms that will give autonomy to regions where the minority Tamils are in the majority.

Author: Jon Lunn | Claire Taylor Source: Lunn J., Taylor C., Townsend I., 2009, 'War and Peace in Sri Lanka', House of Commons Library, Research Paper 09/51, UK Government, London, United Kingdom Size: 88 pages (2.15 MB)
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The Sri Lankan Government needs to solve the political conflict between majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils that has plagued the country since its independence in 1948. This Council on Foreign Relations paper reviews the conflict's current status and the role played in the conflict by foreign governments and the Tamil diaspora. Sri Lanka must begin to address the Tamil issues and broader questions of economic justice, gender, caste, labour rights and democratisation.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2009, 'The Sri Lankan Conflict', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York Size: 5 pages (51.5 kB)
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Air transportation has played a key role in fuelling the war economies that have devastated much of Africa in recent decades. This article, by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, outlines the background to this problem, highlights how international action can be used to control destabilising or illicit commodity flows, and makes four specific recommendations. The article focuses on the important role European Union member states can play in, for example, denying contracts to companies involved in such activities.

Author: Hugh Griffiths | Mark Bromley Source: Griffiths H., Bromley M., 2009, 'Air Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows', SIPRI Policy Paper no. 24, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Size: 74 pages (3.1 mB)
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How was Sri Lanka able to secure a military victory that is proving so elusive to the coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq? But will the recent 'Iron-fisted' approach of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces (SLAF) which successfully defeated the insurgencies in Sri Lanka translate to an enduring resolution? This article provides a brief discussion of the use of military action to defeat insurgencies, followed by an outline of the reasons why Sri Lanka was able to dominate the battle-space. The article concludes by raising questions as to the sustainability of the victory of the Sri Lankan government and the renouncement of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of armed struggle in favour of anti-violent activism.

Author: Ong Weichong Source: Weichong O., 2009, 'Military Defeat of the Tamil Tigers: From Velvet Glove to Iron Fist', Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore, RSIS Commentaries Size: 3 pages (48KB)
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Why do 'disappearances' and abductions in Sri Lanka remain an unpunished crime? How can these 'disappearances' be stopped and justice be given to the victims? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the situation of disappearances and abductions in Sri Lanka and the lack of justice for the victims and their relatives, and the response of the government. The report concludes that the government has failed to make any effort to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators. Finally, specific recommendations are listed for the government, the LTTE and the donor community as to what they should do to bring justice and end these 'disappearances'.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka', Human Rights Watch, New York, Volume 20, No. 2(C) Size: 241 pages (14.3MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) has become dominated by donor approaches and perspectives and the increasing ability of local actors to secure SSR funding for their own ends. This Institute for Security Studies paper analyses SSR within an African context and underscores the need to translate SSR principles into effective reform of security service provision. In order to align SSR with the current exercise of power in Africa, programming should focus on state-centred reform of the military, police, intelligence, paramilitary and non-statutory forces.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton L., 2009, 'A bridge too far? Considering security sector reform in Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): Occasional Paper 186 Size: 12 pages (244 kB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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What is next for the UK having re-committed themselves to the security-justice agenda? What issues must be considered if success is to be achieved? This article suggests what these issues might be and how best they can be approached. The article firstly provides a brief background to the UK's commitment to the security-justice agenda and development, followed by key recommendations: the need for conceptual clarity; revamping the international influence campaign; and professionalising the business.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Security & Justice Development - What Next?', Journal of Security Sector Management, Shrivenham UK Size: 5 pages (90.63KB)
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Despite renewed demands for diplomacy and negotiation, recent developments in many countries call to question the usefulness of dialogue in resolving some of today's conflicts. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses the 2009 Oslo Mediators' Retreat, which explored how mediation and diplomacy can adapt to the ever-changing environment of conflict resolution. Serious debate is needed to establish basic criteria on when it is appropriate to use which conflict resolution tools, including when it is legitimate to use force.

Author: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2009, 'Meeting Report: Oslo Forum 2009 Mediators' Retreat - Reasserting Diplomacy and Mediation in a Fragmented World', 16-18 June 2009, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 40 pages (350 KB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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What are the socio-economic and ecological effects of mass-production in the South for the purpose of matching mass-consumption in the North? This Third World Quarterly article examines the two levels of the process of displacement, which in the current global capitalist order inherently displaces insecurity onto marginalised populations in order to reproduce the social conditions for accumulation at a global level. This illustrates the current crisis as a momentary violation with an existing rational social order, the discourse of security seeks to normalise the global status quo and justify a sequence of actions to securitise it.

Author: Marcus Taylor Source: Taylor M., 2009, 'Displacing Insecurity in a Divided World: Global Security, International Development and the Endless Accumulation of Capital', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 147 - 162 Size: 17 pages ()
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What is the Third Worldism project? What was its impact upon world politics? This Third World Quarterly article analyses the political merits and highlights the limitations of the Third Worldism project. The article first provides a brief historical explanation of the origins of the Third Worldism project and its key elements as well as some of its underlying assumptions. This is followed by the development of a string of arguments which illustrate the main contradictions of the Third Worldism project which rendered its practical application problematic and contradictory at times. The article concludes with a word of hope by challenging the need for an alternative method to achieve development by recognising the interconnectivity between the wider social and political relations and national development.

Author: Heloise Weber | Mark Berger Source: Weber H., Berger M., 2009, 'Human (In)Security and Development in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 263 - 270 Size: 9 pages ()
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Despite existing international and regional legal frameworks that provide standards and codes of conduct for police forces, many African states are not implementing them. This Institute for Democracy in South Africa paper summarises international, regional and donor standards, concepts and guidelines relevant to police work. States need to develop both the political will and the capacity to infuse internationally accepted conventions and guidelines for law enforcement into their police management structures.

Author: Themba Shabangu Source: Shabangu T., 2009, 'Research Report on International Standards for Police Reform', Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), Pretoria Size: 35 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance presents immediate and long-term personal and economic threats to people and societies and deserves the attention of peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses explosive ordnance issues, their treatment in peace agreements to date and how to include them in future peace processes. Negotiators have a range of legal instruments and negotiating approaches at their disposal for use in future peace processes negotiations.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Suzanne Damman Source: LeBrun E., Damman S., 2009, 'Addressing explosive ordnance in peace processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 30 pages (796 kB)
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As chief mediator in the violent aftermath of Kenya's 2007 presidential election, Kofi Annan's authority, background and personality contributed greatly to a successful mediation. This paper is a record of an interview conducted with Annan on the Kenyan mediation process.

Author: Kofi Annan | Martin Griffiths Source: Annan, K., and Griffiths, M., 2009, 'The Prisoner of Peace - An Interview with Kofi A. Annan', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (320 KB)
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Despite the fact that negotiating security issues is a political endeavour, security concerns must be given high priority in peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper presents a collection of voices and experiences on security issues in recent peace processes in Colombia, Uganda-Sudan and Azerbaijan-Armenia. Rather than limiting their role to post-agreement implementation, development agencies should facilitate more appreciation of security arrangements and options for parties to peace processes.

Author: Cate Buchanan (ed.) Source: Buchanen C. (ed.), 2009, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland: Viewpoints, vol. 2 - Negotiating Disarmament Size: 34 pages ()
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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Recent (US) and European Union (EU) security sector assistance in Palestine, Lebanon and Yemen has focused on counterterrorism at the expense of building democratically accountable security institutions. This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper reviews and evaluates the political and operational effects of the US/EU security sector reform (SSR) approach in these countries. Pursuing counterterrorism in the absence of rule of law perpetuates undemocratic governance of the security sector and undermines statebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh Y., 2009, '"Fixing Broken Windows": Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Carnegie Paper No.17. Size: 36 pages (253 kB)
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How can donor interventions hinder or assist statebuilding processes? This report from the OECD's Development Assistance Committee draws on country case-studies to examine five key areas of statebuilding. Donors operating in fragile states need to analyse where their own countries' strategic objectives contradict statebuilding objectives and where statebuilding objectives are themselves at odds. Donors can assist statebuilding by promoting: (1) inclusive political processes; (2) state legitimacy; (3) constructive state-society relations; (4) social expectations that are realistic but push states to do more; and (5) the development of sustainable capacities to carry out state functions.

Author: OECD DAC Source: OECD DAC, 2009, 'Do No Harm: International Support for Statebuilding', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 197 pages (2 MB)
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What are the components of the national Afghan forces? What are the US and NATO doing to improve the Afghan national forces and with what aim? This Council on Foreign Relations article discusses this issue and provides some answers to these questions. The article firstly provides a background to the mission of the US military and NATO in Afghanistan. It follows with a breakdown of each security component and its current state of effectiveness. Finally, key issues are highlighted that are affecting the success of US military and NATO missions

Author: Greg Bruno Source: Bruno G., 2009, 'Afghanistan's National Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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Since 2003, the UK has been involved in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq that have involved large elements of counter-insurgency (COIN). This article, published in the Royal United Services Institute Journal, explores the question of reform and adaptation for COIN by the British Government. It criticises the lack of coordination between government departments and Whitehall's failure to develop institutional memory. It argues for a change of culture within government and presses the need to work with other organisations such as the private sector and the media.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Adapting Government for Stabilisation and Counter-Insurgency Operations', RUSI Journal, vol.154, no.6, pp.8-13, London Size: 6 pages (1 MB)
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At present there is little guidance on monitoring and evaluating (M&E) security sector reform (SSR). This report, published by Saferworld, considers what the main challenges are in this area. It also looks at what should be measured, what resources can be drawn on when developing guidance, and who would use this guidance. It focuses particularly on donor-supported SSR programmes, but with reference throughout to local ownership of and capacity for M&E activities.

Author: Simon Rynn | Duncan Hiscock Source: Rynn S., Hiscock D., 2009, 'Evaluating for security and justice', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 60 pages (544 kB)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Africa is generating appropriate global concern. How is it being implemented? Is it leading to development and good governance? Is it sustainable and does it safeguard democracy? This article, by African Law Publishing, Nigeria, analyses SSR in Africa. It offers a variety of definitions of SSR and the security sector. It notes successful cases of SSR in Africa and highlights countries where effective SSR is gravely needed. It advocates enshrining provisions on SSR in both constitutions and law.

Author: Samuel Amaechi Ojeah Source: Ojeah S.A., 2009, 'African Security Reforms and Law', African Law Publishing Co., Lagos Size: 58 pages (696 kB)
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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform was published in 2007. What impact has it had at in the headquarters of donors and agencies and on the ground? This report, by the OECD, makes recommendations based on the responses received between April 2007 and April 2009. It addresses priorities outlined in the SSR Handbook, which include the challenges of bringing about coherence and co-ordination, and the importance of supporting local ownership. The concluding section builds on this analysis to identify opportunities that can support the further operationalisation of the SSR Handbook.

Author: Alan Bryden | Rory Keane Source: Bryden A., Keane R., 2009, 'Security System Reform: What Have We Learned? Results and trends from the publication and dissemination of the OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Size: 18 pages ()
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The impact of violent conflict on a country's society, economy and political governance is devastating and encompassing. The effects can be tangible and visible, including killed and injured civilians, destroyed or derelict bridges and wells, and damaged or inadequate health care and education facilities. They can also be intangible, such as the collapse of state institutions, mistrust in government, the disruption of social cohesion, psychological trauma and pervasive fear. These impacts can be long lasting, hindering the peaceful development of societies. An understanding of the causes and dynamics of violent conflict and the careful design of conflict prevention, conflict management and peacebuilding activities are essential to avoid violence in the first place, or to alleviate its harmful outcomes. This extensive topic guide provides an overview of key topics ranging from the causes, dynamics and impacts of conflict to options for interventions to prevent, manage and respond to conflict.

Author: Huma Haider Source: Haider, H., 2009, 'Topic Guide on Conflict', Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Birmingham UK Size: 157 pages (1 MB)
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When states are unable to provide adequate security, provision often comes instead from local non-state bodies, private security companies and criminal groups. This paper examines the current status of state and non-state/local justice and security networks in fragile states. Donors can improve security and justice delivery by strengthening both state and non-state security providers, and fostering legislation that clarifies the state/non-state relationship.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'State-Provided Service, Contracting Out, and Non-State Networks: Justice and Security as Public and Private Goods and Services', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 36 pages (635 KB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What policy challenges and opportunities do donors face in seeking to strengthen the effectiveness of non-state/local justice and security networks? This paper recommends an approach of pragmatic realism that acknowledges the multi-layered pluralism of the post-colonial state and accommodates the flexibility and nuances of non-state/local networks. Donors must make a significant shift from mentoring state employees to supporting local civil society and NGOs, largely by assisting in community organisation. While fragile states require long-term statebuilding, a policy of pragmatic realism is the most viable means of reaching that goal.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 64 pages (430 kB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What are the links between politics and security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)? This chapter argues that SSR should be understood as a political process, rather than as a purely technical issue. Obstacles to reform include the absence of effective oversight mechanisms and donor fragmentation. SSR efforts (encompassing the army, police, military, and civil and criminal justice) need to be scaled up in the DRC to foster long-term peace and security.

Author: Caty Clément Source: Clément, C., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in the DRC: Forward to the Past', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp89-117 Size: 29 pages (220 KB)
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What is the impact of the wider political process on security sector reform (SSR) in Georgia? This chapter analyses how and why SSR has taken place in Georgia, the context in which it operates and key lessons learned. It argues that SSR is inextricably linked to broader national and international political processes. International best practice fails to consider the narrow windows of opportunity for SSR in challenging environments. Quicker, more flexible approaches may be needed, although their long-term results may be questionable. Local ownership is critical to long-term, sustainable reform.

Author: Duncan Hiscock Source: Hiscock D., 2009, 'Impatient Reformers and Reignited Conflicts: The Case of Georgia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp119-140 Size: 22 pages (188 KB)
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Can the concept of Security Sector Reform (SSR) be applied to Colombia? How should such reforms be implemented? This chapter outlines the limited SSR process in Colombia, which has concentrated on increasing the effectiveness of the state in fighting internal conflict, not necessarily on improving democratic governance. The need to extend and complete SSR in Colombia is indicated by: the absence of parliamentary oversight; limited space for civil society involvement; government and security actors' limited acceptance of the rule of law; and a lack of provision for the treatment of non-statutory security forces.

Author: Wolf Grabendorff Source: Grabendorff, W., 2009, 'Limited Security Sector Reform in Colombia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Münster, pp 69-86 Size: 19 pages (2.65 MB)
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Why is it difficult to turn security sector reform (SSR) policy into reality? This chapter from Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments examines progress in implementing SSR in Timor-Leste. The concept remains hard to explain and has struggled to find a place within existing institutional structures. SSR is still approached as a dry, mechanical exercise without accounting for complexities of politics, history and languages.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Peake, G., 2009, 'A Lot of Talk But Not a Lot of Action: The Difficulty of Implementing SSR in Timor-Leste', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp 213-238 Size: 27 pages (2.65 MB)
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What is the state of the security sector in Afghanistan? Have recent reforms been successful? This article presents an overview of the Afghan National Army and police, the courts and judiciary, prisons and security intelligence elements. It argues that uneven distribution of international funding means uneven reform. International reform and Western security models are useful but limited; changes of culture, values and behaviour can be made only from within. Situating Afghanistan in the historical, cultural and religious context of South Asia and drawing on South Asian reform models might be more effective.

Author: Tonita Murray Source: Murray, T., 2009, 'The Security Sector in Afghanistan: Slow and Unsteady', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No. 2, pp.187-208 Size: 20 pages ()
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What can be learned from previous security and defence operations? This chapter describes the EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM). This was the first European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operation and is still ongoing. The EUPM has helped transform the Bosnian police into a professional service and made progress in bringing institutions and practices into line with European norms. But shortcomings in law enforcement remain, including the high politics of police restructuring and the fight against organised crime and corruption.

Author: Michael Merlingen Source: Merlingen, M., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM)', in Ten Years of European Security and Defense Policy, eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly, and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp161-172 Size: 10 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2004-2005 rule-of-law mission in Georgia? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's (ESDP) first rule-of-law mission. EUJUST Themis aimed to help the government to develop an overarching criminal justice reform strategy based on local ownership. Political support from the Georgian post-revolutionary government was volatile, however. In the end, EUJUST technical experts drafed the strategy and the President adopted it by Decree in July 2005. While ESDP flexibility proved a strength, the EU Council needs to ensure that ESDP has sufficient authority to apply leverage for reform.

Author: Xymena Kurowska Source: Kurowska, X., 2009, 'The Rule-of-Law Mission in Georgia (EUJUST Themis)', in in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp201-209 Size: 8 pages (3.3 MB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2005 Integrated Rule-of-Law mission in Iraq? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's EUJUST LEX Mission. EUJUST LEX was established to provide training to high- and mid-level officials in management and criminal investigation. Launched in the midst of political controversy, it has proved a useful but limited training intervention. The network of training providers across Europe that has been developed could be used to support other interventions. However, out-of-country training needs to be tied much more closely to in-country activities and to national training and development strategies.

Author: Daniel Korski Source: Korski, D., 2009, 'The Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (EUJUST LEX)', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp231-241 Size: 10 pages (3.3 MB)
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How ready and able is the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to implement the Security Sector Governance (SSG) component of its Conflict Prevention Framework (ECPF)? Problems with implementing the ECPF have arisen from a lack of coherence and coordination within ECOWAS, between ECOWAS and the member states, and with donor partners. ECOWAS can still lead the implementation of the ECPF's SSG component, however. The ECOWAS Commission should develop a coherent SSG framework to help address the problems of poor coherence and coordination. Further, the ECOWAS parliament can play a more direct role in regional peacekeeping and developing civilian oversight of SSR in member states.

Author: Jimam T. Lar Source: Lar, J. T., 2009, 'The ECOWAS SSR Agenda in West Africa: Looking Beyond Normative Frameworks', KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 24, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra Size: 18 pages (455 kB)
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Despite nearly $10 billion in international police assistance, the Afghan police are riddled with corruption and incompetence. This report reviews past failures and current challenges facing the international police assistance programme in Afghanistan. The US strategy for the Afghan police is to increase numbers, enlarge the 'train and equip' programme, and engage the police against the Taliban. This approach has not worked in the past, however. The role of the police is in controlling crime, protecting Afghan citizens, and increasing the legitimacy of the Afghan government. International police assistance should expand as part of a comprehensive programme for security sector reform and the rule of law.

Author: Robert M. Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Police: The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform', USIP Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D. C. Size: 16 pages (623 KB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so urgent for Nepal? What issues need particular attention in the proposed SSR? This paper examines the history, need for, and challenges facing SSR in Nepal following the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Ten years of civil war revealed serious shortcomings in Nepal's security apparatus. The CPA ended the Maoist insurgency, but other insurgencies and criminal violence have mushroomed. SSR is crucial for Nepal's stability and that of the wider South Asian region. A national security policy and a holistic approach to safeguarding the country's interests are essential.

Author: Nishchal N. Pandey Source: Pandey N. N., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Nepal: If Not Now, When?', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no. 2, pp. 253-271 Size: 19 pages (151 kB)
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This chapter analyses Sri Lanka's security sector and the conflict's consequences for the security apparatus. It discusses security sector governance and highlights challenges and entry points for SSR. An attempt at holistic SSR in Sri Lanka in 2003 failed as a result of internal political rivalries and the politicisation of certain elements within the media. Operational reforms have since been undertaken, but have masked a crisis of accountability and left security sector governance problems unaddressed. These must be tackled if there is to be any realistic chance of an SSR-directed national security debate in a political environment where foreign views and interventions are unwelcome.

Author: Eleanor Pavey | Chris Smith Source: Pavey E. and Smith C., 2009, 'Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, pp. 189-210 Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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Is the current financing model for Afghanistan's security sector appropriate? How does it affect incentives around the reform process? This Overseas Development Institute (ODI) paper finds that the current model falls short of good aid effectiveness practice. It implies that donors are perpetuating high levels of aid dependence, not setting strong incentives for institutional reforms and generating fiscal risks for the state. This weakens the state further, increases insecurity and damages the scope for genuine state building.

Author: Manu Manthri Source: Manthri, M., 2008, 'Security Sector Financing and Fiscal Sustainability in Afghanistan', Strategic Policy Impact and Research Unit Working Paper, no. 20, Overseas Development Institute, London Size: 76 pages (857 KB)
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What is the right balance between the size of the security sector required in weak and fragile states and the fiscal sustainability of the sector? How can security and development institutions achieve an effective balance between these considerations? This paper from the Center for International Cooperation and the Political Economy Research Institute outlines a "right-financing" approach to security sector reform (SSR). It argues that right-financing the security sector is a necessity if sustainable solutions for the problems of statebuilding are to be found.

Author: Peter Middlebrook | Gordon Peake Source: Middlebrook, P. and Peake, G., 2008, 'Right-financing Security Sector Reform', Center on International Cooperation and Political Economy Research Institute, USA Size: 16 pages (515 kB)
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In 2006 the police and army in Timor-Leste fought each other in the streets in a crisis that left both institutions in ruins. This report from the International Crisis Group analyses the challenges of reforming Timor-Leste's security institutions, focusing on the army and the police. To reform the security sector successfully, Timor-Leste's government must ensure an inclusive process by consulting widely and resisting the temptation to take autocratic decisions. Unless there is a non-partisan commitment to the reform process, structural problems are likely to remain unresolved and the security forces politicised and volatile.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 143, Brussels, Belgium Size: 32 pages (354 kB)
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Why is gender important to security sector reform (SSR)? How can gender issues be integrated into SSR? This guide from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW) provides an introduction to SSR and gender issues. The integration of gender issues into SSR processes is crucial in enhancing operational effectiveness, establishing local ownership and strengthening oversight of the security sector. The integration of gender issues into SSR will face different challenges and opportunities based on the specific context in which SSR takes place.

Author: Kristin Valasek Source: Valasek, K., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and Gender', in Gender & Security Sector Reform Toolkit, DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW. Size: 35 pages (863 kB)
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Measuring the performance of a Security Sector Reform (SSR) programme is central to the assessment of its sustainability. A balanced approach is required in order to maintain control of the wider strategic perspectives. This paper by Cranfield University argues that there is a need to remain strategic in approaches to SSR programming due to the broad scope of SSR. Specific programme areas should be analysed according to wider strategic objectives rooted in national security, international development and national recovery frameworks. The study advocates the use of an adapted Balanced Scorecard framework to facilitate this process and support SSR.

Author: Dr Ann Fitz-Gerald | Dr Sylvie Jackson Source: Fitz-Gerald, A. & Jackson, S., 2008, 'Developing a Performance Measurement System for Security Sector Interventions', in Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2008 Size: 20 pages (950KB)
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Kyrgyzstan's judiciary is biased in its arbitration of political and economic disputes. This research from International Crisis Group suggests that if the judiciary is to become an independent branch of government and gain public trust it needs to reform. Reform is essential for a pluralistic and stable political system in the long term. Reform would also reduce corruption and encourage development. Unless the government allows greater self-governance for lawyers and independence for judges, no amount of training will create an effective system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Kyrgyzstan: The Challenge of Judicial Reform', Asia Report N°150, 10 April 2008, Brussels Size: 30 pages (614 kB)
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What progress has been made with the African Standby Force (ASF)? What are the challenges for the African Union (AU) and its international partners is achieving full ASF readiness by 2010? This review by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives an update on ASF progress. Training, doctrine, Standard Operating Procedures, and command and control concepts have been developed, but logistics remains hugely problematic. A more integrated concept of peace and security between the United Nations (UN) and the AU and more African ownership within the ASF are needed for African peacekeeping to be sustainable.

Author: Dr Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2008, 'The African Standby Force - An update on progress', ISS Paper 160, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 24 pages (452 kB)
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What lessons can be drawn from Liberia's attempt to implement an integrated peace process? This Institute for Security Studies paper examines the efforts of the Government of Liberia and the UN to craft strategic policy and programming responses with conflict and peacebuilding in mind. It argues that peacebuilding is an undoubtedly messy process and agents have to settle for 'partially coherent' solutions.

Author: Dr Erin McCandless Source: McCandless, E., 2008, 'Lessons from Liberia - Integrated approaches to peacebuilding in transitional settings', ISS Paper 161, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (327 kB)
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What role will the EU play in Kosovo's security sector reform (SSR)? What challenges does the EU-led presence face? This paper from the European Security Review takes Kosovo as a test case for the EU in striving for a comprehensive approach to SSR. A complex history and political background, ethnic divides and widespread corruption all pose challenges. In learning from experience and continuing present efforts, the EU must take up its responsibilities as a global actor in crisis management.

Author: Sophie Dagand Source: Dagand, S., 2008, 'The Prospects for a Future Kosovo: The Role of Security Sector Reform', European Security Review no.38, ISIS-Europe, Brussels Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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Is the strategy of integrating former rebels into a new national army the way to sustain peace agreements? This study, by Yale University, provides the first systematic study of rebel-military integration agreements. It analyses the conditions under which such agreements can be reached and implemented, and considers if and how such agreements can help build peace. It suggests that rebel-military integration has not been an effective peacebuilding mechanism, but this is often due to poor implementation of the agreements.

Author: Katherine Glassmyer | Nicholas Sambanis Source: Sambanis, N. and Glassmyer, K., 2008, 'Rebel-Military Integration and Civil War Termination', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 365-384 Size: 21 pages ()
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After almost a decade marked by violence in Zimbabwe, should there be a formal and public addressing of past human rights abuses? How will this be implemented? This Institute for Security Studies paper argues that Zimbabwe's particular experiences necessitate a national truth commission. Transitional justice is a core political issue now, not simply a collateral legal or moral one to be left until later.

Author: Max du Plessis | Jolyon Ford Source: du Plessis, M. & Ford, J., 2008, 'Justice and peace in a new Zimbabwe: Transitional justice options', ISS Paper 164, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (263kB)
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What lessons can be drawn from US engagement with failed states in Africa? This Refugees International report examines US operations in Africa and argues that military and other security concerns have effectively reshaped US international priorities. US global engagement is often determined by the military's capabilities and requirements. There is clearly an urgent need for elevating development on a par with diplomacy and defence.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M., 2008, 'U.S. Civil Military Imbalance for Global Engagement: Lessons from the Operational Level in Africa', Refugees International, Washington DC Size: 56 pages (1.2 MB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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There is a public security crisis in Jamaica, which has one of the highest rates of violent crime in the world. This Amnesty International report examines this crisis and argues that the Jamaican government is failing to effectively provide human security to its population. It calls on the Jamaican government to create a comprehensive public security plan for the protection of human rights and for other governments to support this process.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2008, '"Let them kill each other": Public security in Jamaica's inner cities', Amnesty International, London Size: 53 pages (443kB)
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What effect will the United States' Merida Initiative have on security in Mexico and Central America? How effective will the aid package be in tackling drug-trafficking and gang-related violence? This briefing from the Washington Office on Latin America examines the Merida Initiative. It argues that the Initiative alone will not reduce drug flow into the US and should not be judged on that basis. The Initiative should instead be judged by its effects on citizen security and civilian security institutions in Mexico and Central America.

Author: WOLA Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2008, 'The Merida Initiative and Citizen Security in Mexico and Central America', WOLA, Washington Size: pages ()
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How successful has the US's The New Way Forward strategy been in helping Iraq achieve key security, legislative and economic goals? This US Government Accountability Office report measures progress against key aims and argues that while the US has made some progress, these advances are fragile. Unmet goals and challenges remain and as the New Way Forward and the military surge end in July 2008, an updated strategy is needed.

Author: Joseph A. Christoff Source: US Government Accountability Office, 2008, 'Securing stabilizing and rebuilding Iraq', United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-08-837, USA Size: 94 pages (3.82MB)
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How have integrated approaches to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) been applied in the case of Sudan? Despite significant recent progress, DDR cannot be described as a total success. This Saferworld report reviews the design and implementation of the first phase of DDR programming in Sudan from 2005 until the end of 2007. Much further thought and practical guidance is required on DDR if further programmes are to demonstrate more positive results.

Author: Sarah Preston | Henry Smith Source: Kefford, S., Preston, S. & Smith, H., 2008, 'Developing integrated approaches to post-conflict security and recovery: A case study of integrated DDR in Sudan', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 36 pages (455kB)
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How much progress has been made with security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? This Strategic Studies Institute paper examines SSR in Liberia and argues that while the United Nations (UN) and the United States (US) have made a start with police and military reform, they have not done nearly enough. The UN, US, as well as other significant donor partners, need to stay the course with Liberia. SSR is a long-term process, not an ephemeral happening.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Mixed Results from Humble Beginnings', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 101 pages (375 kB)
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How can operational effectiveness in humanitarian, development and security operations be improved to ensure community security? This project from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has developed the Security Needs Assessment Protocol (SNAP) as a means of assessing local security problems, as they are understood by communities themselves. By adapting existing techniques used in interpretive cultural research, it can help agencies learn about the range and meanings of community-level security problems and so design more culturally attuned and more effective operations.

Author: Derek B. Miller | Lisa Rudnick Source: Miller, D. & Rudnick, L., 2008, 'The Security Needs Assessment Protocol: Improving Operational Effectiveness through Community Security', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 77 pages (512KB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Haiti be improved? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), deployed in 2004. SSR is crucial to Haiti's stability and security, and while MINUSTAH's success in SSR has been limited, UN agencies have a key role to play. Areas for improvement include coordination and evaluation. Basic stability, government willingness and local ownership are essential for SSR in Haiti.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MINUSTAH and the Need for a Context-Specific Strategy: The Case of Haiti', in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 53 pages ()
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What lessons can be learned from the United Nations (UN) Mission to Burundi? This research, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), argues that the UN made a significant contribution to the peace process in Burundi. However, this case study also raises the importance of not underestimating the inherent tension between external imposition and local ownership. Managing the fundamental differences between how each actor conceives of SSR and perceives its core priorities is a fundamental challenge for the whole SSR process.

Author: Laurent Banal | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Banal, L. and Scherrer, V., 2008, 'ONUB and the Importance of Local Ownership: The Case of Burundi' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. Size: 38 pages (139KB)
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Studies have suggested that the UN has limited state-building capacity and had, as of 2008, no agreed framework of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. This chapter addresses these concerns in the context of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). It argues that, while it could be claimed that the UN has stabilized the territory, in terms of justice and security, it has been less successful in reconstructing and developing Kosovar-led national justice and security services. On this basis, the chapter presents recommendations on approaches the UN should employ to support SSR in post-conflict scenarios, all the while suggesting that the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations may not be the most suitable or effective mechanism by which the international community can support the development of justice and security services in post-conflict environments.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2008, 'UNMIK and the Significance of Effective Programme Management: The Case of Kosovo' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 169-228 Size: 58 pages (52 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) be improved? What SSR lessons can be learned from the DRC's United Nations Mission (MONUC)? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) finds that the UN has been slow to address SSR comprehensively in the DRC, but has been hampered by the complex political and security context and the virtual collapse of the state. SSR must take place at different levels simultaneously, together with other reform processes.

Author: Nicola Dahrendorf Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MONUC and the Relevance of Coherent Mandates: The Case of the DRC' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 38 pages ()
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How successful has Georgia been in its security sector reforms? This paper from the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development argues that a lot remains to be done to eliminate legislative flaws and the shortcomings of management. However, in such a fragile state, attempts to introduce best democratic practices immediately, without taking into account Georgia's particular circumstances, could threaten the state. NATO and the EU should assist Georgia and make it a test site for mutual cooperation.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Georgia 2004-2007', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi Size: 68 pages (543KB)
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Pakistan's police force is incapable of combating crime, upholding the law or protecting citizens and the state against militant violence. This research from International Crisis Group argues that it is vital for the newly elected government to institute police reforms. Elected representatives will be held accountable if citizens continue to see the police as brutal and corrupt. The democratic transition could falter if deteriorating security gives the military a new opportunity to intervene. Major reforms and reallocation of resources are required to create an effective and accountable police service.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Pakistan's Police', Asia Report N°157, 14 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 34 pages (1.7 MB)
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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Is Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) fulfilling its mandate to address past human rights violations? This paper, published by Amnesty International, identifies the Commission's shortcomings and strengths during its first two years of operation. National ownership of the reconciliation process is a worthy aim, but it remains vital for the TRC to follow international law in its final phase. Of greatest concern are the commission's current policies on granting "general immunity" to those providing information, and insufficient reparations.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Liberia: Towards the final phase of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission', Amnesty International, London Size: 47 pages (432kB)
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What is security sector reform (SSR) and how can it be successfully achieved? This report from the United States Army explains that SSR is the set of policies, plans, programmes and activities that a government undertakes to improve the way it provides safety, security and justice. It is important in order to contribute to a world of legitimate, effectively governed states that provide for the needs of their citizens and conduct activities responsibly within the international system.

Author: US Army Source: US Department of the Army, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform', chapter 6 in 'FM 3-07 Stability Operations', US Department of the Army Size: 208 pages (13.4 MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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Nigeria's police are brutal and corrupt despite recent reform plans. Does this mean that reforms don't raise policing standards and practices, even in a relatively democratic environment like Nigeria? This research from the University of Leeds analyses developments in the Nigerian Police since 2005. It argues that reform can change organisational structures and regulations but, without socio-political change, its effects tend to be superficial, localised and temporary. Rather than being incremental, police reforms follow a dialectical process where reform and resistance interact.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2008, 'The Dialectic of Police Reform in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 46, no.2, pp. 215-234 Size: 20 pages ()
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What lessons can be drawn from practical experiences of the reintegration phase (R-phase) of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? This paper from the Clingendael Institute maps key lessons learned and practical experiences from DDR processes, paying particular attention to reintegration. It emphasises that DDR is fundamentally political in character and should be seen as part of a broader integrated approach to reconstruction. The presence of economic alternatives is critical to the successful long-term reintegration of demobilised ex-combatants.

Author: Leontine Specker Source: Specker, L., 2008, 'The R-Phase of DDR processes: An Overview of Key Lessons Learned and Practical Experiences', Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' Conflict Research Unit Size: 48 pages (163 kB)
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How have justice sector reform efforts dealt with Afghanistan's legal pluralism? How do traditional religious leaders perceive legal reforms and the role of Western actors in matters of justice? This article from the journal Crime, Law and Social Change examines post-2001 justice sector reforms in Afghanistan. It finds that, rather than developing an inclusive and accommodating justice system, Western-led reforms have emphasised divisions between Islamic and Western legal traditions. To be legitimate and effective, legal reforms must engage with Islamic law and Afghan traditions, which are the foundations of justice in Afghanistan.

Author: Astri Suhrke | Kaja Borchgrevink Source: Borchgrevink, K. & Suhrke, A., 2008, 'Negotiating justice sector reform in Afghanistan', Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 50., Issue 3. Size: 20 pages (255 kB)
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What is needed for Guinea-Bissau to achieve its goals of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This briefing report, published by Observatoire de l'Afrique, highlights promising circumstances for SSR in the country, as well as difficult challenges. As Guinea-Bissau's most powerful actor, the armed forces must in effect reform themselves and take ownership of certain SSR efforts. In addition, the recent spurt of activity by international donors, and the plans to send foreign experts, must be followed up and effectively coordinated.

Author: Koen Vlassenroot (chair) Source: Observatoire de l'Afrique, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Africa Briefing Report, Egmont Palace, Brussels - 28 January 2008, Observatoire de l'Afrique, Brussels Size: 9 pages (218 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) proceeded in Guinea-Bissau, and what lessons can be done to move these efforts forward? This background paper, presented by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, describes and analyses the current state of the defence, security, and justice sectors. Reform efforts have affected the armed forces, the police and state security intelligence services, paramilitary forces, justice institutions, security management and oversight bodies, and non-statutory security forces.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Security Sector Reform and the Rule of Law, 18 June 2008 Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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What progress has Azerbaijan made in establishing an effective and accountable military? What are the challenges facing reform of Azerbaijan's defence sector? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines management and reform of the defence sector in Azerbaijan. It finds that Azerbaijan's military requires deep reforms to make it less corrupt and personality driven, more transparent and better directed. So far there has been insufficient political will to increase democratic and civilian control or to stop using the army to serve elite interests.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Azerbaijan: Defence Sector Management and Reform', Europe Briefing N°50 29 October 2008, Baku/Brussels Size: 20 pages (756 kB)
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What accounts for the failures of the UN justice mission in Kosovo and how can these mistakes be fixed? This report, published by Amnesty International, highlights seven years of failings by the UN Mission in Kosovo's (UNMIK) Department of Justice. Although the model of internationalising local courts by temporarily importing experienced jurists could work, the effort in Kosovo cannot serve as a model. By publicising the findings of its own internal review, UNMIK should begin to assess transparently its inadequate planning, oversight and implementation.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Kosovo (Serbia): The Challenge to Fix a Failed UN Justice Mission', Amnesty International, London Size: 121 pages (716 kB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended Sudan's civil war is at risk in the state of Southern Kordofan. This International Crisis Group paper analyses growing frustrations among Arab and African tribes about CPA implementation and unresolved ethnic and administrative issues. Concrete ethnic integration and reform progress by the National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), Southern Kordofan Government, United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and donors is essential in order to avoid another Darfur conflict.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sudan's Southern Kordofan Problem: The Next Darfur?', International Crisis Group, Africa Report No.145, Brussels Size: 27 pages (1.20 MB)
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) needs to address past human rights atrocities in order to establish peace, security and respect for human rights in the future. This study, published by the University of California, Berkeley, reports results of a population survey in areas most affected by recent conflict in eastern DRC. The Congolese government and other national and international actors need to consult the population in order to set priorities for planning the future of the DRC.

Author: Patrick Vinck | Phuong Pham Source: Vinck P., Pham P., Shigekane S.B., 2008, 'Living with Fear: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo', University of California - Berkeley, California, USA Size: 72 pages (713.28 KB)
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The contributions of South Sudanese women associated with armed forces during the 22-year Sudanese civil war (1983-2005) remain unrecognised and undocumented. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, reviews women's involvement in the conflict and the lack of official recognition of women in post-conflict programmes. The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and United Nations' agencies need to give women priority Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) treatment and full access to employment opportunities.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'No standing, few prospects: How peace is failing South Sudanese female combatants and WAAFG', Small Arms Survey, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 13, Geneva Size: 8 pages (329 kB)
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Implementing Sudan's Joint Integrated Units (JIUs) mandated by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) has proved to be an obstacle to the broader implementation of the CPA. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, discusses the current status of JIUs, challenges to their deployment and functionality and consequences to CPA implementation. Active and immediate international assistance and Sudanese government cooperation are required to improve the JIUs in the interest of improving adherence to the CPA.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'Neither 'joint' nor 'integrated': The Joint Integrated Units and the future of the CPA', The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 10, Geneva Size: 8 pages (260 kB)
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The three-day war between Eritrea and Djibouti in 2008 is a reminder that Africa's sub-region remains one of the most unstable and conflict-prone in the world and lacks conditions for a workable peace and security order. This brief, published by the InterAfrica Group, assesses the nature and course of the conflict over borders and its links with peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. If allowed to continue, the Eritrea-Djibouti conflict could endanger strategic interests of many countries and the international war on terror.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M. 2008, 'The Djibouti-Eritrea Conflict', Center for Dialogue on Humanitarian, Peace and Development Issues in the Horn of Africa, Briefing, InterAfrica Group Size: 14 pages (204 kB)
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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Collaboration between the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN) is the best option for resolving the continent's human security dilemmas. This paper, published by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, explores the UN-AU security architecture and difficulties that affect its ability to improve human security on the continent. While the UN and regional organisations such as the AU talk about security partnerships, many definitional issues call the nature of such partnerships into question.

Author: Kwesi Aning Source: Aning K., 2008, 'The UN and the African Union's security architecture: Defining an emerging partnership?', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 8-23, No. 5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 16 pages (939.32 kB)
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How effective are outside efforts to bring security to African countries, particularly through the use of peacekeeping troops? This study from the German Institute of Global and Area Studies argues that a realistic assessment must include local perspectives on peacekeepers and their relations to other (state and non-state) actors in the security arena. Peacekeepers do harm, just as they do good; and they would profit from a more systematic evaluation of the local perception of their actions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler A., 2008, 'Positive, ambiguous or negative? Peacekeeping in the local security fabric', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 40-64, No.5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 25 pages (1.04MB)
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The response to the civil war in Darfur serves as a warning that division of labour of peacekeeping can have profound negative political implications. This paper, published by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, discusses the United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) relationship in response to the large-scale challenge of Darfur. The co-dependent relationship between the UN and the AU highlights the dangers of the UN relying on (sub)regional organisations that face even greater operational constraints than the UN itself.

Author: Linnea Bergholm Source: Bergholm L., 2008, 'The UN and the AU: a co-dependent relationship on matters of peace and security', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 24-39, No. 5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 16 pages (1.37 MB)
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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Why did the façade of Afghan disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) develop? How did the reality on the ground diverge from the bureaucratic process? What are the implications of such an approach? This Conflict, Security & Development paper examines the contradictions at the heart of DDR and successive Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups in Afghanistan DIAG processes in Afghanistan, analysing the conflicts of interest and limited impacts.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi A., 2008, 'Bureaucratic façade and political realities of disarmament and demobilisation in Afghanistan', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169 - 192 Size: 25 pages ()
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Only when external actors coordinate their long-term approaches and address specific context will it be possible to help Georgia consolidate democracy effectively. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the efforts of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democracy after intra-state war in Georgia. OSCE's overall effectiveness in Georgia has been positive; however, it can only reach its democracy promotion goals if the state government has the will to reform.

Author: Pamela Jawad Source: Jawad P., 2008, 'Conflict Resolution through Democracy Promotion? The Role of the OSCE in Georgia', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 611 - 629 Size: 20 pages ()
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Comparative democratisation researchers need to analyse cautiously the complex intertwining of statebuilding, democratisation and war in each case of political transformation. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the inter-connection of democratisation, statebuilding and war in Serbia and Croatia and how the international environment influenced these processes. Despite the international tendency to see states from a regional perspective, differences between Serbian and Croatian statebuilding have had major implications for their progress towards democratisation.

Author: Nenad Zakoek Source: Zakoek N., 2008, 'Democratization, State-building and War: The Cases of Serbia and Croatia ', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 588 - 610 Size: 24 pages ()
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Can Africa's emerging forms of security cooperation be considered security communities? Should existing concepts of security communities be re-examined? This article from Cooperation and Conflict argues that Africa's security cooperation system is best described as a multilayered security community. Using this concept, it discusses the parallel development of regional and continental layers of inter-African cooperation, and the relationship between them.

Author: Benedikt Franke Source: Franke B., 2008, 'Africa's Evolving Security Architecture and the Concept of Multilayered Security Communities', Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 313-340. Size: 29 pages ()
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What is the UN Security Council's approach to transnational terrorism and WMD proliferation post 9/11? How are attitudes steered by the application of hierarchical and soft modes of governance? This Nordic International Studies Association study examines the modes of governance applied towards transnational terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to non-state actors. Particular attention is paid to the combination of the hierarchical 'command and punishment' approach and the soft 'cooperative' model.

Author: Monika Heupel Source: Heupel M., 2008, 'Combining Hierarchical and Soft Modes of Governance: The UN Security Council's Approach to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation after 9/11', Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No.1, pp. 7-29. Size: 29 pages ()
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How does the world deal with the United States (US)'s tendency towards unilateralism in its foreign policy? This study from Oxford University looks at European responses to US unilateralism in three multilateral arms control agreements: the Anti- Personnel Landmines Ban, the UN Process on Small Arms, and the Biological Weapons Protocol. It suggests that Europe has varied between accommodation and resistance. Its responses reflect a concern for treaty effectiveness and the norms of consensual decision-making. Activist pressure can overcome this 'compromise bias' of government diplomacy.

Author: Caroline Fehl Source: Fehl C., 2008, 'Living with a Reluctant Hegemon: The Transatlantic Conflict Over Multilateral Arms Control', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 259-287 Size: 30 pages ()
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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How did the newly elected government of President Joseph Kabila respond to the 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo? How did it act with respect to human rights and democracy in the two years following the election? This report from Human Rights Watch documents human rights abuses and political repression in Kinshasa and Bas Congo following the 2006 elections. It finds that the Kabila government is brutally restricting democratic space in the DRC.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: 2008, '"We will crush you" - The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo ', Human Rights Watch Size: 100 pages (1.84 MB)
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How were security issues managed in the Burundi Peace Talks? What lessons are there for international mediators of other conflicts? Drawing on interviews with negotiators and advisors, this Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report concludes that it is vital to balance political and technical expertise when addressing security issues and that the interconnectedness of security issues should be recognised.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in the Burundi Peace Talks', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 54 pages (1.6 MB)
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How did Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) deal with security issues? What lessons are there for international mediators assisting other peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report finds that in Sudan the parties' lack of trust led to a deliberate avoidance of commitments related to security and weapons control. In this context, there were few opportunities for international mediators to broaden the scope of the negotiations.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Human Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Negotiating Disarmament, Country Study, Number 2, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1.2 MB)
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What is the most effective way of tackling violence and weapons issues in peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report consists of four articles which put forward recommendations on how to deal with such issues when negotiating a peace agreement. The importance of understanding the local context, ensuring sustainable reintegration and dealing with arms in civilian hands is stressed in several articles.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Strategies for Tackling Weapons and Violence in Peace Process', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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How should non-state armed groups (NSAGs) be engaged in disarmament as part of peace negotiations? How should disarmament be introduced, addressed and ultimately achieved? This article from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) sets out how disarmament should be dealt with in the different phases of negotiation with NSAGs. Disarmament is a particularly sensitive topic for NSAGs as giving up their weapons amounts to giving up their power. As a result, disarmament is often most effectively addressed through other topics or in parts.

Author: Julian Thomas Hottinger | UNIDIR Source: Hottinger J.T., 2008, 'Engaging non-state armed groups in disarmament', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum, Number 1, pp. 27-36 Size: 10 pages (132 kB)
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What security challenges does the UK face? What steps is the government taking in response to these challenges? The national security strategy from the UK Cabinet Office sets out how the government will address and manage the security challenges that the UK faces. It emphasises the integrated nature of the responses required to address a range of diverse but interdependent threats, risks and drivers of insecurity.

Author: UK Cabinet Office | www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk Source: UK Cabinet Office, 2008, 'The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an interdependent world', UK Cabinet Office, CM 7291. Size: 64 pages (980 kB)
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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The difference in donor approaches to security sector reform (SSR) and its actual practice in Africa is immense. This paper, published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, reviews SSR projects in Africa with significant input from external donors. The review reveals considerable variations of approach, while a comparative analysis of SSR in Sierra Leone and Liberia contrasts the differing application of core principles of SSR in these two cases. Generally, donor SSR projects do not substantially differ from the previous piecemeal and uncoordinated approach they have traditionally adopted towards defence, policing and justice reform.

Author: Daniel Bendix | Ruth Stanley Source: Bendix D., Stanley R., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Africa: The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach', African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Occasional Paper Series, Volume 3(2) Size: 58 pages (512 kB)
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What lessons can the international community draw from the statebuilding efforts in Liberia? This chapter reviews the international community's experience in Liberia during its post-conflict transitional period and finds that deeply intrusive forms of intervention often risk long-term sustainability for medium-term success. It argues that unless reforms and reconstruction are rooted in consultation and a sense of local ownership they are likely to collapse as soon as donor interest and resources shift elsewhere.

Author: M McGovern Source: McGovern, M., 2008, 'Liberia: The Risks of Re-building a Shadow State' in Building States to Build Peace, Charles T Call (ed), Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA, ch. 14 Size: 24 pages ()
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What are the causes and problems of militarised law enforcement in peace operations? How can these be addressed? This paper from International Peacekeeping examines the role of the European Union Force (EUFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). While the military can contribute to law enforcement, such involvement is generally hindered by fear of 'mission creep' and lack of preparedness. Preferable alternatives to military involvement (such as international civil police forces collaborating with local officials) are obstructed by lack of political will. Law enforcement should be addressed early and systematically by the deployment of robust forces that avoid excessive use of force.

Author: Cornelius Friesendorf | Susan E. Penksa Source: Friesendorf, C. and Penksa, S., 2008, 'Militarized Law Enforcement in Peace Operations: EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-694 Size: 18 pages (135 KB)
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What are the risks and challenges facing Bangladesh's democracy and stability? Are Bangladesh's political and social institutions resilient enough to overcome these challenges? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the political risks and challenges facing Bangladesh. It argues that Bangladesh faces twin threats to its democracy and stability: deadlock over elections, and the growing challenge of militant and violent Islamism. The international community can help to address these risks by taking Bangladesh seriously as a strategic partner and moving towards more mature political engagement.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Bangladesh Today', Asia Report 121, International Crisis Group Size: 39 pages (1 MB)
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What progress has the military installed caretaker government (CTG) in Bangladesh made towards holding credible elections? This report from the International Crisis Group examines developments in Bangladesh since the military coup in 2007. It argues that while the military's desire to reform the political parties and tackle corruption is understandable, the CTG's measures undermine the country's democratic institutions.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Restoring Democracy in Bangladesh', Asia Report No. 151, International Crisis Group Size: 47 pages (652 kB)
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How do civil society organisations (CSOs) impact upon conflict dynamics and conflict resolution efforts? This Institute of Development Studies (IDS) paper provides critical assessments of local CSO contributions in five conflict cases - Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Western Sahara and Israel/Palestine. It finds civil society facing similar problems across these five intractable conflicts. CSOs could develop this sector further through a number of measures, including actively promoting the values of democracy to be learnt and experienced on the ground.

Author: Nona Mikhelidze | Nicoletta Pirozzi Source: Mikhelidze, N. and Pirozzi, N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in Abkhazia, Israel/Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Western Sahara', Policy Working Paper, no. 3, MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton Size: 86 pages (721KB)
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Once considered a multi-cultural, harmonious "Shangri-la", Bhutan has become a country divided by political and humanitarian conflict and marked by human rights violations. This paper, published by the Norwegian Refugee Council, reviews the consolidation of power, values and identity of the country's Buddhist elite and its abuse of minorities. Bhutan must eliminate all discrimination against ethnic Nepalis, facilitate the return of refugees and enlist United Nations' assistance in resolving its human rights crisis.

Author: Richard Skretteberg (ed.) Source: Skretteberg R. (ed.), 2008, 'Bhutan: land of the happiness for the selected', Norwegian Refugee Council Size: 11 pages (1 MB)
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In April 2006, protests in Nepal led to the end of direct rule by the King and the ending of the so-called 'People's War', fought by the Maoists against the state since 1996. This report, published by Saferworld, attempts to highlight the important issues surrounding policing in Nepal in this context. It identifies a sense of optimism following the end of the civil conflict, and changing expectations of the police force. It argues that a balance needs to be struck between providing basic security during a period of transition, and preparing to reform Nepal's security system in the long term.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2008, 'Public safety and policing in Nepal: An analysis of public attitudes towards community safety and policing across Nepal', Saferworld Size: 62 pages (1.2 MB)
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In 1971 the Pakistan Army surrendered to Indian and Bangladeshi Forces, marking the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh. This article, published in Terrorism Monitor, compares the situation in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to that which prevailed in erstwhile East Pakistan over three decades ago. It exposes several worrying similarities between the two, and proposes recommendations to prevent the further breakup of Pakistan.

Author: Tariq Ashraf Source: Ashraf T., 2008, 'Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?', Terrorism Monitor, Volume 6, Issue 12, Washington, DC Size: 7 pages (48 kB)
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Despite eight years of security sector reform (SSR) advocacy in Indonesia, basic democracy policy objectives and professional, accountable military and police services have yet to be achieved. This paper, published by the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, examines civil society organisations' (CSO) efforts to promote SSR in Indonesia from 1998-2006. While CSOs need to re-formulate their SSR advocacy strategies, the government should comprehensively evaluate SSR laws, policies and implementation in order to improve security sector accountability.

Author: Nancy Slamet Source: Slamet N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Security Sector Reform in Indonesia: 1998-2006', International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, and Institute for Defense Security and Peace Studies, Montreal, Canada Size: 34 pages (546 KB)
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How effective are regional and national initiatives to improve sea lane security in Southeast Asia? This Asia Policy paper examines whether efforts to improve security in Southeast Asia's waters are sufficient enough to produce a long-term beneficial effect. International pressure, the spectre of maritime terrorism, the efforts of regional states and support from external powers have helped to improve security. However, much more remains to be done and therefore securing Southeast Asia's sea lanes is still work in progress.

Author: Ian Storey Source: Storey I., 2008, 'Securing Southeast Asia's Sea Lanes: A Work in Progress', Asia Policy, Washington DC: No. 6. Size: 34 pages (387KB)
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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What lessons have been learned from UK experience in stabilisation interventions? This document from the UK Government's Stabilisation Unit outlines emerging best practice guidance on how to assess, plan, resource and carry out stabilisation operations. Major lessons of experience so far are to: recognise the complexity and uncertainty of the action required; ensure an integrated, comprehensive approach between local authorities and external partners; and build on as much understanding and sensitivity to the local environment as can be generated.

Author: Stabilisation Unit Source: Stabilisation Unit, 2008, 'The UK Approach to Stabilisation: Stabilisation Unit Guidance Notes', UK Government, Stabilisation Unit, London Size: 47 pages (823 KB)
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How are local forms of policing shaped in post-conflict African states? What are the risks and the potential of state and donor support for these informal groups? This article analyses local forms of policing in Rwanda and Sierra Leone. It argues that country-specific patterns of local policing vary enormously, and depend on three factors: (1) the nature of the conflict and peace settlement; (2) regime ideology; and (3) the level of regime insecurity and fear of conflict recurring. In a context of less than fair and accountable state policing, security for the poor cannot be provided without the assistance of local forms of policing.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2008, 'Beyond the Tarmac Road: Local Forms of Policing in Sierra Leone and Rwanda', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp. 555-570 Size: 17 pages (142 kB)
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How are distinctions between public and private and between global and local security governance in Africa being redrawn? This article surveys the breadth of private security activity on the continent, and the political and economic factors driving its growth. It argues that analysis of private security in Africa must be situated within the significant power shifts taking place in international political economy. Contemporary security involves complex, fluid structures in which public and private agents interact, cooperate and compete. Issues of public scrutiny and accountability have important implications for democratic control and oversight.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C., 2008, 'Public/Private, Global/Local: The Changing Contours of Africa's Security Governance', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp 539-553 Size: 15 pages ()
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A major problem in security sector reform (SSR) has been a lack of local input to and ownership of the emerging reform agenda. Consequently, many donor governments and organisations have made commitments to the principle of local ownership. Yet this has become more a rhetorical device than a guide to donor practice. This paper, by the Crisis States Research Centre, aims to contribute to operationalising donor countries' policy commitments to local ownership of SSR. It discusses the content and political nature of SSR, and presents guidelines on guaranteeing the engagement of local actors and ensuring the security needs of citizens are met. It identifies obstacles facing SSR and a framework for their analysis. It suggests means by which donors can improve local ownership and makes proposals on institutionalising local ownership in donor governments' procedures. The paper also draws on case studies of Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia, Sierra Leone and South Africa.

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2007, 'No Ownership, No Commitment: A Guide to Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform', Paper commissioned by the Security Sector Reform Strategy of the UK Government's Global Conflict Prevention Pool, University of Birmingham, UK Size: 121 pages (1.9MB)
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How should the components of nation-building missions be organised and employed effectively? This guidebook from the RAND Corporation is based on historical research and best practice lessons from 16 case studies. International military interventions have proved to be the most reliable means of preventing societies emerging from civil war from then slipping back into conflict. Despite some notable setbacks, the overall impact of heightened international activism has been beneficial. Practitioners need to look more closely at previous experiences, learning from them, and then applying lessons into practice.

Author: James Dobbins | Seth Jones Source: The RAND National Security Research Division, 2007, 'The Beginners Guide to Nation-Building', RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA Size: 330 pages ()
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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How can government development agencies play a part in tackling the problems that contribute to violent conflict? This paper by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) seeks to show how DFID understands and responds to conflict across the breadth of its work. It proposes to place a greater emphasis on resolving conflict before it becomes violent, to make its response to armed conflict more effective by improving its support to peace processes and enhancing the conflict-management capacity of relevant bodies, and to make its development work more 'conflict-sensitive'. The paper includes case studies from Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia, Uganda, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sudan and Yemen.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2007, 'Preventing Violent Conflict', UK Government Policy Paper, DFID, London Size: 40 pages (690 kB)
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While each phase of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) contains challenges, the most delicate and urgent component is disarmament. Written by Peter Swarbrick, this operational manual aims to educate donors, managers and practitioners about some of the most important obstacles to successful DDR operations. Using examples from the DDR programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the manual identifies common problems and practical solutions that can be applied to a variety of apparently dissimilar disarmament processes.

Author: Peter Swarbrick Source: Swarbrick, P., 2007, 'Avoiding disarmament failure: the critical link in DDR. An operational manual for donors, managers, and practitioners', Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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How have Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes improved and what lessons remain to be learned? This study from Barcelona Autonomous University's Peace Culture School is an update to the one carried out last year. Its aim is to analyse current DDR programmes in 22 countries. Current programmes have a general profile that is quite novel, in terms of the quantity of experiences existing and the number of beneficiaries and the international context in which they are produced.

Author: Albert Caramés | Vicenç Fisas Source: Caramés, A., Fisas, V., Sanz, E., 2007, 'Analysis of the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) Programs existing in the World during 2006', School for a Culture of Peace, Barcelona Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain Size: 39 pages (575 kB)
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This is the only comprehensive and regularly published account of the global conflict-induced internal displacement situation. In addition to an analysis of developments at the global level, the report also provides overviews of regional and thematic trends. It aims to raise awareness of the still often-overlooked plight of some 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and to draw attention to existing gaps in response at both the national and international level.

Author: Jens-Hagen Eschenbächer Source: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2007 ,'Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2006', Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 103 pages (3.63 MB)
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Is building peace through community development a promising approach? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute draws on a recent CMI evaluation of a UNDP-led programme in Ituri district in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Community development can be an effective tool to build peace, even in the midst of violence. The Ituri experience suggests that aid agencies that adopt this strategy will stand a fair chance to succeed in significantly reducing poverty-related violence.

Author: Ingrid Samset Source: Samset, I., 2007, 'A promising experience: building peace through community development', Brief, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Vol.6 No.3, Norway Size: 4 pages (452KB)
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Security and Justice Sector Reform (SJSR) has assumed an increasingly prominent role on the international policy agenda over the last decade and the UK Government has played a crucial role in championing it. This review, by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and Ministry of Defence (MOD), aims to provide a better understanding of the quality and effectiveness of UK assistance to SJSR in Africa. It identifies lessons from past experience with regard to coherence, effectiveness and impact.

Author: Nicole Ball | Piet Biesheuvel Source: Ball, N., Biesheuvel, P., Hamilton-Baillie, T., & Olonisakin,F., 2007, 'Security and Justice Sector Reform Programming in Africa', DFID, Evaluation Working Paper 23, London Size: 118 pages (1232 kB)
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Up to 400,000 people have died since February 2003 as a result of the war that broke out in the Darfur region of Sudan. This paper, by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), examines the problems of civilian protection created by this war. It argues for the strengthening of the African Union (AU) force in the context of United Nations (UN) support and the fast-tracking of the peace process within Darfur between Khartoum and its neighbours.

Author: Peter Kagwanja | Patrick Mutahi Source: Kagwanja,P. & Mutahi,P., 2007, 'Protection of civilians in African peace missions: The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur', ISS Paper 139, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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How useful have the OECD's Principles of Good International Engagement in Fragile States been in the context of Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) concentrates on the conflict between the North and the South and on three key elements of the Principles: Donor coordination, state-building and peacebuilding. On the basis of this experience, it finds the OECD Principles to be very relevant for guiding international engagement.

Author: Anita Haslie | Axel Borchgrevink Source: Haslie, A. and Borchgrevink, A., 2007, 'International Engagement in Sudan after the CPA: Report on the Piloting of OECD/DAC's 'Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States' for the Case of Sudan', Paper no. 714, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Size: 46 pages (403 KB)
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While the United States (US), led by the Bush Administration, is promoting both anti-terrorism legislation and democracy around the world, these goals may run the risk of being seen as another example of American hypocrisy. This paper, authored by Beth Elise Whitaker, examines the politics surrounding passage of anti-terrorism laws in the developing world. In promoting anti-terrorism legislation and increased democratisation simultaneously, the US has generated widespread cynicism about the Bush Administration's twin foreign policy goals.

Author: Beth Elise Whitaker Source: Whitaker,BE., 2007, 'Exporting the Patriot Act? democracy and the "war on terror" in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2007, pp.1017-1032, Routledge, London, UK Size: 16 pages (159 kb)
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Promoting security, good governance and recovery in weak, failing and war-torn countries requires integrated, coherent approaches. Many international donors are adopting 'whole-of government' approaches that bring together their diplomatic, defence and development instruments: the 3Ds. This report from the International Peace Academy examines these approaches in seven leading donor countries. It argues that policy coherence remains a work in progress.

Author: Stewart Patrick | Kaysie Brown Source: Patrick, S. and Brown, K., 2007, 'Main Findings and Recommendations' in Greater than the Sum of its Parts? Assessing "Whole of Government" Approaches to Fragile States, International Peace Academy, New York Size: 157 pages (1.55 MB)
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The use of private security companies (PSCs) by humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) not only poses management and control issues for NGOs, but can have a serious impact upon the execution of humanitarian policy. This paper, authored by Christopher Spearin, identifies issues that affect PSC/NGO interaction and suggests policy options to clarify the NGO approach to PSCs. NGOs should consider improving their security savvy and take steps to help create a more humanitarian-centric PSC marketplace.

Author: Dr Christopher Spearin Source: Spearin, C., 2007, 'Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations and International Private Security Companies: The "Humanitarian" Challenges of Moulding a Marketplace', Policy Paper 16, DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 31 pages (260kb)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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Is it possible to fight war and manage conflict at the same time? This book from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) explores the causes of conflict and the critical role of conflict management in volatile political environments. Peacemaking and conflict management are essential for creating a less divided, less conflicted world despite the complexities and high odds against success. The international community can check hostile adversaries of the international order and make peace at the same time.

Author: Chester A. Crocker | Fen Osler Hampson Source: Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P., 2007, 'Leashing the Dogs of War', Introduction in Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P. (eds.) 'Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 726 pages ()
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Should external actors intervene to trigger or force a transition in extreme cases of autocratic or failed governance? This article considers the case of Burma. It explores the country's deprivations under military rule, identifies means to make its institutions adequate to the task of democratic governance, and proposes limitations on assistance under various scenarios for political transition. It argues that some degree of political transition will have to occur before assistance can be delivered, and that Burma's Asian neighbours will be crucial to any breakthrough.

Author: PRISCILLA CLAPP Source: Clapp,P., 2007, 'Building Democracy in Burma', Working Paper 02, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA Size: 77 pages (820 kB)
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What progress has Afghanistan made in establishing a system of democratic governance? This study by the Asia Foundation suggests that while the government and the international community recognise the importance of developing governance at the sub-national level, they have failed to develop a strategy and provide the funding to put a system in place. The Afghan government needs to formulate, communicate and effectively implement a policy that respects the cultural, linguistic and geophysical reality of Afghanistan.

Author: George Varughese Source: The Asia Foundation, 2007, 'An Assessment of Sub-National Governance in Afghanistan', The Asia Foundation, San Francisco Size: 79 pages (325 KB)
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Which factors determine whether former combatants can be successfully integrated into social and political spheres at the end of a conflict? This article published in Conflict, Security and Development compares the political reintegration of the Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) in Colombia in the early 1990s with the reintegration of the paramilitary a decade later. It argues that successful reintegration depends on the acceptance of relevant audiences and the capacity of former combatants to perform as social and political interlocutors.

Author: Alexandra Guáqueta Source: Guáqueta, A., 2007, 'The Way Back In: Reintegrating Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia Then and Now' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 417-456 Size: 41 pages (270 KB)
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Experts agree that police reform involving the community is critical for peace and development. Yet to date there has not been a study on what international practitioners are doing in community-based policing (CBP) initiatives across Southeastern Europe. This document, by the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme, looks at project activities that address the issue of community involvement in police reform in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. It argues that the SSSR Programme is contributing to increased security in Albania and is a model worthy of replication.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'The Critical Link: Community Policing Practices in Southeastern Europe', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 36 pages (339 kB)
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How successful have post-war reforms to the Afghan National Police (ANP) been? What strategies should be adopted to improve the structure and performance of the ANP? This paper from the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) provides an overview of the police sector and identifies five key issues that need to be addressed. The reforms so far have been disappointing. Piecemeal initiatives undertaken by donors and the national government have resulted in corruption within the police and mistrust among the Afghan population. Future programmes should focus on developing an over-arching strategy for the ANP, improving trainee recruitment and making donor assistance conditional on reform to the Ministry of Interior (MoI).

Author: Andrew Wilder Source: Wilder, A., 2007, 'Cops or Robbers? The Struggle to Reform the Afghan National Police', Issues Paper Series, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul Size: 94 pages (3.7 MB)
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What are the key security issues facing post-conflict Nepal? How can ongoing local tensions be addressed? This donor briefing paper from International Alert and Friends for Peace reports on the security concerns of vulnerable and marginalised groups in the country. Donors and communities should work together to promote locally owned security structures, collaboration between political parties and an approach to reconciliation which incorporates development strategies.

Author: Natalie Hicks (not author) Source: International Alert and Friends for Peace, 2007, 'Nepal at a Crossroads: Strengthening Community Security in the Post-Settlement Context', Donor Briefing Paper, International Alert, London Size: 14 pages (660 KB)
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How should the increasing recognition of the interdependence of development and security assistance change the definition of overseas development assistance (ODA)? This paper from the Bonn International Centre for Conversion discusses proposals for possible extensions of the ODA category to cover security-related assistance activities. While certain aspects of conflict prevention, security sector reform and anti-terrorism activity should be included within ODA, any such definitional broadening should be limited. A new "Official Security, Peace and Stability Assistance" category could be added to the OECD DAC (Development Assistance Committee) reporting system to present a broader picture of security-related donor assistance.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, 2007, 'Analysis of and Recommendations for Covering Security Relevant Expenditures Within and Outside of Official Development Assistance' Paper, no. 53, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 53 pages (630 kB)
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How influential are civil society organisations (CSOs) in South Africa and Uganda? This article examines the extent to which CSOs influence government policy and legislation and extend citizen participation in public affairs. It also considers how far external funding influences policy engagement and outcomes. The capacity of CSOs to offer citizens a say in decisions and to enhance pluralism may be as important as their ability to influence policy and demand accountability from state actors.

Author: Mark Robinson | Steve Friedman Source: Robinson, M. and Friedman, S., 2007, 'Civil Society, Democratization, and Foreign Aid: Civic Engagement and Public Policy in South Africa and Uganda', Democratization, Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 643-668 Size: 27 pages (160 KB)
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Was the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) an appalling failure? This paper from the Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI) analyses the 2003-2005 period of the mission and assesses whether EUPM merited the harsh criticism it received. It finds that while EUPM failed to achieve its goal of 'Europeanising' Bosnian police services, it achieved a number of tangible results. EUPM's lack of success was not entirely its own fault.

Author: Gemma Collantes Celador Source: Collantes Celador, G., 2007, 'The European Union Police Mission: The Beginning of a New Future for Bosnia and Herzegovina?', IBEI Working Papers, Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona, Spain Size: 24 pages (220 kB)
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The conflict in Darfur has killed an estimated 200,000 people and displaced 2.5 million. Although Sudan has accepted a hybrid African Union-United Nations Mission, caveats and resistance from the Sudanese government and other actors make it difficult to restore stability. How should the European Union (EU) engage in fragile situations such as that of Sudan? This article from European Security Review summarises a European Security Contact Group meeting on international and EU engagement in Sudan. It finds that achieving 'good international engagement' in fragile situations like Sudan is greatly complex for the EU.

Author: Giji Gya Source: Gya,G., 2007, 'Engaging Fragile Situations: Sudan', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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The peacekeeping operation in Darfur needs substantive involvement from the UN and a robust mandate that addresses the humanitarian emergency and protection of civilians. The proposed African Union-United Nations (AU-UN) hybrid mission raises fundamental questions regarding authority. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) examines the challenges of hybrid command and control arrangements in regard to the peacekeeping operation in Darfur. It argues that difficulties confronting the AU-UN operation result in part from the attempt to portray a conventional joint multinational operation as a hybrid mission.

Author: Festus Aboagye Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'The Hybrid Operation for Darfur: A Critical Review of the Concept of the Mechanism', ISS Africa, Occasional Paper 149, South Africa Size: 24 pages (1.31 MB)
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Who has the responsibility to protect people in collapsed states like Somalia? This paper, by the Institute of Security Studies, demonstrates that there still is a need for the United Nations (UN), developed countries and African countries to define clear and equitable standards by which the international community should intervene in such failed states.

Author: Sadiki Koko Source: Koko,S., 2007, 'Whose Responsibility to Protect? Reflection on the Dynamics of an 'Abandoned Disorder' in Somalia', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 12 pages (168.4KB)
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Has the African Union (AU) embraced the responsibility to protect (R2P) in its Constitutive Act? Has it been successful in implementing R2P? This study, by the Institute for Security Studies, assesses its efforts to promote peace in Africa and to deal with emerging crises. It concludes that the AU is committed to R2P, although it is too early for a definitive judgment, since the institutions that the AU has developed to change attitudes need to be given an opportunity to work.

Author: Dr Tim Murithi Source: Murithi,T., 2007, 'The Responsibility to Protect, as Enshrined in Article 4 of the Constitutive Act of the African Union', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 11 pages (131KB)
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In light of the United Nations' (UN) failure to act in the 1990s, are Africa's experiments in cooperative security the future of peacekeeping? How do new approaches to peacekeeping affect the legitimacy of global multilateral security architecture? This article from African Security Review analyses hybrid missions and security collaboration in Africa. These approaches are responses to Africa's political, financial and operational constraints and should not be regarded as alternatives for UN-led peacekeeping.

Author: Timothy Othieno | Nhamo Samasuwo Source: Othieno,T. and Samasuwo,N., 2007, 'A Critical Analysis of Africa's Experiments with Hybrid Missions and Security Collaboration', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (153 kB)
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Is the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) an effective instrument for promoting peace and stability in Africa? How successfully does it address the links between peace, governance and development? This article from The African Security Review critically examines how the APRM self-assessment questionnaire covers conflict detection and prevention. Reviewing the first three APRM country reports, from Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda, it questions whether the APRM is an effective instrument for promoting peace. While the APRM could be useful in describing sources of conflict and tension, Africa should not rely on the APRM alone to prevent conflict.

Author: Steve Gruzd Source: Gruzd,S., 2007, 'Peace, Security and the African Peer Review Mechanism: Are the Tools up to the Task?', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 13 pages (152 kB)
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How successful has the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) been in protecting civilians? This study, by the Institute of Security Studies, assesses MONUC's strategy during its more passive phase from 2000 to 2004 and during the period from 2005, which included more forceful peace operations. The study concludes that, in its passive role, MONUC failed to protect civilians altogether. However, its more aggressive operations occasionally led to greater civilian abuse.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks,J., 2007, 'The Pitfalls of Action and Inaction: Civilian Protection in MONUC's Peacekeeping Operations', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (142.31KB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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How can the use of gender analysis help improve post-conflict peace processes? This paper, published in Gender and Development, discusses the research methodology and results of the 2005 Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis (PCGA) conducted by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) in the Solomon Islands. The use of gender analysis to shape peace processes would help solidify women's gains in status and contribute to economic and civil society development.

Author: Annalise Moser Source: Moser, A., 2007, 'The Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis: UNIFEM's Research in the Solomon Islands' Gender and Development, volume 15, issue 2 Size: 10 pages (115 KB)
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What are the key challenges for justice sector reform in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) highlights both improvements and issues yet to be addressed in the country's administration of law and justice. Whilst it has seen many positive developments since the restoration of civilian rule in 1993, including an increased institutional respect for the rule of law, justice reform remains piecemeal and uncoordinated.

Author: To whom it may concern | To whom it may concern Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and the Institute for Democratic Governance, Size: 23 pages (100 KB)
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What are the key challenges to the promotion of democracy and political participation.in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) reviews the status of institutional reforms and the role of the media, civil society and citizens in the country's movement towards full democracy. While much progress has been made since the return to civilian rule in 1993, there is a need to address outstanding issues, including an incomplete reform processes, inefficiency, lack of funding and continued non-democratic practices.

Author: AfriMAP | OSIWA Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Democracy and Political Participation', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and Institute for Democratic Governance. Size: 23 pages (95 KB)
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How should donor support be provided to political parties in developing countries? This paper from the Christian Michelsen Institute (CMI) outlines the current status, modalities and practices of donor support to political parties and recommends core principles by which such assistance should be provided. Current donor assistance hampers political party capacity building by failing to integrate and harmonise party support with democracy support.

Author: Inge Amundsen Source: Amundsen, I., 2007, 'Donor Support to Political Parties: Status and Principles', Christian Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway Size: 42 pages (2.56 MB)
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Are failed states temporary obstacles to democracy or long-term historical problems that cannot easily be solved? This paper from Third World Quarterly assesses four approaches to failed states with regard to the diffusion of democracy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite interest in moving beyond the status quo approach to resuscitating failed states, there is powerful resistance to change. Diplomatic inertia plays a role in the failure to decertify failed states and recognise new territorial states. New diplomatic tools and a fresh interpretation of problem states are now required.

Author: Brennan M Kraxberger Source: Kraxberger, B., 2007, 'Failed States: Temporary Obstacles to Democratic Diffusion or Fundamental Holes in the World Political Map?', Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, issue 6. Size: 18 pages (175 KB)
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Incentives and sanctions are used by external actors to try to stop armed conflicts in the short term. But are they effective in promoting peace? This research by Conciliation Resources argues that these instruments are often not used as part of a broader strategy aimed at resolving conflict. They are often a confused mix of coercion and assistance, which neither force nor encourage the conflict parties towards a negotiated settlement.

Author: Conciliation Resources Source: Conciliation Resources, 2007, 'Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peace processes', Conciliation Resources Joint analysis workshop report, UK Size: 20 pages (299KB)
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How can the concept of human security be used as a practical device to address armed violence? This paper from the Centre for Policy Studies presents the example of a Brazilian non-governmental organisation (NGO) that uses the human security concept as a tool to formulate policies and execute projects on the ground. The human security concept can be a powerful point of departure to orient governments, international and regional organisations and NGOs towards initiatives that increase personal safety.

Author: Ilona Szabó de Carvalho | Raphael M.C. Corrêa Source: De Carvalho, I. S. and Corrêa, R. M. C., 2007, 'Brazilian Perspectives on Human Security', Policy: Issues and Actors, vol. 20, no. 8, Centre for Policy Studies, Johannesburg Size: 20 pages (250 KB)
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What impact does conflict have on police culture? This chapter examines some aspects of everyday police practices in three African states, along with some of the internal management and external state and donor influences that have sought to (re)shape them. It seeks to track where changes have occurred following conflict, why, and with what consequences. Whilst reform of small state police forces proceeds slowly, the growth of other policing agencies continues. Policing, as it is experienced in Africa, is a multi-choice affair.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Conflict and African Police Culture: The Cases of Uganda, Rwanda, Sierra Leone', book chapter in, O'Neil, M., Marks, M. and Singh, AM. (eds.), 'Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions', Oxford: Elsevier Science. Size: 2 pages (35 kB)
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How effective have international arms embargoes been in reducing the supply of weapons into countries in Africa? What factors determine the success or failure of arms embargoes? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) analyses the monitoring and enforcement of United Nations arms embargoes in Africa. Examining international embargoes of nine African countries, it finds that the impact of arms embargoes depends on the commitment of all states to enforce them.

Author: Guy Lamb Source: Lamb, G. 2007. 'Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa', Occasional Paper 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (302KB)
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There was widespread relief and satisfaction following the successful October 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Will the elections, however, improve the DRC's situation? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges facing the DRC beyond the elections. The problems facing the DRC will not be solved by the elections alone and will cripple the government if they are not immediately addressed. The elections should not serve as an exit strategy for the international community.

Author: David Kampf Source: Kampf, D. 2007. 'The Democratic Republic of Congo: Beyond the Elections', African Security Review, 16 (1), Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 5 pages (71 KB)
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How should donor countries cooperate with partner countries in conditions of poor government performance and fragile statehood? How should they engage with multilateral organisations in regard to development policy? This strategy paper from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) outlines a framework for development cooperation in countries with fragile governance conditions. If development cooperation is to be more effective in difficult settings it must be adapted to the political and social conditions in partner countries.

Author: Dr Eduard Westreicher | Dr Ludgera Klemp Source: BMZ 2007. 'Development-Oriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance', Strategies 153, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn Size: 44 pages (354 kB)
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What role has land and resource scarcity played in violent conflict in Rwanda? How should the international transitional justice community integrate economic factors such as land distribution into reconciliation processes? This paper from the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation examines the role of land in conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda. It shows that land and resource scarcity are deeply linked to conflict and ethnicity in Rwanda. Unless land issues are integrated into transitional justice processes, reconciliation will remain superficial and the potential for violent conflict will remain.

Author: Zinaida Miller Source: Miller, Z. 2007. 'Constructing Sustainable Reconciliation: Land, Power, and Transitional Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda', Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Cape Town Size: 61 pages (318 kB)
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What do the Burundi peace negotiations reveal about the neo-liberal conception of peace that informs conflict resolution in Africa? Using the Burundi peace negotiations as an example, this article from Review of African Political Economy examines neo-liberal conflict resolution in Africa. Peace negotiations should be seen as political struggles, beyond that between the belligerents, due to the involvement of supporting actors promoting vested interests. Resulting peace agreements are not necessarily consensual or compromises for the sake of peace, but rather temporary stalemates between international, regional and local actors.

Author: Patricia Daley Source: Daley, P., 2007, 'The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace-making', Review of African Political Economy, 34(112) , pp.333 - 352 Size: 20 pages ()
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To what extent has the United States developed a coherent and effective response to the challenge of precarious states? This article from the Center for Global Development (CGD) examines the US response to precarious states, evaluating progress made and highlighting remaining challenges. It finds that the US has yet to embrace an integrated, whole of government approach to the challenges posed by fragile, failing and war-torn countries.

Author: Stewart Patrick Source: Patrick, S. 2007. 'The U.S. Response to Precarious States: Tentative Progress and Remaining Obstacles to Coherence', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 32 pages (403 KB)
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How successful has the UN been in building peace in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2005? This article from Global Governance argues that the case of Afghanistan affirms the benefits of democratisation after war that seeks to bridge the gap in conceptions between old and new authority types. Institutionalisation of democratic authority should remain at the centre of peacebuilding because it creates the conditions necessary to mediate competing domestic interests and to address the causes of a conflict peacefully.

Author: Richard J. Ponzio Source: Ponzio, R. J. 2007. 'Transforming Political Authority: UN Democratic Peacebuilding in Afghanistan', Global Governance 13(2), pp.255-275 Size: 21 pages (219KB)
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How successful has the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) been in its first year of activity? What challenges confront the PBC? This report from ActionAid, CAFOD and Care International UK assesses the first year of the PBC's work in Sierra Leone and Burundi. It finds that the PBC's impact has been largely positive and well received, but that important challenges remain.

Author: Annie Street | Jennifer Smith Source: Street, A., Smith, J. and Mollet, H. 2007. 'Consolidating the peace?: views from Sierra Leone and Burundi on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission', ActionAid, CAFOD and CARE International Size: 44 pages (777kB)
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The international community currently favours an approach to development that stresses the triangular linkage between security, good governance and economic development. This approach informs the European Union's (EU) agenda in Africa. This paper, by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), argues that this agenda is as much determined by the bureaucratic and national affiliations of the concerned EU actors as it is by African realities and international trends. Specifically, African security triggers a competition between different EU institutions, eager to be the driving force behind additional resources and autonomy. Thus the consistency and credibility of the EU security policy in Africa will depend on the responses provided to these institutional rivalries.

Author: Niagalé Bagoyoko | Marie V. Gibert Source: Bagoyoko, N. and Gibert, M.V. 2007. 'The European Union in Africa: The Linkage Between Security, Governance and Development from an Institutional Perspective', IDS Working Paper 284, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton Size: 39 pages (229kB)
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What lessons do regional experiences in small arms transfer controls provide for the construction of universal principles for the authorisation of small arms transfers? This publication from Project Ploughshares presents papers from an international seminar on 'Regional Dimensions of Global Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfer Principles'. It shows that there is a growing global consensus, derived from international law, on the key principles that should govern arms transfers. The emerging challenge for the international community is to ensure coherence among initiatives addressing small arms transfer and initiatives addressing transfer of all conventional weapons.

Author: Kenneth Epps (editor) Source: Project Ploughshares. 2007. 'Towards Global Standards: Regional Experience in Small Arms Transfer Controls', Edited Papers from an International Seminar, Waterloo, Canada. Size: 111 pages (1.59 MB)
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What are the objectives, activities and principles involved in peace support operations (PSOs)? This guide from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides information and guidance for UK police personnel on international policing operations in PSOs. It outlines how police personnel should conduct police operations and rule of law activities on PSOs and sets out the main principles of democratic policing.

Author: FCO Library Source: FCO. 2007. 'Peace support operations: Information and guidance for UK police personnel', Police and Justice Team, Conflict Issues Group, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London Size: 60 pages (2.51 MB)
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How comprehensive is the Internal Security Sector Review (ISSR) analysis of security issues in Kosovo? What challenges confront the development of a new security architecture in Kosovo? The ISSR was published in February 2007, and in response, this briefing from Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives outlines the ISSR process and outcome and challenges for the future of Kosovo's security sector. The process and the conclusions of the ISSR fall short of what is needed to help secure Kosovo's future. Nevertheless, much now relies on the quality of implementation of the ISSR's proposals.

Author: Saferworld | The Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ) Source: Saferworld. 2007. 'The Internal Security Sector Review: the future of Kosovo's security sector?', Briefing Note, Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo), London Size: 5 pages (54 KB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Kosovo comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Kosovo's arms transfer control framework. While the international administration has introduced limited controls on the transfer of arms to and from Kosovo, the existing regulatory framework has many gaps. The ongoing Internal Security Sector Review and talks on Kosovo's final status nevertheless provide unique opportunities to address these issues.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Anna Richards; Simon Rynn Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Kosovo', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 20 pages (127)
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How can security sector reform (SSR) be made genuinely successful? This paper from Arab Reform Initiative considers SSR as an element of Western policy towards the Arab region, focusing on the EU and US. It assesses the context for security sector reform in the Arab region and argues that SSR can only be approached as a fundamentally political challenge. It concludes that meaningful steps towards SSR have only been taken by governments undertaking democratisation, however limited.

Author: Prof. Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh, Y. (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in the Arab Region: Challenges to Developing an Indigenous Agenda', Arab Reform Initiative, Thematic Papers n° 2 December, 2007 Size: 39 pages (308KB)
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How successful has minilateral cooperation among France, Germany, the United Kingdom (EU-3) and the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) been with regard to the Iranian nuclear crisis? This paper from European Security argues that minilateral cooperation in the Iranian case and in security affairs in general do not easily translate into multilateral cooperation.

Author: Sebastian Harnisch Source: Harnisch, S. (2007). 'Minilateral Cooperation and Transatlantic Coalition-Building: The E3/EU-3 Iran Initiative', European Security, 16(1), pp. 1-27, Routledge. Size: 28 pages ()
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Is NATO facing its worst crisis ever (again)? Why, despite being widely regarded as the most successful alliance ever, is NATO perpetually perceived to be facing the worst crisis in its history? This article from European Security analyses the 'NATO-in-crisis' literature. It argues that the NATO-in-crisis approach is an analytical dead-end, incapable of producing new, cumulative knowledge about NATO in particular and alliances in general. The concept of an alliance crisis should be treated as a social science concept rather than a rhetorical device.

Author: Wallace J. Thies Source: Thies, W.J. (2007). 'Was the US Invasion of Iraq NATO'S Worst Crisis Ever? How Would We Know? Why Should We Care?', European Security, 16(1), pp. 29-50, Routledge Size: 22 pages ()
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How useful is financial surveillance as a method of countering terrorism? How much privacy should be exchanged for security? This study from the University of London argues that, in combating terrorist financing, the challenge is to identify the unknown risk without inhibiting the everyday transactions of ordinary citizens. This requires better intelligence on terrorist organisations and not terabytes of data recording the financial transactions of the population at large.

Author: William Vlcek Source: Vlcek, W. (2007). 'Surveillance to Combat Terrorist Financing in Europe: Whose Liberty, Whose Security?', European Security, 16(1), pp. 99-119, Routledge Size: 22 pages ()
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How can Europe defend itself against infectious disease? How does the insecurity generated by infectious disease affect collective understandings of personal health and security? This paper from European Security argues that confronting this non-conventional threat in Europe requires the recognition of the global circulation of disease. Furthermore, Europe needs to be understood less as a territorially bounded space and more as a dynamic and fluid one, constituting a node within broader interdependent systems of circulation.

Author: Sonja Kittlesen Source: Kittlesen, S. (2007). 'Beyond Bounded Space: Europe, Security, and the Global Circulation of Infectious Disease', European Security, 16(2), pp. 121-142, Routledge Size: 23 pages ()
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The European Commission's Eurobarometer survey reveals high levels of public support for European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). However, this paper from European Security argues that public support for ESDP is much more ambiguous than it seems. Although Europe's security and defence policy has progressed rapidly, there is a disconnection between ESDP as a European (elite) project and the European people. This is significant because the preferences of Europeans could enable or impede the further development of ESDP.

Author: Klaus Brummer Source: Brummer, K. (2007). 'Superficial, not Substantial: The Ambiguity of Public Support for Europe's Security and Defence Policy', European Security, 16(2), pp. 183-201, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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Why is the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faltering? Why have the demobilisation programmes been unsuccessful? This paper, from the School of Oriental and African Studies, analyses these problems against the background of the DRC's culture of violence, its informal politics and economy and the crises faced by ordinary people. Demobilisation programmes do not address fighters' motivations and the peace process has led to immediate gains by some parties while institutionalising destructive systems and long-term losses for the population.

Author: Zoë Marriage Source: Marriage, Z, 2007, 'Flip-flop rebel, dollar soldier: demobilisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 281-309, Routledge Size: 30 pages ()
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How can we account for the apparent inability of security sector reform (SSR) efforts to make a visible and sustainable impact, particularly in post-conflict African states? What practical challenges face donor support for SSR? This article from the journal Conflict, Security and Development examines the gap between donors' SSR policies and practice. It argues that this gap can be explained by the tension between donors' state-centric policy framework and the growing role of non-state security actors. The external origin and orientation of SSR needs to be supplemented by greater local ownership and inclusion in SSR conceptualisation, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2007). 'The role of security sector reform in sustainable development: donor policy trends and challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 27-60, Routledge. Size: 34 pages ()
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What are the implications for human security (conflict and poverty) of low state capacity and resilience? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development suggests a model of state fragility that is based on the state's capacity to protect itself, deliver services and manage economic risks and on the state's resilience in negotiating social relations and political risks. By isolating initial conditions in a country, the model gives a truer picture of performance. It suggests a more appropriate aid distribution that takes into account fragility.

Author: Eka Ikpe Source: Ikpe, E. (2007). 'Challenging the discourse on fragile states', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 85-124, Routledge Size: 41 pages ()
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How can we explain the lack of coherence within international conflict-handling mechanisms? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the gaps in the international community's conflict-handling mechanisms from the perspective of coherence and organisational behaviour. It finds that organisational behaviour is one explanation for a lack of coherence and the various disconnects within international conflict-handling mechanisms. Ultimately, solutions to the organisational problems that inhibit coherence in international peace-building efforts will depend on political will.

Author: Randolph Kent Source: Kent, R, 2007, 'The Governance of Global Security and Development: Convergence, Divergence and Coherence', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 125- 65 Size: 41 pages ()
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How can the presence of 'other armed groups' (OAGs) be dealt with in building stability in post-conflict environments? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development looks at the 'White Army' militias in Sudan, who maintained an armed presence after Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It provides an analysis of both the forcible and voluntary disarmament strategies that were implemented by the Sudanese Government. It argues that organisations such as the UN, local government and NGOs played an important role in successful disarmament. But challenges remain in building sustainable conditions for peace.

Author: Matthew B. Arnold | Chris Alden Source: Arnold, M.B.; Alden, C. (2007). ''This gun is our food': Disarming the White Army militias of South Sudan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(3), pp. 361-385, Routledge. Size: 26 pages ()
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How does aid to transitional justice work? What are the patterns, types and causes of such aid? Little is known about the dynamics of external economic assistance to national transitional justice (TJ) efforts. This paper examines the aid that was given to assist two countries that were 'post-conflict', in a process of transition from a past period of massive armed violence. It reveals a highly skewed distribution of this aid across mechanisms. Security sector reform dominates the field entirely.

Author: Ingrid Samset | Stina Petersen Source: Samset, I., Petersen S. and Wang, V., 2007, 'Maintaining the Process? Aid to Transitional Justice in Rwanda and Guatemala, 1995-2005' Working Group on Development and Peace (FriEnt) Size: 2 pages (34kb)
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What progress have developing countries and their development partners made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What obstacles and challenges remain to meeting the goals by the target date of 2015? This report from the United Nations presents a comprehensive global assessment of progress towards achieving the MDGs. While some progress is being made, the MDGs will only be achieved if concerted additional action is taken immediately and sustained until 2015. All stakeholders must fulfil the commitments made in the Millennium Declaration and subsequent pronouncements.

Author: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Millennium Development Goals Report - 2007', United Nations, New York, USA Size: 21 pages (1.18 MB)
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How effective are international efforts to build peace? This paper, published by the International Peace Academy, assesses the status of international peace efforts and highlights chronic weaknesses in peacekeeping processes. In recent years, international and bi-lateral institutions have made efforts to fine-tune their peacebuilding processes. However, systemic issues of international political will and attention, resource allocation and a failure to recognise local contexts continue to affect the ability of international and national actors to establish enduring peace.

Author: Charles T. Call | Elizabeth M. Cousens Source: Call, C.T., E.M. Cousens, 2007, 'Ending Wars and Building Peace', Working with Crisis Working Paper Series, New York: International Peace Academy. Size: 22 pages (333 kB)
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How is peacebuilding interpreted in meaning and practice? To what extent has it been institutionalised? Peacebuilding is generically defined as external interventions designed to prevent armed conflict. This article, published in Global Governance, surveys twenty-four governmental and intergovernmental bodies that are active in peacebuilding. It analyses how they conceptualise and operationalise their peacebuilding mandate, along with mapping areas of potential concern. It finds that most programmes have focused on the immediate or underlying causes of conflict, to the relative neglect of state institutions.

Author: Michael Barnett | Hunjoon Kim Source: Barnett, M., Kim, H., O'Donnell, M., and Sitea, L., 2007. 'Peacebuilding: What is in a Name?' Global Governance, 13: 35-38. Size: 24 pages (117 kB)
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The past decade has seen growing numbers of governments and organisations devote resources to interventions intended to avert or end conflict. How can these be evaluated? This report from CDA Collaborative Learning Projects (CDA) represents a step in the development of practical evaluation guidance. Scope, conflict analysis, impacts, skills and tools all need to be considered. Next steps should include donor experimentation with evaluations, an annual review of evaluations and a policy review.

Author: Mary B. Anderson | Diana Chigas Source: OECD-DAC, 2007, 'Encouraging Effective Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Toward DAC Guidance', A Joint Project of the DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation and DAC Network on Development Evaluation, Paris. Size: 2 pages (35.5)
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A focus on "root causes" of civil war would not improve peacebuilding interventions and could even be counterproductive. This paper, published by the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, disputes the explanation that interventions fail in part because they fail to address root causes of civil war. The most pressing question for peacebuilding missions is not why civil war occurs, but how we intervene and improve on currently inadequate results.

Author: Susan L. Woodward Source: Woodward, S.L., 2007, 'Do the Root Causes of Civil War Matter? On Using Knowledge to Improve Peacebuilding Operations', Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, vol. 1, no. 2, 143-170. Size: 50 pages (126 kB)
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How successful has the recent post-war reconstruction of Afghanistan been in the light of historical experiences of similar reforms? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the conflation of post war reconstruction with a broader agenda for development and modernisation has brought out a wide range of tensions associated with social change. The entire project shows signs of severe contradictions that are adding to the problems caused by the growing insurgency.

Author: Astri Suhrke Source: Suhrke, A., 2007, 'Reconstruction as Modernization: the 'post-conflict' project in Afghanistan', Third World Quarterly, 28:7, 1291-1308. Routledge Size: 19 pages (182KB)
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What are the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration standards (IDDRS)? This paper acts as a guideline to IDDRS. In a peacekeeping context there has been a trend towards complex operations that seek to deal with a wide variety of issues rather than traditional peacekeeping. The IDDRS provide the UN system with a set of policies, guidelines and procedures for the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR programmes in a peacekeeping context.

Author: UNDDR Source: United Nations. 2007. Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS). New York. Size: 1 pages (26.5kb)
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Security and justice activities in fragile states involve considerable risk. In such environments, what is the way forward for reform? This report, by the Conflict Research Unit at the Netherlands Institute for International Relations, looks at security system reform (SSR) in fragile 'post-conflict' and fragile 'rebuilding' states. It suggests that donors should provide support in three linked stages, which would enable immediate needs to be met while longer-term programming is developed. An iterative approach will strengthen the relationship between state and non-state service providers and service users.

Author: Nicole Ball | Eric Scheye Source: Ball, N., Scheye, E. and Van de Goor, L., 2007, 'From Project to Program: Effective Programming for Security and Justice', Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, The Hague Size: 43 pages (162KB)
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What is the impact of the War of Terror (WOT) on development aid? This study, by the North-South Institute, examines the way in which WOT has affected the orientation and efficacy of official development assistance (ODA). It argues that ODA has become a tool for the realisation of the goals of WOT. Aid for political and security purposes has undermined support for development priorities.

Author: Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, K., (2007), 'Security, the War on Terror and Official Development Assistance', Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 32 pages (343KB)
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What does the future hold for NATO? This conference paper focuses on defence policy aspects of the future of NATO's Partnerships, including ways in which NATO could continue to develop defence cooperation with its Partners. The conference programme was designed to support the implementation of the decisions taken by the NATO Heads of State and Government in Riga in 2006. The multi-dimensional security challenges which NATO and its Partners face continue to grow. NATO's Partnerships are indispensable.

Author: John Colston | Philipp Fluri Source: Colston, J. and Fluri, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Defence Cooperation Between NATO and Its Partners - Visions of the Future : PFP Conference on Defence Policy and Strategy, Montreux, Switzerland, February 2007', Knizhnovii Svit. Size: 59 pages (386kb)
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How should NATO and the EU deal with problems of security sector reform? This paper discusses how NATO, with its broader geographical focus, and the EU must deal with the problems of SSR. As NATO and the EU increasingly operate outside Europe and deal with complex conflict and post-conflict situations, they have had to encourage and shape SSR in the nations in which they operate.

Author: Walter B Slocombe Source: Fluri, P. and Lunn, S. (Eds.) (2007). 'NATO, EU and the Challenge of Defence and Security Sector Reform', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Size: 24 pages (269kb)
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What are the priorities for defence institution reform in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova? This volume places Partnership Action Plan-Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB) reform needs in their national and regional contexts and considers common priorities in the region. An attempt to define the status of defence institution building in any nation is a difficult task, as institutionalisation is a complex domain. It is dominated by the dynamics of change which overlap and sometimes blur its perennial aspects.

Author: Philipp Fluri | Hari Bucur-Marcu Source: Fluri, P. and Bucur-Marcu, H. (Eds.) (2007). 'Partnership Action Plan for Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) & The Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB). Size: 42 pages (221kb)
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In order to institutionalise democratically-based security sectors and achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, Western Balkan countries need to change their value systems substantially. This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence and the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) in cooperation with the Partnership for Peace Consortium, is an assessment of the status of security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans. Despite legislative progress, all security institutions in the region need to be more transparent and accountable, and improve their policy formulation and implementation capacities.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Fluri, P.H. and Jurekovic, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Size: 492 pages (2.72 MB)
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How can the international community facilitate security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans? This report, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium, reviews democratic standards in SSR and security sector governance (SSG) in the region. European integration is the stimulus for countries to undertake SSR in the region. However, there is a lot to be done to reach the SSG standards necessary for EU and NATO accession. Local ownership and the capacity of international actors to coordinate their activities need to be addressed.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Staničić, M. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in South East Europe - from a Necessary Remedy to a Global Concept: 13th Workshop of the Study Group "Regional Stability in South East Europe"', Austrian National Defence Academy, DCAF and the PfP Consortium. Size: 171 pages (823KB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector reform (SSR) and democratisation? What does this relationship imply for SSR and the democratic transition under the UN in Kosovo? This article from the journal Security Dialogue explores the relationship between SSR and democratic transition in post-conflict contexts, drawing on Kosovo as a case study. It finds that not only do SSR and democratisation agendas interfere with each other, but measures to manage post-conflict security challenges can affect them both. This demonstrates that a well-developed UN theoretical discourse is not matched by UN practices in the field.

Author: Irene Bernabéu Source: Bernabéu, I. (2007). 'Laying the Foundations of Democracy? Reconsidering Security Sector Reform Under UN Auspices in Kosovo', Security Dialogue, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 71-92. Size: 22 pages ()
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How is Latin America and the Caribbean coping with the non-traditional security challenges it faces? This paper examines the two key axes of security dynamics: weak governance and citizen insecurity, and trans-national organised crime. It explores their interlinkages and evaluates coping mechanisms. It identifies the most likely future security scenarios in the region and suggests a number of ways in which regional insecurity might be addressed more effectively. However, the development of a common security agenda remains an elusive goal.

Author: Arlene B. Tickner Source: Tickner, A.B. (2007). 'Latin America and the Caribbean: Domestic and Transnational Insecurity', Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series, International Peace Academy. Size: 20 pages (211 kb)
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While there is increasing recognition of the relationship of security system reform (SSR) policy formulation to effective implementation, SSR policy is not currently grounded in practical experience in ways that can best support SSR programming. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), traces the evolution of the SSR approach of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Democratic Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC). By bridging the policy/practice gap, the OECD-DAC helps shape the SSR discourse In order to strengthen security and justice delivery to people and communities.

Author: Alan Bryden Source: Bryden, A. (2007), 'From Policy to Practice: the OECD's Evolving Role in Security System Reform', Policy paper no 22. Geneva: DCAF. Size: 20 pages (204 KB)
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Private military and security companies are associated with mercenaries. This mistaken labelling undermines the useful work they do, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. The increased use of private companies in peace operations has become a fact of life. They assist the international community in ending suffering in some of the world's most brutal conflicts. It is important, therefore, that the positive contributions of the private sector are openly supported within a robust, legal and ethical framework.

Author: J J Messner Source: Messner, J.J. (2007). 'Ethical security: The private sector in peace and stability operations', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 57-70. Size: 12 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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What do Palestinians think about the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process in the Palestinian Territories? How would they like to see their security sector evolve? This book, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, offers Palestinian perspectives on security sector governance and highlights ways to begin reform. It argues that if international assistance is to promote stability it needs a better understanding of Palestinian security needs as well as Palestinian views of the achievements and challenges of SSR, and a supportive environment.

Author: Roland Friedrich (ed.) | Arnold Luethold (ed.) Source: Friedrich, R. & Luethold, A. (Eds.), 2007, 'Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 180 pages ()
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Does aid promote competition for military supremacy between neighbouring developing countries? This paper from the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics investigates motivations for military spending in developing countries and whether this spending deters internal conflict. Global data indicates that some regional arms races are fuelled by aid and that military spending does not reduce the risk of civil war. This suggests a need to reduce military expenditure in aid-recipient countries.

Author: Paul Collier | Anke Hoeffler Source: Collier,P. and Hoeffler,A., 2007, 'Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races?', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-27 Size: 2 pages (619 kB)
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How can issues of donor incoherence and a lack of local ownership around security sector reform (SSR) be addressed in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) policy paper argues that a common ECOWAS agenda would help resolve such issues. It examines the rationale, opportunities and challenges of a common ECOWAS agenda and highlights the challenges and constraints a common agenda faces.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Towards a Common ECOWAS Agenda on Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva Size: 33 pages (239 kB)
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What are the implications of multiple policing providers in Africa for government and donor security policies? This book from the Nordic Africa Institute examines 'multi-choice' policing in sub-Saharan Africa - the fragmented and overlapping pattern of public and private policing. It includes case studies of Uganda and Sierra Leone. Governments should act to maximise the benefits of non-state policing and minimise its hazards. They need a national strategy that integrates, regulates, mobilises and empowers all those willing to preserve law and order in an acceptable way.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Multi-Choice Policing in Africa', Nordic Africa Institute, Sweden Size: 227 pages ()
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Many intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) are involved in security sector reform (SSR). But how consistent are the standards for SSR and how well do these organisations work together? This study, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at a selection of organisations that have taken, or will take, the lead in the SSR field. It shows that the conceptualisation of SSR is underdeveloped. This has had an adverse effect on the SSR efforts of individual IGOs as well as on the way that IGOs work together.

Author: David Law Source: Law, D., 2007, 'Intergovernmental Organisations and Their Role in Security Sector Reform' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 3-24 Size: 314 pages (1.06MB)
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Afghans see their police more as a source of fear than security. But Afghanistan needs a police service not a police force. This research by International Crisis Group argues that policing goes to the very heart of state-building since a national institution that provides security and justice is central to government legitimacy. Police reform should focus on accountability, ethnic representation and professionalism. It should also depoliticise and institutionalise appointments and procedures. The police should not be used to fight the insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Reforming Afghanistan's Police', Asia Report N°138, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 35 pages (731 kB)
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How is Burundi's security sector reform progressing? How well are international partners helping to create a sustainable peace and protect civilians through effective security sector reform? This paper, by The North-South Institute and the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits, assesses international contributions to police reform, transformation of the military and civilian disarmament in Burundi. The paper draws on the results of a population survey on perceptions of security and priorities for reform of the security sector. On the basis of these survey results and extensive interviews, the paper argues that the range of international initiatives designed to support national efforts to reform the police and the military and to disarm the population could make an important contribution if a number of keys gaps in the areas of training and enforcement, consultation, coordination and oversight are addressed.

Author: Kristiana Powell Source: Powell, K., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Protection of Civilians in Burundi: Accomplishments, Dilemmas and Ideas for International Engagement', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, The North-South Institute, Ottawa Size: 52 pages (523KB)
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What are the experiences in regional approaches to security sector governance in Africa, the Americas and Europe? What lessons can be drawn for promoting good and democratic governance of security sector institutions in these and other regions? This book by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) compares and assesses regional security sector governance approaches. The model of the Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the most advanced of its kind and has inspired African and American approaches. Emphasis must be placed on civilian participation and democratic objectives as opposed to military solutions implicit in the war-on-terrorism agenda

Author: Victor-Yves Ghebali | Alexandre Lambert Source: Ghebali, V. & Lambert, A. (eds.), 2007, 'Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area : Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 323 pages (1.35MB)
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How have the level, purpose and targets of US military aid to Latin America changed over the last decade? What progress has been made with regard to oversight, transparency and human rights in relation to military programmes? This report from the Center for International Policy, the Latin America Working Group Education Fund and the Washington Office on Latin America, describes trends in US military programmes in Latin America from 1997 to 2007. It argues that US military aid to Latin America merits greater scrutiny and that the US should adopt more non-military responses to the region's problems.

Author: Adam Isacson | Joy Olson Source: Isacson, A. et al., 2007, 'Below the Radar: U.S. military programs with Latin America, 1997-2007', CIP/WOLA/Latin America Working Group Education Fund, Washington Size: 27 pages (2.16 MB)
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What risk does prison overcrowding, understaffing and insecurity pose for wider security and justice sector reform efforts in Haiti? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines the problems facing the Haitian prison system. It argues that extreme prison overcrowding threatens Haiti's security and stability. The most urgent need is to relieve existing prisons by using other space temporarily, while supporting the detention commission in accelerating treatment of pre-trial cases. These measures must be accompanied by construction to meet prison requirements for a generation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Prison Reform and the Rule of Law', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°15, 4 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 12 pages (507 kB)
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What are the challenges facing justice reform in Haiti? What lessons have been learned from the failed interventions of the 1990s? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines Haiti's justice system, efforts at reform and the security crisis. It argues that Haitians and international donors need to review past failures and devise, fund and implement a comprehensive rule-of-law strategy. Building a sustainable criminal justice system will require both short-term actions to address the current crisis and longer-term institution-building.

Author: www.crisisgroup.org Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Justice Reform and the Security Crisis', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°14, 31 January 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 16 pages (204 kB)
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Is the holistic, person-centred model of Security Sector Reform unworkable in post-conflict situations in the wake of the 'war on terror' agenda? Whose security is international SSR assistance addressing? This Journal of Peacebuilding and Development article analyses experience in Afghanistan and Iraq and questions the feasibility of translating current SSR policy into effective post-conflict programmes. A new understanding of SSR and a new donor approach is needed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: exposing a concept in crisis', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.7-23. Size: 16 pages ()
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How do people protect themselves when the state does not? What can SSR learn from informal security mechanisms? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development examines informal community-based security systems in two fragile states, Colombia and Liberia. It finds that security services, whether state-sanctioned or not, must be viewed as legitimate by the communities they serve. Legitimacy is developed by involving community representatives in managing security oversight structures to ensure relevance to local needs.

Author: Richard Hill | Jon Temin Source: Hill, R., Temin, J., Pacholek, L., 2007, 'Building Security where there is no Security', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.38-52. Size: 14 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform in Africa be improved? How can the security problems posed by informal actors such as militias and vigilante groups best be addressed? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development argues that the creation of stronger states is key to these efforts. Case studies of Nigeria and South Africa illustrate that SSR in Africa could be enhanced by taking account of structural conditions that undermine the process of state-making. SSR therefore needs to help to enhance state capacity in order to improve the governance of non-state security actors.

Author: Jeffrey Isima Source: Isima, J., 2007, 'The Privatisation of Violence and Security Sector Reform in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa examined', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.24-37. Size: 13 pages ()
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How can drug trafficking between the US and Mexico be reduced? This Washington Office of Latin America and Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme brief examines current and past drug policies implemented by the Mexican government and argues that government responses dominated by law enforcement and militarisation do little to address the issue in the long-term. The most effective way to address drug trafficking is through increased efforts to curb demand for illicit drugs in the United States and Mexico.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Coletta Youngers Source: Meyer, M., et al., 2007, 'At a Crossroads: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State', WOLA & Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, Washington DC Size: 12 pages (946 kB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Why are the efforts of donors to promote reform for democratic policing often unsuccessful? This article, published by the journal Policing and Society, examines the efforts undertaken in Brazil from 1997 to 2003 to encourage institutional changes within the police force. Given the many political and administrative challenges in carrying out such reforms, external donor agencies must promote broader forms of intervention to ensure both enhanced public safety and respect for human rights.

Author: Elizabeth Leeds Source: Leeds, E., 2007, 'Serving States and Serving Citizens: Halting Steps toward Police Reform in Brazil and Implications for Donor Intervention', Policing and Society, vol. 17, no.1 March 2007 pp. 21-37 Size: 18 pages (123kB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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Since 2003, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and civil security forces in Iraq have been accused of ineffectiveness, corruption, human rights abuses and sectarianism. This paper from the Center for Strategic and International Studies explains why institution-building and reform at the MOI have proved so difficult. It argues that Iraq's political dynamics, combined with the unprecedented burdens placed on the MOI, will continue to make institutional development and reform difficult. However, the MOI is more functional than it at first appears and there are signs of incipient MOI-led reforms, which international efforts must support. Nevertheless, even if technical institutional reforms are successful, it will be important to understand that the MOI will continue to reflect Iraq's political make-up.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell, A., 2007, 'Fixing Iraq's Internal Security Forces', Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 21 pages (1.5 MB)
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What international norms and principles exist for security sector reform and governance? Where are the gaps and which norms need further development? This study from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the norms established by a range of intergovernmental organisations (IGOs). It argues that for the SSR agenda to move forward, it is vital to develop a common set of standards and best practices, to which the SSR-relevant IGOs and other actors subscribe.

Author: Oksana Myshlovska Source: Myshlovska, O.,2007, 'Overview and Typology of IGO Norms for Security Sector Reform and Governance' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 25-42 Size: 17 pages (1.83MB)
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Why is effective cooperation among intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) so important in security sector reform (SSR)? This study from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that cooperation is particularly important in SSR because of the many policy strands and perspectives it seeks to unite in common endeavour. However, while IGO cooperation is vital, it faces many obstacles and challenges.

Author: David Law Source: Law, D.,2007, 'Cooperation among SSR-Relevant IGOs' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 43-64 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How successful has the European Union (EU) been in implementing norms for security sector reform (SSR)? This study finds that there is a significant disjuncture between declared norms and their implementation. The key to making progress in EU norm implementation is a greater understanding and awareness of its importance, built on conceptual clarity.

Author: Andrew Sherriff Source: Sherriff, A., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and EU Norm Implementation' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 85-102 Size: 17 pages (1.83MB)
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How successful has NATO been in supporting security sector reform (SSR)? How is it developing to meet the challenges of new SSR norms? This research from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that NATO's record in promoting SSR is mixed. It has sometimes been less successful than might be expected. Furthermore, the broadening of SSR norms and the diversion of NATO's resources into wars means that it is likely to be less prominent in SSR in the future.

Author: David Haglund Source: Haglund, D., 2007, 'From USSR to SSR: The Rise and (Partial) Demise of NATO in Security Sector Reform' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 103-122 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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How successful has the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) been in its security reform (SSR) operational activities? This study, from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, looks at the OSCE's SSR-related operational activities in the fields of border management and policing, particularly in the former Soviet Republics. It suggests that OSCE has accumulated impressive experience in many areas of SSR. However, while its approach to security is global and cross dimensional, it continues to address security sector-related issues in a piecemeal manner, lacking even a coherent understanding of good governance.

Author: Viktor-Yves Ghebali Source: Ghebali, V., 2007, 'The OSCE's SSR Operational Activities: A Piecemeal Approach with Limited Results' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 123-136 Size: 13 pages (1.83MB)
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How far are the norms that underpin security sector reform (SSR) incorporated into World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) activities relating to the security sector? This study from the Center for International Policy examines how the Bank and the IMF have been involved in security-related issues to date. It shows that they have engaged only sporadically in such activities, although the Bank is becoming increasingly active in security-related work. And it argues that security-related engagement should be deepened.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2007, 'World Bank/IMF: Financial and Programme Support for SSR' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 137-156 Size: 19 pages (1.8MB)
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Universal guidelines for security sector reform (SSR) don't exist. Divergent approaches can generate duplication and contradictions. How can these problems be addressed? This study from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) analyses UN support for SSR in terms of cooperation within the UN and with other actors. It argues that the UN should develop a common vision for SSR, strengthen existing coordination mechanisms and policy tools, and enhance leadership structures to encourage and support coordination between different actors.

Author: Vincenza Scherrer Source: Scherrer, V., 2007, 'Challenges of Integration: Cooperation on SSR within the UN System and Beyond' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 181-196 Size: 15 pages (1.06MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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How can the Liberian parliament gain greater oversight of its security sector? This King's College London report highlights the outcomes of a workshop held in Accra, Ghana to assess the authority, ability, and attitude of the Liberian legislature to conduct security sector oversight. It is essential that the necessary support is provided to the Liberian legislature so that as the constitutional custodian of the security sector it efficiently undertakes its vital role.

Author: Eka Ikpe Source: DCAF, 2007, 'Interactive Needs Assessment for Security Sector Oversight for Liberian Legislature', 28-30 March 2007 at Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 37 pages (238 kB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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What role does local government (LG) play in post-conflict reconstruction? What are the key issues for local government in post-conflict (PC) contexts? This paper, published by the United Nations Development Programme, reviews the literature on local government in post-conflict environments. There is a lack of research on LG in PC environments. Further research is required on the role of LG in conflict prevention, service delivery and establishing security, and on building LG legitimacy. LG is either a stabilising or exacerbating factor in PC contexts. Donors must recognise the significance of LG and engage with LG in PC environments.

Author: Paul Jackson | Zoe Scott Source: Jackson, P. and Scott, Z., 2008, 'Local Government in Post-Conflict Environments', paper commissioned for the Workshop on Local Government in Post-Conflict Situations: Challenges for Improving Local Decision Making and Service Delivery Capacities, Oslo, Norway, 28-29 November 2007, UNDP Size: 34 pages (400 KB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the costs and benefits of engagement in regional peacekeeping? Has Ghana been consistent in implementing its foreign policy objectives and the principles of ECOWAS security policies? This paper, for the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Ghana, analyses the factors which contribute to Ghana's engagement in regional peacekeeping. Ghana's participation in maintaining sub-regional peace and security has increased since the 1990s, but the country has been inconsistent in its promotion of regional security. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive security document and institutional reform that will incorporate defence, national security, and foreign policies.

Author: Emma Agyakoma Birikorang Source: Birikorang, E., 2007, 'Ghana's Regional Security Policy: Costs, Benefits and Consistency', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 16 pages (236 kB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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What policies make for successes and for failures in security sector reform (SSR) in post-war reconstruction situations? This book chapter, published by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, critically examines the case of Sierra Leone, which undertook to rebuild state security with extensive international assistance. One of the principal arguments is that the process of SSR reform must be spearheaded and owned by Sierra Leoneans themselves in order to be sustainable.

Author: Osman Gibla Source: Gbla, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 13-36 Size: 24 pages (163 kB)
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What are the challenges facing the development of a security sector reform (SSR) policy agenda for West Africa? This Workshop Report from the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre argues that while Africa happens to be the largest recipient of SSR programmes, it lacks its own SSR concept. The paper explores options and strategies for the design of a comprehensive SSR concept for West Africa. West African security sector reform must address security issues pertinent to the sub-region.

Author: John Mark Pokoo | Eunice Dadson Source: Opoku, J. et al., 2007, 'The Challenges of Developing a Policy Agenda for Security Sector Reform and Governance in West Africa', Workshop Report 5-6 June 2007, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 12 pages (929 kB)
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How can sustainable peace be achieved in the Horn of Africa? This paper by the Institute for Security Studies argues that Security Sector Reform (SSR) is central to stability in the Horn. But any SSR strategy must be based on a thorough understanding of the regional and national contexts. This will require all stakeholders to work in a participative manner. Crude, incomplete analyses are unproductive and can undermine the whole process of reform.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M., 2007, 'Overcoming Challenges for Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', in Len le Roux and Yemane Kidane (eds) Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Monograph No 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (100KB)
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The pastoral Karamoja region of Uganda today is marked by a culture of guns, under-development, little government presence and a nearly complete lack of law and order. This report, published by Tufts University, examines the region's pattern of guns and violence and the failure of recent attempts to disarm the Karamoja people. Governments and the international community must stop proposingsolutions based on ignorance of the ecology, livelihoods and culture of the Karamoja.

Author: Darlington Akabwai | Priscillar E. Ateyo Source: Akabwai, D. and Atevo, P.E., 2007, The scramble for cattle, power and guns in Karamoja: How can stability be established in the Karamoja region, Uganda?, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Size: 49 pages (1.55 KB)
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Why has statebuilding in Somalia failed so often? This research from Davidson College suggests that the problem lies in the type of state that both external and local actors have so far sought to construct. Somalia needs to develop a mediated state in which a central government with limited power and capacity relies on a range of local authorities to execute core functions of government and mediate between local communities and the state.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkahus, K., 2007, Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106 Size: 33 pages (361KB)
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Despite legal provisions requiring respect for human rights and police reforms to entrench such respect, human rights violations by the police continue with impunity in Angola. This paper, published by Amnesty International, documents human rights violations by Angolan police between 2005 and 2007 and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice. Angolan authorities and international agencies should strengthen police accountability mechanisms and create an independent oversight agency in order to end Angola's culture of impunity.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: 2007, 'Above the law - Police Accountability in Angola', Amnesty International, AI Index: AFR12/005/2007 Size: 32 pages (178.25kB)
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How can statebuilding be improved? This paper from the University of California argues that successful statebuilding may be possible if the international community adopts a new framework. It presents a relational concept, using Somalia and Somaliland as case studies, and identifies alternative ways to rebuild state legitimacy.

Author: David Lake Source: Lake D., 2007, 'Building Legitimate States After Civil Wars: Order, Authority, and Institutions', University of California, San Diego Size: 95 pages (902KB)
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Is the UK government's response to violent conflict appropriate? Is it effective in helping warring parties create lasting peace agreements? This study by Conciliation Resources suggests that there are conceptual, policy, institutional and practice gaps in the UK's responses to violent conflict. The government should direct more of its diplomatic, political and economic resources to the resolution and prevention of conflict through increasing and improving support for peace processes.

Author: Dr Catherine Barnes Source: Barnes,C., 2007, 'Bridging the gap: Improving UK support for peace processes', Conciliation Resources, London, UK Size: 762 pages (40)
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Under what conditions can "track-two" mediation conducted by non-governmental actors contribute to the prevention of violence in intrastate conflicts? This paper, published by the Institute for Development and Peace, presents results of a case study of two intrastate mediation processes conducted by track-two mediators in Aceh. Results indicate that track-two mediation has the potential to prevent violent intrastate conflict as long as mediators enjoy political expertise and moral leverage.

Author: Barbara Kemper Source: Kemper, B., 2007, 'Mediation in Intrastate Conflicts: The Contribution of Track-Two Mediation Activities to Prevent Violence in the Aceh Conflict', INEF Report no. 88, Institute for Development and Peace, INEF, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg Size: 60 pages (705KB)
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In the aftermath of the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War in Lebanon, the Gulf States and Jihad Al Bina, Hezbollah's reconstruction wing, undertook significant post-war reconstruction activities. This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the extent to which these reconstruction activities constitute an alternative to the liberal peace. While they do not have the critical mass or ambition to constitute a fully-fledged alternative, they reveal limitations in the liberal peace approach to reconstruction.

Author: Roger MacGinty Source: MacGinty, R. 2007. 'Reconstructing Post-War Lebanon: A Challenge to the Liberal Peace?', Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.457 - 482 Size: 27 pages (184 KB)
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Because governments are weak or a new state must be constituted after hostilities, post-conflict countries often need assistance in restoring governance and carrying out reconstruction. International assistance organisations are crucial to helping governments increase their capacity to perform essential functions during post-conflict recovery. This book, from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), examines the challenges of restoring effective governance in crisis and post-conflict countries. Because the challenges facing these countries are complex and varied, governments and international organisations cannot rely on universally applicable approaches to restoring governance.

Author: Dennis A. Rondinelli | UNDP Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Challenges of Restoring Governance in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries', UN Publication, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/101, New York, USA Size: 168 pages (923 KB)
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How can economy-related activities help to address the factors that undermine sustainable peace? This report from International Alert centres on economic recovery in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Efforts are needed to promote job creation and shared income-generating opportunities, as well as to address the drivers of conflict and fragility, if long-term economic recovery is to be realised. In order to ensure that assistance contributes positively to transformational peacebuilding, donors must be prepared to bear high transaction costs, particularly in terms of staff on the ground and longer time frames.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2007, 'Peacebuilding in Eastern DRC: Improving EU Support for Economic Recovery', International Alert, London Size: 32 pages (368 KB)
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What efforts have outside actors made to promote democracy in Bangladesh? Do these efforts help and are they legitimate? This paper from the Asiatic Society surveys the state of knowledge on the efforts of external actors to promote democracy in Bangladesh. It argues that the experience of Bangladesh can offer vital lessons for bringing about democratic transitions and consolidating democracy in Muslim nations.

Author: John Barkdull Source: Barkdull J., 2007, 'Democracy promotion in Bangladesh: the role of outside actors', Asiatic Society Size: pages ()
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What are the necessary steps to guarantee the success of the structural reforms adopted by government of Sri Lanka in an attempt to consolidate peace, enhance economic growth, promote investment by the private sector and reduce poverty? This project information document (PID) of the World Bank provides the outline of the second legal and judicial reforms project initiated by the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The PID provides the background into the issue of judicial reform in Sri Lanka and offers reasons as to the rationale behind the World Bank's involvement. It concludes with identified areas in which the World Bank could offer its support to the government of Sri Lanka with its structural reform process.

Author: World bank | Sriyani Hulugalle Source: World Bank, 2007, 'Second Legal and Judicial Reforms Project', World Bank, Report No.: AB2834. Size: 4 pages (16.8KB)
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How has the Sri Lanka legal system become dysfunctional? How and why has Sri Lanka become ranked for the second year 25th in the failed state index? This book focuses on Sri Lanka's dysfunctional legal system. The authors argue that the failure of the rule of law has diminished the Sri Lankan legal system to a dysfunctional state. The book's conclusion emphasise on a need to recreate in a context where there is nothing left to recover.

Author: Jasmine Joseph (ed.) Source: Joseph J. (ed.), 2007, 'Sri Lanka's Dysfunctional Criminal Justice System', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 78 pages (650KB)
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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What factors promote or hamper Security Sector Reform (SSR) planning and implementation in West Africa? Why has the donor-led focus on formal organisations proven ineffective? This study analyses the interaction between formal organisations and informal networks in the Mano River Basin (MRB). It finds that all socio-economic and social-political action in the MRB is carried out through informal networks. A comprehensive approach to security in the region needs to include a wide range of partners and actors, including 'Big Men' who have unofficial authority.

Author: Magnus Jörgel | Mats Utas Source: Jörgel, M. and Utas, M., 2007, 'The Mano River Basin Area: Formal and Informal Security Providers in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone', Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm Size: 113 pages (3.5 MB)
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How has our understanding of and approach to human security evolved in relation to the war on terrorism? This paper published by the German Development Institute explores human security as a technology of international governance, examining how the concept facilitates our understanding of populations living in ineffective states. It argues that the war on terrorism has deepened the interconnection between development and security, refocusing aid towards populations, regions and issues seen to present a risk to security.

Author: M. Duffield Source: Duffield, M., 2006, 'Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S., Bonn, DIE Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 28 pages (833 KB)
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How can a citizen-centred approach to development build effective states by improving relations between state and society? This paper from the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, gives an overview of current debates and analyses citizens' own views on these issues. It argues that a state's legitimacy is strengthened by civic participation, which often grows up around local issues, and can be empowered through donor support.

Author: Eyben, R. | Ladbury, S. Source: Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S., 2006, 'Building effective states: Taking a citizen's perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Size: 28 pages (558 kB)
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How should international actors contribute to the support of justice and security in fragile states? This paper from the OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation analyses the providers, processes and objectives of fragile states' justice and security services, and reviews lessons learnt by donors in this area. It argues that international actors should take a multi-layered, context-specific approach to fragile states, developing the capacity of the state, but also enabling it to engage with non-state justice and security providers.

Author: OECD-DAC | Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., and McLean, A., 2006, 'Enhancing the delivery of justice and security in fragile states', OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (CPDC) Size: 54 pages (358 kB)
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How effectively has the international community dealt with (re)construction of the security sector in countries facing international engagement following severe conflict? This paper, for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), evaluates (re)construction efforts in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste. It is argued that external actors have tended to take a limited approach to the security sector. They have focused on the efficiency of security institutions while neglecting managerial and governance capacity.

Author: David M Law Source: Law, D., 2006, 'The Post-Conflict Security Sector', Policy Paper 14, DCAF, Geneva Size: 17 pages (217KB)
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How did the manner in which the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was negotiated contribute to its failure to establish peace? This article, by the Crisis States Research Centre of the London School of Economics, examines the process of negotiations that took place between November 2005 and May 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria, leading to the signing of the DPA. It argues that the deadlines imposed by officials and the intransigence of the parties at the talks prevented effective mediation and contributed to the failure of the DPA to achieve peace. Ending civil wars requires patience and peace agreements have to be shaped and owned by the parties, not forced upon them.

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2006, 'No Ownership, No Peace: The Darfur Peace Agreement', Working Paper, Crisis States Research Centre Size: 21 pages (186 KB)
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What factors have led to the failure of the international mission in Afghanistan to achieve its objectives of security and stability? Five years after their removal from power, the Taliban are back and have substantial support and effective military control over half of Afghanistan. This report from The Senlis Council argues that prioritising a narrow militaristic agenda over cooperation and development has left the fundamental problems of poverty and instability unaddressed.

Author: The Senlis Council Source: The Senlis Council, 2006, 'Afghanistan Five Years Later: The Return of the Taliban', The Senlis Council, London Size: pages ()
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This paper from Groupe de recherché et d'information sur la paix et la securite (GRIP) considers how regulations on the brokering of Small Arms and Light Weapons can be made consistent and effective. It urges the UN General Assembly to establish a Group of Governmental Experts on Brokering mandated to consider an international instrument to regulate arms brokering, identify requirements for effective national brokering controls and consider controls on transportation and financial services related to brokering.

Author: Holger Anders | Silvia Cattaneo Source: Anders, H. and Cattaneo, S., 2006, 'Regulating Arms Brokering: Taking Stock and Moving Forwards the United Nations Process', GRIP, Brussels Size: 42 pages (364.80 kB)
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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Local ownership is imperative for successful security sector reform (SSR), although the principle is frequently breached in practice. This paper, commissioned by the UK Government's Global Conflict Prevention Pool, aims to contribute to operationalising donors' policy commitment to local ownership of SSR. Incorporating planning and diagnostic tools, it argues that SSR programmes must be flexible and responsive to local actors and conditions. Local ownership must be the primary objective for developing a process-oriented approach to SSR that empowers local actors, thereby increasing the chance of long-term success.

This paper has now been superseded by 'No Ownership, No Commitment: A Guide to Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform' (Nathan,L., May 2007).

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2006, 'Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform: A Guide for Donors', Department for International Development, September Size: 65 pages (184 kB)
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How can we bridge the gap between policy and practice in Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This Demos report presents the results from a workshop attended by the SSR Strategy Team in 2006. It aims to identify gaps between policy and practice and recommends practical ways forward by taking into consideration participants' experience in the field. The overriding theme to emerge is the need to strengthen the policy-practice nexus and to ameliorate the flow of information between the 'centre' and the field.

Author: Charlie Edwards | Sophie Middlemiss Source: Edwards, C. & Middlemiss, S., 2006, 'Closing the Gap: Creating a shared vision of security sector reform', DEMOS, London Size: 26 pages (1.9 MB)
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Why has Security Sector Reform (SSR) emerged as a key area for research and policy? How has SSR research and practice evolved, particularly since the 9/11 attacks? What research efforts have been made in the area of SSR? This paper charts the emergence of the SSR policy agenda and examines how it has evolved over time. Critically, there is a disjuncture between SSR policy as articulated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), international security assistance programmes, and the needs of developing countries.

Author: Nicole Ball | Dylan Hendrickson Source: Ball, N. & Hendrickson, D., 2006, 'Trends in Security Sector Reform (SSR): Policy, Practice and Research', International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottowa Size: 43 pages (273 kB)
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What are the opportunities and ways forward for the EU in implementing Security Sector Reform (SSR) approaches? This article from the European Security Review considers SSR as a key framework of action for the EU to have a major impact worldwide in the decades to come. However, certain risks, such as the lack of resources and a misunderstanding of the approach, need to be addressed to ensure that policy is translated into tangible activity.

Author: Damien Helly Source: Helly, D., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: From Concept to Practice', International Security Information Service (ISIS), European Security Review No. 31, Brussels Size: 4 pages (64 kB)
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Since the late 1990s, discussions amongst donors concerning development have increasingly focussed on Security Sector Reform (SSR). This is due to the potentially negative effects on security, wealth and democracy that a corrupt or inefficient security sector can have. This paper, by Catalina Perdomo, examines the arguments underlying the scepticism of donor and recipient countries and development agencies towards the SSR agenda. It uses the cases of the United States' assistance to Colombia and the United Kingdom's assistance to Sierra Leone as examples. In doing so, the paper suggests some ways to limit the potential negative impacts of supporting SSR.

Author: Catalina Perdomo Source: Perdomo, C., 2006, 'International Assistance for Security Sector Reform', Oasis 2006-07, núm. 12, Centro de Investigaciones y Proyectos Especiales, CIPE, Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales. Universidad Externado de Colombia, pp. 77-117, Colombia Size: 42 pages (266 kB)
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What challenges are faced by the European Union (EU) in terms of its future engagements in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)? This concept from the EU is based on lessons learned in the International Community. It aims at ensuring a common understanding with potential partners and includes clear principles for EU support and measures for strengthening the Union's work in this area.

Author: Source: European Union, 2006, 'EU Concept for support to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)', European Commission and Council of the European Union, Brussels Size: 27 pages (116 kB)
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Data collection systems that compile information on injuries caused by small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in south-eastern Europe (SEE) countries vary in quality and do not inform policy making processes. This report by Larry Attree for SEESAC discusses a survey of armed violence data collection systems currently used in SEE. It provides country-specific information and recommends systems improvements. All SEE countries need to improve the distribution of data collection and analysis of SALW injuries to the policy making community.

Author: Larry Attree Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Strategic overview of armed violence data collection and analysis mechanisms (South Eastern Europe)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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How and to what extent is progress required for arms transfer controls in the western Balkans? This report from Saferworld is based on a detailed assessment of existing national controls (examines Albania; Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia; and the UN administered territory of Kosovo) and concludes with a series of recommendations for national governments and the international community. Whilst progress is evident in all states and entities covered, there are in all cases areas for improvement.

Author: Roy Isbister | Jacqueline Macalesher Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Analysis of National Legislation on Arms Exports and Transfers in the Western Balkans', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 118 pages (1MB)
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What does cooperation between peacekeeping forces and aid agencies entail in practice? This report from Cordaid considers civil-military relations, with a focus on Afghanistan and Liberia. It aims to assist policymakers and practitioners in developing adequate strategies. Closer interaction between military and civil actors is a logical consequence of current developments in the international arena and humanitarian and development sector. Aid agencies, donors and the military need to remain aware of these contextual developments and to reflect on their implications.

Author: Stefan van Laar | Bart Klem Source: Ferks, G., Klem, B., van Laar, S. & van Klingeren, M., 2006, 'Principles and Pragmatism: Civil-Military Action in Afghanistan and Liberia', Cordaid, Den Haag, Netherlands Size: pages ()
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How can policy on women's rights and gender equality be turned into practice? This guide from the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) aims to help facilitate the development of realistic action plans on women, peace and security (WPS), through the provision of good practices, recommendations and a six-step model process. It is designed as a resource for governments, the United Nations (UN) and regional organisations, as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

Author: Kristin Valasek | Kaitlin Nelson Source: Valasek, K. & Nelson, K., 2006, 'Securing equality, engendering peace: a guide to policy and planning on women, peace and security', United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) Size: 78 pages (1.18MB)
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Civilian democratic control of security institutions in the 21st century will require a dual approach that includes both institution building and support of civil society organisations (CSOs). This paper by Johanna Mendelson Forman argues that donor security sector reform (SSR) programmes need to involve non-traditional actors who can support and translate concepts of security to the local level. Long-term development of democratic states will be impossible unless reformed security sectors improve the economic, political and social well-being of the people.

Author: Johanna Mendelson Forman Source: Forman, J., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform - What Role for Civil Society?', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.2. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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While international organisations have concluded that principles of Public Finance Management (PFM) are applicable to all areas of national budgets, few reviews of PFM systems have included the security sector. This report, authored by Peter Middlebrook, Rima Simpson and Karene Melloul, examines a recent World Bank review of Afghanistan's national budget vis-à-vis inclusion of security sector expenditures. Full application of PFM principles in post-conflict national budgets is key to establishing an accountable security sector.

Author: Peter Middlebrook | Rima Simpson Source: Melloul, K., Middlebrook,P. & Simpson,R., 2006 'Post Conflict Security Sector & Public Finance Management', Social Development Report No. 24, World Bank, Washington DC, USA Size: 2 pages (26.5 kB)
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Security sector (SS) spending in Sierra Leone needs to be integrated into all aspects of the country's public finance management (PFM) system. This report, authored by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller, was commissioned by the United Kingdom (UK) Department for International Development (DFID). It charts the current level and structure of security-related expenditures and assesses their strategic coherence, consistency and fiscal sustainability. Without external support, the government of Sierra Leone lacks the fiscal resources to establish sustainable funding of its security sector.

Author: Peter J Middlebrook | Sharon M Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'Sierra Leone Security Sector Expenditure Review', Prepared for the UK Department for International Development (UK-DFID) Sierra Leone Country Office, Middlebrook & Miller, London, UK Size: 64 pages (887 KB)
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How can NGO performance be improved in contexts of conflict? How can analysis, donor support and NGO activities help achieve better humanitarian and peace building outcomes? This chapter, from the book Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict, offers a corrective to overblown accounts of the impact of NGOs in situations of chronic political instability. Individuals and organisations can and do create peace building spaces, leading to positive outcomes. This chapter identifies the key challenges, along with how they may be tackled in order to move towards improved practice.

Author: Jonathan Goodhand Source: Goodhand, J., 2006, 'Politics, Policy and Practice' in Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict, ITDG Publishing, UK Size: 193 pages ()
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Given increasing insurgency and intractable political discontent along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, there is growing concern about the rationale and tactics of international stabilisation efforts in the region. This paper, by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller, discusses the political history of the Afghan-Pakistan border region and current international stabilisation initiatives. Without a border settlement plan and reconciliation of border factions, international operations will not create a stable axis of political, military and economic consensus among Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Author: Peter J Middlebrook | Sharon M Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'All Along the Watch Tower: Bringing Peace to the Afghanistan Pakistan Border', Middlebrook & Miller, NY, Foreign Policy Futures (FPF), Washington DC, USA Size: 9 pages (391 kB)
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Private businesses in conflict zones now operate both as objects of scrutiny and political actors in their own right. This brief, by Volker Böge, Christopher Fitzpatrick, Willem Jaspers and Wolf-Christian Paes, presents findings of a multi-year project that researched the role of external economic actors in conflict zones. It recommends adoption of a co-regulatory approach that combines both voluntary and mandatory business compliance and creates the opportunity for private and public sectors to work together to prevent and/or mitigate conflicts.

Author: Bonn International Centre for Conversion | Volker Böge, Christopher Fitzpatrick Source: Boge,V., Fitzpatrick,C., Jaspers,W. & Wolf-Christian,P., 2006, 'Who's Minding the Store: The case of Private, Public and Civil Actors in Zones of Conflict', Brief 32, Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Berlin, Germany Size: 94 pages (2.42 MB)
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Various theories have been proposed for how security sector reform (SSR) leads to development, yet little attention has been given to how to measure SSR on the ground. This study, by the Cranfield Security Sector Management Team, tests indicators at two project sites of a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Community-based Policing (CBP) project in Albania. The results indicate that the best indicators for a police project's success on the road to democracy and economic development in a transitional state can be seen in public perceptions of police legitimacy.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2006, 'Social Capital, Fear and Police Legitimacy: Measuring Community Based Policing in Albania', Journal of Security Sector Reform Management, Vol.4, No.3 Size: 23 pages (370 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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Development planners regularly use participatory approaches in the design, implementation and evaluation of their projects. Disarmament specialists, however, have tended to underestimate the potential importance of participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and arms reduction. This report from the United Nation Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) summarises the findings of a UNIDIR research project on PM&E and DDR and arms reduction. Carried out in Mali, Cambodia and Albania, the project generated a number of findings, with far-reaching implications for those supporting DDR and arms reduction.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah,R., 2006, 'Listening for Change: Participatory Evaluations of DDR and Arms Reduction in Mali, Cambodia and Albania', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/23, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 50 pages ()
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No issue is more important than security sector reform (SSR) in determining the prospects for peace and development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, examines the status of SSR in the DRC at time of publication and pays particular attention to the role of the international community. Achieving SSR will require commitment by both the DRC and donors to create solid strategic planning to address fragmentation, corruption, political obstructionism and the dilapidated state of the armed services.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: Crisis Group, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Congo', International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°104, Brussels, Belgium Size: 41 pages (959.61 kB)
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This article examines policing in Sierra Leone four years after the civil war. It evaluates the achievements in the area of policing against the major policing challenges in African post-conflict societies. Sierra Leone still does not exert effective control over, nor is it able to deliver state policing services to, significant parts of its own territory. It may be that some community-led policing groups can be harnessed and if necessary reformed to assist the police in establishing the rule of law.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security & Development, 6, 1, 25-50. Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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Arms embargoes are usually imposed too late to be effective in preventing conflict. Furthermore, the United Nations (UN) Sanctions Committees, which oversee the embargoes, have to rely on Member States to monitor and implement them. This paper, by Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that arms embargoes cannot be deployed effectively by the UN to prevent illicit arms trafficking, without better national controls on international arms transfers.

Author: Oliver Sprague Source: Control Arms, 2006, 'UN arms embargoes: an overview of the last ten years', Control Arms Briefing Note, Oxford, UK Size: 18 pages (224KB)
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What made the 2005 elections in Liberia unusual amongst post-conflict elections in Africa? What factors determined how Liberians voted in the elections? This article from the Journal of Modern African Studies analyses the 2005 presidential and legislative elections in Liberia. It finds that the virtual absence of transformed rebel forces or an overbearing incumbent gave the elections extraordinary features in an African setting. Another unusual feature in the context of African elections was the fragility of party loyalty.

Author: David Harris Source: Harris, D. 2006. 'Liberia 2005: an unusual African post-conflict election', The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), pp.375-395, Cambridge University Press Size: 21 pages (127 kB)
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How can the European Union (EU) better support security sector reform (SSR)? This report from Saferworld summarises the findings of a seminar on SSR and the EU's role in it. The seminar revealed that local ownership, holistic understanding and assessments, approaches tailored to local contexts and access to sufficient funding are all preconditions for effective SSR. The lack of coherence and a common understanding of SSR within the EU undermine the EU's strengths in SSR. The EU requires a common concept on SSR to ensure greater coherence and coordination.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2006. 'Developing a Common Security Sector Reform Strategy', UK Presidency of the EU in conjunction with the European Commission, Saferworld and International Alert Post-seminar paper. Size: 11 pages (85 kB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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The European Union (EU) recognises SSR as an important part of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, democratisation and sustainable development. This paper, by the European Commission, sets out principles for the European Community's (EC) engagement in SSR. It aims to ensure a more coordinated approach across the various strands of EU external assistance relevant to SSR, and to improve complementarity between EC activities and those undertaken by the EU under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and by member states bilaterally.

Author: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2006, 'A Concept for European Community Support for Security Sector Reform', Communication from The Commission to The Council and The European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Size: 12 pages (54kB)
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What role does the European Union (EU) play in crisis management? What organisational capacity does the EU have to service the demands of crisis management? This report from the Forum for Security Studies (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC) examines EU crisis management capacity. It shows that the EU plays a role in European crisis management and has at least a minimum of organisational capacity to deal with crises. However, many issues must be resolved before the EU takes on larger crisis management responsibilities.

Author: Arjen Boin | Magnus Ekengren Source: Boin, A., Ekengren, M. and Rhinard, M., 2006, 'Functional Security and Crisis Management Capacity in the European Union', Forum for Security Studies (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and the Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC). Size: 86 pages (532 KB)
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What are the key factors shaping Kosovo's current and future strategic environment? What are the main threats to security in Kosovo? This report from the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) presents the findings from the first two stages of Kosovo's Internal Security Sector Review. It finds that Kosovo faces a number of short- and long-term security threats which its current internal security architecture is not capable of dealing with.

Author: KIPRED Source: KIPRED. (2006). 'Kosovo's internal security sector review: Stages I&II (Strategic environment review & security threats analysis) - Initial Findings', Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED): Prishtina Size: 77 pages (254 kB)
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How does monitoring and evaluation (M&E) differ in post-conflict settings? This report produced for USAID reviews recent experience, literature and lessons regarding M&E in post-conflict settings, with particular emphasis on Iraq and Afghanistan. The report's main aims are to clarify the unique features that distinguish M&E in post-conflict settings and to present emerging best practices for responding to these challenges.

Author: Management Systems International Source: Management Systems International, 2006, 'Monitoring and Evaluation in Post-Conflict Settings', produced by Management Systems International for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC Size: 2 pages (29.5kb)
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How can the impact of legal and judicial reforms be monitored? This paper, presented to the International Bar Association, examines the application of performance monitoring in Cambodia and Papua New Guinea. It argues for substantial increases in international investment in performance monitoring and evaluation of legal and judicial reform efforts. This requires a transition from monitoring implementation of reform activities to refocus on developing frameworks that are capable of monitoring the impact of those activities on sector performance.

Author: Livingston Armytage Source: Armytage, L., 2006, 'Monitoring Performance of Legal and Judicial Reform in International Development Assistance: Early Lessons from Port Moresby and Phnom Penh', paper presented at International Bar Association Chicago Showcase on 'Judicial Reform: Economic Development and the Rule of Law', Chicago Size: 26 pages (234 KB)
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How can Afghanistan's private sector contribute to peacebuilding? Why has the peacebuilding potential of the Afghan business community not been realised? This case study from the International Alert publication Local Business, Local Peace examines the peacebuilding efforts and potential of the domestic private sector in Afghanistan. It argues that uncertainties about laws, access to land, power supplies and security have prevented Afghanistan's private sector from fulfilling its peacebuilding potential. In addition, the actions of international NGOs have sometimes hindered the involvement of the Afghan business community in peacebuilding.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi, A. (2006). 'Afghanistan: exploring the peacebuilding potential of the private sector', in International Alert (2006) 'Local Business, Local Peace: the Peacebuilding Potential of the Domestic Private Sector', International Alert, pp. 208-233 Size: 27 pages (117 kB)
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The phenomenon of state failure and its remedies constitute a growth area of international politics, partly because of the recognition that state failure generates security threats and partly because it is so difficult. This document, by the Lowy Institute, identifies critical elements of the case of the Australian-led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in July 2003. RAMSI had eight defining characteristics. It was preventive, permissive, regional in nature, nationally led, supported by the United Nations (UN), non-sovereign, police led, and light in touch.

Author: Dr Michael Fullilove Source: Fullilove, M. (2006). 'The testament of Solomons: RAMSI and international state-building', Lowy Institute Analysis Paper, March 2006, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 34 pages (517kB)
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Is collective security possible when the evaluation of and response to threats depend on access to intelligence that cannot be shared openly? This paper, by the Lowy Institute, examines the role national intelligence does and could play in addressing threats to international security. It makes particular reference to the United Nations Security Council and the strategic perspective of Australia, and focuses on the contemporary threats of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Author: Dr Simon Chesterman | Lowy Institute Source: Chesterman, S. (2006). 'Shared secrets: intelligence and collective security', Lowy Institute Paper 10, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 115 pages (378kB)
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What went wrong with Iraqi reconstruction? What lessons do the problems in planning for and occupying post-war Iraq provide for future operations? This article from the Journal of Strategic Studies examines the pre-war planning process and reconstruction of Iraq during the occupation period. It argues that the pre-war planning process was plagued by problems, including a dysfunctional inter-agency process, overly optimistic assumptions and a lack of contingency planning. Lack of civilian capacity during the occupation period led to a complicated civilian-military relationship, with military authorities taking the lead in some reconstruction activities.

Author: Nora Bensahel Source: Bensahel, N. (2006). 'Mission Not Accomplished: What Went Wrong With Iraqi Reconstruction', The Journal of Strategic Studies, 29(3), pp.453-473, Routledge. Size: 21 pages (126)
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What steps have developing and transition countries taken to improve the efficiency and accountability of their defence forces, police and intelligence services? What efforts have been made to reform penal systems, strengthen oversight bodies and establish independent judiciaries? This inventory from the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in 93 developing and transition countries.

Author: BICC Source: BICC (2006). 'Inventory of Security Sector Reform (SSR) Efforts In Developing and Transition Countries', Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) Size: 263 pages (880 kB)
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What measures have Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states agreed to take to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons? In this convention, ECOWAS member states agree to control, regulate and/or prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to take measures to promote transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states.

Author: ECOWAS Source: ECOWAS (2006). 'ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their ammunition and other associated material', Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Size: 23 pages (241 kB)
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How are disarmament and development connected at the field level? What are the challenges facing efforts to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the two fields on the ground? Between 2002 and 2004, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) conducted studies of weapons for development programmes in Albania, Cambodia and Mali. Based on these studies, this paper from UNIDIR examines the interplay between development and disarmament at the community level. It demonstrates a clear link between disarmament and development, as well as the importance of strengthening this link to promote sustainable human development.

Author: Shukuko Koyama Source: Koyama, S. (2006). 'Disarmament, development and the Programme of Action. Experiences and challenges on the ground', Disarmament Forum, 2006(1), pp.75-82, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 8 pages (95 kB)
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How was disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants carried out in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa? What lessons do the experiences of DDR processes in those three countries hold for those undertaking DDR in future? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies reviews DDR processes and their outcomes in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa. It finds that the reintegration component of DDR was inadequately addressed in all three countries, with negative consequences for security.

Author: Gwinyayi Albert Dzinesa Source: Dzinesa, G.A. (2006). 'Swords into ploughshares: Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa', ISS Paper 120, Institute for Security Studies Size: 12 pages (251 kB)
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Intergovernmental organisations have assumed an increasingly important role in shaping the security sector reform (SSR) agenda. They have played a central role in designing and delivering programmes for reform and several have developed policy frameworks to guide their various SSR activities. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) reviews the approaches of intergovernmental organisations with respect to SSR.

Author: David Law Source: David Law (ed.) (2006). 'Intergovernmental Approaches to Security Sector Reform (SSR)', Background paper for the workshop on "Developing a SSR Concept for the United Nations", Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 18 pages (213 kB)
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How can the Palestinian government square security sector reform (SSR) and transformation with fiscal stabilisation? This DFID report, written in 2005 just before Hamas won the PLC elections, argues that three competing priorities and intersecting processes - political, economic and security - must be addressed if the chasm between Palestinian SSR and transformation needs, and the Palestine government's current and projected economic deficits, is to be reduced.

Author: Nicole Ball | Peter Bartu Source: Ball, N., Bartu, P. and Verheul, A. (2006). 'Squaring the Circle: Security-Sector Reform and Transformation and Fiscal Stabilisation in Palestine', Report prepared for the UK Department for International Development. Size: 64 pages (513 kB)
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What do the Palestinian people think of the situation they live in? This report examines if, and to what extent, changes in the political and socio-economic environment have affected Palestinian public perceptions of security sector governance. It explores whether the change of government has altered the way Palestinians' perceive not only their security needs but also the peace process and their trust in political factions and the government. An increasing majority of Palestinians feel insecure.

Author: Riccardo Bocco | Roland Friedrich Source: Bocco, R., De Martino, L., Friedrich, R., Al Husseini, J. and Luethold, A. (2006). 'Politics, Security and the Barrier: Palestinian Public Perceptions', Institut universitaire d'études du développement (IUED) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 65 pages (1.88MB)
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While security has been traditionally understood as an exclusive function of the state, private and other non-state actors are assuming an increasingly central role in the provision of security. This book, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, discusses security privatisation and its implications for security governance. Both international and national law and policy need to adjust to the privatisation transformation of security, while governments ensure that private security is performed according to core democratic values.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Marina Caparini (ed.) Source: Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 314 pages (1.23 MB)
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Peacebuilding and security are not parallel concepts; security is essential to peacebuilding. This document, published by the United Nations (UN) Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses the crucial role of security in post-conflict external interventions. While security in peacebuilding is paramount, it must be combined with humanitarian assistance, development and human rights protection.

Author: UNOG | DCAF Source: UNOG and DCAF (2006). 'Security and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: The Role of the United Nations', Compilation of presentations made at the third joint seminar of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) held on 27 October 2005. Size: 73 pages (1.24 MB)
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While the United Nations (UN) is engaged in a range of security sector reform (SSR) activities, it does not have a common, comprehensive and coordinated SSR approach. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Control of Armed Forces, reviews current UN approaches to SSR, existing policy frameworks and institutional SSR actors. A unified UN approach to SSR, including a common policy framework, would provide a valuable orientation and planning mechanism for UN institutions involved in SSR.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Jonas Hagmann Source: Hänggi, H. and Hagmann, J. (Eds.) (2006). 'United Nations Approaches to Security Sector Reform: Background paper for the workshop on "Developing a SSR Concept for the United Nations"', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 28 pages (250 kB)
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Should commercial security companies be used in humanitarian and post-conflict settings? This study, describes the decentralised and unsystematic use of commercial security by humanitarian agencies in post-conflict settings. The UN has even considered using commercial security providers to free up peacekeeping troops. Yet using commercial security raises ethical, operational and strategic questions. Senior managers of organisations operating in humanitarian and post-conflict settings may not understand the legal, reputational, operational and strategic risks associated with using commercial security.

Author: James Cockayne Source: Cockayne, J. (2006). 'Commercial Security in Humanitarian and Post-Conflict Settings: An Exploratory Study', New York: International Peace Academy. Size: 32 pages (187KB)
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The international community has yet to develop a coherent strategy for the execution of security sector reform (SSR) in peace operations. This paper, published by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO), examines SSR in both UN and non-UN peace operations. SSR in peace operations is as much about processes, policies, institutions, legislation and political will as it is about training and equipping police officers, customs officials and soldiers.

Author: Edward Rees Source: Rees, E. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Peace Operations: Improvisation and Confusion From the Field', United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Size: 28 pages (316.22 kB)
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Sierra Leone exemplifies the important role that an elected, legitimate national government can play in successful peacebuilding and reform efforts. This paper, published by the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, reports the results of a seminar on the country's post-conflict and peacebuilding activities. While the national government's legitimacy and reform strategies are significant post-conflict achievements, it must now implement significant general and security sector reforms.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Mark Malan Source: Albrecht, P. & Malan, M., 2006, 'Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and National Ownership: Meeting the Challenges of Sierra Leone', Report of the Second Annual ZIF/KAIPTC Seminar, Accra, Ghana, 1-3 December 2005, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Size: 162 pages (849 kB)
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In Georgia, security sector reform is one priority amongst many challenges. How can a state undertake security sector reform in circumstances of transformation, when under-financing is chronic, renewed conflict is a constant possibility and it doesn't have control over all its territory? This book, from Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), analyses the problems of security sector governance in Georgia from 1992. It argues that the Saakashvili government should pick the right battles to sustain popular support. These are stability, welfare, education and healthcare. Territorial control will be easier when Georgia is able to stand on its own.

Author: Phillip Fluri | Shorena Lortkipanidze Source: Fluri, P and Darchiashvili, D. (eds.), 2006, 'After Shevardnadze: Georgian Security Sector Governance after the Rose Revolution', DCAF, Geneva Size: 185 pages (1 MB)
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What is Hizbollah's outlook in the current conflict with Israel? This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper examines Hizbollah's thinking and argues that while it did not deliberately ignite or expect a large-scale conflict, it has not shied away from using it to service its regional and domestic objectives of undermining Israel. With the advent of United Nations Resolution 1701 and a formal ceasefire, the issue of Hizbollah's disarmament is a powerful potential logjam, which could result in continued strife.

Author: Amal Saad-Ghorayeb Source: Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, 2006, 'Hizbollah's Outlook in the Current Conflict', The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, USA Size: 10 pages (122kB)
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How can renewed conflict between Israel, Hizbollah and Lebanon be avoided? This International Crisis Group report argues that while United Nations (UN) Resolution 1701 has brought a halt to conflict, it is not the appropriate framework for resolving the underlying issues in the Israeli-Lebanese relationship. 1701 should be seen as a transitory instrument. It can stabilise the border by containing both sides' military impulses until bolder action is taken to address both domestic and regional Lebanese issues.

Author: | International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Israel/Hizbollah/Lebanon: Avoiding Renewed Conflict', International Crisis Group, Middle East Report N°59, Brussels, Belgium Size: 34 pages (511KB)
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What are the fundamental elements of Palestinian national security? This study from the Royal Institute of International Affairs opens the debate by outlining a proposed framework for Palestinian national security. The development of a national security doctrine is important in articulating security needs, fears and goals, in reassuring all parties and promoting stability. Palestinian national security must be based on equality with other nations, including the right to self-defence.

Author: Hussein Agha | Ahmad S. Khalidi Source: Agha, H. and Khalidi, A., 2006, 'A Framework for a Palestinian National Security Doctrine', Royal Institute of International Affairs, London Size: 137 pages ()
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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Despite multilateral attempts in the 1990s to institute security sector reform (SSR) in Haiti, lack of elite support, insufficient judicial sector capacity and persistent corruption has led to the current resurgence of violence. This study, published by International Peacekeeping, examines recent international interventions to institute SSR in Haiti. National dialogue with local elites and long-term donor involvement are necessary to ensure that justice, security, development and governance sectors are developed simultaneously to prevent the country from becoming a failed state.

Author: Johanna Mendelson-Forman Source: Mendelson-Forman, J, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Haiti', International Peacekeeping, vol.13, no.1, pp.14-27 Size: 27 pages (84.62 kB)
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How can security structures in fragile states be rebuilt? This paper by the Danish Institute of International Studies explores policy concepts in the donor community on how to deal with security challenges in states with weak governments. The paper argues that donor policies may not produce the desired improvements in security because the approach is too state-centric. The paper suggests looking beyond the formal state institutions and applying a more contextual approach that allows for building on informal and non-state security structures.

Author: Louise Andersen Source: Andersen, L., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform In Fragile States', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/15, Danish Institute for International Studies,Copenhagen Size: 26 pages (1.2MB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the status of and prospects for security sector reform (SSR) in the Gulf? This report from the Stimson Center summarises a workshop discussion on SSR in the Gulf. While SSR is not a priority for Gulf leaders, concerns about Iran, Iraq and terrorism provide incentives for change in the Gulf states' security sectors. This provides an opportunity for external actors to encourage and support SSR.

Author: Ellen Laipson | Emile El-Hokayem Source: Laipson, E, (ed) El-Hokayem, Buenning Sturm, A, and Alzayat, W, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Gulf', The Stimson Center, Washington DC Size: 36 pages (454 kB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Sierra Leone, particularly of the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Since multiparty democracy was reintroduced in 1996, the situation has significantly improved, especially with the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for budget formulation. Overall, ongoing reforms have made the budgeting process more open, more consultative and, most crucially, driven by clear goals.

Author: Osman Gbla Source: Gbla, O., 2006, 'Sierra Leone', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 180-196 Size: 17 pages (107 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) been undertaken since 2002? This International Peacekeeping article assesses the success and failure of SSR reforms as well as the contribution of external actors. International efforts have been the driving force. However, as the international community's role decreases, the onus will increasingly be on local authorities to complete SSR reforms. This will be essential if BiH is to succeed in drawing closer to Europe.

Author: Heinz Vetschera | Matthieu Damian Source: Vetschera, H. and Damian, M., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Role of the International Community', International Peacekeeping, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 28-42 Size: 16 pages (120 kB)
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Has security sector reform (SSR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina enhanced the security of Bosnia as a whole? This Conflict, Security and Development article argues that SSR has produced some notable results and contributed to the general improvement of security in Bosnia. However SSR has inadvertently created some new security risks. Furthermore, until the lack of local 'ownership' of SSR and the Dayton constitutional arrangements are effectively addressed, Bosnia will remain a weak, marginalised country.

Author: Slobodan Perdan Source: Perdan, S., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: The Building of Security in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 179-209 Size: 32 pages ()
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What has been the impact of policy shifts in US foreign assistance since the September 11 attacks? This article, published by Third World Quarterly, argues that deploying USAID to boost the counter-terrorism capabilities of Africa's police forces is a flawed strategy. Co-opting the development agenda for the Bush administration's national security agenda risks turning USAID into a quasi-security agency and hurting police reform initiatives. An analysis of recent aid for public policing in Kenya illustrates the pitfalls of so-called "transformational diplomacy".

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2006, 'Trojan horses? USAID, counter-terrorism and Africa's police', Third World Quarterly, Vol.27 , No. 4, pp.629-643 Size: 16 pages (144 kB)
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What should be covered by an assessment of serious crime in a country emerging from conflict? How should such an assessment be done? This chapter from a handbook by the United States Institute of Peace provides comprehensive guidelines. The assessment should include political, economic and social factors plus capacity and challenges both within and outside of the criminal justice sector. Assessors should gauge a country's political will to address serious crime and to work with international bodies in doing so.

Author: Colette Rausch Source: Rausch, C. (ed), 2006, 'Conducting an Assessment' in Combating Serious Crimes in Post-Conflict Societies: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners, United States Institute of Peace, USIP Press Books, Washington, DC, ch. 2 Size: 21 pages (400 KB)
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Global democracy promotion efforts by leading powers have propagated an understanding of civil-military relations which privileges civilian control over defence efficiency and military effectiveness. This paper, published by Democratization, explains the impact of the emphasis on civil-military relations on emerging democracies in the past 25 years. Two current global trends - peacekeeping in hostile environments and counter-terrorism - may contribute to renewed attention to the importance of defence efficiency and effectiveness.

Author: Thomas Bruneau | Harold Trinkunas Source: Bruneau T., Trinkunas H., Matei C., 2006, 'Democratization as a Global Phenomenon and its Impact on Civil-Military Relations ', Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 776-790 Size: 16 pages (142 kB)
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How should donors approach the regulation of private security actors in partner countries? How can the private sector help to implement security sector reform (SSR)? This chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces' publication Private Actors and Security Governance looks at the role of the private sector in SSR. It argues that regulation must take account of local factors and that the private sector could play a positive role in SSR.

Author: Peter Wilson Source: Wilson P., 2006, 'Private Security Actors, Donors and SSR', in Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 14 pages (150 kB)
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The end of dictatorial rule in Malawi and the adoption of a new, democratic constitution in 1994 transformed the institutional and legal framework of the country. To what extent has Malawi met its commitment made then to comply with African and international norms and standards on human rights, the rule of law and democratic governance? This Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) report argues that while considerable and laudable progress has been made, much still remains to be done.

Author: Fidelis Edge Kanyongolo Source: Kanyongolo F.E., 2006, 'Malawi Justice Sector and Rule of Law: A review by AfriMAP and Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa', Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) Size: 184 pages (711KB)
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How are security problems being addressed in the Americas? What lessons can be learned from these experiences? This book from the University of Pittsburgh Press examines public security and police reform in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico and the United States. Public perception of increased crime and violence has led to public security policies that emphasise punishment and symbolism, such as highly publicised national plans and the importation of unadapted ideas from abroad. Procedural safeguards are needed to monitor human and civil rights in the region as security forces are strengthened.

Author: John Bailey (ed.) | Lucia Dammert (ed.) Source: Bailey J. & Dammert L., (eds.), 2006, 'Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas', University of Pittsburgh Size: 322 pages ()
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Despite global trends towards military reform, militaries in Southeast Asia have continued to play prominent roles in domestic politics. This paper, published by The Pacific Review, investigates four Southeast Asian countries to determine why global military reform has not had as great an impact there as elsewhere. While the global security sector reform (SSR) agenda is informed by a predominantly North American civil-military approach, it could be modified to suit the Southeast Asian context.

Author: Mark Beeson | Alex J. Bellamy Source: Beeson M., Bellamy A.J., Hughes B., 2006, 'Taming the tigers? Reforming the Security Sector in Southeast Asia', The Pacific Review, Volume 19 (4), pp. 449-472 Size: 25 pages (144 kB)
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Measuring progress is essential to the success of stabilisation and reconstruction efforts. This report, published by the United States Institute of Peace, examines the shortcomings of current processes, including the tendency to measure implementation rather than impact. Proper assessment tools and reliable measures of progress are needed to enable policymakers to take stock of the challenges before intervening and to continuously track the progress of their efforts towards stabilisation. Political will is also essential to ensure leadership and cooperation across organisational boundaries.

Author: Craig Cohen Source: Cohen, C., 2006, 'Measuring Progress in Stabilisation and Reconstruction', USIP Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC Size: 15 pages (2.26 MB)
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What steps must the Afghan government and the international community take to promote security, good governance and development in Afghanistan? In this Compact from the 2006 London Conference on Afghanistan, the Afghan government and international community commit themselves to realising a vision for Afghanistan's future. That vision is based on three pillars of activity: security; good governance, rule of law and human rights; and economic and social development. The Compact also identifies eliminating the narcotics industry as a vital and cross-cutting area of work.

Author: ISAF Source: NATO-ISAF, 2006, 'Building on Success: The Afghanistan Compact', The London Conference on Afghanistan Size: 17 pages (342 kB)
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A legitimate, representative and capacitated civil society is essential for effective state-building and a condition for sustainable peace in Nepal. This article, by International Alert, considers how donors should respond to the events of Jana Andolan II in terms of supporting civil society. It makes five specific recommendations and argues that donors should prioritise their support to civil society outside Kathmandu.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2006, 'Supporting Civil Society in Building Peace in Nepal', International Alert Size: 18 pages (136 kB)
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What role has the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) played in Afghanistan? This article from Third World Quarterly provides an overview of conditions in Afghanistan and discusses the expanding structure and function of ISAF. It argues that the ISAF has made important contributions to stabilisation and reconstruction. Yet it has also suffered shortcomings, arising mainly from tensions between the US and NATO allies. Nonetheless, the ISAF model is worth studying for future international deployments in conflict zones.

Author: Amin Saikal Source: Saikal, A., 2006, 'Afghanistan's Transition: ISAF's Stabilisation Role?', Third World Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 525-534 Size: 11 pages (115 KB)
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Recent studies show the increasing extent that women operate as combatants in (ir)regular armies in conflict. How can disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes become more gender-sensitised? This study by the Clingendael Institute examines men and women's active involvement in warfare, their gender-specific roles and gender relations within armies and discusses the challenges for DDR programmes in targeting female ex-combatants.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, "Clingendael", The Hague Size: 37 pages (128KB)
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What is the link between security and development? What is the best way to achieve both? This strategy paper by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) outlines how DFID, through its commitment to fighting poverty, can help tackle insecurity among the poor. It explains the complex connections between security and development and sets out how DFID can build security by working with poor people, their governments and international partners.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2005, 'Fighting Poverty to Build a Safer World: a Strategy for Security and Development', Strategy paper, Department for International Development, UK. Size: 48 pages (264KB)
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The Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of January 2005 nominally signalled the end of the oldest running war in Africa, providing a basis for national unity and fostering democracy. However, with unrelenting violence in the western region of Darfur and lingering tensions in central and eastern areas, how successful is the CPA likely to be? This paper, compiled for the Clingendael Institute, analyses the crossroads faced in Sudan and the challenges confronting the international community in implementing the CPA.

Author: Emeric Rogier Source: Rogier, E., April 2005, 'Designing an Integrated Strategy for Peace, Security and Development in Post-Agreement Sudan', Occasional Paper, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit. Size: 107 pages ()
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What factors should donors consider when identifying an approach to reverse decline in fragile states? How do fragile states differ from those that are stable and able to pursue development? This paper by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) outlines a strategy for its engagement with fragile states. It details how USAID can respond effectively by identifying strategic priorities, initial directions for programming and a new management and administrative approach.

Author: USAID Source: USAID, 2005, 'Fragile States Strategy', United States Agency for International Development. Size: 18 pages (350 KB)
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The UNICEF-sponsored Child-Friendly Community Initiative (CFCI) represents an integrated, multi-sectoral and community-driven approach for the delivery of basic services to poor and vulnerable people in Sudan. What are the main achievements of CFCI? How does it differ from other donor interventions aiming to enhance service delivery? Compiled for the Department for International Development, this case study examines the effectiveness of the CFCI approach in Sudan and attempts to draw lessons for donors on service delivery in other fragile states.

Author: Magüi Moreno-Torres Source: Moreno-Torres, M., 2005, 'Service Delivery in a Difficult Environment: the Child-friendly Community Initiative in Sudan', Department for International Development, UK. Size: 36 pages (278.9 kB)
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A safe, secure environment for people, communities and states is essential for sustainable development and conflict mitigation. This article in Public Administration and Development analyses the challenges confronting the achievement of democratic security sector governance after conflict. Addressing these challenges requires professional security forces, capable civil authorities, rule of law and regional approaches. Local stakeholders must make hard decisions about priorities on the availability of domestic resources and the costs and benefits of accepting external assistance.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2005, 'Strengthening Democratic Governance of the Security Sector in Conflict-affected countries', Public Administration and Development, vol. 25, no. 1 Size: 14 pages (123.1 kB)
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How can countries undergoing democratic transition strengthen and monitor police transformation? What issues should be focused on when evaluating the outcome of democratic policing? This handbook, published by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, lists 39 key measures relevant to evaluating police performance in countries undergoing reform processes. The use of indicators is important for the external accountability of the police as well for purposes of managerial control.

Author: David Bruce | Rachel Neild Source: Bruce, D. and Neild, R., 2005, 'The Police That We Want: A Handbook for Oversight of Police in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 75 pages (1.14 MB)
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United Nations peacekeeping operations are frequently deployed in institutional 'law and order' vacuums, where police, corrections and judiciary authorities have either ceased to exist or are unwilling or unable to carry out their duties. This paper, from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) of the UN, reviews the issues raised by the law and order vacuums for those planning and conducting operations. The paper recommends that DPKO and the international community develop policies for the deployment of effective operations in cases where the UN is not the executive authority.

Author: Bruce 'Ossie' Oswald Source: Oswald, B., 2005, 'Addressing the Institutional Law and Order Vacuum: Key Issues and Dilemmas for Peacekeeping Operations,' Report prepared for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations, New York Size: 21 pages (248 KB)
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The PRSP has become the primary tool for articulating a vision for growth and poverty reduction in nearly 60 low-income countries. Some 15-20 of these countries are affected by conflict, and other conflict-affected countries are still to begin the process. In what ways do Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSPs) in conflict-affected countries take account of their particular contexts? To what extent have assessments of the sources of conflict and the ways they interact with poverty informed the strategies? This report from the World Bank aims to contribute to more effective poverty reduction in countries affected by conflict by analyzing these questions.

Author: Source: World Bank, 2005, 'Toward a Conflict-sensitive Poverty Reduction Strategy : Lessons from a Retrospective Analysis', Report no. 32587, World Bank, Washington Size: 75 pages (510 kb)
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How should international agencies work with local civil society during peacebuilding operations? This article from Security Dialogue analyses the relationship between aid agencies and local NGOs and communities to identify problems in the way the international community has traditionally undertaken peace operations. It argues that international bodies need to reform their understanding of local civil society in order to foster better local ownership of peacebuilding projects.

Author: Beatrice Pouligny Source: Pouligny, B., 2005, 'Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Ambiguities of International Programmes Aimed at Building 'New' Societies', Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 495-510 Size: 15 pages (117.4 kB)
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In West Africa, a combination of norm-setting at the sub-regional level and activism in the non-governmental sector is driving the move toward improved security sector governance (SSG). The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces has studied aspects of SSG in sixteen West African countries. This resulting analysis suggests that democratisation does not necessarily lead to democratic governance of the security sector.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, A., N'Diaye, B. and Olonisakin, F., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Turning Principles to Practice', Policy Paper no. 8, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 23 pages (395.82KB)
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How can the United Nations improve its civilian policing missions? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces reviews the experiences of UNPOL (United Nations Civilian Police) missions to identify problems in international policing, and suggest policy improvements. It argues for the integration of local police and judicial reform while remaining sensitive to existing justice mechanisms, and stresses the importance of training, accountability, institutional memory and co-ordination within international policing missions.

Author: Eirin Mobekk | Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Source: Mobekk, E., 2005, 'Identifying Lessons in United Nations International Policing Missions', Policy Paper no. 9, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 35 pages (391kB)
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Civil society organisations (CSOs), particularly non-governmental organisations (NGOs), play a prominent role in conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet there is poor understanding about CSOs and how to engage them more effectively. This World Bank working paper explores this issue using pilot assessment tools in Angola, Guinea Bissau and Togo. It argues that donors should move towards more sustained engagement with CSOs, focusing on institution building among CSO networks.

Author: Social Development Department, World Bank Source: Social Development Department, 2005, 'Engaging Civil Society Organisations in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States: Three African Country Case Studies', The World Bank Size: 57 pages (449 kB)
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This paper by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) examines Canberra's approach to development assistance with a focus on the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, The Philippines and Burma. Over three-quarters of Australia's major bilateral aid programmes operate in countries that are experiencing, recovering from or are vulnerable to conflict. Australia's approach to peace, conflict and development emphasises the role of humanitarian aid in addressing the symptoms of conflict.

Author: Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) Source: AusAID, 2005, 'Australian Aid: Approaches to Peace, Security and Development', AusAID, Canberra Size: 6 pages (61KB)
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How has the Asian Development Bank (ADB) helped its developing member countries (DMCs) in Asia and the Pacific to undertake legal reforms? This paper from the ADB outlines initiatives adopted to reform legislative, institutional and judicial structures, raise awareness of individuals' legal rights and strengthen government capacity. It argues that law reform is a central component in reducing poverty, promoting growth and empowering marginalised groups.

Author: Asian Development Bank Source: Asian Development Bank, 2005, 'Law and Policy Reform in Asia and the Pacific: Ensuring Voice, Opportunity and Justice', ADB, Manila Size: 16 pages (285 KB)
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What factors contribute to violent conflict? How should the US Agency for International Development (USAID) adapt to the risks and difficulties of its work in conflict zones? This paper from USAID explores the new conflict-related contexts in which development actors increasingly operate and outlines the changes that such actors need to effect in their responses to conflict. It argues that USAID should prioritise a different recruitment approach, new partnerships, cross-sectoral policy perspectives and context-specific research into - and action which addresses - the causes and consequences of conflict.

Author: USAID/Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation Source: USAID, 2005, 'Conflict Mitigation and Management Policy', USAID, Washington, D.C. Size: 16 pages (240 KB)
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Outside actors in fragile developing countries can have a significant impact on the resolution of internal problems. This handbook, by the Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction Network (CPR Network), aims to foster the design of conflict-sensitive approaches to potentially fragile communities. It will allow development practitioners to define the appropriate choices and entry points for activity. Any action should pay attention to the complexity of relationships and undercurrents that exist in every community.

Author: Susan Brown | Tracy Vienings Source: Conflict Prevention and Post-conflict Reconstruction Network, 2005, 'Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment Handbook', CPR Network, New York Size: 29 pages (571KB)
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What are the roles of national security decision-making structures in developing and developed countries? How could these structures benefit from reform? This paper from RAND Europe surveys case studies of national security architectures worldwide to evaluate the effectiveness of their organisation and operations. It argues that, since developed and developing countries face different security threats and logistical challenges, their emphases in security reform will vary, but transparency, accountability, coordination and broad-based information gathering are key.

Author: Kevin O'Brien | Andrew Rathmell Source: Bearne, S., O'Brien, K., Oliker, O. & Rathmell, A., 2005 'National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Reform', Security Sector Development Advisory Team, London Size: 38 pages (128 kb)
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Approximately 25 per cent of the civilian aid to Afghanistan in 2001-04, €791 million, was provided by Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK and Ireland. This joint report, led by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, provides an evaluation of this assistance. While aid has produced important results, this has come at a high financial cost. A sustainable impact will require long-term development support with the continued presence of the donor community for at least another ten years.

Author: Chr. Michelson Institute Source: Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2005, 'Humanitarian and Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan 2001-2005 from Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom: A Joint Evaluation', Chr Michelsen Institute, Copenhagen Size: 215 pages (4,383KB)
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What lessons can be learned for future peace and stability operations from the upheaval that occurred in Iraq following international intervention? This special report for the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) examines the Coalition Provisional Authority's (CPA's) experience in Iraq. It argues that intervening countries should anticipate and plan for large-scale breakdowns in public order, particularly in societies emerging from brutal oppression. Creating a safe and secure environment for law enforcement and police operations are paramount.

Author: Robert M Perito Source: Perito, R., 2005, 'The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience with Public Security in Iraq', United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (171KB)
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Why and how should security sector reform (SSR) be promoted in fragile states? This paper from USAID looks at why the US Government should be concerned about SSR, who should be involved, the central elements of a SSR agenda and its feasibility in fragile states. It explores lessons from ongoing projects and factors shaping USAID's approach.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2005, 'Promoting Security Sector Reform in Fragile States', PPC Issue Paper No. 11, USAID, Washington DC. Size: 2 pages (437 kB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) be financed? What problems can be encountered and how can these be overcome? This paper constitutes the second part of a review from the Stockholm Initiative on Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (SIDDR). It provides a sobering assessment of the capacity of the international community as a whole to finance DDR processes in the context of contested peace processes.

Author: Nicole Ball | Dylan Hendrickson Source: Ball, N. and Hendrickson, D., 2005, 'Review of International Financing Arrangements for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration', Phase 2 Report to Working Group 2, SIDDR, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (1.9 MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is fundamentally important to effective conflict prevention and peacebuilding. It helps ensure and sustain the stability necessary for development. This Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) paper summarises key SSR programme design and implementation issues. Emphasising effective and democratically accountable institutions, SSR provides a framework to develop strategies to meet a nationally-defined vision of security and development needs.

Author: Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005, 'Introduction to Security Sector Reform', Development Assistance Committee, OECD, Paris Size: 10 pages (195 kB)
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How and to what extent is SSR being adopted in policy and implemented in practice? This OECD report outlines the fundamental principles of SSR and makes recommendations based on good practice examples. It examines the origins of the SSR agenda and the Development Assistant Committee's (DAC) role. Little progress has been made in translating the new security concepts into policies and programmes. Strengthening SSR will require strategic planning for improved policies, practices and partnerships amongst all actors.

Author: OECD-DAC | Dylan Hendrickson Source: OECD, 2005, 'Security System Reform and Governance', OECD Publications, Paris Size: 141 pages (1.1MB)
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Development cooperation has an increasingly important role to play in the areas of peace and security. This paper from the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) defines its approach to peace and security in development cooperation. It clarifies Sida's policy to create conflict-sensitive development programmes that integrate peace and security issues into implementation. Application of peace and security issues to development cooperation programmes not only promotes human security and empowerment of the poor, it also increases the likelihood of sustainable development.

Author: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Source: Sida, 2005, 'Promoting Peace and Security through Development Cooperation', Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (23.5 kb)
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What is the 2005 status and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in Bulgaria? This paper, authored by Simon Rynn, Philip Gounev and Thomas Jackson, reports on a survey of the distribution, impacts and public perceptions of SALWs. It also reviews the capacity of the state to apply SALW controls. It is intended for use by those involved in SALW research and programmes and Bulgaria's progress towards membership in the European Union (EU).

Author: Simon Rynn | Philip Gounev Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Taming the Arsenal - Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bulgaria', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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What are the necessary steps in conducting a small arms and light weapon (SALW) awareness programme? How can programmers avoid inappropriate messages and materials, lack of sensitivity and other features of poorly designed SALW awareness programmes? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) sets out principles and procedures for safe and effective SALW awareness programming.

Author: Laurence Desvignes | Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'SASP 2 SALW Awareness Support Pack', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 148 pages (1.9 MB)
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Civil society is a primary source of local ownership, legitimacy and sustainability of post-conflict reconstruction. This paper, authored by Marina Caparini, examines the role of civil society in security sector reconstruction and uses a case study of post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina to analyse donor impact on civil society in post-conflict states. Donors need to address not only their short-term needs for civil society partnerships, but the recipient country's long-term need for a strong civil society that is responsive and accountable to citizens.

Author: Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M. 2005, 'Enabling Civil Society in Security Sector Reconstruction', in A. Bryden and H. Hänggi, eds, Security Governance in Post Conflict Peace Building, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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While Afghanistan has made remarkable progress recently, its transition to democracy remains fragile and uncertain. Authored by Mark Sedra and Peter Middlebrook, this paper assesses Afghanistan's progress since the onset of the 2001 Bonn Agreement, which provided a road map for the transformation of the state. Continued progress requires sustained international support and a renewed Afghan commitment to pursue deep structural security sector and general public administration reforms.

Author: Mark Sedra | Peter Middlebrook Source: Middlebrook,P, & Sedra,M., 2005, 'Revisioning the International Compact for Afghanistan', Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC, USA Size: 24 pages (320kb)
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Development and security are inextricably linked and require an integrated and comprehensive response. This paper, by Francesco Mancini, analyses the nexus between the use of private security companies (PSCs) in security sector reform (SSR) and the ability of donors to make informed contractual decisions for their use. Serious governance gaps in the use of PSCs must be addressed.

Author: Francesco Mancini Source: Mancini,F., 2005, 'In Good Company? The role of business in security sector reform', Demos, London, UK Size: 97 pages (393 kB)
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Peace and conflict sensitivity has successfully entered the mainstreaming agenda of development donors and agencies and there has been a tremendous institutionalisation and conceptualisation of the topic. In practical terms however, a co-ordinated system for peace and conflict sensitive aid implementation remains a long way off. The article published in the journal International Politics and Society explores the gap between rhetoric and practice and identifies some of the challenges ahead.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2005, 'Peace and Conflict Sensitivity in International Cooperation: An Introductory Overview', International Politics and Society, issue no. 4pp, 63-82 Size: 20 pages (124KB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Cambodia. The study confirms that inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence and allow local people to participate in determining the future of their communities. Weapon reduction measures using incentive schemes for communities in exchange for weapons cannot be successfully implemented without first introducing measures for local community engagement.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2005, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Cambodia: An Assessment of Different Weapon Collection Strategies by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/6, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 133 pages ()
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What steps has the international administration in Kosovo taken to enable civilian management and oversight of the security sector? This report from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research (KIPRED) and Saferworld surveys the provision and oversight of security in Kosovo. It finds that Kosovo's security architecture cannot be said to be democratic. Kosovars continue to be on the receiving end of security services over which they have little ownership or control.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Lulzim Peci Source: Dugolli, I. and Peci L. 2005. 'Enhancing civilian management and oversight of the security sector in Kosovo', REPORT; Governance and security in South Eastern Europe, Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) and Saferworld Size: 37 pages (331 KB)
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How successful has the international community been in Kosovo in transferring responsibilities to local actors, maintaining security, promoting reconciliation and fostering economic development? What lessons can be learned from the international community's experience in the administration and governance of Kosovo? This paper from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development analyses the international community's administration of Kosovo. The international community must develop a greater understanding of local history, culture and traditions and build viable, sustainable structures of local democratic decision-making.

Author: Robert Muharremi | Lulzim Peci Source: Muharremi, R., Peci, L., Malazogu, L., Knaus, V. and Murati, T. (2005). 'Administration and Governance in Kosovo: Lessons learned and lessons to be learned', Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development Policy Research Series: Occasional Paper, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 78 pages (446 kB)
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Peace without justice is only a symbolic peace. But how can justice be restored after conflict? This article from the journal Development argues that international peacebuilders have sometimes imposed rather than proposed and facilitated solutions. In order to rejoin peace and justice there must be a mutual agreement between stakeholders in post-conflict societies: civilians and combatants, citizens and governments, international peacebuilders and national recipients. The most important dimension is the role of the local population.

Author: Rama Mani Source: Mani, R., 2005, 'Balancing Peace with Justice in the Aftermath of Violent Conflict', Development, 48(3): 25-34. Size: 2 pages (36KB)
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What makes a country at risk of instability? This paper from the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit looks at factors driving political, economic and social instability. These include country capacity, risk factors, external stabilising factors and the feedback loop of instability into risk factors. Evidence of instability reveals the importance of elites, institutions and natural resources. The number and intensity of conflicts can and has been reduced through short-term preventative measures, long-term economic development and the creation of democratic political institutions.

Author: Nick Donovan | Malcolm Smart, Magui Moreno-Torres Source: Prime Minister's Office Strategy Unit, (2005) 'Background Paper: Risk Factors of Instability', London Size: 2 pages (39KB)
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Fragmentation and rivalry in the donor community constitutes as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as divisions in war-torn countries. Would the creation of a multilateral decision-making body as a counterpart for governments receiving aid help international state-building efforts? This paper from the International Institute for Strategic Studies supports the establishment of an inter-governmental Peacebuilding Commission to oversee UN operations to rebuild states after conflict. This would provide a useful institutional framework and deliver aid in ways that are accountable to the global community and to reconstructed countries' citizens.

Author: Barnett R. Rubin Source: Rubin, B.R., 2005, 'Constructing Sovereignty for Security',
Survival, 47(4): 93-106. Routledge Size: 2 pages (43.5KB)
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If the international community wants to engage in unstable environments it must develop well-suited and well coordinated policy interventions. How can international development and security organisations develop integrated approaches to achieving good governance, security and socio-economic development in unstable environments? This document from the Clingendael Institute and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs describes the Stability Assessment Framework (SAF) and provides guidelines for applying it. It shows how policymakers, decision-makers and practitioners in various organisations can benefit from introducing the SAF into their organisations' project cycles.

Author: Suzanne Verstegen | Luc van de Goor Source: Verstegen, S., L. van de Goor, and J. de Zeeuw (2005) The Stability Assessment Framework: Designing Integrated Responses for Security, Governance and Development, Prepared by the Clingendael Institute for the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague: The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs / The Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. Size: 80 pages (1.53 MB)
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How have states in Central and Eastern Europe gone about reforming their security sectors? What lessons do these efforts have in terms of establishing applicable criteria for assessing the success or failure of security sector reform (SSR)? This book from the Bonn International Center for Conversion and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines SSR in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).

Author: Wilhelm N. Germann | Andrzej Karkoszka Source: Germann, W. N. and Karkoszka, A. (eds.), 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Difficult Paths Towards Success', BICC/DCAF Security Sector Governance and Conversion Studies No. 10, Bonn International Center for Conversion Size: 340 pages ()
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What progress did the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) make in building Iraqi security forces and institutions? This report from the RAND Corporation examines the CPA's efforts to reconstruct and reform the Iraqi security sector. It finds that the CPA's security sector capacity-building and reform programme, while behind on many of its targets, was moving in the right direction.

Author: Andrew Rathmell | Olga Oliker Source: Rathmell, A., Oliker, O., Kelly, T.K., Brannan, D. and Crane, K. (2005). 'Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience', Report prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, RAND National Defense Research Institute, RAND Corporation Size: 123 pages (387 kB)
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What steps has the government of Colombia taken to demobilise right-wing paramilitaries and individual fighters and reintegrate them into society? What are the problems and risks involved in Colombia's disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion examines the DDR process in Colombia. While DDR could have a significant positive impact on the conflict in Colombia, failure is still possible and could have significant negative repercussions.

Author: Markus Koth Source: Koth, M. (2005). 'To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia', Paper 43, Bonn International Center for Conversion Size: 62 pages (263 kB)
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What lessons have been learned from attempts to restore functioning policing systems in conflict-torn societies? How can these lessons be adapted to new situations? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines efforts to reconstruct policing systems in conflict-torn societies. It argues that police reforms must place greater emphasis on implementation capacity and the practical and material aspects of policing, always keeping in mind local security contexts and capacities.

Author: Otwin Marenin Source: Marenin, O. (2005). 'Restoring Policing Systems in Conflict Torn Nations: Processes, problems, prospects', Occasional Paper No. 7, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 84 pages (620 kB)
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What support has the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided to countries attempting to address small arms issues? How has UNDP's support evolved as a result of experience gained and lessons learned from its projects? This report from UNDP provides an overview of UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues. UNDP has provided support to small arms control, armed violence reduction and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in over 40 countries. Lessons learned have enabled UNDP to refine its support to address more effectively the needs of countries affected by small arms issues.

Author: Peter Batchelor | Spyros Demetriou Source: Batchelor, P. and Demetriou, S. (2005). 'Securing Development: UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 41 pages (699 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) progressed since the Rose Revolution? Georgia has been undergoing almost continual changes in its political system, which has effectively hindered the establishment of a consolidated security sector. The situation is characterised by fragmented and deeply under-funded power agencies, subjective forms of control over them, weak civilian oversight, intense corruption, no legitimacy in society at large, and the absence of a concept of overall reform. SSR in Georgia is in need of a reform.

Author: Philipp H. Fluri | Eden Cole Source: Fluri, P.H. and Cole, E. (Eds.) (2005). 'From Revolution to Reform : Georgia's Struggle with Democratic Institution Building and Security Sector Reform', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy) Size: 14 pages (73kb)
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Why is democratic oversight of the security sector so important? This book is the first in the "Series in Security Sector Studies" initiated by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). TESEV and DCAF aim to help "normalise" the debates on the issue of democratic oversight of the security sector in an objective and scientific environment.

Author: Volkan Aytar Source: Aytar, V. (Ed.) (2005). 'Democratic Oversight of the Security Sector: Turkey and the World', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). Size: 54 pages (354kb)
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How do countries in Central Asia approach security sector reform? To what extent is this in cooperation with regional and international actors? Almost every Central Asian state is engaged in a discourse on security sector reform, democratic oversight of the security sector and civil-military relations. However, it would be wrong to assume that the joint efforts of European, transatlantic, regional and national actors (including the media, civil society and academia) have led to homogenous or at least sustainable progress.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Malek, M. (Eds.) (2005). 'Facing the Terrorist Challenge: Central Asia's Role in Regional and International Co-operation', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 2 pages (32kb)
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What is the way forward for peace and stability in Liberia? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at Liberian post-conflict reconstruction, particularly at security sector reform (SSR). It argues that SSR needs to focus not only the efficacy of security institutions, but also on ensuring that they are consistent with the democratic norms of transparency, accountability and responsiveness.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2005). 'The Challenges and Opportunities of Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Liberia', Occasional Paper 09, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 88 pages (624KB)
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What role do parliaments play in ensuring democratic accountability for the use of force by international institutions? This study, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces, argues that parliaments currently lack the oversight powers to hold governments to account for the deployment of troops both at the national and international level. It describes this as the double democratic deficit. Parliaments need to network more, have greater access to information and demand more reporting from international assemblies.

Author: Hans Born | Heiner Hänggi Source: Born, H. and Hänggi, H. (2005). 'The Use of Force Under International Auspices: Strengthening Parliamentary Accountability', Policy Paper 07, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 32 pages (619KB)
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Every year thousands of children are recruited to be child soldiers. Those who recruit them are not brought to justice. This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, argues that the international community needs to move from law making, programme development and training, to law enforcement, implementation, monitoring and reporting.

Author: Lilian Peters Source: Peters, L. (2005). 'War is no Child's Play: Child Soldiers from Battlefield to Playground', Occasional Paper 08, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 60 pages (852KB)
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In 2001, Peru began to reform its police force. How successful has it been? This study, by the Open Society Justice Initiative and the Instituto de Defensa Legal, focuses on internal and external impediments to police reform in Peru. It argues that there has been considerable innovation in the process of reform, but also serious setbacks. There are many different ways to evaluate success in policing reform. However, it is clear that important advances have been achieved even though the short-term impacts are limited.

Author: Gino Costa | Rachel Neild Source: Costa, G & Neild, R, 2005, 'Police Reform in Peru', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 38, no. 2, August 2005 , pp. 216-229 Size: 14 pages (88 kB)
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How has Colombia reoriented its approach towards the country's principal security challenge - a lengthy insurgency closely linked to criminal activity? Published by the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, this paper assesses the sustainability of the counterinsurgency waged by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe against FARC rebels. Although not yet complete, this multifaceted campaign is likely to result in a Colombia that is more integrated, prosperous and democratic than at any time in the past 40 years.

Author: Thomas Marks Source: Marks, T., 2005, ' Sustainability of Colombian Military/Strategic Support for '"Democratic Security"', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 45 pages (241 kB)
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To what extent does the European Union (EU) address security sector governance with its neighbours? How does it interact with other multilateral actors that promote democratic governance of the security sector? This study argues that the EU should position security sector governance within a framework of development cooperation, democracy and human rights promotion as well as conflict prevention, crisis management and peacebuilding. This should be applied in collaboration with other multinational organisations to the EU's relations with its southern and eastern neighbours.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Fred Tanner Source: Hänggi, H. and Tanner, F., 2005, 'Promoting Security Sector Governance in the EU's Neighbourhood', Chaillot Paper - n°80, July 2005, EU-ISS, Paris Size: 108 pages (618KB)
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How successful were US efforts to build effective Iraqi military and security forces in the first years of the occupation? This paper from the Center for Strategic and International Studies examines these efforts. It argues that the US failed to react to the insurgency and to recognise the need for effective Iraqi military, security and police forces. As a result, many Iraqi forces were sent out to die without adequate organisation, training, equipment or facilities. Nevertheless, progress since 2004 and changes in the way that the US is preparing Iraqi forces may be able to overcome the legacy of failure.

Author: Anthony H. Cordesman Source: Cordesman, A H., 2005, 'Strengthening Iraqi Military and Security Forces', Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington DC Size: 127 pages (1.33 MB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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There are signs that West Africa is beginning to waken fully to the need to tackle its security challenges. This Conflict, Security and Development article argues that while the relationship between democratisation and democratic governance of the security sector is unclear, norm setting at the sub-regional level, as well as activism in the non-governmental sector is driving moves towards improved governance. The major challenge remains to get individual states to live up to their security sector governance commitments.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, B. et al., 2005, 'Democratizing Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Trends and Challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 203-226 Size: 25 pages ()
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How fertile a region is Kenya and Tanzania for Al Qaida? What is the potential for recruitment in these areas? This Studies in Conflict & Terrorism paper examines the 'soft underbelly' of global terrorism. Assessing the scope for terrorist activity, strategies are considered to prevent Kenya and Tanzania from becoming active recruiting grounds for the global Islamist jihadist movement.

Author: William Rosenau Source: Rosenau, W., 2005, Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 28, No. 1 Size: 10 pages ()
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How have the independent states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) responded to the challenges presented by defence and security threats in the post-colonial era? How have they established, financed, controlled, equipped, commanded, reinforced and maintained their militaries? This book from the Institute for Security Studies describes how the 13 states of the SADC developed their military institutions following independence.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | www.issafrica.org Source: Rupiya,M., 2005, 'Evolutions and Revolutions - A contemporary history of militaries in Southern Africa', Instutute for Security Studies Size: 408 pages (2.83 MB)
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While security challenges have converged in Southeast Asia and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) world, their security policies and cultures remain quite different. This paper, published by Security Dialogue, discusses similarities and differences between Southeast Asia and OECD approaches to contemporary non-conventional security threats. Despite incipient institution-building, Southeast Asia's use of power, its state-centric approaches and reliance on national sovereignty impair collective action.

Author: Jurgen Ruland Source: Ruland J., 2005, 'The Nature of Southeast Asian Security Challenges', Security Dialogue, Volume 36 (4), pp. 545-563 Size: 20 pages ()
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This article, published in the Third World Quarterly, examines the 'Self-Reliance Strategy' implemented by the Government of Uganda and UNHCR for long-term Sudanese refugees in Uganda, which seeks to move from a relief to a development approach. However, the prospects for success are limited by ongoing conflict in northern Uganda and the lack of rights of long-term exiles - in particular, freedom of movement. Developmental approaches must go beyond a narrow focus on material needs and incorporate an explicit focus on refugee protection.

Author: T. Kaiser Source: Kaiser, T., 2005, 'Participating in Development? Refugee Protection, Politics and Developmental Approaches to Refugee Management in Uganda', Third World Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 351-367 Size: 17 pages ()
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Can UN civil-military coordination (CIMIC) policies that have been developed to manage the relationship between humanitarian actors and military forces during the humanitarian emergency phase of conflict, be applied to manage the relationship between all civilian actors and UN military units during peacebuilding? This research from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) suggests that UN CIMIC actions can make a positive contribution to the overall peacebuilding process if the military components' resources, energy and goodwill can be positively channelled in support of the overall mission objectives.

Author: Cedric de Coning Source: de Coning, C., 2005, 'Civil-Military Coordination and UN Peacebuilding Operations', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.89-118 Size: 29 pages (913KB)
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Without strong and self-sustaining Afghan army and police forces, and concurrent progress in other security sector reform areas, Afghanistan could again become a haven for terrorists. This report, published by the United States (US) Government Accountability Office, reviews efforts to strengthen Afghanistan's army and police and the challenges of establishing long-term sustainability. In addition to current funding and training, the US should develop detailed plans, including clearly defined objectives, for completing and sustaining the Afghan army and police forces.

Author: United States Government Accountability Office Source: United States Government Accountability Office, 2005, 'Afghanistan Security: Efforts to Establish Army and Police Have Made Progress, but Future Plans Need to Be Better Defined', GAO-05-575, United States Government Accountability Office Size: 53 pages (2.96)
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What are the reasons behind the problem of policing in Sri Lanka? How was the current policing situation made this possible? This Asian Human Rights Commission report offers an analysis of the nature and extent of the police's flaws and weaknesses. It sets the context of the current policing system and how it has reached its current condition. The report concludes with key solutions to an illness which is deemed curable - the inefficiency and corruption of the police system.

Author: Basil Fernando (ed.) | Shyamali Puvimanasinghe (ed.) Source: Fernando B. (ed.), Puvimanasinghe S. (ed.), 2005, 'An X-ray of the Sri Lankan policing system & torture of the poor', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 325 pages (952KB)
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How can the problem of poor governance of security sectors in Southeast Asia be remedied? What role can external actors play in security sector reform in the region? This article from The Journal of Security Sector Management looks at security sector governance and practices in Asia, with a focus on Southeast Asia. It argues that the plurality and diversity of Asia provides opportunities as well as challenges. External actors should seek to identify the sectors of domestic society that can build partnerships to improve security sector governance.

Author: Carolina G. Hernandez Source: Hernandez C.G., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance and Practices in Asia', Journal of Security Sector Management, Cheltenham, UK, Asian Special Issue, March Size: 8 pages (132 kB)
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Providing security and reconstructing internal security institutions is a key component of nation-building operations. This study, by the RAND Corporation, asks how successful have U.S. and allied efforts been in reconstructing internal security institutions, and what are the most important lessons for current and future operations? The authors examine data from efforts to reconstruct internal security in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. They then compare the results with data from six other cases in which the United States has helped reconstruct security institutions during nation-building missions. These are Panama, El Salvador, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and East Timor.

Author: Seth G. Jones | Jeremy M. Wilson Source: Jones S.G., Wilson J.M., Rathmell A., Riley K.J., 2005, 'Establishing Law and Order After Conflict', RAND Corporation, London Size: 293 pages (1.4 MB)
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What are the best ways to promote security sector governance in Africa? What are the roles of government, the military and civil society in the process? This paper comes from a workshop with the theme Security Sector Governance. It was held in Ghana and organised by Africa Dialogue and Security Research (ASDR) and Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). The workshop included presentations by practitioners and academics and case studies from African countries and other regions in transition to democracy for example Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Author: Anicia Lala | Riefqi Muna Source: Lalá, A. and Muna, R., 2004, Workshop on Security Sector Governance in Africa', in Elmina, Ghana, 24-26 November 2003, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform Paper 33 Size: pages ()
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In the wake of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, two key questions have confronted the Americans and Iraqis who now hold power. How can Iraq be stabilised? How can it be liberalised economically, politically and socially? This report by United States Institute of Peace suggests that although the requirements of stabilisation have so far overshadowed progress toward liberalisation, significant steps have been taken in transitioning from totalitarianism to free market democracy. Much more, however, remains to be accomplished.

Author: Faleh A. Jabar Source: Jabar, F., 2004, 'Postconflict Iraq : A Race for Stability, Reconstruction and Legitimacy', United States Institute for Peace Special Report No. 120 Size: 20 pages (210kB)
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Police services that enjoy community support and improve security can have a positive impact on development. In this way, police reform has become a key element of conflict management. Drawing on a two-day workshop organised by the International Peace Academy and Saferworld, this report proposes an implementation framework for community-based policing. It emphasises the importance of a clear philosophy, a carefully thought-out plan and a well-managed process to achieve it.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Groenewald, H. and Peake, G., 2004, Police Reform Through Community-Based Policing: Philosophy and Guidelines for Implementation, International Peace Academy/Saferworld, New York Size: 27 pages (3.1 MB)
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Police reform is now recognised as an essential part of resolving conflicts and contributing to the sustainability of the peace. The huge task of designing and implementing police reform requires considerable international involvement and support. What lessons can the international community learn from the experience of police reform in Kosovo, Macedonia and Southern Serbia? This report for Saferworld analyses these cases to identify lessons for future programmes in post-conflict situations.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Peake, G., 2004, Policing the Peace: Police Reform Experiences in Kosovo, Southern Serbia and Macedonia, Saferworld, London Size: 46 pages (402 KB)
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After the 1991-2002 war, the international community invested heavily in setting up transitional justice mechanisms in Sierra Leone. However, fundamental issues like national reconciliation, a responsive and non-corrupt police and local access to justice remain elusive. What has gone wrong? This study by the Clingendael Conflict Research Unit (CRU) argues that in order for Sierra Leone to move from ephemeral transitional justice to sustainable rule of law, capacity-building of key domestic institutions needs to be taken more seriously.

Author: Pyt Douma Source: Douma, P. and de Zeeuw, J., 2004, 'From Transitional to Sustainable Justice: Human Rights Assistance to Sierra Leone', Clingendael Conflict Research Unit Policy Brief no. 1, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit Size: 4 pages (175 KB)
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What is the effect of the Conflict Prevention Pools (CPPs) on international efforts to prevent conflict? Did CPP-funded measures mobilise more effective efforts by international partners to tackle the conflicts in Sudan, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan or the former Soviet Union? This study by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) assesses the success of the "Strengthening the United Nations (UN) Strategy" and makes recommendations on how DFID can improve its contribution.

Author: Pierre Robert Source: Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: Strengthening the United Nations Robert, P., 2004, Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: Strengthening the United Nations, Report prepared for the Department for International Development Size: 75 pages (242KB)
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What is the future for states and markets? Will they be developed to protect individuals or in spite of them? This study by the Centre for Ethnic Studies argues that human rights and human security are linked because they challenge the two structures that dominate our lives: states and markets. Using the case of Sri Lanka, the study suggests that we need to think of people, not the state, as the central security concern. We also need to use the human rights discourse to mitigate the threat of uncontrolled markets to human security.

Author: Sunil Bastian Source: Bastian, S., 2004, 'Human Rights and Human Security: an Emancipatory Political Project', Conflict, Security & Development, vol.4, issue 3. Size: 7 pages ()
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How have conflict management strategies integrated interventions in the security and development sectors? How might security and development institutions manage intra-state conflicts more effectively? This report from the International Peace Academy Conference identifies good governance, security sector reform (SSR) and the rule of law as the key objectives for effective peacebuilding. It argues that international actors should extend cross-sectoral programme design, engagement of local actors, inter-agency coordination and assessments of the links between security and development in their peacebuilding efforts.

Author: Agnes Hurwitz | Gordon Peake Source: Hurwitz, A., and Peake, G., 2004, 'Strengthening the Security-Development Nexus: Assessing International Policy and Practice Since the 1990s', International Peace Academy Conference Report, New York Size: 36 pages (4.21 MB)
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What general guidelines can be applied to conducting post-conflict needs assessments (PCNAs)? This paper from the German Agency for Technical Cooperation explores the main objectives and procedures of PCNAs from the perspective of international and multilateral agencies. It argues that the implementation of PCNAs should aim for broad consensus among local and international stake-holders, alignment with peacebuilding and development operations, and a political commitment to capacity-building and project evaluation.

Author: Uwe Kievelitz Source: Kievelitz, U., 2004, 'Needs Assessment in Post Conflict Situations - Recommendations for Decision-makers from International Agencies and Concerned Governments', GTZ, Berlin Size: 19 pages (241 kB)
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How can performance indicators (PI) contribute to the management of Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) control programmes? This paper from the South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the concept of PI, their applicability to SALW control programmes and the impact they can have on their successful management. While quantitative PI should not be the only measure of programme performance, they do provide important indicators of success or failure.

Author: Adrian Wilkinson Source: SEESAC, 2004, 'Performance Indicators for the Monitoring and Evaluation of SALW Control Programmes Discussion Paper', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 29 pages (1.1MB)
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International assistance operations still neglect the needs of women and girls in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes. This handbook by Sarah Douglas, Vanessa Farr, Felicity Hill and Wenny Kasuma presents lessons learned and case studies to improve the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on women, peace and security, particularly its call to make DDR processes more inclusive of women. The handbook includes some suggestions for how to develop standard operating procedures on gender and DDR. Intended for DDR practitioners, it recommends integrating women's needs and perspectives into all phases of DDR.

Author: Sarah Douglas | Vanessa Farr Source: Douglas,S., Farr,V., Hill,F. and Kasuma,W., 2004, 'Getting it Right, Doing it Right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration', UNIFEM, New York, USA Size: 2 pages (29.5kB)
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There are a number of areas today where development policy needs to address the wider issue of Security Sector Reform (SSR). This article, written by Herbert Wulf, for the Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series considers the concept of SSR and how best it can be used to further development goals. It argues that support for civilian governments, elected parliaments, competent civil servants and monitors will generally advance SSR in a more sustainable manner than military or police assistance. Furthermore, by involving civil society, SSR will be better able to create an open, democratic security culture.

Author: Prof. Dr. Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf,H., 2004, 'Security-Sector Reform in Developing and Transitional Countries', Berghof Handbook Series, The Berghof Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, Germany. Size: 20 pages (336KB)
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The brisk business of private military firms (PMFs) currently operating in Iraq is not only significant to the defence community, but has wider ramifications for global politics and warfare. This paper by Peter W Singer analyses the private military industry, its origins and current role in Iraq, and suggests policy responses for an industry that appears to be here to stay. Advantages and disadvantages of PMFs must be weighed from the perspectives of both public policy and smart business sense.

Author: Peter W Singer Source: Singer,P., 2004, 'The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What have we learned and where to next?', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 2 pages (28.0 kB)
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Growing attention is being paid to private military companies (PMCs) that began operating in Iraq in the aftermath of the US-led invasion in 2003. This report by David Isenberg assesses PMCs in Iraq, analyses issues of concern and recommends improved regulatory oversight both in the US and internationally. The biggest obstacle to increased regulation of PMCs is a lack of political will.

Author: David Isenberg Source: Isenberg,D., 2004, 'A Fistful of Contractors: The Case for a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq', Research Report 2004.4, British American Security Information Council, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Efforts to build sustainable peace require the participation of women in peace building at all levels of society. This toolkit, authored by International Alert and Women Waging Peace, is a comprehensive resource of conceptual, policy and practical information, and guidance for women peace builders and practitioners. Placing women at the centre of local, national and international peace building efforts will improve progress towards enduring peace.

Author: International Alert | The Initiative for Inclusive Security (formerly Women Waging Peace) Source: International Alert & Women Waging Peace, 2004, 'Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action', International Alert, London Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents the lessons learned from participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) of weapon collection programmes in Mali. It finds that use of participatory procedures, processes and policies give confidence to communities and can lead to greater ease in retrieving illegally held weapons.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2004, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Mali: Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/16, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 175 pages ()
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Will the mainstreaming of gender in the UN Security Council lead to widespread political transformation? This paper by the Boston Consortium on Gender Security and Human Rights charts the genesis and diffusion of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (1325). It argues that although 1325 has let women into decision-making positions, the global war system has been left intact. Nevertheless, 1325 has the potential to ameliorate the lives of women who are already suffering the effects of war.

Author: Carol Cohn Source: Cohn, C. (2004). 'Mainstreaming Gender in UN Security Policy: A Path to Political Transformation?', Boston Consortium on Gender, Security and Human Rights, Working Paper No. 204 Size: 21 pages (80KB)
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In 2002 the Foreign Office (FCO), Department for International Development (DFID) and Ministry of Defence (MOD) approved a security sector reform (SSR) strategy within the Global Conflict Prevention Pool (GCPP). How effective has the SSR strategy been in terms of preventing and containing violent conflict? What effect has it had on interdepartmental cooperation, the efficiency of SSR efforts and the development of SSR within the international community? This report from DFID assesses the effectiveness of the SSR strategy with regard to preventing conflict and pursuing an efficient and joined-up approach to SSR.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2004. 'Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: The Security Sector Reform Strategy', Report prepared for the Department for International Development by Bradford University, Channel Research Ltd, PARC & Associated Consultants Size: 67 pages (234 kB)
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What measures have states in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa agreed to take to counter small arms and light weapons proliferation? In this protocol, States Parties agree to control and regulate the transfer, possession, storage, disposal and destruction of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to adopt legislative measures, facilitate information exchange and improve operational capacity to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons.

Author: Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: 'Nairobi Protocol on the Problem of the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons In the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Agreement signed by the representatives of the states of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, 21st April 2004. Size: 14 pages (35 kB)
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What can we learn from the experience of military reform in Baltic States? This publication contains reports of the Baltic States defence agencies' experts presented during a conference held in 2003. The aim of the meeting was to take an inventory of the experience that has been accumulated during the 12 years that independent armed forces and defence ministries have existed in the Baltic States. An acceptable level of stability and maturity has been reached in the Baltic region.

Author: Yury Korobovsky | Jason Powers Source: Korobovsky, Y. and Powers, J. (Eds.) (2004). 'Defence Reform in the Baltic States: 12 Years of Experience', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / Latvian Ministry of Defence Size: 60 pages (499kb)
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Although security sector reform (SSR) is an evolving and contested concept, and lessons learned are relatively scarce, it now shapes international development assistance programmes, security cooperation and democracy promotion. This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses SSR in various global regions and the challenges currently facing reform and reconstruction. The most important requirements for SSR and reconstruction are to ensure immediate basic individual security while implementing comprehensive, multi-dimensional, long-term peacebuilding activities.

Author: Alan Bryden | Heiner Hänggi Source: Bryden, A. and Hänggi, H. (Eds.) (2004). 'Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector', Yearbook 2, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), LIT Verlag. Size: 286 pages (1.34 MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) poses profound challenges to the Southern Caucasus (SC). This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence, the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Partnership for Peace Consortium, analyses obstacles to SSR in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. A lack of local engagement in both democratic principles and SSR contributes to doubts about the SC's commitment to building stable, democratic societies.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Gustav E. Gustenau Source: Ebnöther, A.H. and Gustenau, G.E. (Eds.) (2004) 'Security Sector Governance in Southern Caucasus: Challenges and Visions', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 209 pages (1.01 MB)
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What is the Africa Conflict Prevention Pool (ACPP)? How does it work? This report from the United Kingdom Government's Department for International Development (DFID) explains that the purpose of the ACPP is to draw together the work of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and DFID. Before the formation of ACCP, these departments acted in areas of conflict prevention independently, according to their specific expertise. The effect of working together has been to maximise the impact of UK supported interventions in Africa.

Author: Department for International Development (DfID) Source: DFID, 2004, 'The Africa Conflict Prevention Pool - An Information Document: A Joint UK Government Approach to Preventing and Reducing Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa', DFID, UK Government, UK Size: 40 pages (763KB)
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What challenges and difficulties have coalition forces faced in the attempt to create security forces capable of enforcing order in Iraq? This article from the Middle East Review of International Affairs examines the emergence of the various security forces created by the US-led coalition since 2003. It argues that flaws in the recruitment, training and equipping of Iraqi security forces render them unprepared to contribute measurably to the country's security.

Author: | Barak A. Salmoni Source: Salmoni, Barak A, 2004. 'Iraq's Unready Security Forces: An Interim Assessment', Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 8, no.3, pp 11-28. Size: 18 pages (90 kB)
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What unique challenges does the security situation in Iraq pose for reform efforts? This chapter from Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector outlines the strategy for reform in Iraq during the 2004 transition to interim sovereign government. It argues that security sector reform in Iraq is uniquely challenging, since it faces conditions of daily violence and determined campaigns to undermine security.

Author: Walter B. Slocombe Source: locombe, WB., 2004, 'Iraq's Special Challenge: Security Sector Reform 'Under Fire'. in Alan Bryden and Heiner Hänggi, Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector. Münster, LIT Verlag, pp. 231-255. Size: 26 pages (93 kB)
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Are the Conflict Prevention Pools (CPPs) a useful mechanism for directing the UK's efforts at preventing violent conflict? This analysis, published by Bradford University, Channel Research Ltd and PARC & Associated Consultants, argues that CPPs are indeed meeting some of their aims and should be continued. Taking Sierra Leone as a case study, this evaluation assesses current government approaches to conflict prevention through the CPPs. The mechanism has served its purpose best as a focal point for cooperation and coordination between key UK stakeholders.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Austin, G. and Oliver, K., 2004, Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: Sierra Leone, Report prepared for the Department for International Development, London Size: 51 pages (180 kB)
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Conflicts that appear to be self-reinforcing in the short-term can in the long-term produce conditions out of which new political orders emerge. This paper, published by Conflict, Security & Development, uses Somalia to illustrate the dramatic changes that can occur in patterns of armed conflict, criminality and governance in a collapsed state. Among other factors, shifting interests in the business community have helped Somali communities adapt to state collapse, manage risk and provide a more predictable economic environment.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkhaus, K., 2004, 'Vicious circles and the security development nexus in Somalia', Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.149-165 Size: 19 pages ()
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Massive human rights violations continue in Eritrea, with thousands of government critics and political opponents detained for several years in secret without charges or trial. This Amnesty International report describes the country's political context of impunity, updates information about arbitrary detention, and reports new evidence of torture and persecution. The international community must press for an inquiry into human rights violations in Eritrea and assist the country in strengthening administration of justice.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2004, 'Eritrea: 'You have no right to ask' - Government resists scrutiny on human rights', Amnesty International Size: 51 pages (326.98)
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The Government of Ethiopia is heavily dependent on international donors, without whom it cannot undertake development programmes, feed its population or even run its administrative machinery. This report, published by the Netherlands Institute of International Relations, analyses trends in international assistance to Ethiopia, including the delivery of humanitarian aid and support to elections and the media. Compared to its funding of humanitarian aid and relief, donor assistance to the democratisation process in Ethiopia has been relatively limited.

Author: Dessalegn Rahmato | Meheret Ayenew Source: Rahmato, D. and Ayenew, M., 2004, Democracy Assistance to Post-Conflict Ethiopia Building Local Institutions?, Conflict Research Unit Working Paper 27, The Hague, Clingendael Institute Size: 105 pages (461 KB)
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Why are some societies more exposed to terrorism than others? What are the common theories and hypotheses concerning the causes of terrorism? Published by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, this paper surveys theories on the causes of terrorism, as well as those for explaining terrorism on an international or world system level of analysis.

Author: Brynjar Lia | Katja Skjølberg Source: Lia, B. and Skjølberg, K., 2004, 'Causes of Terrorism: An Expanded and Updated Review of the Literature', FFI/RAPPORT-2004/04307, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller Size: 84 pages (1.77mb)
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It is widely recognised that illicit exploitation of natural resources and the criminalisation of economic life play a significant role in conflicts. But there is less understanding of how these factors create distinctive obstacles for designing peace processes and building peace. This report synthesises the main themes from an International Peace Academy conference on the challenges war economies pose to peace.

Author: Heiko Nitzschke Source: Nitzschke, H., 2003, 27-29 October, Transforming War Economies: Challenges for Peacemaking and Peacebuilding, Report of the 725th Wilton Park Conference in Association with the International Peace Academy, Wiston House, Steyning. Size: pages ()
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