Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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Since the beginning of the Transition Period in 2003, international partners have invested considerable resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)'s justice, police and defence sectors under the banner of Security Sector Reform (SSR). Nonetheless the consensus is that progress in SSR has been limited.

Author: Boshoff et. al. Source: Boshoff, H., Hendrickson, D., More, S., and Vircoulon, T., 2010, 'Supporting SSR in the DRC: Between a Rock and a Hard Place - An Analysis of the Donor Approach to Supporting Security Sector Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 46 pages (218 kB)
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How can civil society and the media help build integrity and reduce the risk of corruption in the defence and security sectors? This chapter argues that civil society and the media can play a key oversight role in the defence sector and build public support for more accountable democratic governance. Efforts are needed to promote an enabling environment for civil society and the media. Initiatives should include ongoing dialogue to foster cooperation and trust between the government, civil society (broadly defined) and the media.

Author: Ian Davis Source: Davis, I., 2010, 'The Role of Civil Society and the Media', in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280 Size: 20 pages (1.95 MB)
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How can governments and international actors develop effective border controls to implement the 2001 UN SALW Programme of Action and other agreements? Efforts to prevent the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their trafficking across borders must be undertaken within a comprehensive framework which recognises: the breadth and complexity of SALW proliferation and misuse; the wide range of measures that need to be combined to achieve effective controls; and the need to involve and secure the support of all stakeholders, including those affected by SALW-related violence. The most effective approaches are those undertaken co-operatively among neighbouring states.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E., 2010, 'Preventing Diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Border Management under the UN Programme of Action', Biting the Bullet Report, Saferworld and the University of Bradford Size: 28 pages (1.04 MB)
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Failure to address the civil war's root causes and to dismantle clandestine security apparatus has weakened Guatemala's institutions and facilitated skyrocketing violent crime. The UN-sanctioned International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) has made some progress in addressing high-level corruption, but in June 2010 its director resigned, saying the government had not kept its promise to support CICIG's work and reform the justice system. The President needs to consolidate recent gains with institutional reform, anti-corruption measures, vetting mechanisms and a more inclusive political approach, including to indigenous peoples. Reform of the police and military as well as the corrections and justice systems are among the priorities.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Guatemala: Squeezed between Crime and Impunity', Latin America Report No. 33, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 31 pages (2.3 MB)
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More than two years after declaring independence, Kosovo struggles with uneven rule of law and a weak justice system that is failing its citizens. This report surveys Kosovo's domestic legal system and recommends national and international actions to address systemic weaknesses. Above all, Kosovo's President, government and Assembly must fully support efforts to curb high-level corruption and adopt key framework laws for the judicial system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'The Rule of Law in Independent Kosovo', International Crisis Group, Europe Report No. 204, Washington, D.C. Size: 33 pages (1 MB)
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What is the most promising way forward for security and stabilisation processes in Somalia? This article points to the convergence of Somali-led experiences of security management and emerging international best practice as a fruitful approach. Peace processes must include negotiations on credible security mechanisms if they are to be effective. The development of credible security mechanisms requires careful sequencing of security transitions through negotiation, mediation and consensus building.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill, J., 2010, 'Security and Stabilization in Somalia: Learning from Local Approaches', in Somali Peace Processes, Accord Issue 21, pp27-29 Size: 3 pages (3 MB)
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Why are the outcomes of small arms control initiatives in Africa not more successful? How can they be improved? Arms availability is usually understood in terms of the supply-side. However, interventions focusing on regulation and containment have achieved fewer dividends than expected. A broader concept of arms availability is required, which accounts for both supply and demand dimensions - including factors shaping acquisition and the ways in which arms are used. Promising 'second generation' approaches involve more sophisticated diagnosis of the problems, data-driven responses, bottom-up engagement and activities targeting key risk factors.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah, R., 2010, 'Rethinking small arms control in Africa: it is time to set an armed violence reduction agenda', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 217-238 Size: 22 pages ()
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What are citizens' perceptions of the security sector in Bangladesh? What are the lessons for security sector reform? This paper reports results of a public perceptions survey on the police, army, the Rapid Action Battalion, defence parties and border guards. While citizens of Bangladesh feel safer today and crime has declined slightly, a large number of challenges remain that all security providers must address. The Bangladesh police and criminal justice system are in most need of reform; greater links between formal and informal security and justice mechanisms would improve security provision.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Security Provision in Bangladesh: A Public Perceptions Survey', Saferworld, London Size: 18 pages (210 KB)
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What has been the impact in South Africa of the 'new security'? This article argues that the security-is-development thesis affects the functions of security agencies and is used to legitimate anti-democratic behaviour. In South Africa, a broad and deep vision of security promoted by inexperienced policymakers has contributed to the involvement of intelligence agents in domestic (often partisan) matters. An intellectual construct intended to critique state behaviour has thus become a tool of state power. Ultimately, all regime types define security in a self-interested, often anti-democratic way. A wide mandate in the hands of the state contains anti-democratic potential at least equal to that of a narrow understanding of security.

Author: Annette Seegers Source: Seegers, A., 2010, 'The New Security in Democratic South Africa: A Cautionary Tale', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 10, no. 2, pp 263-285 Size: 23 pages (200 kB)
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How can corruption in security sector reform (SSR) be addressed? This Brief highlights the highly political and context-specific nature of corruption. Donors must ensure that anti-corruption programmes are consistent with local standards and political will. It is important to coordinate anti-corruption programmes, and to address both low- and high-level corruption simultaneously.

Author: Robert Perito | Madeline Kristoff Source: Perito, R., and Kristoff, M., 2010, 'Fighting Corruption in Security Sector Reform', USIP Peace Brief 32, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), Washington, D.C. Size: 4 pages (316 kB)
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What role does civil society play in security sector governance in Ukraine? This Almanac examines: the development of the National Security and Defence Council; Ukraine's place in the regional and global security structure; public debate on NATO in Ukraine; judicial reforms; the armed forces and law enforcement. Chapter three, summarised here, considers civilian control of defence and law enforcement agencies. Ukranian legislation assigns an important role to civil society organisations in this area. While some of these organisations make useful contributions, their activities sometimes display unwarranted intrusion, conflicting approaches, politicisation and unprofessionalism. Greater influence over personnel policy is needed, and the oversight of intelligence agencies must be addressed.

Author: Merle Maigre | Philipp Fluri Source: Maigre, M., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 234 pages (4.77 MB)
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Have government-backed initiatives supporting informal armed groups improved security in Afghanistan? This report analyses the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police (ANAP), the Afghan Public Protection Programme (AP3), and the Local Defence Initiative (LDI). These entail support to informal armed groups to provide security, particularly in areas where the Taleban is gaining ground. However, lessons from the earlier ANAP programme were not learned, and AP3 and LDI have reproduced its shortcomings.

Author: Mathieu Lefèvre Source: Lefèvre, M., 2010, 'Local Defence in Afghanistan: A Review of Government-backed Initiatives', Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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How can the Colombian government consolidate security gains and improve security policy? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group recommends that the new government should acknowledge that Colombia has still not reached the post-conflict phase and needs to: maintain pressure on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC); develop and implement a comprehensive citizen security strategy; tackle the threat posed by paramilitary successors and new illegal armed groups; and advance military and citizen security policy reform.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Improving Security Policy in Colombia', Latin America Briefing No. 23, International Crisis Group, Bogota/Brussels Size: 16 pages ()
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What could aid effectiveness mean in the context of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? How could existing frameworks and processes best be used to improve SALW assistance? States need to build longer-term and strategic approaches at the international and regional levels, and to take more immediate steps to improve the management, evaluation and measurement of SALW assistance.

Author: Kerry Maze Source: Maze, K., 2010, 'Searching for Aid Effectiveness in Small Arms Assistance', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 86 pages (1.92 MB)
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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How can violence against women and girls (VAW) be addressed more effectively in security and justice (S&J) programmes? This paper outlines how S&J programmes have addressed VAW and provides suggestions for improvement. Engagement with civil society is important; CSOs can help women to articulate their experience and can advocate for institutional and social change. A focus on prevention should complement support to victims of violence.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Addressing Violence Against Women in Security and Justice Programmes: Briefing', Saferworld, London Size: 12 pages (107 KB)
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What will be the core elements of national systems for the control of international transfers of arms under the proposed international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This guide sets out a framework for functional and effective national systems of control. Elements of a national control system must include licensing, enforcement, and external outreach (to industry, international partners, and the public). For each of these elements, consideration must be given to legal requirements, institutions and procedures, training, and proof of implementation.

Author: Oxfam Source: Oxfam, 2010, 'National Implementation of the Proposed Arms Trade Treaty: A Practical Guide', Oxfam GB, Oxford Size: 28 pages (385 kB)
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This report finds that the service improvements arising from SSR processes in Sierra Leone are threatened by questionable long-term affordability. Further, rebuilding the SLP with a mandate to provide internal security was an explicit state-building exercise. The case of Sierra Leone highlights the focus of international SSR interventions on state institutions, even in the absence of a state's monopoly over the means of violence. Sierra Leone exemplifies the difficulty - and importance - of engaging traditional security providers in broader justice reform, and of balancing what is necessary with what is sustainable.

Author: Peter Alexander Albrecht Source: Albrecht, P. A., 2010, 'Transforming Internal Security in Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone Police and Broader Justice Sector Reform', DIIS Report 2010:07, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen Size: 84 pages (444 kB)
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How does Security Sector Reform (SSR) affect children? What are the roles of children and youth in supporting improved security and post conflict peace building? This paper analyses these questions from the perspectives of rights obligations, protecting social capital, demographics, and breaking the cycle of violence. Children and youth - the two groups especially affected by armed conflict - rarely receive consideration in SSR and Transitional Justice programmes. These programmes need to be more relevant to the concerns for young people if hard-won peace is to be durable. Focusing on the governance aspects of public security places children firmly on the justice and security agenda.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D., 2010, 'Children and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Peace-Building', Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-9, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence Size: 30 pages (451 kB)
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How do police training programmes support or undermine post-conflict reconstruction? This article analyses the importance of democratic policing to rebuilding the state after conflict. International policing and police training missions in post-conflict and fragile states have been fragmented, ad hoc, and rarely focused on the principles of democratic policing. When a new regime emerges after war or replaces authoritarianism it is essential that the training, mindset and methods of the police undergo fundamental change. Instilling an ethos of democratic policing requires training programmes and reform that builds professional competence, accountability, and a public service ethic.

Author: Michael D. Wiatrowski | Jack A. Goldstone Source: Wiatrowski M. D. and Goldstone J. A., 2010, 'The Ballot and the Badge: Democratic Policing', Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, pp79-92 Size: 13 pages (600 kB)
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Is the government of Sudan abiding by its human rights commitments under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2005 and other regional and international agreements? This report catalogues a plethora of human rights abuses in Sudan. Without substantive changes in Sudan's national security laws and practices, the human rights situation will not improve. The government must repeal the repressive National Security Act 2010, ensure legislative and institutional reform of the National Intelligence and Security Services to bring its operations into line with international human rights standards, and establish judicial oversight.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2010, 'Agents of Fear: The National Security Service in Sudan', Amnesty International, London Size: 68 pages (639 kB)
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What is the status of security sector reform in Liberia five years after the end of the conflict? This report from the International Crisis Group assesses current progress and finds programmes long on ambition but short on results. While army reform has made significant strides since the end of the war, police reform and efforts in other areas have proved far less successful. The report warns that unless Liberia is quickly made more secure and stable, the efforts and investment made so far may prove to be in vain.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Liberia: Uneven Progress in Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Brussels Size: 45 pages (2.3 MB)
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How can links between security and development enhance policies, processes and institutions in developing countries? This paper from the World Bank South Asia Region argues that understanding security risks and designing risk mitigation strategies are crucial to better development outcomes. With appropriate adjustments, traditional economic principles can be applied to the security sector. These include tools relating to public finance management, service delivery and governance.

Author: William Byrd | Stéphane Guimbert Source: Byrd W., Guimbert S., 2009, 'Public Finance, Security, and Development: A Framework and an Application to Afghanistan', Policy Research Working Paper 4806, The World Bank Size: 43 pages (369kB)
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How has the political crisis contributed to the humanitarian crisis in Zimbabwe? How should the African Union (AU) and the international community respond to these crises? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the humanitarian crisis in Zimbabwe. It argues that this crisis is a direct consequence of the Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front's (ZANU-PF) abusive rule. The AU should acknowledge the scale of the crisis, put human rights at the top of the agenda and hold human rights abusers to account.

Author: Human Rights Watch | Tiseke Kasambala Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Crisis without Limits - Human Rights and Humanitarian Consequences of Political Repression in Zimbabwe', Human Rights Watch Size: 36 pages (181 kB)
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What has been the impact of the current economic and financial crisis on countries such as the Maldives? This article is a transcript of a speech by Dr Ahmed Kahleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations, to the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development, held on 24 - 26 June 2009. He argues that the Maldives needs urgent assistance from the international community to stabilise the situation and jump-start the country's economy.

Author: Ahmed Khaleel Source: Khaleel A., 2009, 'Statement by His Excellency Mr. Ahmed Khaleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations at the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its impact on development' Size: 4 pages (104 kB)
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A number of countries that have moved away from outright authoritarianism have transformed not into democracies but into regimes combining democratic and non-democratic characteristics. What impact do political culture and levels of political participation have on the stability of these hybrid regimes? This article from the International Political Science Review examines the cases of Tanzania, Russia and Venezuela and develops a framework for analysing hybrid regimes. It finds that hybrid regimes' stability is related to incumbents' ability to circumvent the opposition and a lack of interplay between citizens and opposition parties.

Author: Joakim Ekman Source: Ekman J., 2009, 'Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes', International Political Science Review, Volume 30, Number 1, pp. 7-31 Size: 25 pages ()
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How can armed violence be reduced in post-conflict situations? Are disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and small arms control programmes the most effective approach? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that the effectiveness of DDR and small arms control programmes is unproven. Reducing armed violence in the aftermath of conflict requires a broader approach, which responds to the heterogeneous character of such violence.

Author: Robert Muggah | Keith Krause Source: Muggah R., Krause K., 2009, 'Closing the Gap Between Peace Operations and Post-Conflict Insecurity:Towards a Violence Reduction Agenda', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 136-150 Size: 16 pages ()
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What have been the effects of counter-narcotics policies in Afghanistan since 2001? Have eradication campaigns been successful? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that aggressive opium poppy eradication programmes have been premature and counterproductive. They have not increased stability or undermined the counter-insurgency. The most important role peacekeeping forces can play is providing security.

Author: Vanda Felbab-Brown Source: Felbab-Brown, V., 2009, 'Peacekeepers Among Poppies: Afghanistan, Illicit Economies and Intervention', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 100-114 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the links between illicit commerce and political relationships in West Africa? How can a contexualised understanding of social relationships improve approaches to post-conflict statebuilding? This article from International Peacekeeping critiques the automatic criminalisation of armed networks, some of which have strong societal roots. It argues for a more nuanced understanding of the connection between illicit economic activities and violent conflict and a more pragmatic approach to post-conflict statebuilding. A strategy that selectively incorporates some networks, and targets the more predatory, is likely to be most effective.

Author: William Reno Source: Reno, W., 2009, 'Understanding Criminality in West African Conflicts', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 47-61 Size: 15 pages ()
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What effect has a legacy of impunity for human rights violations had on the security sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How can the EU incorporate justice-sensitive reform initiatives within security system reform (SSR) programmes? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding examines the need for justice-sensitive SSR in the DRC. It argues that strengthening accountability and integrity in the security system is a priority for SSR which has yet to be addressed in the DRC.

Author: Laura Davis Source: Davis L., 2009, 'Justice-Sensitive Security System Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', International Center for Transitional Justice, Initiative for Peacebuilding, International Alert Size: 36 pages (361 kB)
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What should be the primary, explicit aim of security sector reform (SSR) efforts - democracy or development? What role should the concept of the 'social contract' play in SSR? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management examines the evolution of SSR and the roles of development and democratisation in that concept. It argues that there is a tension between traditional development paradigms and democratisation that is unresolved within the present SSR discourse. To resolve this tension, the SSR discourse should explicitly acknowledge democracy as the overarching objective of SSR.

Author: Mark Knight Source: Knight M., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform, Democracy & the Social Contract: from implicit to explicit', Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol.7., No.1. Size: 20 pages (310 kB)
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What are the priorities in terms of security in Nepal? What contribution can the European Union (EU) make towards building and maintaining peace in the country? This briefing from International Alert examines security sector reform (SSR) and public security in Nepal. It argues that there is an urgent need to address security provision and the security sector as part of Nepal's ongoing peace process.

Author: Charlotte Watson | Rebecca Crozier Source: Watson C., Crozier R., 2009, 'Security for Whom? SSR and Public Security in Nepal', International Alert Size: 28 pages (349 kB)
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How have peace negotiations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) addressed issues of accountability? What impact have justice initiatives had following the conclusion of each agreement? This report from the International Center for Transitional Justice examines peace negotiations in the DRC since 1999, focusing on justice and accountability. It argues that while significant efforts have been made to advance accountability in negotiations, peacemaking in the DRC has resulted in very limited justice.

Author: Laura Davis | Priscilla Hayner Source: Davis L., Hayner P., 2009, 'Difficult Peace, Limited Justice: Ten Years of Peacemaking in the DRC', International Center for Transitional Justice Size: 44 pages (235 kB)
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What hinders effective policing and the pursuit of terrorist and militant organisations in Pakistan? What lessons can be learned from successful Pakistani police operations? This policy paper from the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding looks at the need for police reform in Pakistan. It calls for greater international support for police reform in order to enhance Pakistan's law enforcement and counterinsurgency capacities and improve the security environment.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Police & Law Enforcement Reform in Pakistan: Crucial for Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Success', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding Size: 28 pages (3.4 MB)
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A consensus among domestic security sector reform (SSR) actors in Haiti that the reform agenda is imposed from outside has led to limited local ownership of the process. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, reviews the current status of reform of Haiti's judiciary, police and penal systems. Until the suspicion of reform measures imposed by outsiders can be reversed and genuine political will for reform nurtured, SSR policy makers will be hard-pressed to succeed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M. (ed.), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Haiti', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Size: 12 pages (1.55 MB)
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Integrated, comprehensive and inclusive armed violence reduction (AVR) programmes are an emerging and growing area of development practice around the world. This paper, published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, discusses the components of a multi-level AVR approach. Adopting integrated AVR programmes requires understanding of the multi-faceted, multi-level nature of armed violence, application of rigorous diagnostics of local situations and incorporation of local ownership at all levels of programme design and implementation.

Author: OECD-DAC Source: OECD-DAC, 2009, 'Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), Paris Size: 140 pages (1.7 MB)
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Wars, particularly civil wars, are increasingly focused on cities. How can they best be tackled? This study from Columbia University reviews the history of city politics in Kabul and the processes of governance that occur at different levels. Multi-layered conflicts in capital cities can concentrate political attention and overload urban development and governance agendas. It should be understood that, in post-war capital cities, conflicts at the fault lines of local, national and international institutions shape political and economic agendas for the city.

Author: Daniel Esser Source: Esser D., 2009, Who Governs Kabul? Explaining Urban Politics in a Post-War Capital City', Crisis States Research Centre, London Size: 30 pages (784)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is most often used as a platform for reform in fragile and post-conflict states and in countries transitioning from communism or authoritarian rule. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews security sector and governance definitions, issues, approaches and actors. There is an emerging consensus that governance is an essential SSR component and that linkages among different actors be considered in order to achieve successful SSR.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Governance and Reform', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.52 MB)
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Post-conflict environments can attract huge numbers of external actors that create management and coordination problems and often apply short-term approaches that can lead to resumption of conflict. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. SSR success can be assessed by measuring the reduction of violence, economic growth, improved security professionalism and the degree of local ownership.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Peacebuilding', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.50 MB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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Why does children's security matter? How can civil society, security providers, democratic institutions and the international community effectively engage children and youth on security issues? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the links between children, youth and security. It argues that the concerns of children and youth are often overlooked on the security agenda. However, children and youth can have a positive contribution to make in addressing security concerns.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy D., 2009, 'Seen, but Not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 336 pages (1.76 MB)
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Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators provides guidance on grappling with justice issues in peace negotiations. Co-published with the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, the report seeks to provide peace process actors with basic facts of law, guidance on amnesties and international criminal justice, as well as lessons for incorporating approaches to accountability. The report is written by Priscilla Hayner, cofounder of ICTJ and Director of ICTJ's Geneva office and Peace and Justice Program.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner P., 2009, 'Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators', The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 24 pages (242 kB)
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How is reconciliation understood? What is its role in peacebuilding? This chapter in the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution presents a survey of the study of reconciliation, in particular analysing the Franco-German and South African cases. While not universally applicable models, these examples hold lessons for both the scope and limitations of reconciliation. Reconciliation has too many ambiguities and shortcomings to serve as the key concept in peacemaking and stabilisation.

Author: Valerie Rosoux Source: Rosoux, V., 2009, 'Reconciliation as a Peace-Building Process: Scope and Limits', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 543-560 Size: 19 pages ()
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What is the extent and impact of the sexual violence perpetrated by government troops in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? Why have efforts to stop sexual violence committed by soldiers failed so far? This report from Human Rights Watch looks at sexual violence committed by the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC). It finds that sexual violence by the FARDC continues despite the efforts of the government, the international community and Congolese civil society. The DRC's military justice system is a weak institution and has done little to bring perpetrators of sexual violence to justice.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Human Rights Watch Size: 62 pages (778 kB)
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What is the relationship between security system reform (SSR) and transitional justice? How can the European Union (EU) strengthen its approach to SSR and implementation of SSR programmes in countries with a legacy of massive human rights abuse? This paper from the International Center for Transitional Justice discusses the relationships between transitional justice and SSR. It argues that applying a justice-sensitive approach may enable the EU to strengthen its contribution to peacebuilding through SSR processes.

Author: Laura Davis Source: Davis L., 2009, 'Transitional Justice and Security System Reform', European Initiative for Peacebuilding Size: 20 pages (291 kB)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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Sacrificing justice in the hope of securing peace is often projected as a more realistic route to ending conflict and bringing about stability than holding perpetrators to account. Yet this report draws on Human Rights Watch research to argue that the impact of justice is too often undervalued when weighing objectives in resolving a conflict. While there is no one formula suitable to all situations, a decision to ignore atrocities and to reinforce a culture of impunity may carry a high price.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Selling Justice Short : Why Accountability Matters for Peace', Human Rights Watch Size: 134 pages (767 KB)
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How can European Union (EU) and Member State policymakers improve the impact of their security-related programming? What are the challenges that prevent policy from being implemented and what are the strategies that might ensure success? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding (IfP) focuses on security sector reform (SSR) programmes. It shows that security-building efforts that succeed are grounded in effective national political processes and backed up by robust diplomatic dialogue between donors and recipient states. Security-building programmes fail if they focus on technical responses when the political conditions for progress at the operational level are absent. It finally makes a number of observations and recommendations to enhance the people-centred dimension of SSR and other security-building programmes.

Author: Sebastien Babaud | Robert Parker Source: Babaud S., Giarmana V., Parker R., Rynn S., 2009, 'Responding to people's security needs: Improving the impact of EU programming', Initiative for Peacebuilding, London, United Kingdom Size: 24 pages (340KB)
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Why has the United Nations been sidelined in the Timor-Leste security sector reform (SSR) process despite its mandated role? This study from the Center on International Cooperation examines the evolution of SSR in Timor-Leste, focusing on the role of the UN and its ability to deliver effective and efficient SSR programme support to the national government. The research argues that while there is a still a need for a comprehensive, neutral assessment of the security sector, the UN has lost the credibility necessary for its current Security Sector Review process to fulfill this role.

Author: Yoshino Funaki Source: Funaki Y., 2009, 'The UN and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste: A Widening Credibility Gap', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 15 pages (338KB)
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How have African states responded to proposals to establish common international standards to regulate the legal arms trade? What concerns do they have about an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies discusses the views of African countries on an ATT. It argues that African states have for the most part shown considerable support for an ATT. However, a number of African states have reservations about an ATT, which need to be addressed.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Africa and an arms trade treaty', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria), Pretoria Size: 12 pages (240 kB)
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What progress have the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa made in implementing the Nairobi Protocol on small arms and light weapons (SALW)? What challenges do states in the region face in controlling the flow of SALW? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies examines the control of SALW in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa. It finds that states in the region have made significant efforts towards cooperating to combat the proliferation of SALW. However, measurable concrete implementation of the Nairobi Protocol has yet to take place at the national level.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Arms control in a rough neighbourhood: The case of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria) Size: 16 pages (1.19 MB)
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How can the states of South Asia cooperate more effectively on counterterrorism? What role can the United Nations play in facilitating such cooperation? Focusing on the role of the UN, this paper from the International Peace Institute explores ways to strengthen regional cooperation on counterterrorism in South Asia. It argues that South Asia lacks a meaningful regional framework to facilitate the cooperation necessary to respond to and prevent terrorist acts. The UN, however, is well-placed to stimulate greater regional cooperation.

Author: Eric Rosand | Naureen Chowdhury Fink Source: Rosand E., Fink N.C., Ipe J., 2009, 'Countering Terrorism in South Asia: Strengthening Multilateral Engagement', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 36 pages (546 kB)
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How can the countries of West Africa improve their security environment? This paper from the International Peace Institute looks at West Africa's daunting security challenges. It argues that with the region's weak internal capacities and its peripheral status in the global market, the prognosis appears grim. However, through properly coordinated and calibrated measures aimed at incrementally strengthening democratic institutions, expanding infrastructure and creatively transforming other negative indicators, the security environment could significantly improve in the coming years.

Author: Abdel-Fatau Musah Source: Musah A., 2009, 'West Africa: Governance and Security in a Changing Region', Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 32 pages (1MB)
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While Afghanistan has made progress in statebuilding, economic growth and human development, these positive signs have not stemmed the rising tide of insecurity in the country. This paper, published by The Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), reviews and analyses recent development and trends in Afghanistan's security sector reform (SSR). Despite an infusion of resources and an acceleration of international programming, Afghanistan's increasingly adverse security environment highlights continuing problems of corruption, clientelism and lack of coordiantion among the international donor community.

Author: Mark Sedra (ed) Source: Sedra M. (ed), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Afghanistan', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (1.7 MB)
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How can the British Government increase the effectiveness of conflict related policing missions? This study of conflict related international policing from the British Government's Foreign and Commonwealth Office focuses on the key capacity gaps facing the policing elements of international missions. The study finds that the quality of officers deployed - their ability to effectively carry out their roles - is a key capacity gap.

Author: FCO Source: FCO, 2009, 'Review of Conflict Related International Policing', Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), London, United Kingdom Size: 46 pages (420 kB)
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There is an emerging consensus that United States (US) and international policies are wrong-headed and ineffective in delivering peace, stability and democratic governance to Afghanistan. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is part of a signature research project exploring Afghanistan. The US and partners must adopt a regional approach toAfghanistan's problems and foster the development of an appropriate governance system to replace the current dysfunctional system.

Author: M. Nazif Shahrani Source: Shahrani M.N., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Alternatives for Peace, Governance and Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens & Rulers to Civil Servants', The Afghanistan Papers, No. 2, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 18 pages (657 kB)
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What options are available to the Afghan judiciary for improving its use of information and for organisational development? This United States Agency for International Development (USAID) report reviews information management planning and associated organisational development activities within the Afghanistan judiciary. It finds that the Afghan judiciary is affected by severe resource constraints. It must implement a number of change programme activities and processes - focusing on areas such as public trust and confidence - to overcome these challenges.

Author: Barry Walsh Source: Walsh B., 2009, 'An Information Management and Organizational Plan for the Judiciary of Afghanistan', United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Size: 46 pages (238KB)
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What impact have European Union security sector reform policies had in Afghanistan? This paper from the European Union Institute for Security Studies analyses the evolution and impact of EU police and justice sector reform policies in Afghanistan. It argues that while the particular Afghan context poses considerable challenges for SSR, the fragmentation of both international and European efforts has also complicated matters. Only by improving coordination and increasing resources and efforts towards joint strategies will the EU have a positive impact on SSR in Afghanistan.

Author: Eva Gross Source: Gross E., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The EU's Contribution', European Union Institute for Security Studies (Paris) Size: 52 pages (665 kB)
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What is the security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan? What strategy should the US and its allies adopt in these countries and how will they know if it is succeeding? This paper from the Center for a New American Security assesses the situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan, making operational recommendations for the US and its allies. It argues that as of mid-2009, the situation in both countries is dire and getting worse. The US and its allies should adopt an 'ink blot' counterinsurgency strategy, prioritising protection of the population while setting the stage for strengthening state institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Exum | Nathaniel C. Fick Source: Exum A.M., Fick N.C., Humayun A.A., 2009, 'Triage: The Next Twelve Months in Afghanistan and Pakistan', Center for a New American Security Size: 36 pages (1.46 MB)
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Bhutan recently ended direct rule by its king and an elected government has ruled the country for a year. What factors led to the transition, and what has been the effect of democracy on issues such as the economy, human rights and corruption? This book, published by the Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), argues that the king was compelled to transfer power and did not take the decision willingly. It highlights the economic growth the country has undergone but also the lack of improvements in the human rights situation.

Author: I. P. Adhikari (ed.) Source: Adhikari I.P. (ed.), 2009, 'Torrefy of Democratic Value: commenting on budding democracy of Bhutan', Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), Bhutan Size: 101 pages (1.2MB)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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Questions about peace and security remain critical both to national decision-makers and to the lives of ordinary people in Nepal. This report, by Interdisciplinary Analysts and Saferworld, analyses changing public attitudes to community safety and human security in the country. It is the second in a series of surveys that will track public perceptions of security over time. It concludes that most Nepalis still feel safer than before the protests in 2006 that led to the end of the country's long-running civil conflict. Nepalis see security both in terms of crime and violence and also in terms of socio-economic development.

Author: Interdisciplinary Analysts | Saferworld Source: Analysts I., Saferworld S., 2009, 'On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal', Saferworld Size: 66 pages (1.7 MB)
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How does China's military and security relationship with Pakistan effect regional stability? The Heritage Foundation's article explores these issues in her testimony to the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission of 20 May 2009. Until recently, China and Pakistan have cultivated a strong military and security relationship. However, recent events between the two countries mean that US policymakers may find more opportunities to work with China to increase regional stability in South Asia.

Author: Lisa Curtis Source: Curtis L., 2009, 'China's military and security relationship with Pakistan', The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC Size: pages ()
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Entrepreneurship is often thought to be important for economic growth. But what makes people become entrepreneurs? This paper, published in the Journal of Public Economics, focuses on an institution frequently cited by entrepreneurs as a major obstacle to the creation of a business: the judicial system. It uses a reform as a source of variation in judicial speed in order to evaluate judiciaries' impact on entrepreneurship. The study focuses on judicial reform introduced in Pakistan in 2002. It concludes that it had dramatic effects on judicial efficiency and consequently on entrepreneurship.

Author: Matthieu Chemin Source: Chemin M., 2009, 'The impact of the judiciary on entrepreneurship: Evaluation of Pakistan's "Access to Justice Programme"', Journal of Public Economics, Volume 93, Issues 1-2, Size: 12 pages (356 kB)
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Is Pakistan collapsing? Is there any hope to break the dangerous cycle of failure in Pakistan? This Institute for Social Policy and Understanding report analyses the issue as to why Pakistan is ranked as a failing state and what can be done to save it? The report first provides a brief history of Pakistan in order to set the context, followed by a discussion of the current crisis and an outline of signs of hope which may prevent Pakistan from becoming a failing state. The report concludes with recommendations for Pakistani and American policymakers.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Pakistan Can Defy the Odds: How to Rescue a Failing State', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Michigan, USA Size: 38 pages (1,10MB)
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Despite the creation of a Commission of Inquiry of human rights violations in Sri Lanka, why do human rights violations continue to take place and why is justice not achieved? This report by Amnesty International seeks to highlight the issue of impunity in Sri Lanka and the role of the Commission of Inquiry set up to investigate violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The report concludes that in the case of Sri Lanka the Commission of Inquiry did not perform well. The report offers recommendations to the Sri Lankan government as well as to the international civil society in order to bring justice to the victims of human rights violations in Sri Lanka.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Sri Lanka: Twenty years of make-believe - Sri Lanka's Commissions of Inquiry', Amnesty International Size: 74 pages (690KB)
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What role have Sri Lanka's courts and judiciary played in the conflict between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)? How have formal constitutional and statutory rules and the practices of police, judges and government officials undermined the independence of the courts? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the role of Sri Lanka's courts in the country's violent political and ethnic conflicts. It argues that Sri Lanka's judiciary is failing to protect constitutional and human rights.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Sri Lanka's Judiciary: Politicised Courts, Compromised Rights', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. 172. Size: 46 pages (955 kB)
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Sri Lanka is a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination of trafficking of men and women for the purposes of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. This report, published by the United States Department of State, reviews the current Sri Lankan government efforts to comply with standards for the elimination of trafficking. While the country is making efforts to control trafficking, it should commit to vigorous, comprehensive investigation, prosecution and punishment of trafficking offenders.

Author: United States Department of State Source: United States Department of State, 2009, 'Trafficking in Persons Report 2009 - Sri Lanka', United States Department of State Size: 2 pages (36.52kB)
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During their decade-long civil war, Sri Lankan forces and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) appeared to be competing in a contest to demonstrate the greatest disregard for civilians. This Human Rights Watch publication recounts human rights abuses of civilians in the Vanni region perpetrated by both Sri Lankan parties and calls for an end to using civilians for political and military purposes. Sri Lankan forces should immediately begin to adhere to the laws of war regarding civilians, and international parties should seek United Nations' ajudication on Sri Lankan human rights violations.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'War on the Displaced: Sri Lankan Army and LTTE Abuses against Civilians in the Vanni', Human Rights Watch, New York Size: 48 pages (442 kB)
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Why do 'disappearances' and abductions in Sri Lanka remain an unpunished crime? How can these 'disappearances' be stopped and justice be given to the victims? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the situation of disappearances and abductions in Sri Lanka and the lack of justice for the victims and their relatives, and the response of the government. The report concludes that the government has failed to make any effort to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators. Finally, specific recommendations are listed for the government, the LTTE and the donor community as to what they should do to bring justice and end these 'disappearances'.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka', Human Rights Watch, New York, Volume 20, No. 2(C) Size: 241 pages (14.3MB)
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What progress has there been in advancing cooperation in non-traditional security in South East Asia? This East Asian Strategic Review examines recent political and military developments in the region. It finds that while the military junta still prevails in Myanmar, it has recently accepted international aid. The area's regional forum, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is broadening its focus. However, terrorism remains a substantial threat within the region.

Author: National Institute for Defense Studies Source: National Institute for Defense Studies, 2009, 'Southeast Asia - Progress in Cooperation on Non-traditional Security', East Asian Strategic Review, Tokyo: pp. 153-179 Size: 29 pages (126 kB)
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Zimbabwe's new inclusive government, formed in 2008, provides an opportunity to consider provision of fundamental reforms of security and justice services to the people of Zimbabwe. This Institute for Security Studies paper examines Zimbabwe's need for security sector reform (SSR) and recommends measures by which to construct an effective security sector. The will to achieve widespread democratic reform does not currently exist in Zimbabwe; long-term, comprehensive SSR will occur only when it becomes politically necessary.

Author: Cheryl Hendricks | Lauren Hutton Source: Hendricks C., Hutton L., 2009, 'Providing security and justice for the people: Security Sector Reform in Zimbabwe', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): ISS Paper 199 Size: 16 pages (432 kB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) has become dominated by donor approaches and perspectives and the increasing ability of local actors to secure SSR funding for their own ends. This Institute for Security Studies paper analyses SSR within an African context and underscores the need to translate SSR principles into effective reform of security service provision. In order to align SSR with the current exercise of power in Africa, programming should focus on state-centred reform of the military, police, intelligence, paramilitary and non-statutory forces.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton L., 2009, 'A bridge too far? Considering security sector reform in Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): Occasional Paper 186 Size: 12 pages (244 kB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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What is next for the UK having re-committed themselves to the security-justice agenda? What issues must be considered if success is to be achieved? This article suggests what these issues might be and how best they can be approached. The article firstly provides a brief background to the UK's commitment to the security-justice agenda and development, followed by key recommendations: the need for conceptual clarity; revamping the international influence campaign; and professionalising the business.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Security & Justice Development - What Next?', Journal of Security Sector Management, Shrivenham UK Size: 5 pages (90.63KB)
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Despite renewed demands for diplomacy and negotiation, recent developments in many countries call to question the usefulness of dialogue in resolving some of today's conflicts. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses the 2009 Oslo Mediators' Retreat, which explored how mediation and diplomacy can adapt to the ever-changing environment of conflict resolution. Serious debate is needed to establish basic criteria on when it is appropriate to use which conflict resolution tools, including when it is legitimate to use force.

Author: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2009, 'Meeting Report: Oslo Forum 2009 Mediators' Retreat - Reasserting Diplomacy and Mediation in a Fragmented World', 16-18 June 2009, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 40 pages (350 KB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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Where do warlord regimes emerge from, what are their actions and the impact of their existence on politics? What is the general nature of warlord politics? This article offers an initial framework for future theory of warlord politics using a simple game-theoretic approach. Through case-studies and empirical research, clear explanations as to the strategic decision of warlords are offered. These decisions affect their actions and their opportunities to form coalitions.

Author: Gordon Mccormick | Lindsay Fritz Source: Mccormick G., Fritz L., 2009, 'The Logic of Warlord Politics', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 81 - 112 Size: 33 pages ()
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What is an autochthony discourse? Why is this discourse a popular explanation for current global political conflicts? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the use of autochthony discourse is an attractive way to respond to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. It examines why these autochthony discourses are commonly associated with violence. The article firstly investigates the reasons why the current postmodern/postcolonial condition is characterised by an increasing degree of ontological uncertainty. It then follows with an analysis as to why autochthony discourses are often linked to violence.

Author: Kevin Dunn Source: Dunn K., 2009, ''Sons of the Soil' and Contemporary State Making: Autochthony, Uncertainty and Political Violence in Africa', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 113 - 127 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the socio-economic and ecological effects of mass-production in the South for the purpose of matching mass-consumption in the North? This Third World Quarterly article examines the two levels of the process of displacement, which in the current global capitalist order inherently displaces insecurity onto marginalised populations in order to reproduce the social conditions for accumulation at a global level. This illustrates the current crisis as a momentary violation with an existing rational social order, the discourse of security seeks to normalise the global status quo and justify a sequence of actions to securitise it.

Author: Marcus Taylor Source: Taylor M., 2009, 'Displacing Insecurity in a Divided World: Global Security, International Development and the Endless Accumulation of Capital', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 147 - 162 Size: 17 pages ()
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What is the Rajah Solaiman Movement? How did it emerge, develop and strengthen? Through the use of social movement theory to frame our analytical narrative, the authors examine how the demands and pressures of globalisation have helped to foment 'Balik Islam'. This Third World Quarterly article will reflect the possible extremes of Balik Islam by outlining the rise and fall of the Rajah Solaiman Movement, a Balik-Islam group. The article concludes that today's globalised world has constructed a set of circumstances, opportunities and challenges that creates significant new security problems for the governmental representatives of democratic states.

Author: Douglas Borer | Sean Everton Source: Borer D., Everton S., Jr M.N., 2009, 'Global Development and Human (In)security: Understanding the Rise of the Rajah Solaiman Movement and Balik Islam in the Philippines', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 181 - 204 Size: 25 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the Third Worldism project? What was its impact upon world politics? This Third World Quarterly article analyses the political merits and highlights the limitations of the Third Worldism project. The article first provides a brief historical explanation of the origins of the Third Worldism project and its key elements as well as some of its underlying assumptions. This is followed by the development of a string of arguments which illustrate the main contradictions of the Third Worldism project which rendered its practical application problematic and contradictory at times. The article concludes with a word of hope by challenging the need for an alternative method to achieve development by recognising the interconnectivity between the wider social and political relations and national development.

Author: Heloise Weber | Mark Berger Source: Weber H., Berger M., 2009, 'Human (In)Security and Development in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 263 - 270 Size: 9 pages ()
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Despite existing international and regional legal frameworks that provide standards and codes of conduct for police forces, many African states are not implementing them. This Institute for Democracy in South Africa paper summarises international, regional and donor standards, concepts and guidelines relevant to police work. States need to develop both the political will and the capacity to infuse internationally accepted conventions and guidelines for law enforcement into their police management structures.

Author: Themba Shabangu Source: Shabangu T., 2009, 'Research Report on International Standards for Police Reform', Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), Pretoria Size: 35 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance presents immediate and long-term personal and economic threats to people and societies and deserves the attention of peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses explosive ordnance issues, their treatment in peace agreements to date and how to include them in future peace processes. Negotiators have a range of legal instruments and negotiating approaches at their disposal for use in future peace processes negotiations.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Suzanne Damman Source: LeBrun E., Damman S., 2009, 'Addressing explosive ordnance in peace processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 30 pages (796 kB)
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As chief mediator in the violent aftermath of Kenya's 2007 presidential election, Kofi Annan's authority, background and personality contributed greatly to a successful mediation. This paper is a record of an interview conducted with Annan on the Kenyan mediation process.

Author: Kofi Annan | Martin Griffiths Source: Annan, K., and Griffiths, M., 2009, 'The Prisoner of Peace - An Interview with Kofi A. Annan', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (320 KB)
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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What are the components of the national Afghan forces? What are the US and NATO doing to improve the Afghan national forces and with what aim? This Council on Foreign Relations article discusses this issue and provides some answers to these questions. The article firstly provides a background to the mission of the US military and NATO in Afghanistan. It follows with a breakdown of each security component and its current state of effectiveness. Finally, key issues are highlighted that are affecting the success of US military and NATO missions

Author: Greg Bruno Source: Bruno G., 2009, 'Afghanistan's National Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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This document, published by Saferworld, seeks to dispel some of the myths and misperceptions that have been raised in discussions on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). These range from the suggestion that differences in interpretation would undermine any agreement to the contention that, without the support of major arms-exporting states, any agreement would be worthless. It is hoped that this will contribute to an informed debate and increase the prospects of a successful conclusion to the current UN process.

Author: Elizabeth Kirkham Source: 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty: Countering myths and misperceptions', Amnesty International Instituto Sou da Paz, Oxfam, Project Ploughshares. Saferworld and Albert Schweitzer Institute Size: 14 pages (460 kB)
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Virtually all states are committed to having effective national regulations in place to combat the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW). Unfortunately, implementation of these commitments remains patchy and inadequate. This report, published by Saferworld, examines issues and priorities for improving national controls and regional and international cooperation to prevent and reduce diversion. It highlights the need for governments to adopt more precautionary approaches in assessing diversion risks and to implement controls on SALW brokering based on a system of licensing individual transactions.

Author: Dr Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Saferworld, 2009, 'Preventing diversion of small arms and light weapons: Issues and priorities for strengthened controls', Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 88 pages (844 kB)
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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform was published in 2007. What impact has it had at in the headquarters of donors and agencies and on the ground? This report, by the OECD, makes recommendations based on the responses received between April 2007 and April 2009. It addresses priorities outlined in the SSR Handbook, which include the challenges of bringing about coherence and co-ordination, and the importance of supporting local ownership. The concluding section builds on this analysis to identify opportunities that can support the further operationalisation of the SSR Handbook.

Author: Alan Bryden | Rory Keane Source: Bryden A., Keane R., 2009, 'Security System Reform: What Have We Learned? Results and trends from the publication and dissemination of the OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Size: 18 pages ()
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When states are unable to provide adequate security, provision often comes instead from local non-state bodies, private security companies and criminal groups. This paper examines the current status of state and non-state/local justice and security networks in fragile states. Donors can improve security and justice delivery by strengthening both state and non-state security providers, and fostering legislation that clarifies the state/non-state relationship.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'State-Provided Service, Contracting Out, and Non-State Networks: Justice and Security as Public and Private Goods and Services', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 36 pages (635 KB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What policy challenges and opportunities do donors face in seeking to strengthen the effectiveness of non-state/local justice and security networks? This paper recommends an approach of pragmatic realism that acknowledges the multi-layered pluralism of the post-colonial state and accommodates the flexibility and nuances of non-state/local networks. Donors must make a significant shift from mentoring state employees to supporting local civil society and NGOs, largely by assisting in community organisation. While fragile states require long-term statebuilding, a policy of pragmatic realism is the most viable means of reaching that goal.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 64 pages (430 kB)
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What lessons can be learned from the process of democratising Nepal's security sector and what are the challenges ahead? This edited volume examines the Nepali security sector in relation to: the legislature-parliament; the executive; security providers; security-related actors; and civil society and the media. It argues that security sector reform should be based on a holistic approach that incorporates all relevant security structures, institutions and actors. Security sector transformation (SST) is an important element of democratisation, peace-building, institutional reform and political legitimacy.

Author: Bishnu Sapkota Source: Sapkota B., (Ed.), 2009, 'The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 363 pages (2 MB)
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How were the challenges of intelligence reform managed in Ghana's broader security sector reform process? This chapter finds that Ghana's intelligence reform was the result of an incremental, deliberate process of institution-building, personnel development and appropriate legislation. Ghana's security transformation was driven by political, economic and security conditions between 1981 and 2000, when a combination of donor pressure and local democracy advocacy groups created an enabling environment for reform. While a lack of clear policy guidelines for the security services has hindered the implementation of oversight, demand for parliamentary and civil society oversight of intelligence agencies has become part of public debate in Ghana.

Author: Johnny Kwadjo Source: Kwadjo, J., 2009, 'Changing the Intelligence Dynamics in Africa: The Ghana Experience', in Changing Intelligence Dynamics in Africa, eds. S. Africa and J. Kwadjo, GFN-SSR and ASSN, Birmingham, UK, pp. 95-124 Size: 29 pages (667 kB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What are the links between politics and security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)? This chapter argues that SSR should be understood as a political process, rather than as a purely technical issue. Obstacles to reform include the absence of effective oversight mechanisms and donor fragmentation. SSR efforts (encompassing the army, police, military, and civil and criminal justice) need to be scaled up in the DRC to foster long-term peace and security.

Author: Caty Clément Source: Clément, C., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in the DRC: Forward to the Past', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp89-117 Size: 29 pages (220 KB)
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What is the impact of the wider political process on security sector reform (SSR) in Georgia? This chapter analyses how and why SSR has taken place in Georgia, the context in which it operates and key lessons learned. It argues that SSR is inextricably linked to broader national and international political processes. International best practice fails to consider the narrow windows of opportunity for SSR in challenging environments. Quicker, more flexible approaches may be needed, although their long-term results may be questionable. Local ownership is critical to long-term, sustainable reform.

Author: Duncan Hiscock Source: Hiscock D., 2009, 'Impatient Reformers and Reignited Conflicts: The Case of Georgia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp119-140 Size: 22 pages (188 KB)
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Can the concept of Security Sector Reform (SSR) be applied to Colombia? How should such reforms be implemented? This chapter outlines the limited SSR process in Colombia, which has concentrated on increasing the effectiveness of the state in fighting internal conflict, not necessarily on improving democratic governance. The need to extend and complete SSR in Colombia is indicated by: the absence of parliamentary oversight; limited space for civil society involvement; government and security actors' limited acceptance of the rule of law; and a lack of provision for the treatment of non-statutory security forces.

Author: Wolf Grabendorff Source: Grabendorff, W., 2009, 'Limited Security Sector Reform in Colombia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Münster, pp 69-86 Size: 19 pages (2.65 MB)
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Why is it difficult to turn security sector reform (SSR) policy into reality? This chapter from Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments examines progress in implementing SSR in Timor-Leste. The concept remains hard to explain and has struggled to find a place within existing institutional structures. SSR is still approached as a dry, mechanical exercise without accounting for complexities of politics, history and languages.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Peake, G., 2009, 'A Lot of Talk But Not a Lot of Action: The Difficulty of Implementing SSR in Timor-Leste', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp 213-238 Size: 27 pages (2.65 MB)
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How has the changing political role of Indonesian National Army (TNI) impacted the military's ability to deal with domestic conflict? This paper examines the impact of the recent reduction of the TNI's role in politics on its ability to handle ethnic identity problems and violent conflicts. While the TNI has undergone reform since the late 1990s, it still claims a role as a social and political force. TNI presence and influence in politics remains fluid: inadequate state funding of the military and ongoing democratic consolidation issues could provide the army with incentives to force its way back into politics.

Author: Ikrar Nusa Bhakti | Sri Yanuarti Source: Bhakti, I. N., Yanuarti, S., Nurhasim, M., 2009, 'Military Politics, Ethnicity and Conflict in Indonesia', CRISE Working Paper No. 62, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) Size: 37 pages (319 kB)
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What is the state of the security sector in Afghanistan? Have recent reforms been successful? This article presents an overview of the Afghan National Army and police, the courts and judiciary, prisons and security intelligence elements. It argues that uneven distribution of international funding means uneven reform. International reform and Western security models are useful but limited; changes of culture, values and behaviour can be made only from within. Situating Afghanistan in the historical, cultural and religious context of South Asia and drawing on South Asian reform models might be more effective.

Author: Tonita Murray Source: Murray, T., 2009, 'The Security Sector in Afghanistan: Slow and Unsteady', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No. 2, pp.187-208 Size: 20 pages ()
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What can be learned from previous security and defence operations? This chapter describes the EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM). This was the first European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operation and is still ongoing. The EUPM has helped transform the Bosnian police into a professional service and made progress in bringing institutions and practices into line with European norms. But shortcomings in law enforcement remain, including the high politics of police restructuring and the fight against organised crime and corruption.

Author: Michael Merlingen Source: Merlingen, M., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM)', in Ten Years of European Security and Defense Policy, eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly, and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp161-172 Size: 10 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2004-2005 rule-of-law mission in Georgia? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's (ESDP) first rule-of-law mission. EUJUST Themis aimed to help the government to develop an overarching criminal justice reform strategy based on local ownership. Political support from the Georgian post-revolutionary government was volatile, however. In the end, EUJUST technical experts drafed the strategy and the President adopted it by Decree in July 2005. While ESDP flexibility proved a strength, the EU Council needs to ensure that ESDP has sufficient authority to apply leverage for reform.

Author: Xymena Kurowska Source: Kurowska, X., 2009, 'The Rule-of-Law Mission in Georgia (EUJUST Themis)', in in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp201-209 Size: 8 pages (3.3 MB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2005 Integrated Rule-of-Law mission in Iraq? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's EUJUST LEX Mission. EUJUST LEX was established to provide training to high- and mid-level officials in management and criminal investigation. Launched in the midst of political controversy, it has proved a useful but limited training intervention. The network of training providers across Europe that has been developed could be used to support other interventions. However, out-of-country training needs to be tied much more closely to in-country activities and to national training and development strategies.

Author: Daniel Korski Source: Korski, D., 2009, 'The Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (EUJUST LEX)', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp231-241 Size: 10 pages (3.3 MB)
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How ready and able is the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to implement the Security Sector Governance (SSG) component of its Conflict Prevention Framework (ECPF)? Problems with implementing the ECPF have arisen from a lack of coherence and coordination within ECOWAS, between ECOWAS and the member states, and with donor partners. ECOWAS can still lead the implementation of the ECPF's SSG component, however. The ECOWAS Commission should develop a coherent SSG framework to help address the problems of poor coherence and coordination. Further, the ECOWAS parliament can play a more direct role in regional peacekeeping and developing civilian oversight of SSR in member states.

Author: Jimam T. Lar Source: Lar, J. T., 2009, 'The ECOWAS SSR Agenda in West Africa: Looking Beyond Normative Frameworks', KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 24, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra Size: 18 pages (455 kB)
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How can the Afghan government and international supporters engage most effectively with non-state actors in community-based policing? The distinct characteristics and context of the Arbakai is an example of the diversity of armed non-state actors (ANSA) in Afghanistan. This diversity necessitates nuanced thinking about the role of and engagement with ANSA. There is a move to create or reinvent ANSA to help overcome Afghanistan's security deficit. While a carefully considered plurality of security provision facilitated by the state is advisable, cooperation with ANSA should be limited to those which fill gaps in state provision rather than those which replace and challenge the state.

Author: Susanne Schmeidl | Masood Karokhail Source: Schmeidl S. and Karokhail M., 2009, 'The Role of Non-State Actors in 'Community-Based Policing' - An Exploration of the Arbakai (Tribal Police) in South-Eastern Afghanistan', Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 30, No.2, pp.318-342 Size: 25 pages (200 kB)
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Despite nearly $10 billion in international police assistance, the Afghan police are riddled with corruption and incompetence. This report reviews past failures and current challenges facing the international police assistance programme in Afghanistan. The US strategy for the Afghan police is to increase numbers, enlarge the 'train and equip' programme, and engage the police against the Taliban. This approach has not worked in the past, however. The role of the police is in controlling crime, protecting Afghan citizens, and increasing the legitimacy of the Afghan government. International police assistance should expand as part of a comprehensive programme for security sector reform and the rule of law.

Author: Robert M. Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Police: The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform', USIP Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D. C. Size: 16 pages (623 KB)
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How should police oversight be established in Liberia? This study analyses the range of potential oversight mechanisms, examples from other African countries, and Liberia's situation. It recommends a government-chaired, mixed-membership, multi-tiered system with a broad mandate for enhancing police professionalism and assuring the public. This system should be clear, relatively simple, manageable, and comprehensible to the Liberian people. First, a high-level policy body and a subordinate investigative body should be established, followed in the longer-term by local police forums.

Author: David C. Gompert | Robert C. Davis Source: Gompert, D. C., Davis, R. C. and Lawson, B. S., 2009, 'Oversight of the Liberian National Police', RAND Corporation, Santa Monica Size: 38 pages (221 kB)
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What is the present state of Bangladesh's security sector and its oversight mechanisms? What are the obstacles to reform? This paper focuses on the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), the Bangladesh Police and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). It finds that the security sector, especially the police, is not accountable, transparent or efficient. The development of an effective and accountable security sector in Bangladesh is hindered by an ineffective parliament, intolerance between ruling and opposition parties, corruption and bureaucratic malpractice, lack of judicial independence, lack of long-term vision, and partisanship in civil society. A non-biased, people-centric security policy must be established, and this requires radical change in the attitude of politicians and bureaucrats.

Author: M. Jashim Uddin Source: Uddin, M. J., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Bangladesh', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 209-230 Size: 22 pages ()
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How is India reforming its security sector and what are the challenges facing security sector reform (SSR) in the country? There is no comprehensive single SSR process in India, but reforms are underway in all key security sectors. These reforms have their root in developments after India's nuclear tests in 1998. They are self-driven, reactive, and piecemeal. Integrated, comprehensive SSR based on a national strategic planning process is needed or the full benefits of reform will be lost.

Author: A. Mallika Joseph Source: Joseph A.M., 2009, 'Leading Ahead, Yet Far Behind: Governance of the Security Sector in India', South Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 231-251 Size: 20 pages (140 kB)
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Sri Lanka's security sector is geared towards violence and offers stiff resistance to reform. Bodies set up to implement SSR have been afflicted by political interference, lack of powers and resources, and lack of seriousness about the reform process. Wide-ranging reforms of the Constitution, an active civil society, and continued external support are needed to achieve sustained SSR in Sri Lanka.

Author: Rosy Cave | N Manoharan Source: Cave, R. and Manoharan, N., 2009, 'Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp.291-314 Size: 24 pages (162 kB)
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In 2006 the police and army in Timor-Leste fought each other in the streets in a crisis that left both institutions in ruins. This report from the International Crisis Group analyses the challenges of reforming Timor-Leste's security institutions, focusing on the army and the police. To reform the security sector successfully, Timor-Leste's government must ensure an inclusive process by consulting widely and resisting the temptation to take autocratic decisions. Unless there is a non-partisan commitment to the reform process, structural problems are likely to remain unresolved and the security forces politicised and volatile.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 143, Brussels, Belgium Size: 32 pages (354 kB)
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What role does traditional justice play in dealing with legacies of human rights abuses? How can interpersonal and community-based practices interrelate with state-organised and internationally sponsored forms of retributive justice and truth telling? This International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) report provides a comparative analysis of traditional justice mechanisms in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Uganda and Burundi. Most of the countries studied combine traditional justice and reconciliation instruments with other transitional justice strategies.

Author: Luc Huyse Source: Huyse, L., 2008, 'Introduction: Tradition-based Approaches in Peacemaking, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Policies' in eds. Huyse, L. and Salter, M., Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International IDEA, Stockholm, pp. 1-22 Size: 224 pages (786 kB)
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Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Saferworld | Claire Hickson Source: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), 2008, 'Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya', Saferworld, London. Size: 32 pages (1.02 MB)
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Corruption in the defence sector creates a more dangerous, less trustworthy security environment. This paper, published by Transparency International, examines the issue of corruption in defence establishments and recommends ways in which key defence players and civil society could become drivers for reform. Governments, defence companies and the public, now more aware of the financial, social and institutional costs of corruption, are expressing increasing interest in defence sector reform.

Author: | Transparency International Source: Transparency International, 2008, 'Addressing corruption and building integrity in defence establishments', TI Working Paper No. 02/2007, London, UK Size: 8 pages (210.83 kB)
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What are the legal and practical constraints to justice and reconciliation in Northern Uganda? What are the next steps in addressing traditional justice challenges? This briefing by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) provides a background of the conflict and peace process, analyses justice priorities and recommends key elements of a comprehensive justice plan. The recent accord between the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) and the Ugandan government provides for national prosecution of senior LRA commanders and traditional justice for lower level perpetrators. A number of gaps in the justice framework need to be addressed, such as the capacities of national and traditional justice systems, issues around amnesty and reparations.

Author: Scott Worden Source: Wordem, S., 2008, 'The Justice Dilemma in Uganda', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 13 pages (206 kB)
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Kyrgyzstan's judiciary is biased in its arbitration of political and economic disputes. This research from International Crisis Group suggests that if the judiciary is to become an independent branch of government and gain public trust it needs to reform. Reform is essential for a pluralistic and stable political system in the long term. Reform would also reduce corruption and encourage development. Unless the government allows greater self-governance for lawyers and independence for judges, no amount of training will create an effective system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Kyrgyzstan: The Challenge of Judicial Reform', Asia Report N°150, 10 April 2008, Brussels Size: 30 pages (614 kB)
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What are the major challenges in demilitarising militias in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? This paper for the African Security Review analyses the militias currently active in North and South Kivu (the Kivus), in the eastern DRC. The war in DRC officially ended in 2003 and a fragile peace has been established. However, the Kivu regions of the east are still plagued by endemic violence. New militias have appeared outside the original peace agreement. The international community must support the DRC in containing these militias, and be more proactive in preventing illegal arms trafficking into the DRC.

Author: Monika Thakur Source: Thakur, M., 2008, 'Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)', African Security Review Vol 17 No 1, pp.52-67, Institute for Security Studies, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 16 pages (504 kB)
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What role will the EU play in Kosovo's security sector reform (SSR)? What challenges does the EU-led presence face? This paper from the European Security Review takes Kosovo as a test case for the EU in striving for a comprehensive approach to SSR. A complex history and political background, ethnic divides and widespread corruption all pose challenges. In learning from experience and continuing present efforts, the EU must take up its responsibilities as a global actor in crisis management.

Author: Sophie Dagand Source: Dagand, S., 2008, 'The Prospects for a Future Kosovo: The Role of Security Sector Reform', European Security Review no.38, ISIS-Europe, Brussels Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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How can Liberians, following an extended period of civil war, regain effective oversight of their elected representatives and avoid further violent conflict? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) report argues that such an outcome can only derive from the rule of law. It is essential that legislators and other stakeholders are aware of the legal framework for security provision and governance in Liberia. This compendium provides a comprehensive list of the existing security legislation.

Author: Thomas Jaye | DCAF Source: Jaye, T., 2008, 'Liberia's Security Sector Legislation', DCAF Size: 188 pages (169KB)
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What are the negative impacts of the illicit trade in small arms on security, human rights, and socio-economic development? How can governments and international agencies stem the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms? This report of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Security Council discusses these issues. Small arms and light weapons are the primary weapons used in contemporary conflicts. More human rights abuses are committed with them than any other weapon. Measurable goals for reducing armed conflict, better cooperation among national authorities and between international agencies, and the destruction of surplus ammunition are among the report's recommendations.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UNSG (2008) 'Report of the United Nations Secretary General on Small Arms' (S/2008/258), New York Size: 19 pages (104 kB)
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Why are measures to promote peace in Afghanistan not succeeding? A significant reason is that in a fractured, impoverished society, there is no effective strategy to help Afghans deal with disputes peacefully. This Oxfam International Research Report calls for greater donor support for NGOs engaged in community peacebuilding and for the development of a national strategy. This could be realised by convening a national conference, attended by NGOs and experts from Afghanistan and overseas, government officials, religious leaders and United Nations (UN) representatives.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2008, 'Community Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: The Case for a National Strategy', Oxfam, Oxford Size: 2 pages ()
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To what extent do military duties and requirements justifiably limit armed forces personnel from expressing their human rights? What examples of best practice can be found among Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) member states of integrating human rights into their armed forces? This handbook, by the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at successful best practice from member countries.

Author: Professor Ian Leigh | Dr Hans Born Source: Born, H. and Leigh, I., 2008, 'Handbook on Human Rights of Armed Forces Personnel', OSCE/ODIHR, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 256 pages (1.9 MB)
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After almost a decade marked by violence in Zimbabwe, should there be a formal and public addressing of past human rights abuses? How will this be implemented? This Institute for Security Studies paper argues that Zimbabwe's particular experiences necessitate a national truth commission. Transitional justice is a core political issue now, not simply a collateral legal or moral one to be left until later.

Author: Max du Plessis | Jolyon Ford Source: du Plessis, M. & Ford, J., 2008, 'Justice and peace in a new Zimbabwe: Transitional justice options', ISS Paper 164, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (263kB)
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How does Colombia's Justice and Peace Law balance the needs for peace and justice? To what extent does the paramilitary demobilisation process meet international standards for justice, truth and reparations? This paper from the Fundación para les Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior examines Colombia's Justice and Peace Law in relation to justice, truth and reparation. It argues that while the law uses the language of human rights and justice, it is lacking in mechanisms to put these principles into practice.

Author: Felipe Gómez Isa Source: Gómez Isa, F., 2008, 'Paramilitary Demobilisation in Colombia: Between Peace and Justice', FRIDE Working Paper 57, Madrid, Spain Size: 28 pages (387 kB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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There is a public security crisis in Jamaica, which has one of the highest rates of violent crime in the world. This Amnesty International report examines this crisis and argues that the Jamaican government is failing to effectively provide human security to its population. It calls on the Jamaican government to create a comprehensive public security plan for the protection of human rights and for other governments to support this process.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2008, '"Let them kill each other": Public security in Jamaica's inner cities', Amnesty International, London Size: 53 pages (443kB)
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What effect will the United States' Merida Initiative have on security in Mexico and Central America? How effective will the aid package be in tackling drug-trafficking and gang-related violence? This briefing from the Washington Office on Latin America examines the Merida Initiative. It argues that the Initiative alone will not reduce drug flow into the US and should not be judged on that basis. The Initiative should instead be judged by its effects on citizen security and civilian security institutions in Mexico and Central America.

Author: WOLA Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2008, 'The Merida Initiative and Citizen Security in Mexico and Central America', WOLA, Washington Size: pages ()
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How successful has the US's The New Way Forward strategy been in helping Iraq achieve key security, legislative and economic goals? This US Government Accountability Office report measures progress against key aims and argues that while the US has made some progress, these advances are fragile. Unmet goals and challenges remain and as the New Way Forward and the military surge end in July 2008, an updated strategy is needed.

Author: Joseph A. Christoff Source: US Government Accountability Office, 2008, 'Securing stabilizing and rebuilding Iraq', United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-08-837, USA Size: 94 pages (3.82MB)
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How much progress has been made with security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? This Strategic Studies Institute paper examines SSR in Liberia and argues that while the United Nations (UN) and the United States (US) have made a start with police and military reform, they have not done nearly enough. The UN, US, as well as other significant donor partners, need to stay the course with Liberia. SSR is a long-term process, not an ephemeral happening.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Mixed Results from Humble Beginnings', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 101 pages (375 kB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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What effect has the proliferation of small arms and light weapons had on development in Latin America? This article, published in the NACLA Report on the Americas, reviews the multifaceted social consequences of the small arms trade. The trend of accelerating levels of crime and violence suggests that a broad-based and concerted gun control effort is needed. Gun violence is now holding back development in much of the region; fresh initiatives and the continued allocation of resources to tackling the trade will be needed to safeguard Latin America's future prosperity.

Author: Rachel Stohl | Doug Tuttle Source: Stohl, R. and Tuttle, D., 2008, 'The Small Arms Trade in Latin America', NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 41 No.2, March/April 2008 Size: 7 pages (576 kB)
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Mexico's official human rights organ, Comision Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH), is failing to promote reforms to improve Mexico's dismal human rights record. What has gone wrong? This research, by Human Rights Watch, argues that the CNDH could play a far more active role but it has been limited by its own policies and practices. For such an institution to be a catalyst for change, rather than a chronicler of the status quo, it must be proactive and persistent in promoting solutions.

Author: www.hrw.org Source: Human Rights Watch, 2008, 'Mexico's National Human Rights Commission: A Critical Assessment', Human Rights Watch, New York Size: 130 pages (586 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Haiti be improved? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), deployed in 2004. SSR is crucial to Haiti's stability and security, and while MINUSTAH's success in SSR has been limited, UN agencies have a key role to play. Areas for improvement include coordination and evaluation. Basic stability, government willingness and local ownership are essential for SSR in Haiti.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MINUSTAH and the Need for a Context-Specific Strategy: The Case of Haiti', in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 53 pages ()
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What lessons can be learned from the United Nations (UN) Mission to Burundi? This research, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), argues that the UN made a significant contribution to the peace process in Burundi. However, this case study also raises the importance of not underestimating the inherent tension between external imposition and local ownership. Managing the fundamental differences between how each actor conceives of SSR and perceives its core priorities is a fundamental challenge for the whole SSR process.

Author: Laurent Banal | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Banal, L. and Scherrer, V., 2008, 'ONUB and the Importance of Local Ownership: The Case of Burundi' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. Size: 38 pages (139KB)
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Studies have suggested that the UN has limited state-building capacity and had, as of 2008, no agreed framework of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. This chapter addresses these concerns in the context of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). It argues that, while it could be claimed that the UN has stabilized the territory, in terms of justice and security, it has been less successful in reconstructing and developing Kosovar-led national justice and security services. On this basis, the chapter presents recommendations on approaches the UN should employ to support SSR in post-conflict scenarios, all the while suggesting that the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations may not be the most suitable or effective mechanism by which the international community can support the development of justice and security services in post-conflict environments.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2008, 'UNMIK and the Significance of Effective Programme Management: The Case of Kosovo' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 169-228 Size: 58 pages (52 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) be improved? What SSR lessons can be learned from the DRC's United Nations Mission (MONUC)? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) finds that the UN has been slow to address SSR comprehensively in the DRC, but has been hampered by the complex political and security context and the virtual collapse of the state. SSR must take place at different levels simultaneously, together with other reform processes.

Author: Nicola Dahrendorf Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MONUC and the Relevance of Coherent Mandates: The Case of the DRC' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 38 pages ()
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How successful has Georgia been in its security sector reforms? This paper from the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development argues that a lot remains to be done to eliminate legislative flaws and the shortcomings of management. However, in such a fragile state, attempts to introduce best democratic practices immediately, without taking into account Georgia's particular circumstances, could threaten the state. NATO and the EU should assist Georgia and make it a test site for mutual cooperation.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Georgia 2004-2007', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi Size: 68 pages (543KB)
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What are the prospects for security sector reform (SSR) in a Lebanon that has endured war and prolonged occupation? This summary of conference proceedings, published by the Henry L. Stimson Center, reviews the state of the Lebanese security sector and evaluates reform options. Most panelists agreed that success at defence and security reform depends on a national security strategy, which is currently lacking. Comprehensive SSR must await independence, peace and a measure of stability, but smaller steps are possible in the meantime.

Author: The Henry L Stimson Centre Source: The Henry L Stimson Centre, 2008, 'Towards a More Secure and Stable Lebanon: Prospects for Security Sector Reform', International Seminar 13th December 2007, The Henry L Stimson Centre, Washington Size: 48 pages (5.4 MB)
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Pakistan's police force is incapable of combating crime, upholding the law or protecting citizens and the state against militant violence. This research from International Crisis Group argues that it is vital for the newly elected government to institute police reforms. Elected representatives will be held accountable if citizens continue to see the police as brutal and corrupt. The democratic transition could falter if deteriorating security gives the military a new opportunity to intervene. Major reforms and reallocation of resources are required to create an effective and accountable police service.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Pakistan's Police', Asia Report N°157, 14 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 34 pages (1.7 MB)
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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Is Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) fulfilling its mandate to address past human rights violations? This paper, published by Amnesty International, identifies the Commission's shortcomings and strengths during its first two years of operation. National ownership of the reconciliation process is a worthy aim, but it remains vital for the TRC to follow international law in its final phase. Of greatest concern are the commission's current policies on granting "general immunity" to those providing information, and insufficient reparations.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Liberia: Towards the final phase of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission', Amnesty International, London Size: 47 pages (432kB)
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'National security' is a seriously contested concept in Indonesia. This paper from the Propatria Institute looks at national security debates between policymakers and implementing agencies and at their efforts to develop a law on national security. It suggests that while there is agreement on the need for comprehensive strategies to deal with national security challenges, there is significant divergence on other issues, especially on whether a distinctive system of national response is necessary. It concludes that the debate over the bill suggests that Indonesia is to live with uncertainty for some time to come.

Author: Kusnanto Anggoro Source: Anggoro, K., 2008, 'Bridge Over Troubled Water: Convergence and Divergence in the Formulation of National Security Bill in Indonesia', ProPatria Institute, Mimeograph No_12, Indonesia Size: 65 pages (350 kB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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Nigeria's police are brutal and corrupt despite recent reform plans. Does this mean that reforms don't raise policing standards and practices, even in a relatively democratic environment like Nigeria? This research from the University of Leeds analyses developments in the Nigerian Police since 2005. It argues that reform can change organisational structures and regulations but, without socio-political change, its effects tend to be superficial, localised and temporary. Rather than being incremental, police reforms follow a dialectical process where reform and resistance interact.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2008, 'The Dialectic of Police Reform in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 46, no.2, pp. 215-234 Size: 20 pages ()
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How has Pakistan's judiciary contributed to the preservation or undermining of the rule of law? What steps must Pakistan's democratic leadership take to uphold constitutional government and respect for fundamental rights? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the role of Pakistan's judiciary in upholding fundamental rights, the rule of law and the constitution. It argues that the judiciary has failed to uphold the constitution and to oppose Islamic legislation that violates fundamental rights. Pakistan's return to civilian government provides an opportunity to restore the rule of law and repeal discriminatory laws that undermine fundamental rights and fuel extremism.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming the Judiciary in Pakistan', Asia Report No 160, International Crisis Group, Islamabad/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.8 MB)
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How have justice sector reform efforts dealt with Afghanistan's legal pluralism? How do traditional religious leaders perceive legal reforms and the role of Western actors in matters of justice? This article from the journal Crime, Law and Social Change examines post-2001 justice sector reforms in Afghanistan. It finds that, rather than developing an inclusive and accommodating justice system, Western-led reforms have emphasised divisions between Islamic and Western legal traditions. To be legitimate and effective, legal reforms must engage with Islamic law and Afghan traditions, which are the foundations of justice in Afghanistan.

Author: Astri Suhrke | Kaja Borchgrevink Source: Borchgrevink, K. & Suhrke, A., 2008, 'Negotiating justice sector reform in Afghanistan', Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 50., Issue 3. Size: 20 pages (255 kB)
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How do Nigeria's use of the death penalty and the justice process for capital offences compare with established standards of due process and human rights? This report from Amnesty International and the Legal Defence and Assistance Project examines the use of the death penalty in Nigeria. It argues that Nigeria's use of the death penalty and the failures of its criminal justice system breach international human rights law. The Nigerian authorities should declare a moratorium on executions and take steps to abolish the death penalty.

Author: Amnesty International | Legal Defence and Assistance Project Source: Amnesty International, 2008, Nigeria: Waiting for the Hangman, Amnesty International, London Size: 78 pages (3.2 MB)
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What is needed for Guinea-Bissau to achieve its goals of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This briefing report, published by Observatoire de l'Afrique, highlights promising circumstances for SSR in the country, as well as difficult challenges. As Guinea-Bissau's most powerful actor, the armed forces must in effect reform themselves and take ownership of certain SSR efforts. In addition, the recent spurt of activity by international donors, and the plans to send foreign experts, must be followed up and effectively coordinated.

Author: Koen Vlassenroot (chair) Source: Observatoire de l'Afrique, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Africa Briefing Report, Egmont Palace, Brussels - 28 January 2008, Observatoire de l'Afrique, Brussels Size: 9 pages (218 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) proceeded in Guinea-Bissau, and what lessons can be done to move these efforts forward? This background paper, presented by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, describes and analyses the current state of the defence, security, and justice sectors. Reform efforts have affected the armed forces, the police and state security intelligence services, paramilitary forces, justice institutions, security management and oversight bodies, and non-statutory security forces.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Security Sector Reform and the Rule of Law, 18 June 2008 Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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How successfully have recent reform plans strengthened the justice sector in Guinea-Bissau? This background paper, published by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, analyses the efforts to create an independent judiciary and evaluates future challenges. With the sector unable to properly dispense justice, the average citizen of Guinea-Bissau today remains reliant on traditional justice mechanisms to resolve both interpersonal and community disputes.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Strengthening the Justice Sector', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Drug Trafficking in Guinea-Bissau and Strengthening of the Justice Sector 28 May 2008 Size: 4 pages (36 kB)
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Why was democracy never successfully established in Guinea-Bissau's post-colonial era? What obstacles has it encountered? This International Crisis Group report offers a brief but detailed outline of the history and development of Guinea-Bissau. Ethnic tensions and individual motives have played a crucial role in the struggle of Guinea-Bissau to become a functioning democratic country. The report reflects on what should be done in order to establish an efficient democratic state after four decades of failure. Problems lie both in the inexistence of a functioning institutional system, as well as the more explicit issues of drug trafficking and political instability. An effective institutional system needs to be established in order for Guinea-Bissau to progress from liberation to an efficient democracy.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, Guinea-Bissau: In need of a state', International Crisis Group, Africa Report Number 142, Bruxelles, Belgium Size: 34 pages (1.4 MB)
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What are the key obstacles to successful reintegration programmes in post-conflict countries? How can these obstacles be overcome? This report from the United States Institute of Peace makes broad recommendations based on an assessment of Colombia's 2003 disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programme for a major paramilitary group. It argues that reintegration programmes should be characterised by a justice mechanism seen as fair by all parties, and a flexible approach which allows adaption to local needs.

Author: Jonathan Morgenstein Source: Morgenstein, J., 2008, 'Consolidating Disarmament: Lessons from Colombia's Reintegration Program for Demobilized Paramilitaries', USIP, Special Report 217, Washington DC, USA Size: 16 pages (575 kB)
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South-East Europe is a region stigmatised for its role in heroin trafficking, human trafficking, and other forms of organised crime. This report, by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), argues that the crime situation in the area is improving. Specifically, it suggests that the rise of organised crime in the Balkans was a direct result of past instability, but that the situation seems to be changing for the better. As the region stabilises and the rule of law is secured, the incentives and opportunities for criminality should further fade.

Author: UNODC Source: UNODC, 2008, 'Crime and its Impact on the Balkans and Affected Countries', United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna Size: 130 pages (3.4 MB)
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What accounts for the failures of the UN justice mission in Kosovo and how can these mistakes be fixed? This report, published by Amnesty International, highlights seven years of failings by the UN Mission in Kosovo's (UNMIK) Department of Justice. Although the model of internationalising local courts by temporarily importing experienced jurists could work, the effort in Kosovo cannot serve as a model. By publicising the findings of its own internal review, UNMIK should begin to assess transparently its inadequate planning, oversight and implementation.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Kosovo (Serbia): The Challenge to Fix a Failed UN Justice Mission', Amnesty International, London Size: 121 pages (716 kB)
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What progress has Bosnia and Herzegovina made towards establishing a juvenile justice system that meets international standards for children's rights? This article from Youth Justice examines Bosnian efforts to establish a specialised juvenile justice system that complies with international standards. It finds that proposed reforms, including juvenile-specific legislation, courts and actors and diversion from prosecution and/or criminal sanction, represent a step in the right direction. While lack of awareness of children's rights standards and rights-based legal tools have hindered progress, Bosnia's responsiveness to juvenile offending is slowly improving.

Author: Claire Morris Source: Morris, C., 2008, 'Developing a Juvenile Justice System in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Rights, Diversion and Alternatives', Youth Justice, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 197-213 Size: 17 pages ()
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This East European Politics and Societies article provides a detailed and informative account of the transitional justice process in Albania and examines the logic behind the initiation of the lustration process. In essence, Albania was largely unsuccessful in implementing a serious programme of transitional justice after the fall of communism in 1991. Transitional justice in Albania became highly politicised and was used by politicians for political gains.

Author: Robert C. Austin | Jonathan Ellison Source: Austin, R. C. and Ellison, J., 2008, 'Post-Communist Transitional Justice in Albania', East European Politics and Societies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 373-401 Size: 30 pages ()
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What impact have land tenure issues had on violent conflict in Kenya? This conference report, published by the African Centre for Technology Studies, argues that the status quo of land tenure in Kenya inevitably leads to violent outcomes. However, no single meta-narrative can explain the shifting nature of land conflicts in Kenya, or in Africa generally, with greed, grievances and other factors at play. Issues of ownership, access and use all feature in land tenure conflicts in Kenya, causing not only violence but also poverty and economic instability.

Author: Judi Wakhungu | Elvin Nyukuri Source: Wakhungu, J., Nyukuri, E. & Huggins, C., 2008, 'Land Tenure and Violent Conflict in Kenya', African Centre for Technology Studies, Consultative Conference Proceedings, Nairobi Size: 34 pages (2.1 MB)
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What factors cause land-based conflicts to turn violent? This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, analyses and traces the trajectory of a decade-long conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Kenya. A government land resettlement programme - intended primarily for squatters of the Mosop and Soy clans of the Sabaot ethnic group - fell apart under clan and ethnic tension. This report asserts the presence of a significant political dimension to the conflict. A sustainable and peaceful resolution will only result from a variety of processes undertaken in a spirit that is consultative, inclusive and transparent.

Author: Robert Romborah Simiyu Source: Simiyu, R., 2008, 'Militarisation of resource conflicts: The case of land-based conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Western Kenya', ISS Monograph No. 152, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 92 pages (1.7 MB)
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What were the dynamics of the post-election violence that erupted in Kenya in December 2007? This report, published by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, analyses the underlying causes and alleged spontaneity of the violence. Region-specific dynamics played a crucial role, with three patterns of conflict emerging: spontaneous slum outbursts; premeditated land grabs; and retaliatory violence. Violations of economic and social rights, particularly in employment, environmental, health and housing issues, pre-dated the 2007 election and fuelled anger.

Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Source: OHCHR, 2008, Report from OHCHR Fact-finding Mission to Kenya 6-28 February 2008, Report prepared for the United Nationas High Commissioner for Human Rights from OHCHR Fact-finding mission to Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva Size: 19 pages (132 kB)
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Tanzania is a relatively new mining country. What has been the impact of mining on local communities? This study, by Chr. Michelsen Institute, argues that unclear land and mining rights, and conceptual differences in how land and mining rights are perceived, contribute to conflict in the country. There is a feeling among both communities and human rights groups that the government has betrayed ordinary people. The article initially outlines land legislation and mining policy in Tanzania. It then presents examples of recent conflicts, government initiatives to resolve them, and existing consultation and conciliation mechanisms that can be used.

Author: Siri Lange Source: Lange, S.,2008, 'Land Tenure and Mining in Tanzania',CMIReports, No. 2 Size: 44 pages (382 kB)
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In 2005 crime and the fear of crime rose throughout Tanzania. The Police have undertaken a major reform programme. What are the key problems currently facing the Police Force, and what are the main focus areas for its reform? These questions are answered in this document, produced by the Tanzanian Police Force. It highlights the Police Force's problems with regard to human resources management, infrastructure, ICT, its institutional and legal framework, and its finances. It also discusses the Tanzania Police Force Reform Programme, which focuses on community-based policing, professionalism and modernisation.

Author: Said A. Mwema | The President's Office-Public Service Management Source: Mwema, S., 2008, Challenges of Enhancing Performance and Responsiveness in the Police Force, Paper presented at the National Convention on Public Sector Reforms on Achieving Rapid Results in Public Sector Reforms at Ubungo Plaza, 18th June, Tanzania Size: 17 pages ()
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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What are the roots of conflict in the Greater Horn of Africa and who are the main rebel groups? This study from the Center for International Peace Operations analyses armed groups in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic (CAR), Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea with regard to their social and ethnic background, their political and military relevance, as well as their leaders and the countries supporting them with arms and money. All the groups are informal unlike the well-organised guerilla movements of the Communist era, which makes the Horn an extremely volatile political environment.

Author: Gérard Prunier | Center for International Peace Operations Source: Prunier, G., 2008, 'Armed Movements in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia', Analyse 02/08, Center for International Peace Operations, Berlin Size: 19 pages (176.27KB)
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To what extent can traditional practices be used to end conflict in Uganda? This study suggests that the Acholi people of Uganda maintain their sophisticated cultural beliefs about the spirit world and their social order. These shape their perceptions of truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation, and they would like to use them for conflict resolution. There is a wealth of knowledge inherent in the traditional practices and culture of the Acholi, which offers credible principles for conflict management and harmonious living within the wider global society.

Author: James Ojera Latigo | International IDEA Source: Latigo, J.O., 2008, 'Northern Uganda: tradition-based practices in the Acholi region', in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, pp. 85-122 Size: 27 pages (1MB)
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) needs to address past human rights atrocities in order to establish peace, security and respect for human rights in the future. This study, published by the University of California, Berkeley, reports results of a population survey in areas most affected by recent conflict in eastern DRC. The Congolese government and other national and international actors need to consult the population in order to set priorities for planning the future of the DRC.

Author: Patrick Vinck | Phuong Pham Source: Vinck P., Pham P., Shigekane S.B., 2008, 'Living with Fear: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo', University of California - Berkeley, California, USA Size: 72 pages (713.28 KB)
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The contributions of South Sudanese women associated with armed forces during the 22-year Sudanese civil war (1983-2005) remain unrecognised and undocumented. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, reviews women's involvement in the conflict and the lack of official recognition of women in post-conflict programmes. The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and United Nations' agencies need to give women priority Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) treatment and full access to employment opportunities.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'No standing, few prospects: How peace is failing South Sudanese female combatants and WAAFG', Small Arms Survey, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 13, Geneva Size: 8 pages (329 kB)
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How can effective reparations programmes be conducted? What role should the international community play? This publication, by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), offers a practical guide for reparations programmes. It is important to clarify legal obligations and the moral reasons for reparations, to address the political concerns and to be aware of cultural issues. International actors should rethink their reluctance to provide financial support to reparations efforts.

Author: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Source: OHCHR, 2008, 'Rule-of-Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Reparations Programmes', Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, New York and Geneva Size: 50 pages (720 KB)
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How can the concept of the Rule of Law (RoL) be successfully integrated into UN peace operations? What lessons can be drawn from the United Nations Mission in Liberia? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management argues that more work is needed to conceptualise and implement RoL, including the development of benchmarks to qualify and quantify substantial progress. A people-centred interpretation of RoL should be considered as alternatives and/or complemtary tools to state-centred approaches, for example as short-term or interim measures.

Author: Till Blume Source: Blume T., 2008, 'Implementing the Rule of Law in Integrated Missions: Security and Justice in the UN Mission in Liberia', Journal of Security Sector Management, Volume 6 Number 3, Shrivenham UK Size: 18 pages (294 kB)
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What role can private security companies (PSCs) play in improving security in the waters off the Horn of Africa? Do they provide an effective way to prevent and deter attacks from Somali pirates? This paper from the Asia Research Centre explores the risks and benefits of employing PSCs to secure shipping in the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa. It argues that while PSC services can increase the safety of vessels, there are a number of problems inherent in the private maritime security industry. Moreover, while PSCs may assist in dealing with individual pirate attacks, they do not address the underlying causes of piracy itself.

Author: Carolin Liss Source: Liss C., 2008, 'Privatising the Fight Against Somali Pirates', Working Paper No.152, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia Size: 19 pages (208 kB)
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What is the possibility of rebuilding Somalia as a functioning state? How does the regional context impact on state-building in Somalia? This book chapter examines the challenges facing state-building in Somalia. It argues that the crisis in Somalia is multileveled, as is the route to a calmer future. State-building in Somalia requires a combination of strategies, preferably ones that include civil society as well as formal political actors.

Author: Annette Weber Source: Weber A., 2008, 'State Building in Somalia: Challenges in a Zone of Crisis', in Hot Spot Horn of Africa Revisited: Approaches to Make Sense of Conflict, Lit Verlag, Berlin Size: 7 pages ()
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What support is there for chiefdom governance in Sierra Leone? What implications does decentralisation have for the future of the country's chiefdoms? This article from African Affairs examines chiefdom authority in Sierra Leone and public perceptions of local chiefs. It argues that chiefdom authority continues to have considerable support. Chiefs and headmen are seen as particularly important in settling minor disputes, especially in rural areas.

Author: Edward Sawyer | African Affairs - afraf.oxfordjournals.org Source: Sawyer E., 2008, 'Remove or Reform? A Case for (Restructuring) CHiefdom Governance in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue. 428, pp. 387-403 Size: 17 pages ()
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How successful has the United States (US) been in achieving political reintegration in Iraq? This study from Conflict, Security and Development examines US approaches to the political reintegration of irregular armed groups, from its initial policy vacuum to the informal reintegration seen during 2007 and 2008. It shows that the best attempt at reintegration has been the arrangements between US military units and Sunni groups since 2006. Yet, since these arrangements emerged without support from the central government, they cannot be considered reconciliation or even reintegration.

Author: David Ucko Source: Ucko D., 2008, 'Militias, tribes and insurgents: The challenge of political reintegration in Iraq', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 341-373 Size: 34 pages ()
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Is security a collective good? What are the theoretical and practical implications if it is conceptualised as a commodity? This article from the European Journal of International Relations examines the implications of the shift from states to markets in the provision of security. It argues that the shift from public to private provision of security is not merely a change of means. Rather it has significant implications for the conceptualisation and implementation of security in the new millennium.

Author: Elke Krahmann Source: Krahmann E., 2008, 'Security: Collective Good or Commodity?', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 379-404 Size: 26 pages ()
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What is the role of the private security industry in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), South Africa and Uganda? What regulatory frameworks have these countries put in place to control the activities of private security companies (PSCs)? This publication from the Institute for Security Studies presents case studies of the private security industry in the DRC, South Africa and Uganda. It finds that the context in which each country's private security industry operates is informed largely by the country's social, economic and political dynamics.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze S. (ed.), 2008, 'The Private Security Sector in Africa Country Series', Instutute for Security Studies Size: 124 pages (978 kB)
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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How did the newly elected government of President Joseph Kabila respond to the 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo? How did it act with respect to human rights and democracy in the two years following the election? This report from Human Rights Watch documents human rights abuses and political repression in Kinshasa and Bas Congo following the 2006 elections. It finds that the Kabila government is brutally restricting democratic space in the DRC.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: 2008, '"We will crush you" - The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo ', Human Rights Watch Size: 100 pages (1.84 MB)
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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How were security issues managed in the Burundi Peace Talks? What lessons are there for international mediators of other conflicts? Drawing on interviews with negotiators and advisors, this Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report concludes that it is vital to balance political and technical expertise when addressing security issues and that the interconnectedness of security issues should be recognised.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in the Burundi Peace Talks', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 54 pages (1.6 MB)
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How did Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) deal with security issues? What lessons are there for international mediators assisting other peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report finds that in Sudan the parties' lack of trust led to a deliberate avoidance of commitments related to security and weapons control. In this context, there were few opportunities for international mediators to broaden the scope of the negotiations.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Human Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Negotiating Disarmament, Country Study, Number 2, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1.2 MB)
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What is the most effective way of tackling violence and weapons issues in peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report consists of four articles which put forward recommendations on how to deal with such issues when negotiating a peace agreement. The importance of understanding the local context, ensuring sustainable reintegration and dealing with arms in civilian hands is stressed in several articles.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Strategies for Tackling Weapons and Violence in Peace Process', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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What is an appropriate conceptual framework to examine contemporary Caribbean security challenges? What key structural factors, core concepts and elements are necessary for the analysis of security issues in the region? This book chapter develops a Discrete Multidimensional Security Framework for examining security challenges in the Caribbean. The framework aims to provide a conceptual architecture to facilitate explanation and interpretation of structures, patterns and dynamics involved in security issues in the region.

Author: Ivelaw Lloyd Griffith Source: Griffith I.L., 2008, 'A New Conceptual Approach to Caribbean Security ' in The Caribbean Community in Transition, Hall, K. and Chuck-A-Sang. M. (eds.), Ian Randle Publishing, Jamaica, pp. 221-240 Size: 28 pages (1.1 MB)
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What is the 'rule of law' and how can it best be implemented in peace operations? This article from the journal International Peacekeeping reviews four publications on the rule of law in post-conflict situations. The books demonstrate that implementing the rule of law is more easily said than done. There is a need to systematise research and specify the conditions of success and failure in order to develop a more tangible policy framework.

Author: Till Blume Source: Blume T., 2008, 'Security, Justice and the Rule of Law in Peace Operations', International Peacekeeping, Volume 15, Issue 5, pp. 713-721 Size: 9 pages ()
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What factors facilitate and contribute to the transfer of different types of weapons, small arms and light weapons (SALW) in particular, to non-state armed groups (NSAGs)? How can the international community attempt to control these transfers? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the transfer of weapons to NSAGs. It describes how the post-Cold War security landscape and globalisation have enabled the transfer of arms to NSAGs.

Author: Chris Smith | UNIDIR Source: Smith C., 2008, 'Weapon transfers to non-state armed groups', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: Engaging non-state armed groups, Number 1, pp. 45 - 52 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What lessons can be learnt from West African initiatives to control small arms? How can these lessons be applied to the current international debate on an arms trade treaty? This United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) paper argues that the West African experience shows that an international arms trade treaty should address arms imports as well as exports and prohibit arms transfers to non-state actors.

Author: Cyriaque Pawoumotom Agnekethom Source: Agnekethom C.P., 2008, 'Political and institutional dynamics of the control of small arms and light weapons in West Africa', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum - The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 13 - 20 Size: 8 pages (104 kB)
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What is the scale of small arms proliferation in West Africa? How do small arms and light weapons (SALW) arrive and circulate and what impact do they have on the sub-region? This article from Disarmament Forum looks at the transfer of SALW in West Africa. It argues that the uncontrolled movement of SALW in West Africa has exacerbated conflict, created a climate of insecurity and undermined development.

Author: Francis Langumba Keili | UNIDIR Source: Keili F.L., 2008, 'Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa: a stock-taking', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 5 - 12 Size: 7 pages (105 kB)
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What security challenges does the UK face? What steps is the government taking in response to these challenges? The national security strategy from the UK Cabinet Office sets out how the government will address and manage the security challenges that the UK faces. It emphasises the integrated nature of the responses required to address a range of diverse but interdependent threats, risks and drivers of insecurity.

Author: UK Cabinet Office | www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk Source: UK Cabinet Office, 2008, 'The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an interdependent world', UK Cabinet Office, CM 7291. Size: 64 pages (980 kB)
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What is the current state of human rights in the Maldives? This report, by the US Department of State, attempts to answer this question with respect to six key areas. These are respect for the integrity of the person, respect for civil liberties, respect for political rights, governmental attitude regarding investigation of alleged violations of human rights, discrimination, and workers' rights. The report notes that there were no reports of arbitrary or unlawful killings but the law continues to significantly restrict freedom of religion.

Author: US Department of State Source: US Department of State, '2008 Human Rights Report: Maldives', United States Department of State Size: 12 pages (104 kB)
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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The difference in donor approaches to security sector reform (SSR) and its actual practice in Africa is immense. This paper, published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, reviews SSR projects in Africa with significant input from external donors. The review reveals considerable variations of approach, while a comparative analysis of SSR in Sierra Leone and Liberia contrasts the differing application of core principles of SSR in these two cases. Generally, donor SSR projects do not substantially differ from the previous piecemeal and uncoordinated approach they have traditionally adopted towards defence, policing and justice reform.

Author: Daniel Bendix | Ruth Stanley Source: Bendix D., Stanley R., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Africa: The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach', African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Occasional Paper Series, Volume 3(2) Size: 58 pages (512 kB)
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How can policymakers use political economy and conflict-sensitive approaches to create and support an effective economic recovery strategy in northern Uganda? This first issue of Investing in Peace from International Alert analyses four districts in Northern Uganda and finds that policymakers and donors need to include substantial economic recovery initiatives as a part of the overall peacebuilding strategy.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2008, 'Building a Peace Economy in Northern Uganda: Conflict-sensitive Approaches to Recovery and Growth' Investing in Peace, Issue No. 1, International Alert, London Size: 60 pages (6.87 MB)
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What are the causes and problems of militarised law enforcement in peace operations? How can these be addressed? This paper from International Peacekeeping examines the role of the European Union Force (EUFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). While the military can contribute to law enforcement, such involvement is generally hindered by fear of 'mission creep' and lack of preparedness. Preferable alternatives to military involvement (such as international civil police forces collaborating with local officials) are obstructed by lack of political will. Law enforcement should be addressed early and systematically by the deployment of robust forces that avoid excessive use of force.

Author: Cornelius Friesendorf | Susan E. Penksa Source: Friesendorf, C. and Penksa, S., 2008, 'Militarized Law Enforcement in Peace Operations: EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-694 Size: 18 pages (135 KB)
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What are the risks and challenges facing Bangladesh's democracy and stability? Are Bangladesh's political and social institutions resilient enough to overcome these challenges? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the political risks and challenges facing Bangladesh. It argues that Bangladesh faces twin threats to its democracy and stability: deadlock over elections, and the growing challenge of militant and violent Islamism. The international community can help to address these risks by taking Bangladesh seriously as a strategic partner and moving towards more mature political engagement.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Bangladesh Today', Asia Report 121, International Crisis Group Size: 39 pages (1 MB)
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What progress has the military installed caretaker government (CTG) in Bangladesh made towards holding credible elections? This report from the International Crisis Group examines developments in Bangladesh since the military coup in 2007. It argues that while the military's desire to reform the political parties and tackle corruption is understandable, the CTG's measures undermine the country's democratic institutions.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Restoring Democracy in Bangladesh', Asia Report No. 151, International Crisis Group Size: 47 pages (652 kB)
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Once considered a multi-cultural, harmonious "Shangri-la", Bhutan has become a country divided by political and humanitarian conflict and marked by human rights violations. This paper, published by the Norwegian Refugee Council, reviews the consolidation of power, values and identity of the country's Buddhist elite and its abuse of minorities. Bhutan must eliminate all discrimination against ethnic Nepalis, facilitate the return of refugees and enlist United Nations' assistance in resolving its human rights crisis.

Author: Richard Skretteberg (ed.) Source: Skretteberg R. (ed.), 2008, 'Bhutan: land of the happiness for the selected', Norwegian Refugee Council Size: 11 pages (1 MB)
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Emerging global and regional complexities require India to match its military capabilities with its growing economic and technological status in order to ensure a stable and peaceful environment. This paper, published by the Journal of Defence Studies, discusses the current global and regional security environment and its impact on India and its army. While India's democratic credentials are strong and its economy resilient, its army must be modernised to meet today's needs and future challenges.

Author: Deepak Kapoor | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Source: Kapoor D., 2008, 'Changing Global Security Environment with Specific Reference to our Region and its Impact on the Indian Army', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (2), Winter 2008, New Dehli Size: 18 pages (70 kB)
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In April 2006, protests in Nepal led to the end of direct rule by the King and the ending of the so-called 'People's War', fought by the Maoists against the state since 1996. This report, published by Saferworld, attempts to highlight the important issues surrounding policing in Nepal in this context. It identifies a sense of optimism following the end of the civil conflict, and changing expectations of the police force. It argues that a balance needs to be struck between providing basic security during a period of transition, and preparing to reform Nepal's security system in the long term.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2008, 'Public safety and policing in Nepal: An analysis of public attitudes towards community safety and policing across Nepal', Saferworld Size: 62 pages (1.2 MB)
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Who are the key players in Pakistan's power dynamics? What role is given to the judicial system and civil society? This report by Jayshree Bajoria offers a brief outline of the political power dynamics in Pakistan's including the traditional role of the military and intelligence agency. It follows by providing a detailed explanation as to other key players which have emerged as dominant stakeholders in Pakistan's power dynamics.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2008, 'Pakistan's Institutions and Civil Society', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York, USA Size: pages ()
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While Singapore's security governance is distinct from those of its Southeast Asian counterparts, it shares regional traits of technocratic primary and relative lack of democratic controls. This paper, published by Contemporary Southeast Asia, discusses the evolution of and current challenges facing Singapore's security sector in light of current security sector governance theory. While Singapore governs its security sector better than most Southeast Asian countries, its technocratic manner and illiberal approach justify the need for some level of reform.

Author: See Sen Tang | Alvin Chew Source: Tang S.S., Chew A., 2008, 'Governing Singapore's Security Sector: Problems, Prospects, and Paradox', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 30 (2): 241-263 Size: 24 pages ()
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United States (US) foreign policy focus on democracy in the absence of security conditions is unproductive and detrimental to the US, the world and democracy itself. This American Behavioral Scientist paper examines the "security-first" approach as expressed in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia and assesses current US foreign policy approaches. Security-first, including appropriate alliances with illiberal moderates, leads to better political and social outcomes.

Author: Lynn Kuok Source: Kuok L., 2008, 'Security First: The Lodestar for US Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia?', American Behavioral Scientist, Volume 51 (9): 1405-1450 Size: 47 pages ()
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What explains the patchy response of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) towards the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons? This Security Dialogue article examines theories and argues that explanations that assign importance to the pre-existing normative environment and the role of local agents are most convincing. ASEAN officials localised small arms as a transnational crime and counter-terrorism issue, which served to close off discussion of sensitive 'internal' issues, such as military and police complicity.

Author: David Capie Source: Capie D., 2008, 'Localization as Resistance: The Contested Diffusion of Small Arms Norms in Southeast Asia', Security Dialogue,Volume 39 (6): 637-658. Size: 23 pages ()
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How effective are regional and national initiatives to improve sea lane security in Southeast Asia? This Asia Policy paper examines whether efforts to improve security in Southeast Asia's waters are sufficient enough to produce a long-term beneficial effect. International pressure, the spectre of maritime terrorism, the efforts of regional states and support from external powers have helped to improve security. However, much more remains to be done and therefore securing Southeast Asia's sea lanes is still work in progress.

Author: Ian Storey Source: Storey I., 2008, 'Securing Southeast Asia's Sea Lanes: A Work in Progress', Asia Policy, Washington DC: No. 6. Size: 34 pages (387KB)
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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This article from International Peacekeeping suggests an understanding of corruption that combines 'core' universal features (actions, decisions and processes that subvert or distort the nature of public office and the political process) with acknowledgement of the importance of local norms. A primary task of peacebuilding is to create a shared set of rules and norms that will govern the exercise of public office in a context where multiple sets of rules compete. In post-conflict situations, corruption cannot always be either avoided or prioritised. While it should not be tolerated, strategic focus is required, and interventions must be realistic about what is achievable.

Author: Mark Philp Source: Philp, M., 2008, 'Peacebuilding and Corruption', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 310-327 Size: 18 pages (139 KB)
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What is meant by 'the rule of law', and how can it most effectively be promoted in post-conflict states? This article from Global Governance considers definitions, and outlines lessons from Kosovo and Haiti. Donors need to recognise rule of law reform as a political activity, and to harmonise as much as possible potentially contradictory elements: (a) local narratives and resources; and (b) the historical connection of the traditional 'thick' version of the rule of law with a liberal democratic state.

Author: Giovanni Bassu Source: Bassu, G., 2008, 'Law Overruled: Strengthening the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict States', Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism, vol. 14, no.1, pp. 21-38 Size: 18 pages (78 KB)
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What can be done to successfully reform the judiciary? What key issues must be considered? What improvements have already been brought about as a result of the enactment of laws? This Halsbury's Law article provides an overview of reforms in the judiciary in India. It argues that unless the citizens of India are educated, the objective of the Constitution to provide legal protection to all will not be achieved. The article discusses various key themes to be considered in trying to reform the judiciary in India in order to bring justice to all citizens, educated and illiterate. The author concludes that the importance of law in changing the minds of the society and in bringing about economic progress cannot be ignored.

Author: Justice AR Lakshmanan Source: Lakshmanan J.A., 2008, 'Reforms in the Judiciary: An Overview', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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Why have Indian courts accumulated arrears? What can judges and lawyers do to improve the system from within the existing framework? This Halsbury's Law Monthly article argues that the mental barriers to reforms are dismantled, and that all doses of external remedies are bound to fail. The article first provides a brief historical perspective of the origin and development of the judicial system in India since British Rule. It continues by discussing the issue of accumulation of arrears, and offers guidelines for lawyers and judges as to how to reform the system from within. It concludes with key recommendations for judges and lawyers in order to liquidate the huge backlog.

Author: A.K. Ganguly | Halsbury's Law Monthly Source: Ganguly A.K., 2008, 'Judicial Reforms', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: pages ()
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How are local forms of policing shaped in post-conflict African states? What are the risks and the potential of state and donor support for these informal groups? This article analyses local forms of policing in Rwanda and Sierra Leone. It argues that country-specific patterns of local policing vary enormously, and depend on three factors: (1) the nature of the conflict and peace settlement; (2) regime ideology; and (3) the level of regime insecurity and fear of conflict recurring. In a context of less than fair and accountable state policing, security for the poor cannot be provided without the assistance of local forms of policing.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2008, 'Beyond the Tarmac Road: Local Forms of Policing in Sierra Leone and Rwanda', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp. 555-570 Size: 17 pages (142 kB)
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How are distinctions between public and private and between global and local security governance in Africa being redrawn? This article surveys the breadth of private security activity on the continent, and the political and economic factors driving its growth. It argues that analysis of private security in Africa must be situated within the significant power shifts taking place in international political economy. Contemporary security involves complex, fluid structures in which public and private agents interact, cooperate and compete. Issues of public scrutiny and accountability have important implications for democratic control and oversight.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C., 2008, 'Public/Private, Global/Local: The Changing Contours of Africa's Security Governance', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp 539-553 Size: 15 pages ()
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This article introduces a journal issue examining: 1) how contemporary vigilantism in Nigeria has been at the forefront of contests over state authority; and 2) the social and cultural interpretation of vigilantism. It argues that contemporary Nigerian vigilantism involves a range of local and global dynamics beyond informal justice. Nigerian vigilante organisations do not merely reflect globalisation and the rise of the private security sector; they are not fully explained as a response to crime and a vacuum left by the state; and they cannot be neatly understood as forerunners of popular movements to reassert autonomy against state power. Rather, vigilantism is historically contingent and culturally specific, having various localised practices and meanings. The study of vigilantism could usefully focus on links between sociality and security; people's investment in social relationship and practices (burials, meals, marriages) are also investments in forms of insurance and protection.

Author: David Pratten Source: Pratten, D., 2008, 'Introduction - The Politics of Protection: Perspectives on Vigilantism in Nigeria', Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 78, no. 1, pp.1-15. Size: 15 pages (220 kB)
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How can democratic policing be developed in Bangladesh? This chapter reviews policing and police reform, highlighting the challenges of corruption, misconduct and politicisation. Despite promising initiatives by the Police Reform Programme, achieving reform implementation and embedding respect for human rights in police culture remain challenging. Reforms will only succeed in practice if politicians demonstrate the political will for change.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Bangladesh' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp16-31 Size: 15 pages (2.9 MB)
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How successful have attempts at reforming India's police been? What needs to be done to transform India's police from a controlling force to a people-centred service? This chapter examines the current state and pace of police reform in India. The control-oriented, colonial-era 1861 Police Act continues to govern policing in India, and police abuses are rife. The national and state governments have failed to comply with Supreme Court directives to reform the police. New legislation is urgently needed, and the drafting process must be open to civil society and stakeholder input. This will ensure that the new law addresses the concerns of the people most affected by unaccountable and ineffective policing.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'India' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi, pp32-53 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter finds that despite Pakistan's progressive Police Order of 2002, effective implementation of police reform has been blocked by a culture of political interference in police matters and by opposition from vested interests among the bureaucracy, by elements of the policing community and by alienated provincial governments. A failure to appreciate the impact that inadequate and oppressive policing can have on politics and governance risks repeating the mistakes that have plagued Pakistan since Independence. The regressive amendments to the Police Order since 2002 must be repealed and the successful reform of the National Highways and Motorway Police should be emulated.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Pakistan' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 54-75 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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The effort to implement better policing in Sri Lanka has stalled, and international pressure on the government has produced only the appearance of respect for human rights. This chapter finds that police reform will not work while the civil war is ongoing or while politicians are unwilling to end their patronage of the police. In order to begin to democratise the police, the government must scale back the military offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and pursue a long-term political solution that involves devolution to the provinces. To end the culture of impunity, police human rights abuses must be impartially investigated and prosecuted.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Sri Lanka', in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 76-90 Size: 14 pages (2.9 MB)
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What policing agencies are available in Sierra Leone, and how do citizens perceive them? This study, based on field research in 2005, notes that while SSR in Sierra Leone has focused on state agencies, many other policing agencies offer citizens protection and crime investigation. It is largely these alternative agencies that provide policing services, particularly to society's marginalised. In fact, youth (often considered a security risk as the 'idle unemployed') are providing local security in areas where the state police are rarely seen. The demand for better security is being satisfied by non-state providers.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2008, 'Who is Policing Sierra Leone?', in Multi-Choice Policing in Africa, Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, pp.131-154 Size: 23 pages ()
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How should the components of nation-building missions be organised and employed effectively? This guidebook from the RAND Corporation is based on historical research and best practice lessons from 16 case studies. International military interventions have proved to be the most reliable means of preventing societies emerging from civil war from then slipping back into conflict. Despite some notable setbacks, the overall impact of heightened international activism has been beneficial. Practitioners need to look more closely at previous experiences, learning from them, and then applying lessons into practice.

Author: James Dobbins | Seth Jones Source: The RAND National Security Research Division, 2007, 'The Beginners Guide to Nation-Building', RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA Size: 330 pages ()
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Before the political upheaval of the 1990s, police forces in the former Yugoslavia and Albania were centralised and repressive components of the state apparatus. Since then, various initiatives have been undertaken to address the numerous problems of police forces in the region. This has provided an opportunity to introduce community based policing (CBP). This policy document aims to set out the principles and key issues of undertaking successful CBP. It emphasises the importance of a strategic management process in undertaking CBP and, based on this, outlines a 'model' for CBP.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC, UNDP Stability Pact, Saferworld, 2007, 'Philosophy and Principles of Community Based Policing (3rd edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 48 pages (868 kB)
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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There is currently little guidance available for ombudsman institutions on how they should structure their work to improve human and public security. This publication, by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), aims to close this gap. It focuses on the role of Ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the security sector. It argues that independent ombudsman institutions can play an important role in strengthening democratic oversight and furthering human and public security.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E. (eds.), 2007, 'Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector: Recommendations for Ombudsman Institutions to Promote and Protect Human Rights for Public Security', UNDP / DCAF. Size: 92 pages (1076 kB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) continues to undermine development, the security of citizens and good governance in Africa. Author Nelson Alusala reports on the status of SALWs and disarmament in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad. The monograph includes historical, political and cultural context for each country's struggles to control SALWs, and recommends actions to control SALWs and arms trafficking.

Author: Nelson Alusala Source: Alusala, N., 2007, 'Armed Conflict and Disarmament: Selected Central African Case Studies', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Monograph No 129, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Security and Justice Sector Reform (SJSR) has assumed an increasingly prominent role on the international policy agenda over the last decade and the UK Government has played a crucial role in championing it. This review, by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and Ministry of Defence (MOD), aims to provide a better understanding of the quality and effectiveness of UK assistance to SJSR in Africa. It identifies lessons from past experience with regard to coherence, effectiveness and impact.

Author: Nicole Ball | Piet Biesheuvel Source: Ball, N., Biesheuvel, P., Hamilton-Baillie, T., & Olonisakin,F., 2007, 'Security and Justice Sector Reform Programming in Africa', DFID, Evaluation Working Paper 23, London Size: 118 pages (1232 kB)
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While the Labour Government of the United Kingdom (UK) has introduced positive arms export policy changes in the past 10 years, these policies have been undermined by poor implementation and decisions that appear to contradict stated criteria. This paper, authored by Mark Curtis, Helen Close, Vanessa Dury and Roy Isbister, examines the Labour Government's arms export policy and identifies a number of "good" policy developments, "bad" policy implementation and "ugly" practices.

Author: Mark Curtis | Helen Close Source: Close,H., Curtis,M., Dury,V. & Isbister,R., 2007, 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - a decade of Labour's arms exports', Saferworld, London Size: 2 pages (35.0 kB)
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Should Armed Non-State Actors be engaged in development dialogue? Would this be tantamount to negotiating with terrorists? Armed Non-State Actors are now an important feature of violent conflict within and between states. This paper from the German Development Institute (DIE) identifies opportunities and challenges for engaging Armed Non-State Actors from a development perspective. It refutes the idea that this engagement legitimises violence and suggests there is widespread support for such work.

Author: Noel Stott Source: Stott, N., 2007, 'Negotiating in Practice what is Non-Negotiable in Principle: Development Policy and Armed Non-State Actors', Discussion Paper, no. 8/2007, German Development Institute, Bonn, January. Size: 43 pages (35 KB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Ethnically representative armed forces in post-conflict countries can encourage a sense of commonality across ethnic boundaries and help secure a fragile peace. This paper, authored by Sven Gunnar Simonsen, cites recent efforts to establish ethnically representative armies and security forces in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Iraq, Bosnia and East Timor. While serious limitations to ethnic integration of the military exist, ethnically integrated national armies can help reduce ethnic violence and contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Sven Gunnar Simonsen Source: Simonsen,SG., 2007, 'Building "National" Armies - Building Nations? Determinants of Success for Post-intervention Integration Efforts', International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Norway Size: 20 pages ()
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While the United States (US), led by the Bush Administration, is promoting both anti-terrorism legislation and democracy around the world, these goals may run the risk of being seen as another example of American hypocrisy. This paper, authored by Beth Elise Whitaker, examines the politics surrounding passage of anti-terrorism laws in the developing world. In promoting anti-terrorism legislation and increased democratisation simultaneously, the US has generated widespread cynicism about the Bush Administration's twin foreign policy goals.

Author: Beth Elise Whitaker Source: Whitaker,BE., 2007, 'Exporting the Patriot Act? democracy and the "war on terror" in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2007, pp.1017-1032, Routledge, London, UK Size: 16 pages (159 kb)
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Liberia's national security sector operates under old structures that are unworkable, wasteful and do not engender the support of the people. This paper, authored by Gompert, Oliker, Stearns, Crane and Riley, recommends the organisation of a new sector architecture of both force structure and security institutions. Liberia must create a new security structure capable of meeting the country's internal and external challenges.

Author: David C. Gompert | Olga Oliker Source: Crane,K., Gompert,D., Oliker,O., Riley,K. & Stearns,B., 2007, 'Making Liberia Safe - Transformation of the National Security Sector', Monograph, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA Size: 118 pages (561kb)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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Who governs Africa's police? This article published in the Journal of Modern African Studies uses the role of Africa's chief police officers to explore the relationship between presidents and their police, and the location of influence within the police. It identifies the significant variables shaping police governance in four countries with comparable institutional structures - Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe - and confirms the negligible role played by public accountability.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2007, 'Police Commissioners, Presidents and the Governance of Security', Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 403-423 Size: 21 pages (110 KB)
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Which factors determine whether former combatants can be successfully integrated into social and political spheres at the end of a conflict? This article published in Conflict, Security and Development compares the political reintegration of the Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) in Colombia in the early 1990s with the reintegration of the paramilitary a decade later. It argues that successful reintegration depends on the acceptance of relevant audiences and the capacity of former combatants to perform as social and political interlocutors.

Author: Alexandra Guáqueta Source: Guáqueta, A., 2007, 'The Way Back In: Reintegrating Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia Then and Now' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 417-456 Size: 41 pages (270 KB)
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Experts agree that police reform involving the community is critical for peace and development. Yet to date there has not been a study on what international practitioners are doing in community-based policing (CBP) initiatives across Southeastern Europe. This document, by the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme, looks at project activities that address the issue of community involvement in police reform in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. It argues that the SSSR Programme is contributing to increased security in Albania and is a model worthy of replication.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'The Critical Link: Community Policing Practices in Southeastern Europe', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 36 pages (339 kB)
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How successful have Community Problem Solving Groups (CPSGs) been at representing their communities and identifying and solving problems? How supportive of their efforts are local government officials? This study from the United Nations Development Programme assesses the Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme's CPSGs in Albania. In general, local governments are interested in supporting the CPSGs, local police officers are dedicated to community-based policing, and there are active CPSG members. The CPSGs thus have a lot of potential, which the SSSR Programme should help to realise.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'Representation, Relevance and Interest: An Assessment of the SSSR Programme's Community Problem Solving Groups', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 29 pages (336 kB)
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Casualties from antipersonnel landmines in Colombia have increased dramatically in recent years. The use of antipersonnel landmines by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) kills and injures hundreds of civilians every year. This report from Human Rights Watch documents the impact on civilian victims of antipersonnel landmines and the assistance the government provides to survivors.

Author: Daniel Wilkinson | HRW Americas Division Source: Human Rights Watch, 2007, 'Maiming the People: Guerrilla Use of Antipersonnel Landmines and Other Indiscriminate Weapons in Colombia', Human Rights Watch, Volume 19, No. 1(B), New York, USA Size: 38 pages (1.03 MB)
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Combating organised crime should occur throughout the conflict continuum, from conflict prevention to post-conflict peacebuilding. This paper, published by Swisspeace, examines the impact of organised criminal groups on peacebuilding efforts in Kosovo and Liberia. Although types of organised crime differ in the two countries, both cases demonstrate that organised crime presents a serious threat to peacebuilding efforts and damages the functioning of democratic institutions.

Author: Nika Stražišar Teran Source: Teran, N. S., 2007, 'Peacebuilding and Organised Crime: The Cases of Kosovo and Liberia', Swisspeace Working Paper 1/2007, Bern Size: 52 pages (489.45 KB)
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Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. The Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006 considered the cases of Guatamala and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the peace agreements that ended the conflicts in these countries a decade after they were signed and a number of related issues. The introductory article from the conference outlines the factors that lead to establishing truth commissions in one context and judicial tribunals in another, considering how a society can learn to live with the memory of human rights violations, and how external actors can contribute to the process of reconciliation.

Author: Jonathan Sisson Source: Sisson,J.(ed.), 2007, 'Dealing with the Past in Post-Conflict Societies: Ten Years after the Peace Accords in Guatemala and Bosnia-Herzegovina', Introduction at the Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006, Bern Size: 80 pages (871 kB)
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Effective border management can play a significant role in preventing human trafficking, illicit smuggling and terrorism. This book, by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defense Studies (LESPERSSI), explains the importance of state border management in relation to reforming the security sector. It also considers the experience of Hungarian border guard reform, outlines Indonesia's current border condition, and makes proposals regarding modern border management.

Author: Beni Sukadis | Aditya Batara Gunawan Source: Batara,A. & Sukadis,B. (eds.), 2007, 'Border Management Reform in Transition Democracies', DCAF & Lesperssi, Bern Size: 114 pages (1298 kB)
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While most states in Central Asia have conducted varying degrees of defence and security sector institutional reform, practical application of reform varies from country to country. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the status of defence and security reform in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Weak economies, lack of democratic governance and intractable security issues such as drug smuggling are major hindrances to reform.

Author: Eden Cole (editor) | Philipp Fluri (editor) Source: Cole,E. & Fluri,P., 2007, 'Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States', DCAF, Bern Size: 112 pages (563.90 kB)
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While there is emerging recognition in the Ukraine of the benefits of security sector reform (SSR), significant reforms to date are limited to the defence sector. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the current status of SSR in the Ukraine and recent security policy statements of Ukrainian authorities. Substantial reform efforts need to be applied to internal security institutions, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary.

Author: Vladimir P. Horbulin, Editor | Philipp H. Fluri, Editor Source: Horbulin,V.P., Fluri,P.H. & Pirozhkov,S.I., 2007, 'Perspectives on Ukrainian Security Sector Reform', DCAF & Valentin Ramirovich Suvaldo, Bern Size: 173 pages (557.97 kB)
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How successful have post-war reforms to the Afghan National Police (ANP) been? What strategies should be adopted to improve the structure and performance of the ANP? This paper from the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) provides an overview of the police sector and identifies five key issues that need to be addressed. The reforms so far have been disappointing. Piecemeal initiatives undertaken by donors and the national government have resulted in corruption within the police and mistrust among the Afghan population. Future programmes should focus on developing an over-arching strategy for the ANP, improving trainee recruitment and making donor assistance conditional on reform to the Ministry of Interior (MoI).

Author: Andrew Wilder Source: Wilder, A., 2007, 'Cops or Robbers? The Struggle to Reform the Afghan National Police', Issues Paper Series, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul Size: 94 pages (3.7 MB)
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Was the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) an appalling failure? This paper from the Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI) analyses the 2003-2005 period of the mission and assesses whether EUPM merited the harsh criticism it received. It finds that while EUPM failed to achieve its goal of 'Europeanising' Bosnian police services, it achieved a number of tangible results. EUPM's lack of success was not entirely its own fault.

Author: Gemma Collantes Celador Source: Collantes Celador, G., 2007, 'The European Union Police Mission: The Beginning of a New Future for Bosnia and Herzegovina?', IBEI Working Papers, Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona, Spain Size: 24 pages (220 kB)
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What security threats and challenges confront the European Union (EU)? How is the EU to deal with these threats and challenges? The 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) set out the principles, priorities and procedures of how the EU intends to protect and promote its security. This article from European Security Review suggests that the ESS should be revised in light of the changing threats and challenges facing Europe. To become a genuine strategy the ESS should contain clear targets and objectives, and detailed action plans for their achievement.

Author: Stephen Pullinger Source: Pullinger,S., 2007, 'Revising the European Security Strategy: Building a secure Europe in a better world', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (92 KB)
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What is the state of corruption in the South African Police Service (SAPS)? What measures have the SAPS and the South African government taken to counter police corruption? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies provides an overview of what is known about corruption in the SAPS and efforts to counter it. Since disbanding the Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU) in 2002, the SAPS has struggled to implement an anti-corruption strategy. Indicators suggest a lack of will on the part of both the SAPS and government to counter corruption, causing loss of public faith in police institutions.

Author: Andrew Faull Source: Faull, A., 2007, 'Corruption and the South African Police Service: A review and its Implications', ISS Africa, Occasional Paper 150, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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In light of the United Nations' (UN) failure to act in the 1990s, are Africa's experiments in cooperative security the future of peacekeeping? How do new approaches to peacekeeping affect the legitimacy of global multilateral security architecture? This article from African Security Review analyses hybrid missions and security collaboration in Africa. These approaches are responses to Africa's political, financial and operational constraints and should not be regarded as alternatives for UN-led peacekeeping.

Author: Timothy Othieno | Nhamo Samasuwo Source: Othieno,T. and Samasuwo,N., 2007, 'A Critical Analysis of Africa's Experiments with Hybrid Missions and Security Collaboration', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (153 kB)
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How successful has the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) been in protecting civilians? This study, by the Institute of Security Studies, assesses MONUC's strategy during its more passive phase from 2000 to 2004 and during the period from 2005, which included more forceful peace operations. The study concludes that, in its passive role, MONUC failed to protect civilians altogether. However, its more aggressive operations occasionally led to greater civilian abuse.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks,J., 2007, 'The Pitfalls of Action and Inaction: Civilian Protection in MONUC's Peacekeeping Operations', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (142.31KB)
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What challenges confront the peacebuilding agenda in Africa? To what extent have peacebuilding measures been undertaken in conflict-ridden African states? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges, extent and achievement of peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace. The experience of Sierra Leone demonstrates growing international recognition that peacebuilding should be an essential part of any multinational peacekeeping operation in Africa. While many positive developments have strengthened the prospects for long-term peace in Sierra Leone, several problems still need to be urgently addressed.

Author: Theo Neethling Source: Neethling,T., 2007, 'Pursuing Sustainable Peace Through Post-conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Sierra Leone', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (148 kB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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What do ordinary people in Sierra Leone think of the country's transitional justice processes? This article from the Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution reports on popular opinions on the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the truth and reconciliation commission. Contrary to the findings of previous ethnographic studies, there appears to be widespread support for transitional justice mechanisms and a genuine desire for some form of accountability process.

Author: Tim Kelsall | Edward Sawyer Source: Sawyer, E. and Kelsall, T., 2007, 'Truth vs. Justice? Popular Views on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone', The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, volume 7, issue 1 Size: 500 KB pages (33)
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What are the key challenges for justice sector reform in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) highlights both improvements and issues yet to be addressed in the country's administration of law and justice. Whilst it has seen many positive developments since the restoration of civilian rule in 1993, including an increased institutional respect for the rule of law, justice reform remains piecemeal and uncoordinated.

Author: To whom it may concern | To whom it may concern Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and the Institute for Democratic Governance, Size: 23 pages (100 KB)
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How should donor support be provided to political parties in developing countries? This paper from the Christian Michelsen Institute (CMI) outlines the current status, modalities and practices of donor support to political parties and recommends core principles by which such assistance should be provided. Current donor assistance hampers political party capacity building by failing to integrate and harmonise party support with democracy support.

Author: Inge Amundsen Source: Amundsen, I., 2007, 'Donor Support to Political Parties: Status and Principles', Christian Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway Size: 42 pages (2.56 MB)
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Gender-based violence and discrimination hinder the establishment of peace and human security. Without gender equality, progress in global poverty reduction and development will fail. This study by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) argues that gender-sensitive reform of the security sector can make an important contribution to the reduction of gender-based violence and discrimination. It is an aspect of reform that has been overlooked in development cooperation to date.

Author: Sandra Oelke Source: Oelke,S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Gender: Concept and Points of Entry for Development Cooperation', Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany Size: 24 pages (1.62MB)
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What are the key features of Nigeria's governance crisis and how can these be addressed? This paper from Human Rights Watch documents the most important human rights abuses of Nigeria's political process. Only determined action to reform key institutions will achieve meaningful change in the way Nigeria conducts its political business.

Author: Chris Albin-Lackey | Ben Rawlence Source: Albin-Lackey, C., and Rawlence, B., 2007, pp. 1-51 and 103-112 in 'Criminal Politics: Violence, "Godfathers" and Corruption in Nigeria', vol. 19, no. 16(A), Human Rights Watch, Africa Division Size: 123 pages (1 MB)
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What is the cost of armed violence? IANSA, Saferworld and Oxfam's investigation into the cost of armed violence to Africa looks at where the weapons come from which feed this violence, and then highlights an important area where progress is urgently required at both African and international levels. Armed conflict alone has cost Africa around US$300bn since 1990. This is a massive waste of resources - roughly equivalent to all international aid to Africa from major donors during the same period.

Author: Oxfam | IANSA Source: Hillier,D., 2007, 'Africa's missing billions: International arms flows and the cost of conflict', Oxfam International, IANSA and Saferworld, Briefing Paper 107, UK Size: 38 pages (427 kB)
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What impact does conflict have on police culture? This chapter examines some aspects of everyday police practices in three African states, along with some of the internal management and external state and donor influences that have sought to (re)shape them. It seeks to track where changes have occurred following conflict, why, and with what consequences. Whilst reform of small state police forces proceeds slowly, the growth of other policing agencies continues. Policing, as it is experienced in Africa, is a multi-choice affair.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Conflict and African Police Culture: The Cases of Uganda, Rwanda, Sierra Leone', book chapter in, O'Neil, M., Marks, M. and Singh, AM. (eds.), 'Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions', Oxford: Elsevier Science. Size: 2 pages (35 kB)
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What role does community-based policing have in post-conflict states? In his article, Bruce Baker demonstrates that community-based (non-state) policing in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Rwanda has survived conflict, but that its variable form and function is in part the product of conflict. In a context of limited state police resources, community-based policing is not to be dismissed lightly as a significant security provider for post-war democracies.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Post-War Policing by Communities in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Rwanda', Democracy and Security, 3, 2, 215-36. Size: 40 pages (157 kB)
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In January 2005 the South African government launched a six month amnesty period for the surrender of illegal weapons. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) reviews the 2005 firearms amnesty, assessing its impact and the factors that contributed to its success. The amnesty was successful in achieving its dual objectives of removing illegal guns from circulation and supporting the implementation of the 2000 Firearms Control Act (FCA). It also had a significant effect in that it demonstrated that attitudes to firearms ownership were beginning to change.

Author: | Adèle Kirsten Source: Kirsten, A. 2007. 'Simpler, better, faster: Review of the 2005 firearms amnesty', Occasional Paper 134, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 16 pages (279 kB)
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How effective have international arms embargoes been in reducing the supply of weapons into countries in Africa? What factors determine the success or failure of arms embargoes? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) analyses the monitoring and enforcement of United Nations arms embargoes in Africa. Examining international embargoes of nine African countries, it finds that the impact of arms embargoes depends on the commitment of all states to enforce them.

Author: Guy Lamb Source: Lamb, G. 2007. 'Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa', Occasional Paper 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (302KB)
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There was widespread relief and satisfaction following the successful October 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Will the elections, however, improve the DRC's situation? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges facing the DRC beyond the elections. The problems facing the DRC will not be solved by the elections alone and will cripple the government if they are not immediately addressed. The elections should not serve as an exit strategy for the international community.

Author: David Kampf Source: Kampf, D. 2007. 'The Democratic Republic of Congo: Beyond the Elections', African Security Review, 16 (1), Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 5 pages (71 KB)
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What is the relationship between corruption and armed conflict? What are the implications of corruption research for the study of conflict, and vice versa? This paper from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) discusses the causal impact of corruption on armed conflict and the impact of conflict on corruption. So far there has been little interaction between empirical corruption research and empirical research into civil wars. Bringing the two strands together enables the observation of anomalies that would have been difficult to detect within each field in isolation.

Author: Jens Christopher Andvig Source: Andvig, J.C. 2007. 'Corruption and armed conflicts: some stirring around in the governance soup', NUPI Working Papers, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo Size: 69 pages (538 kB)
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In 2007 Sierra Leone held fair elections for the president and parliament. Will these lead to increased development and democracy? This essay by the Center for Global Development assesses the elections from the perspective of the country's troubled history and post-conflict state building. The long-term impact of the elections will depend on the government's ability to tackle endemic corruption, rebuild infrastructure and encourage investment. It also depends on the emergence of a constituency that has the knowledge, power and commitment to demand democratic governance from its leaders.

Author: Carol J. Lancaster Source: Lancaster, C. 2007. 'We Fall Down and Get Up: State Failure, Democracy and Development in Sierra Leone', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 10 pages (296KB)
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How should donor countries cooperate with partner countries in conditions of poor government performance and fragile statehood? How should they engage with multilateral organisations in regard to development policy? This strategy paper from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) outlines a framework for development cooperation in countries with fragile governance conditions. If development cooperation is to be more effective in difficult settings it must be adapted to the political and social conditions in partner countries.

Author: Dr Eduard Westreicher | Dr Ludgera Klemp Source: BMZ 2007. 'Development-Oriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance', Strategies 153, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn Size: 44 pages (354 kB)
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Do human rights violations contribute to internal conflict? What effects do different types of human rights violations have on the likelihood of conflict? This article from Human Rights Quarterly examines the links between violations of internationally recognised human rights and the emergence or escalation of internal conflict. It argues that while some human rights violations are associated with conflict emergence or escalation, it is difficult to establish precise causal links. Efforts to address the violation of human rights may, under certain circumstances, run the risk of contributing to conflict emergence or escalation.

Author: Oskar N. T. Thoms | James Ron Source: Thoms, O.N.T. and Ron, J. 2007. 'Do Human Rights Violations Cause Internal Conflict?', Human Rights Quarterly, 29(3), pp.674-705, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Size: 32 pages (1.82 MB)
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What role has land and resource scarcity played in violent conflict in Rwanda? How should the international transitional justice community integrate economic factors such as land distribution into reconciliation processes? This paper from the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation examines the role of land in conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda. It shows that land and resource scarcity are deeply linked to conflict and ethnicity in Rwanda. Unless land issues are integrated into transitional justice processes, reconciliation will remain superficial and the potential for violent conflict will remain.

Author: Zinaida Miller Source: Miller, Z. 2007. 'Constructing Sustainable Reconciliation: Land, Power, and Transitional Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda', Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Cape Town Size: 61 pages (318 kB)
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The emergence in the last decade of the human security concept has allowed security debate to refocus on the security of the individual, and to acknowledge the wider role that a range of actors play in security, including non-state actors. Children, however, remain largely invisible in the discussion. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) links child protection imperatives to post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Greater recognition of specific security issues affecting children can best be achieved through strengthening existing security governance frameworks and the human rights perspective of security.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D. 2007. 'Children's security in post-conflict peace building', Discussion Paper, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 20 pages (107 kB)
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How has Uganda attempted to reintegrate abductees and former combatants from the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) back into civilian life? This article from Conflict, Security and Development analyses disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) in northern Uganda and the challenges facing attempts to reintegrate former LRA combatants. It finds that the impact of Uganda's informal DDR process is limited by the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis. DDR will only succeed if it is part of a wider peacebuilding process.

Author: Anna Borzello Source: Borzello, A. 2007. 'The challenge of DDR in Northern Uganda: The Lord's Resistance Army', Conflict, Security & Development, 7(3), pp.387 - 415, Routledge, Oxford Size: 29 pages ()
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Why are international police building projects often not entirely successful? This article from Third World Quarterly focuses on events in 2006 in Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands. It suggests that police building has been a neglected dimension of nation- and state-building exercises, despite its importance to functions of pacification and restoration of law and order. The paper argues that, in both places, the police capacity builders paid insufficient attention to the political architecture and milieu of public safety.

Author: Andrew Goldsmith | Sinclair Dinnen Source: Goldsmith, A. and Dinnen, S. 2007.'Transnational police building: critical lessons from Timor-Leste and Solomon', Third World Quarterly, 28(6), pp.1091-1109, Routledge, Oxford Size: 20 pages (224KB)
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What lessons do regional experiences in small arms transfer controls provide for the construction of universal principles for the authorisation of small arms transfers? This publication from Project Ploughshares presents papers from an international seminar on 'Regional Dimensions of Global Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfer Principles'. It shows that there is a growing global consensus, derived from international law, on the key principles that should govern arms transfers. The emerging challenge for the international community is to ensure coherence among initiatives addressing small arms transfer and initiatives addressing transfer of all conventional weapons.

Author: Kenneth Epps (editor) Source: Project Ploughshares. 2007. 'Towards Global Standards: Regional Experience in Small Arms Transfer Controls', Edited Papers from an International Seminar, Waterloo, Canada. Size: 111 pages (1.59 MB)
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What are the objectives, activities and principles involved in peace support operations (PSOs)? This guide from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides information and guidance for UK police personnel on international policing operations in PSOs. It outlines how police personnel should conduct police operations and rule of law activities on PSOs and sets out the main principles of democratic policing.

Author: FCO Library Source: FCO. 2007. 'Peace support operations: Information and guidance for UK police personnel', Police and Justice Team, Conflict Issues Group, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London Size: 60 pages (2.51 MB)
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How comprehensive is the Internal Security Sector Review (ISSR) analysis of security issues in Kosovo? What challenges confront the development of a new security architecture in Kosovo? The ISSR was published in February 2007, and in response, this briefing from Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives outlines the ISSR process and outcome and challenges for the future of Kosovo's security sector. The process and the conclusions of the ISSR fall short of what is needed to help secure Kosovo's future. Nevertheless, much now relies on the quality of implementation of the ISSR's proposals.

Author: Saferworld | The Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ) Source: Saferworld. 2007. 'The Internal Security Sector Review: the future of Kosovo's security sector?', Briefing Note, Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo), London Size: 5 pages (54 KB)
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Preventing and reducing the unauthorised diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) transfers is widely acknowledged to be a critical issue. The UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW includes strong commitments on this matter. This report, by Biting the Bullet, identifies processes by which SALW transfers are diverted to unauthorised recipients, outlines aspects of transfers that pose particular risks, and proposes measures to mitigate such risks. It also specifically considers existing and potential good practice with regard to end-user certificates (EUCs), preventing unauthorised re-export, and controlling transit of SALW.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E. 2007. 'Small arms and light weapons transfer controls to prevent diversion: Developing and implementing key programme of action commitments', Briefing: Biting the Bullet, Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 30 pages (1.08 MB)
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What role should Nepal's police play in broader efforts towards peacebuilding and national reconciliation? As the primary civil agency for law enforcement and the maintenance of public order, police are key actors in post-conflict environments. In this collection of essays, commissioned by Saferworld, Nepali authors consider police reform and development in post-conflict Nepal. Nepal's security institutions have not traditionally been subject to effective public scrutiny or democratic oversight. Debate, awareness raising and the development of indigenous capacities to address justice and security are critical.

Author: Simon Rynn (ed.) Source: Rynn, S. (ed.), 2007, 'Policing in Nepal: A collection of essays', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 99 pages (849 KB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses BiH's legislative framework for arms transfer control. The BiH authorities have taken impressive steps to bring the arms transfer control system into line with EU standards. While the necessary legislation is in place and key personnel are committed to its enforcement, however, a number of challenges continue to hinder its implementation.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Olga Palinkase Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Bosnia and Herzegovina', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 26 pages (161 KB)
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To what extent do arms and military equipment (AME) and dual-use transfer controls in Croatia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Croatia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. Croatia has introduced legislation and regulations which constitute significant progress toward bringing its AME transfer control system into line with EU and US best practice. However, there is still some work to be done and considerable challenges to overcome.

Author: Roy Isbister | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Croatia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 28 pages (169 KB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Kosovo comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Kosovo's arms transfer control framework. While the international administration has introduced limited controls on the transfer of arms to and from Kosovo, the existing regulatory framework has many gaps. The ongoing Internal Security Sector Review and talks on Kosovo's final status nevertheless provide unique opportunities to address these issues.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Anna Richards; Simon Rynn Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Kosovo', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 20 pages (127)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Serbia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Serbia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. The legislation currently in force in Serbia represents an encouraging level of commitment to EU norms in arms transfer controls. There are also welcome signs of growing capacity to better enforce the legislation. There is still more to be done, however, and challenges remain.

Author: Roy Isbister | Anna Richards Source: Isbister R., et al., 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Serbia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 30 pages (233 KB)
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As members of the Europe Union grapple with new security issues, will strongly held beliefs about sovereignty give way to an untested supranational order? This paper from European Security provides evidence that integration is already occurring, in large part because of the influential role of transnational experts in security technology. In the context of Europe, the possibility of a kind of EU Homeland Security is at the core of its future security role in the world.

Author: Mai'a K. Davis Cross Source: Cross, M.K.D. (2007). 'An EU Homeland Security? Sovereignty vs. Supranational Order', European Security, 16(1), pp. 79-97, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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How useful is financial surveillance as a method of countering terrorism? How much privacy should be exchanged for security? This study from the University of London argues that, in combating terrorist financing, the challenge is to identify the unknown risk without inhibiting the everyday transactions of ordinary citizens. This requires better intelligence on terrorist organisations and not terabytes of data recording the financial transactions of the population at large.

Author: William Vlcek Source: Vlcek, W. (2007). 'Surveillance to Combat Terrorist Financing in Europe: Whose Liberty, Whose Security?', European Security, 16(1), pp. 99-119, Routledge Size: 22 pages ()
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Why is the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faltering? Why have the demobilisation programmes been unsuccessful? This paper, from the School of Oriental and African Studies, analyses these problems against the background of the DRC's culture of violence, its informal politics and economy and the crises faced by ordinary people. Demobilisation programmes do not address fighters' motivations and the peace process has led to immediate gains by some parties while institutionalising destructive systems and long-term losses for the population.

Author: Zoë Marriage Source: Marriage, Z, 2007, 'Flip-flop rebel, dollar soldier: demobilisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 281-309, Routledge Size: 30 pages ()
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How does aid to transitional justice work? What are the patterns, types and causes of such aid? Little is known about the dynamics of external economic assistance to national transitional justice (TJ) efforts. This paper examines the aid that was given to assist two countries that were 'post-conflict', in a process of transition from a past period of massive armed violence. It reveals a highly skewed distribution of this aid across mechanisms. Security sector reform dominates the field entirely.

Author: Ingrid Samset | Stina Petersen Source: Samset, I., Petersen S. and Wang, V., 2007, 'Maintaining the Process? Aid to Transitional Justice in Rwanda and Guatemala, 1995-2005' Working Group on Development and Peace (FriEnt) Size: 2 pages (34kb)
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What is wrong with a state-centric approach to Security Sector Reform? This paper examines the value of an alternative approach to SSR policy, namely a multi-layered one in post-conflict and fragile state environments. It argues that there is a state-centric bias in current SSR policy and practice. This contradicts development principles of a 'people-centred, locally owned' approach in post-conflict and fragile state contexts. A more realistic and operationally sound method of attaining state-building and strengthening state capacities is imperative.

Author: Bruce Baker | Eric Scheye Source: Baker, B. and Scheye, E., 2007, 'Multi-Layered Justice and Security Delivery in Post-Conflict and Fragile States' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 503-528 Size: 2 pages (30kb)
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How do Albanian and Serbian communities in Kosovo perceive plans for decentralisation? What are the threats to stability that arise from decentralisation? This paper from the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development examines plans for decentralisation in Kosovo. It finds that different perceptions, expectations, fears and interests drive the attitudes of Albanians and Serbs to decentralisation. All those involved in decentralisation must be prepared to respond in an appropriate and concerted manner to mitigate potential conflicts arising from decentralisation.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Bekim Çollaku Source: Dugolli, I., Çollaku, B. and Agimi, I. (2007). 'Ethnic Centralization and the Perils of Confusing Solutions', Discussion Paper, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 34 pages (351 kB)
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How can donors best analyse governance problems and corruption in partner countries? This paper by the Clingendael Institute describes the Strategic Governance And Corruption Analysis (SGACA) which has been developed for the Netherlands government to facilitate a more strategic approach to governance and corruption analysis. The SGACA captures the informal, societal and sometimes intangible underlying reasons for the governance situation, which can often differ from the formal configuration of the state. Such an analysis can improve the design of donor interventions.

Author: Sue Unsworth | Mette Gonggrijp Source: Unsworth, S., and Conflict Research Unit, 2007, 'Framework for Strategic Governance And Corruption Analysis: Designing Strategic Responses Towards Good Governance', Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, The Hague Size: 31 pages (124KB)
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Which influences shaped the 1999 Sierra Leone peace agreement? The peace accord is remembered for the blanket, unconditional amnesty granted to all warring parties, which met with strong international condemnation. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and International Center for Transitional Justice article tracks the discussions and influences that resulted in the Lome Accord. It finds that the amnesty was determined by the incontestable political and military realities of the time. Focusing particularly on issues of justice and accountability, it also assesses the impact of the accord in succeeding years.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner, P., 2007, 'Negotiating Peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the Justice Challenge', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 40 pages ()
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What are the challenges of rebuilding judicial competence in Afghanistan after thirty years of war? This paper, published in the Heidelberg Journal of International Law, outlines the findings of a national study undertaken for the Supreme Court in 2006. It analyses deficiencies in judicial quality, competence and professionalism resulting from the degradation of institutional and human capacity. Initiatives are outlined to develop long-term education and training strategies to rebuild these capacities.

Author: Livingston Armytage Source: Armytage, L., 2007, 'Justice in Afghanistan: Rebuilding Judicial Competence After the Generation of War', Heidelberg Journal of International Law, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 185-210 Size: 27 pages (1.92 MB)
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What is the impact of the War of Terror (WOT) on development aid? This study, by the North-South Institute, examines the way in which WOT has affected the orientation and efficacy of official development assistance (ODA). It argues that ODA has become a tool for the realisation of the goals of WOT. Aid for political and security purposes has undermined support for development priorities.

Author: Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, K., (2007), 'Security, the War on Terror and Official Development Assistance', Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 32 pages (343KB)
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What are the priorities for defence institution reform in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova? This volume places Partnership Action Plan-Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB) reform needs in their national and regional contexts and considers common priorities in the region. An attempt to define the status of defence institution building in any nation is a difficult task, as institutionalisation is a complex domain. It is dominated by the dynamics of change which overlap and sometimes blur its perennial aspects.

Author: Philipp Fluri | Hari Bucur-Marcu Source: Fluri, P. and Bucur-Marcu, H. (Eds.) (2007). 'Partnership Action Plan for Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) & The Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB). Size: 42 pages (221kb)
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The powerful 'guardian' role played by the Turkish military poses considerable challenges to the country's commitment to adopt European Union (EU) security sector standards. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses Turkey's security sector reform (SSR) and the need to build civil capacity to establish a civil-military security sector relationship. SSR in Turkey can occur only if priority is given to establishing military accountability to constitutionally-elected civilian bodies and civil society.

Author: Ümit Cizre | DCAF Source: Cizre, Ü. (2007). 'Prime Movers, Specific Features and Challenges of Security Sector Reform in a "Guardian State": The Case of Turkey', Policy Paper 17, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 22 pages (262.54 kB)
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In order to institutionalise democratically-based security sectors and achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, Western Balkan countries need to change their value systems substantially. This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence and the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) in cooperation with the Partnership for Peace Consortium, is an assessment of the status of security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans. Despite legislative progress, all security institutions in the region need to be more transparent and accountable, and improve their policy formulation and implementation capacities.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Fluri, P.H. and Jurekovic, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Size: 492 pages (2.72 MB)
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How can the international community facilitate security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans? This report, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium, reviews democratic standards in SSR and security sector governance (SSG) in the region. European integration is the stimulus for countries to undertake SSR in the region. However, there is a lot to be done to reach the SSG standards necessary for EU and NATO accession. Local ownership and the capacity of international actors to coordinate their activities need to be addressed.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Staničić, M. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in South East Europe - from a Necessary Remedy to a Global Concept: 13th Workshop of the Study Group "Regional Stability in South East Europe"', Austrian National Defence Academy, DCAF and the PfP Consortium. Size: 171 pages (823KB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector reform (SSR) and democratisation? What does this relationship imply for SSR and the democratic transition under the UN in Kosovo? This article from the journal Security Dialogue explores the relationship between SSR and democratic transition in post-conflict contexts, drawing on Kosovo as a case study. It finds that not only do SSR and democratisation agendas interfere with each other, but measures to manage post-conflict security challenges can affect them both. This demonstrates that a well-developed UN theoretical discourse is not matched by UN practices in the field.

Author: Irene Bernabéu Source: Bernabéu, I. (2007). 'Laying the Foundations of Democracy? Reconsidering Security Sector Reform Under UN Auspices in Kosovo', Security Dialogue, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 71-92. Size: 22 pages ()
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How is Latin America and the Caribbean coping with the non-traditional security challenges it faces? This paper examines the two key axes of security dynamics: weak governance and citizen insecurity, and trans-national organised crime. It explores their interlinkages and evaluates coping mechanisms. It identifies the most likely future security scenarios in the region and suggests a number of ways in which regional insecurity might be addressed more effectively. However, the development of a common security agenda remains an elusive goal.

Author: Arlene B. Tickner Source: Tickner, A.B. (2007). 'Latin America and the Caribbean: Domestic and Transnational Insecurity', Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series, International Peace Academy. Size: 20 pages (211 kb)
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The International Criminal Court's (ICC) efforts to reverse the culture of impunity for international crimes can not operate in a vacuum; states and regional political organisations must also be involved.This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, highlights lessons learned from ICC prosecutions in Africa. The African Union (SU) should play a central role in increasing the ICC's political legitimacy and improving national prosecution of atrocities.

Author: Max du Plessis | Antoinette Louw Source: du Plessis, M. and Louw, A. (2007). 'Report from a symposium on: The investigation and prosecution of 'core international crimes' and the role of the International Criminal Court in Africa', Institute for Security Studies. Size: 119 pages (906.57 kB)
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The UN requires all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect people from sexual violence. However, this report by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces suggests that there has been little sharing of experiences between states regarding the measures required, or on good practice in addressing crimes of sexual violence. There needs to be a coordinated effort on strategies within the security sector to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and in post-conflict security sector reform.

Author: Megan Bastick | Karen Grimm Source: Bastick, M., Grimm, K. and Kunz, R. (2007). 'Sexual violence in armed conflict - global overview and implications for the security sector', Geneva: DCAF. Size: 216 pages ()
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How can human trafficking best be tackled? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, looks at ways in which security sector responses can be strengthened. It argues that in achieving the key goals of prevention, protection and prosecution, a holistic approach is needed that includes all security sector actors as well as international organisations. In addition, it is argued that action by the security sector, while necessary, is not sufficient and that steps must also be taken to alleviate poverty, gender inequality and lack of opportunity, which drive people into human trafficking.

Author: Megan Bastick | Karin Grimm Source: Bastick, M. and Grimm, K. (2007). 'Security sector response to trafficking in Human beings', Policy paper no 21, Geneva: DCAF. Size: 44 pages (815KB)
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Highly politicised and unaccountabe security sectors in fragile states fuel the demand for small arms and light weapons (SALW).This paper, published by Project Ploughshares, analyses the cyclical nature of security sectors and violent conflict, and suggests measures to improve accountability and reduce the demand for SALW. While SSR can be the driving force in establishing secuirty sector accountability, increased public participation would also reduce the demand for SALW and increase the chances for sustainable reform.

Author: Dominick Donald | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Donald, D. and Olonisakin, F. (2007). 'Security sector reform and the demand for small arms and light weapons', Project Ploughshares briefing 01/07. Size: 3 pages (27 kB)
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In Africa, the private security industry has permeated all spheres of life and, in many countries, it has already taken over the state's primary responsibilities. This paper, from the Institute of Security Studies, introduces 'Private security in Africa, manifestation, challenges and regulation'. This collection of essays explores the private security industry, documenting its rapid growth and the approach needed for its containment and regulation. The paper argues that all attempts to analyse issues in Africa must be rooted in the individual country context

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S. (2007). 'To embrace or not to embrace: Addressing the private security industry phenomenon in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 3-13. Size: 13 pages (968KB)
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Are weak states victims of global forces or accomplices in the expansion of private security industry? This study, on behalf of Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, looks at the reasons for the proliferation of the private military contractors (PMCs) in Africa and focuses on the role of rulers of weak states. It looks at how states have become commercial intermediaries for western businesses and ignore the welfare of their citizens. African leaders need to understand that the existence of weak states constitutes a security threat to Africa.

Author: Sabelo J Ndlovu-Gatsheni Source: Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2007). 'Weak states and the growth of the private security sector in Africa: Whither the African state?', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 17-38. Size: 22 pages (968KB)
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Is the privatisation of public security a viable alternative to multilateral conflict management? This study suggests that there are legitimate roles for private military contractors (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs). However, these companies have often exacerbated conflicts, facilitated human rights abuses and hampered the consolidation of African states. Rather than promoting PSCs and PMCs, the international community should empower UN and the institutions of conflict resolution that are being put in place by African countries themselves.

Author: Mpako H Foaleng Source: Foaleng, M.H. (2007). 'Private military and security companies and the nexus between natural resources and civil wars in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 39-56. Size: 18 pages (968KB)
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Private military and security companies are associated with mercenaries. This mistaken labelling undermines the useful work they do, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. The increased use of private companies in peace operations has become a fact of life. They assist the international community in ending suffering in some of the world's most brutal conflicts. It is important, therefore, that the positive contributions of the private sector are openly supported within a robust, legal and ethical framework.

Author: J J Messner Source: Messner, J.J. (2007). 'Ethical security: The private sector in peace and stability operations', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 57-70. Size: 12 pages (968KB)
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Many people believe that private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs) operate in a legal vacuum in conflict zones. This is not true, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. In all armed conflict, international humanitarian law (IHL) applies. It provides a legal framework to protect civilians from the effects of the hostilities. As many PSCs and PMCs come into contact with people protected by IHL, it is essential for them to know and respect this body of law.

Author: Jamie Williamson | Sabelo Gumedze (ed.) Source: Williamson, J. (2007). 'Private security companies and private military companies under international humanitarian law', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 89-96. Size: 7 pages (968KB)
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Does international humanitarian law (IHL) define private security contractors as civilians or combatants in armed conflict? This study, from the Institute of Security Studies, shows that the distinction between civilian and combatant hinges on the notion of 'direct participation in hostilities'. This principle is poorly defined in the law and there are few judicial decisions to clarify it. Nevertheless, private security contractors must know their rights and responsibilities under IHL otherwise they could lose their legal protection or be liable to criminal prosecution.

Author: Katherine Fallah Source: Fallah, K. (2007). 'Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 97-123. Size: 26 pages (968KB)
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South Africa's private security industry has grown enormously. However, only state police conduct is formally monitored. This study by the University of South Africa calls for greater monitoring and oversight of the activities of private security operatives. There must be more professional training and greater cooperation with the state police. A formal framework of accountability would allow private police officers to understand their responsibilities and the limitations on their actions.

Author: Anthony Minnaar Source: Minnaar, A. (2007). 'Oversight and monitoring of non-state/private policing: The private security practitioners in South Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 127-150. Size: 24 pages (968KB)
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Who keeps citizens safe in Swaziland? This study from the University of Swaziland argues that the failure of the Swazi state to provide security to its citizens has allowed private security companies (PSCs) to become actors in the Swazi security sector. It has forced communities to organise into private security groups to protect themselves against physical violence and loss of their property. As PSCs grow, the role of the state in providing public security becomes weaker.

Author: Hamilton Sipho Simelane Source: Simelane, H. S. (2007). 'The state, the security dilemma and the development of the private security sector in Swaziland', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 151-167. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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While public trust and confidence in the Kosovo Police Service (KPS) has improved, there is a marked disparity between Kosovo Albanian and Kosovo Serb perceptions of police, crime and personal security. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a citizen survey on personal and community safety and security issues. Kosovars want the KPS to improve its professionalism and effectiveness and work with communities to solve safety and security problems.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives | Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives, 2007, 'Policing in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferwold Size: 26 pages (246 kB)
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Underlying drivers of conflict, including the decision on future status, must be addressed in order to move Kosovo towards a more prosperous and stable future. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a conflict analysis conducted throughout Kosovo. International and local administrations need to clarify the division of security sector competencies and engage the public in discussions of nation building and security issues.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, 2007, 'Kosovo at the crossroads: Perceptions of conflict, access to justice and opportunities for peace in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, Size: 32 pages (506 kB)
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What do Palestinians think about the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process in the Palestinian Territories? How would they like to see their security sector evolve? This book, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, offers Palestinian perspectives on security sector governance and highlights ways to begin reform. It argues that if international assistance is to promote stability it needs a better understanding of Palestinian security needs as well as Palestinian views of the achievements and challenges of SSR, and a supportive environment.

Author: Roland Friedrich (ed.) | Arnold Luethold (ed.) Source: Friedrich, R. & Luethold, A. (Eds.), 2007, 'Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 180 pages ()
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Determining budgets for the justice sector is a contentious process in many countries. The judicial branch of government sees the fiscal branch's demand for restraint and accountability as infringing its independence. This study, by the World Bank, looks at practices developed in the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand for preparing and implementing budgets, especially in relation to management of the courts. It shows that good budgeting can contribute to better justice.

Author: David Webber Source: Webber, D., 2007, 'Good Budgeting, Better Justice: Modern Budget Practices for the Judicial Sector', Law & Development Working Paper Series No.3, Legal Vice Presidency, World Bank Size: 76 pages (810KB)
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What are local people's attitudes towards peace, justice and social reconstruction in Northern Uganda? This survey by the Berkeley-Tulane Initiative on Vulnerable Populations captured attitudes of sample populations in eight districts of Northern Uganda affected by the conflict while peace talks were taking place between the Ugandan government and the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in 2007.

Author: Pham Phuong | Patrick Vinck Source: Pham, Phuong et al., 2007, 'When the War Ends: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Northern Uganda', Berkeley-Tulane Initiative on Vulnerable Populations, Human Rights Center // Payson Center for International Development // International Center for Transitional Justice Size: 56 pages (856 kB)
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Why do cluster munitions pose a particular hazard to civilians during hostilities and post-conflict reconstruction? How can the international community deal with these hazards? This guide by the Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining provides practical information on addressing the impact of unexploded cluster munitions on civilians. Cluster munitions, by design, deliver submunitions over a wide area and are a specific post-conflict hazard to settled and returnee populations. The Oslo Declaration commits states to prohibiting cluster weapons, providing adequate assistance to victims, and decontaminating affected areas.

Author: Davide Orifici Source: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2007, 'A Guide to Cluster Munitions', GICHD, Geneva Size: 93 pages (4.2 MB)
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How successful was the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in dealing with the past conflict and human rights abuses of the apartheid era? What lessons can be learned in using TRCs in other countries? This paper by the Institute for Strategic Studies, South Africa, analyses the limitations as well as the successes of the South African TRC. Many regard South Africa's TRC as a model transitional justice approach However, the moral, political and legal questions generated by it remain debated. TRCs should be seen as important building blocks within more comprehensive frameworks for societal transformation, not ends in themselves.

Author: Kisiangani Emmanuel Source: Emmanuel, K., 2007, 'Between principle and pragmatism in transitional justice: South Africa's TRC and peace building', ISS Paper 156, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (392 kB)
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In South Africa, the legacy of apartheid is still felt and transformation of society continues to be a central concern. But how does judicial independence relate to transformation? This study by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation analyses judicial independence and highlights the potential tensions with other aspects of transformation. It argues that the government and the public must understand the importance of judicial independence. They should resist weakening independence in the name of transformation and align other aspects of transformation with strengthening judicial independence.

Author: David Bruce | Amy Gordon Source: Gordon, A. and Bruce, D., 2007, Transformation and the Independence of the Judiciary in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 61 pages (598KB)
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What are the implications of multiple policing providers in Africa for government and donor security policies? This book from the Nordic Africa Institute examines 'multi-choice' policing in sub-Saharan Africa - the fragmented and overlapping pattern of public and private policing. It includes case studies of Uganda and Sierra Leone. Governments should act to maximise the benefits of non-state policing and minimise its hazards. They need a national strategy that integrates, regulates, mobilises and empowers all those willing to preserve law and order in an acceptable way.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Multi-Choice Policing in Africa', Nordic Africa Institute, Sweden Size: 227 pages ()
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Civil unrest reduces potential for economic growth and poverty reduction. But what triggers civil unrest in society and how can it be prevented? This paper from the Households in Conflict Network analyses the comparative merits of redistributive transfers in preventing and reducing civil unrest. In the medium-term, redistributive transfers are more successful and cost-effective than more direct intervention. Policing is at best a short-term strategy and may, in the longer term, trigger further social discontent.

Author: Patricia Justino Source: Justin, P., 2007, 'Carrot or stick? Redistributive Transfers Versus Policing in Contexts of Civil Unrest', HiCN Working Paper 33, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton Size: 2 pages (40KB)
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What lessons can the learned from the 2003 peace process in Liberia? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue article aims to record the dynamics, actors and elements that determined how and why many of the key decisions were taken that resulted in the 2003 peace agreement. It argues that leaving questions of justice, accountability and the rule of law open for the future may be the optimal approach to negotiating peace.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner, P., 2007, 'Negotiating peace in Liberia: Preserving the Possibility for Justice', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 32 pages (185KB)
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Afghans see their police more as a source of fear than security. But Afghanistan needs a police service not a police force. This research by International Crisis Group argues that policing goes to the very heart of state-building since a national institution that provides security and justice is central to government legitimacy. Police reform should focus on accountability, ethnic representation and professionalism. It should also depoliticise and institutionalise appointments and procedures. The police should not be used to fight the insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Reforming Afghanistan's Police', Asia Report N°138, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 35 pages (731 kB)
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What role can gender-sensitive police reform (GSPR) play in post-conflict situations? This policy briefing paper, published by UNIFEM and UNDP, argues that post-conflict contexts present important opportunities for law-enforcement reform. At the same time, the need for GSPR in practice is particularly acute during peacekeeping missions and the process of rebuilding state institutions. Key aspects of gender-sensitive police reform are discussed, drawing on findings from an inter-agency study and from programming in various countries undertaken by UNIFEM and UNDP.

Author: Alejandro Alvarez | Anne-Kristin Treiber Source: UNIFEM and UNDP, 2007, 'Gender Sensitive Police Reform in Post Conflict Societies', United Nations Development Fund for Women and United Nations Development Programme, New York Size: 12 pages (1.9 MB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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Even in countries with well developed and trained police forces, human rights violations occur. Why is this and how can human rights advocates effectively intervene and engage with police? Answers will differ from country to country, and it is for this reason that interventions must be based on contextual analysis and assessment. This Amnesty International report aims to facilitate such assessments by helping understand the basic functions of policing in a society and with what minimal norms and principles they should comply.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Osse, A., 2007, 'Understanding Policing: A resource for human rights activists', Amnesty International Netherlands. Size: 326 pages (1.69MB)
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What risk does prison overcrowding, understaffing and insecurity pose for wider security and justice sector reform efforts in Haiti? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines the problems facing the Haitian prison system. It argues that extreme prison overcrowding threatens Haiti's security and stability. The most urgent need is to relieve existing prisons by using other space temporarily, while supporting the detention commission in accelerating treatment of pre-trial cases. These measures must be accompanied by construction to meet prison requirements for a generation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Prison Reform and the Rule of Law', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°15, 4 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 12 pages (507 kB)
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What are the challenges facing justice reform in Haiti? What lessons have been learned from the failed interventions of the 1990s? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines Haiti's justice system, efforts at reform and the security crisis. It argues that Haitians and international donors need to review past failures and devise, fund and implement a comprehensive rule-of-law strategy. Building a sustainable criminal justice system will require both short-term actions to address the current crisis and longer-term institution-building.

Author: www.crisisgroup.org Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Justice Reform and the Security Crisis', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°14, 31 January 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 16 pages (204 kB)
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What is the nature of the new armed groups emerging in Colombia? How effective is the Colombian government's strategy of treating them simply as criminal gangs? This report from the International Crisis Group examines Colombia's new armed groups. It argues that some of these groups are acting as the next generation of paramilitaries. They require a more urgent and comprehensive response from the government, linking military action and law enforcement to improved reintegration.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Colombia's New Armed Groups', Latin America Report N°20, 10 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 38 pages (542 kB)
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How can an independent Palestinian state be made successful? This RAND Corporation book explores the options for structuring the institutions of a future Palestinian state - with a focus on governance and internal security - so as to promote the state's chances of success. A new Palestinian state will need to be characterised by good governance, with state legitimacy a key factor. Also, Palestine's internal security will require assistance from the US and the international community.

Author: RAND Source: The RAND Palestinian State Study Team, 2007, 'Building a Successful Palestinian State', RAND, USA Size: 453 pages (2.81MB)
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Is the holistic, person-centred model of Security Sector Reform unworkable in post-conflict situations in the wake of the 'war on terror' agenda? Whose security is international SSR assistance addressing? This Journal of Peacebuilding and Development article analyses experience in Afghanistan and Iraq and questions the feasibility of translating current SSR policy into effective post-conflict programmes. A new understanding of SSR and a new donor approach is needed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: exposing a concept in crisis', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.7-23. Size: 16 pages ()
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How do people protect themselves when the state does not? What can SSR learn from informal security mechanisms? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development examines informal community-based security systems in two fragile states, Colombia and Liberia. It finds that security services, whether state-sanctioned or not, must be viewed as legitimate by the communities they serve. Legitimacy is developed by involving community representatives in managing security oversight structures to ensure relevance to local needs.

Author: Richard Hill | Jon Temin Source: Hill, R., Temin, J., Pacholek, L., 2007, 'Building Security where there is no Security', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.38-52. Size: 14 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform in Africa be improved? How can the security problems posed by informal actors such as militias and vigilante groups best be addressed? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development argues that the creation of stronger states is key to these efforts. Case studies of Nigeria and South Africa illustrate that SSR in Africa could be enhanced by taking account of structural conditions that undermine the process of state-making. SSR therefore needs to help to enhance state capacity in order to improve the governance of non-state security actors.

Author: Jeffrey Isima Source: Isima, J., 2007, 'The Privatisation of Violence and Security Sector Reform in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa examined', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.24-37. Size: 13 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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How can drug trafficking between the US and Mexico be reduced? This Washington Office of Latin America and Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme brief examines current and past drug policies implemented by the Mexican government and argues that government responses dominated by law enforcement and militarisation do little to address the issue in the long-term. The most effective way to address drug trafficking is through increased efforts to curb demand for illicit drugs in the United States and Mexico.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Coletta Youngers Source: Meyer, M., et al., 2007, 'At a Crossroads: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State', WOLA & Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, Washington DC Size: 12 pages (946 kB)
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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What impact have reforms in the criminal justice system had on crime and violence in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica? This working paper from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government shows how the governments of the Dominican Republic and Jamaica can further strengthen their efforts to measure the impact of the justice system, and also how both countries might pursue better coordination among institutions that collectively produce justice and safety. Furthermore, it suggests how they might also link criminal justice reforms to a broader, multi-sector strategy of crime and violence prevention.

Author: Todd Foglesong | Christopher Stone Source: Foglesong, T and Stone, C., 2007, 'Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic', Harvard Kennedy School of Government, RWP07-019, April 2007 Size: 39 pages (454 kB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Mexico's drug violence is increasing. Its police are ineffective and corrupt. The Calderón government has responded by calling out the army. But is this the right way forward? This paper by the Washington Office on Latin America argues that the government needs to restore public order, combat corruption and begin comprehensive reform of the police and criminal justice system. The American government should support reforms and do more to curb arms trafficking into Mexico as well as American demand for illicit drugs.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Roger Atwood Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2007, 'Reforming the Ranks: Drug Violence and Police Reform in Mexico', WOLA, Washington Size: 5 pages (41KB)
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Why are the efforts of donors to promote reform for democratic policing often unsuccessful? This article, published by the journal Policing and Society, examines the efforts undertaken in Brazil from 1997 to 2003 to encourage institutional changes within the police force. Given the many political and administrative challenges in carrying out such reforms, external donor agencies must promote broader forms of intervention to ensure both enhanced public safety and respect for human rights.

Author: Elizabeth Leeds Source: Leeds, E., 2007, 'Serving States and Serving Citizens: Halting Steps toward Police Reform in Brazil and Implications for Donor Intervention', Policing and Society, vol. 17, no.1 March 2007 pp. 21-37 Size: 18 pages (123kB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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Since 2003, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and civil security forces in Iraq have been accused of ineffectiveness, corruption, human rights abuses and sectarianism. This paper from the Center for Strategic and International Studies explains why institution-building and reform at the MOI have proved so difficult. It argues that Iraq's political dynamics, combined with the unprecedented burdens placed on the MOI, will continue to make institutional development and reform difficult. However, the MOI is more functional than it at first appears and there are signs of incipient MOI-led reforms, which international efforts must support. Nevertheless, even if technical institutional reforms are successful, it will be important to understand that the MOI will continue to reflect Iraq's political make-up.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell, A., 2007, 'Fixing Iraq's Internal Security Forces', Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 21 pages (1.5 MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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How do prison officer training and penal philosophy relate to everyday practice in the Nigerian Prisons Service (NPS)? What implications do contradictions in philosophy and practice have for the work of reform agencies? This article from the journal Punishment and Society examines prison officer training and the penal philosophy and practice of the NPS and argues that they are both contested and contradictory. Rather than attempting to impose standardised reform interventions, reform agencies may be able to bring about change by exploiting contradictions within penal institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Jefferson Source: Jefferson, A., 2007, 'Prison Officer Training and Practice in Nigeria', Punishment and Society, vol. 9, no.3, pp. 253-269 Size: 17 pages ()
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What policies make for successes and for failures in security sector reform (SSR) in post-war reconstruction situations? This book chapter, published by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, critically examines the case of Sierra Leone, which undertook to rebuild state security with extensive international assistance. One of the principal arguments is that the process of SSR reform must be spearheaded and owned by Sierra Leoneans themselves in order to be sustainable.

Author: Osman Gibla Source: Gbla, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 13-36 Size: 24 pages (163 kB)
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What are the challenges of security sector (SSR) reform in West Africa? This Institute of Security Studies paper argues that challenges range from the concept of security to the freedom from dependency on the West in terms of strategic thinking and funding. The SSR agenda must concentrate on public safety, especially in urban areas. This will form a solid foundation for the internal stability that is needed for political, social and economic development.

Author: Ishola Williams Source: Williams, I., 2007, 'The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in West Africa', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 37-50 Size: 14 pages (107 kB)
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To what extent is current Georgian legislation and practice relating to children in conflict with the law consistent with UN standards? This UNICEF Georgia report assesses the juvenile justice system in Georgia and argues that it fails to meet these standards. However, given the small numbers of juvenile offenders, Georgia has a prime opportunity to review and reform the way in which it deals with such offenders.

Author: Carolyn Hamilton Source: Hamilton, C., 2007, 'Analysis of the Juvenile Justice System in Georgia', UNICEF Georgia, Tbilisi Size: 65 pages (243KB)
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This chapter in Justice as Prevention examines two approaches to personnel vetting in Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement. It examines UN efforts to screen and certify the police, and the reappointment of judges and prosecutors by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils (HJPC). It argues that efforts to build public institutions to prevent the recurrence of abuses should generally not be limited to excluding abusers, but requires comprehensive institutional reform, including a full review of personnel.

Author: Alexander Mayer-Rieckh Source: Mayer-Rieckh, A., 2007, 'Vetting to Prevent Future Abuses: Reforming the Police, Courts, and Prosecutor's Offices in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Chapter 5 in Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies, A. Mayer-Rieckh and P. de Greiff, (eds.), Social Science Research Council, New York Size: 41 pages (224KB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) progressed in the Western Balkans? This Austrian Ministry of Defence paper examines the progress of SSR and Integrated Border Management (IBM) against EU and international criteria in Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia. It finds that the biggest weakness in SSR reform is the lack of implementation capacity and the political realities of reform. International cooperation and assistance for all countries would be useful.

Author: Otwin Marenin Source: Marenin, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in the Western Balkans: Assessing Progress', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 273-288 Size: 26 pages (2784KB)
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What progress on police reform has occurred in Macedonia since independence? This analysis, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence, argues that a period of intensive reforms is bringing progress within a longer-term programme of security sector reform (SSR). During the initial decade of independence, SSR seemed to some to represent mere security sector build-up. However, genuine, comprehensive reform has been apparent since 2001.

Author: Lidija Georgieva | DCAF Source: Georgieva, L., 2007, 'Police Reform in Macedonia', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 393-408 Size: 16 pages (2.7 MB)
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This Austrian Ministry of Defence article examines police reform in the Republic of Montenegro. It argues that police reform did not start properly until 2001 and has always been primarily a political issue. The political sphere, however, failed to support police reform through consistent reform policies. The political elite of today's independent Montenegro have no more excuses, but to undertake the four 'Ds' - de-politicisation, de-militarisation, decriminalisation and de-centralisation of the police.

Author: Novak Gajic Source: Gajic, N., 2007, 'Police Reform in the Republic of Montenegro', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 409-445 Size: 30 pages (2784KB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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What assistance do East African states require to effectively address the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? What are the challenges facing such SALW assistance? Drawing on a case study of East Africa, this report from the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) discusses international assistance for implementing the UN Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in SALW. It finds that while East African states are acting against the illicit SALW trade, lack of capacity means that long-term success cannot be assured. A strong administrative and governing sector is essential to sustain the benefits of any initiative to address the illicit trade in SALW and to deter the types of SALW crime that flourish as a result of weak infrastructure. International assistance and improving the allocation and coordination of that assistance to address SALW is necessary to make sure that East African states' efforts are not in vain.

Author: Kerry Maze | Hyunjoo Rhee Source: Maze,K.,Rhee,H., 2007, 'International Assistance for Implementing the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects: Case Study of East Africa' , Report prepared for the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 44 pages (504 kB)
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The Government of Uganda, in partnership with civil society, has developed a National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons (NAP). This report by the Ugandan Government charts the history of NAP's development as well as the National Assessment of the proliferation of small arms in Uganda, which provided the research that underpinned it. It reveals the background to Uganda's fight against small arms and provides a model for other nations in a similar situation.

Author: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2007, 'Mapping the small arms problem in Uganda: The development of Uganda's National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Saferworld Size: 77 pages (1.2MB)
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The pastoral Karamoja region of Uganda today is marked by a culture of guns, under-development, little government presence and a nearly complete lack of law and order. This report, published by Tufts University, examines the region's pattern of guns and violence and the failure of recent attempts to disarm the Karamoja people. Governments and the international community must stop proposingsolutions based on ignorance of the ecology, livelihoods and culture of the Karamoja.

Author: Darlington Akabwai | Priscillar E. Ateyo Source: Akabwai, D. and Atevo, P.E., 2007, The scramble for cattle, power and guns in Karamoja: How can stability be established in the Karamoja region, Uganda?, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Size: 49 pages (1.55 KB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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What are the implications for northern Uganda of the International Criminal Court's decision to investigate and prosecute the leaders of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)? Why has civil society in northern Uganda not welcomed the ICC's investigation? This article from African Security Review examines the issue of justice in relation to the situation in northern Uganda. It argues that regardless of what happens with the ICC prosecution of the LRA, the problems of northern Uganda will remain.

Author: Karen Williams | African Security Review Source: Williams K., 2007, 'The Challenge and Meaning of Justice in Northern Uganda', Vol. 16, No. 1, African Security Review Size: 16 pages (158 kB)
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What factors contributed to the successful depoliticisation of Panama's security forces in the 1990s? This article from the Journal of Latin American Studies examines the public security reform process undertaken in Panama following the US invasion in 1989. It argues that explanations for the success or failure of reform are unlikely to be found solely in the design and implementation of the reforms. Broader political processes must be analysed in order to understand the dynamic that underpins public security reforms.

Author: Corinne Caumartin Source: Caumartin C., 2007, ''Depoliticisation' in the Reform of the Panamanian Security Apparatus', Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 107-132 Size: 26 pages ()
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Do private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) play a positive or negative role in Africa? How should Africa respond to the private security industry? This book from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the growth of the private security sector in Africa and how to respond to it. It argues that Africa must address the reality of private security and military companies operating on the continent.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze S., (ed.), 2007, 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', Monograph 139, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 184 pages (968 kB)
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How prevalent is corruption in southern Africa? What measures have southern African states put in place to prevent corruption and how effective have they been? Between August and October 2007, Transparency International carried out a study of trends in corruption and measures to prevent it in seven southern African states. This briefing provides an overview of the findings from that study.

Author: Transparency International Source: 2007, 'Corruption risk analysis in Southern Africa', Transparency International Size: pages ()
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Despite legal provisions requiring respect for human rights and police reforms to entrench such respect, human rights violations by the police continue with impunity in Angola. This paper, published by Amnesty International, documents human rights violations by Angolan police between 2005 and 2007 and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice. Angolan authorities and international agencies should strengthen police accountability mechanisms and create an independent oversight agency in order to end Angola's culture of impunity.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: 2007, 'Above the law - Police Accountability in Angola', Amnesty International, AI Index: AFR12/005/2007 Size: 32 pages (178.25kB)
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What is the capacity of the South African Police Service (SAPS) to manage protest marches and the 2010 FIFA World Cup? What effect has restructuring had on South Africa's public order police units? This book from the Institute for Security Studies assesses the effectiveness of the SAPS Crime Combating Units (CCUs). It concludes that the restructuring of the CCUs in 2006 is responsible for the crisis in crowd management that the units are facing.

Author: Bilkis Omar Source: Omar B., 2007, 'SAPS' Costly Restructuring - A Review of Public Order Policing Capacity', Monograph 138, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 102 pages (261 kB)
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Minority issues lie at the heart of many of the world's conflicts. Yet minority rights are often marginalised in peace processes and conflict prevention programmes. This study, by the Minority Rights Group, looks at Chechnya, Darfur, Kashmir, Kosovo and Sri Lanka. Understanding the warning signs provided by minority rights violations could prevent conflicts. Groups should not be separated along ethnic, religious or linguistic lines as a way of creating peace, as such divisions can entrench old hatreds and wounds in the long term.

Author: Clive Baldwin | Chris Chapman Source: Baldwin, C., Chapman, C. and Gray, Z., 2007, 'Minority Rights: The Key to Conflict Prevention'. Minority Rights Group International (MRG), Minority Rights Report, UK Size: 44 pages (435 KB)
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What are the key challenges for peacekeeping operations? How might these be overcome? This paper from the International Peace Academy argues that peacekeeping should be thought of as a strategic tool, rather than a strategy, since it is not an end in itself. Many current peacekeeping missions are expected to carry out a mixture of protection, peacebuilding, and counter-insurgency. They require hybrid approaches that need to be better coordinated. A doctrine for 'peace enforcement' as the use of robust force for limited purposes must be developed.

Author: Richard Gowan | Ian Johnstone Source: Gowan, R. and Johnstone, I., 2007, 'New Challenges for Peacekeeping: Protection, Peacebuilding and the "War on Terror"', Working Paper, Coping with Crisis series, International Peace Academy Size: 26 pages (1.16MB)
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Because governments are weak or a new state must be constituted after hostilities, post-conflict countries often need assistance in restoring governance and carrying out reconstruction. International assistance organisations are crucial to helping governments increase their capacity to perform essential functions during post-conflict recovery. This book, from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), examines the challenges of restoring effective governance in crisis and post-conflict countries. Because the challenges facing these countries are complex and varied, governments and international organisations cannot rely on universally applicable approaches to restoring governance.

Author: Dennis A. Rondinelli | UNDP Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Challenges of Restoring Governance in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries', UN Publication, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/101, New York, USA Size: 168 pages (923 KB)
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The rule of law must be addressed as part of any effort to prevent, manage or resolve conflict. This report, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, argues that local stakeholders should be given as much authority as possible in establishing the rule of law. Although the shape and pace of reform will vary in different areas of the justice and security sector, popular and political acceptance is indispensable to all stages of the transition in order for it to be consolidated.

Author: Annika S. Hansen | Sharon Wiharta Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S. (2007). 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Policy Report', Research Report Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 74 pages (343KB)
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How should local ownership be promoted as part of justice and security sector reform? This handbook, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, suggests ways of putting the principle of local ownership into practice. Transferring the responsibility for rule of law to local stakeholders is complicated but essential. It is important to build the capacity of local people to drive change and sustain efforts to strengthen the rule of law.

Author: Annika S. Hansen, Sharon Wiharta, Bjørn R. Claussen, Stian Kjeksrud Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S with Claussen, B. R. and Kjeksrud, S., 2007, 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Practitioners' Guide', Handbook Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 82 pages (1.2 MB)
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What impact do acts of terror have on cities in the global South? This paper examines the largely negative implications of terrorist activities for development and the potential of cities for propelling reconstruction and peace-building. While specific challenges faced by cities of the South cannot be under-estimated, urban terrorism is breaking down any sense of a rigid binary between the 'developed' and 'developing' worlds. The 'them' and 'us' attitude is misleading and damaging to both development co-operation and global security.

Author: Jo Beall Source: Beall, J., 2007, 'Cities, Terrorism and Urban Wars of the 21st Century', Working Paper, no. 9, Crisis States Research Centre, London Size: 22 pages (202 KB)
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Bhutan's draft constitution indicates that the King continues to structure his country for his own gain and neglects the welfare of citizens. This paper, published by the Druk National Congress (DNC), argues that current democratisation efforts in Bhutan are designed to continue absolute royal and elite control. All citizens need to assert their rights and appeal to the King to incorporate every level of society in legal provisions to build a constitutional monarchy.

Author: Druk National Congress | Rongthong Kunley Dorji Source: Druk National Congress, 2007, 'Bhutan: on a democratic path?', Druk National Congress, New Dehli Size: 7 pages (101kB)
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What are the major recommendations for police reform in India? This publication from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative tracks the major debates on police reform over the last 30 years. Over this period of time, the National Police Commission, Ribeiro Committee, Padmanabhaiah Committee, Police Drafting Committee and the recent Supreme Court directives have identified the prominent issues that need to be addressed in the reform process. The resulting policy recommendations use these documents to draft a framework for future action.

Author: | CHRI India Source: CHRI India, 2007, 'Police Reforms Debate in India', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) (New Delhi) Size: 51 pages (810kB)
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What are the necessary steps to guarantee the success of the structural reforms adopted by government of Sri Lanka in an attempt to consolidate peace, enhance economic growth, promote investment by the private sector and reduce poverty? This project information document (PID) of the World Bank provides the outline of the second legal and judicial reforms project initiated by the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The PID provides the background into the issue of judicial reform in Sri Lanka and offers reasons as to the rationale behind the World Bank's involvement. It concludes with identified areas in which the World Bank could offer its support to the government of Sri Lanka with its structural reform process.

Author: World bank | Sriyani Hulugalle Source: World Bank, 2007, 'Second Legal and Judicial Reforms Project', World Bank, Report No.: AB2834. Size: 4 pages (16.8KB)
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How has the Sri Lanka legal system become dysfunctional? How and why has Sri Lanka become ranked for the second year 25th in the failed state index? This book focuses on Sri Lanka's dysfunctional legal system. The authors argue that the failure of the rule of law has diminished the Sri Lankan legal system to a dysfunctional state. The book's conclusion emphasise on a need to recreate in a context where there is nothing left to recover.

Author: Jasmine Joseph (ed.) Source: Joseph J. (ed.), 2007, 'Sri Lanka's Dysfunctional Criminal Justice System', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 78 pages (650KB)
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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Reform of the Liberian justice system should be made a top priority for donors. However, this report, published by the International Crisis Group (ICG), illustrates that donor efforts to promote long-term justice reform can only succeed if the Liberian government puts justice reform prominently on the agenda and if the legal and judicial fraternities take the lead effort in the reform process. Community-based approaches, with a sustained focus on gender issues and on the urban/rural divide, are also needed to empower individuals and to help people navigate the statutory and customary legal systems in Liberia.

Author: International Crisis Group (ICG) Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Resurrecting the Justice System', Africa Report no. 107, International Crisis Group, Dakar / Brussels Size: 30 pages (432)
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The African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework, developed by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) aims to ensure that the peace, security, humanitarian and development dimensions of African post-conflict reconstruction systems should be directed towards a common objective. In this context, this paper published by the German Development Institute examines the challenges facing post-conflict reconstruction systems in Africa, focusing on the new interfaces between security and development. The paper finds that a more coherent post-conflict reconstruction strategy is required.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2006, 'New Interfaces between Security and Development', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S.,. Bonn, Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 13 pages (833 KB)
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How has our understanding of and approach to human security evolved in relation to the war on terrorism? This paper published by the German Development Institute explores human security as a technology of international governance, examining how the concept facilitates our understanding of populations living in ineffective states. It argues that the war on terrorism has deepened the interconnection between development and security, refocusing aid towards populations, regions and issues seen to present a risk to security.

Author: M. Duffield Source: Duffield, M., 2006, 'Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S., Bonn, DIE Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 28 pages (833 KB)
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How can a citizen-centred approach to development build effective states by improving relations between state and society? This paper from the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, gives an overview of current debates and analyses citizens' own views on these issues. It argues that a state's legitimacy is strengthened by civic participation, which often grows up around local issues, and can be empowered through donor support.

Author: Eyben, R. | Ladbury, S. Source: Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S., 2006, 'Building effective states: Taking a citizen's perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Size: 28 pages (558 kB)
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How should international actors contribute to the support of justice and security in fragile states? This paper from the OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation analyses the providers, processes and objectives of fragile states' justice and security services, and reviews lessons learnt by donors in this area. It argues that international actors should take a multi-layered, context-specific approach to fragile states, developing the capacity of the state, but also enabling it to engage with non-state justice and security providers.

Author: OECD-DAC | Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., and McLean, A., 2006, 'Enhancing the delivery of justice and security in fragile states', OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (CPDC) Size: 54 pages (358 kB)
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What national security challenges does the United States face? How will it mitigate those threats through economic policy, military action, diplomatic engagement and domestic institutional reform? This paper from the US National Security Council explores international development and security trends as they impact upon US national interests. It outlines Washington's policy to address poverty, regional instability and terrorism by expanding free trade, promoting democracy, developing cooperative alliances and disabling terrorist networks.

Author: National Security Council (USA) Source: National Security Council, 2006, 'The National Security Strategy of the United States of America', National Security Council, Washington D.C. Size: 54 pages (653 kB)
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What new challenges confront civilian crisis response programmes? How has the European Union's (EU's) response met these challenges? This paper from the Crisis Management Initiative outlines the new risks and opportunities faced by the crisis management community amid the proliferation in media coverage of worldwide crises. It argues that the EU's longstanding experience and wide-ranging capabilities leave it well-placed to contribute effectively to the increasingly important areas of peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: K Rintakoski | M Setälä Source: Rintakoski, K., Setala, M. and Ricci, A., 2006, 'From Needs to Solutions: Enhancing the Civilian Crisis Management Capacity of the European Union', CMI, Helsinki Size: 9 pages (301 KB)
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How effectively has the international community dealt with (re)construction of the security sector in countries facing international engagement following severe conflict? This paper, for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), evaluates (re)construction efforts in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste. It is argued that external actors have tended to take a limited approach to the security sector. They have focused on the efficiency of security institutions while neglecting managerial and governance capacity.

Author: David M Law Source: Law, D., 2006, 'The Post-Conflict Security Sector', Policy Paper 14, DCAF, Geneva Size: 17 pages (217KB)
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What factors have led to the failure of the international mission in Afghanistan to achieve its objectives of security and stability? Five years after their removal from power, the Taliban are back and have substantial support and effective military control over half of Afghanistan. This report from The Senlis Council argues that prioritising a narrow militaristic agenda over cooperation and development has left the fundamental problems of poverty and instability unaddressed.

Author: The Senlis Council Source: The Senlis Council, 2006, 'Afghanistan Five Years Later: The Return of the Taliban', The Senlis Council, London Size: pages ()
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This paper from Groupe de recherché et d'information sur la paix et la securite (GRIP) considers how regulations on the brokering of Small Arms and Light Weapons can be made consistent and effective. It urges the UN General Assembly to establish a Group of Governmental Experts on Brokering mandated to consider an international instrument to regulate arms brokering, identify requirements for effective national brokering controls and consider controls on transportation and financial services related to brokering.

Author: Holger Anders | Silvia Cattaneo Source: Anders, H. and Cattaneo, S., 2006, 'Regulating Arms Brokering: Taking Stock and Moving Forwards the United Nations Process', GRIP, Brussels Size: 42 pages (364.80 kB)
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Is the Muslim population of Kenya becoming more radicalised? What is the potential for the development of Islamic terrorism and increased religious conflict in the country? This paper by the Danish Institute for International Studies examines the historical and current situation of the significant Muslim minority in Kenya. It argues that although there is a potential for Islamic revivalism, there is little evidence for growing radicalisation or pro-terrorist attitudes among the Muslim population of Kenya. The key issue in addressing Muslim grievances, and preventing any possible radicalisation, is the problem of the political, social and economic underdevelopment of the Muslim-populated provinces.

Author: Bjørn Møller Source: Møller, B., 2006, 'Political Islam in Kenya', DIIS Working Paper no. 22, August Size: 30 pages ()
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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The realisation of human rights requires universal access to basic justice services. The institution of the paralegal is a powerful method for providing such services, combining legal knowledge with the creative, flexible tools of social movements. This essay, published in The Yale Journal of International Law, details the experiences of an experimental community-based paralegal program in Sierra Leone. It argues that paralegals can provide the requisite engagement with contextual social and legal particularities to help bridge the gap between law and society.

Author: Vivek Maru Source: Maru, V., 2006, 'Between Law and Society: Paralegals and the Provision of Justice Services in Sierra Leone and Worldwide', Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 31 Size: 50 pages (183 kB)
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What lessons have been learnt in the area of rule of law reform? This literature review from the World Bank provides an overview of common operational initiatives and policy approaches and synthesises the key challenges faced in fragile and post-conflict states. It concludes that, despite two decades of experimenting, the field lacks a common agreement on - the goals of rule of law reform, how different aspects should be sequenced to avoid them working against each other and what sorts of strategies are effective.

Author: Kirsti Samuels Source: Samuels, K., 2006, 'Rule of Law Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: Operational Initiatives and Lessons Learnt', Social Development Papers, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, Paper No. 37, October Size: pages ()
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The link between transitional justice and security sector reform (SSR), although acknowledged, has not been sufficiently explored. This article by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) attempts to establish that they can mutually affect each other in numerous ways. This can have both positive and negative impacts upon long-term reform and sustainable peace. It also evaluates the merits and challenges faced by transitional justice mechanisms and argues for a complimentary approach to transitional justice.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobbek, E., 2006, 'Transitional Justice and Security Sector Reform: Enabling Sustainable Peace', DCAF, Geneva Size: 99 pages (1166 kB)
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What lessons can we learn from the conflict in Darfur? This paper from Minority Rights International analyses events in the terms of structural and operational conflict prevention. It argues that the catalogue of political and institutional failures before and during the civil war indicates a need to address minority rights issues at every stage of conflict prevention. Institutional improvements in conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms will help avoid repeating the mistakes of Darfur in the future.

Author: Sharath Srinivasan Source: Srinivasan, S., 2006, 'Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur', Minority Rights Group International, London Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Why is it so difficult to translate an awareness of gender injustice into workable plans for post-conflict reconstruction? Evidence shows that while women are largely absent from formal peace negotiations, they do make a significant contribution at the grassroots level. Yet this gender awareness has not been incorporated into practice. This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) draws on African feminism to argue for a balanced position between cultural relativism and a 'one size fits all' solution to this problem.

Author: Heidi Hudson Source: Hudson, H., 2006, 'Human security and peacebuilding through a gender lens', Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Working Paper no. 2006/ 37 Size: 2 pages ()
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What effect have attempts to alter the Security Sector Reform (SSR) agenda to meet immediate security challenges had on the overall state-building project in Afghanistan? This article by Mark Sedra provides an interim assessment of the SSR process and evaluates the strength of the foundations that it has set for the sector. The country's precarious political balance, depressed national economy and volatile security situation have created a difficult environment in which to implement SSR.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The Slide Towards Expediency', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 13, No.1, pp.94-110. Size: 18 pages (139kb)
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Since the late 1990s, discussions amongst donors concerning development have increasingly focussed on Security Sector Reform (SSR). This is due to the potentially negative effects on security, wealth and democracy that a corrupt or inefficient security sector can have. This paper, by Catalina Perdomo, examines the arguments underlying the scepticism of donor and recipient countries and development agencies towards the SSR agenda. It uses the cases of the United States' assistance to Colombia and the United Kingdom's assistance to Sierra Leone as examples. In doing so, the paper suggests some ways to limit the potential negative impacts of supporting SSR.

Author: Catalina Perdomo Source: Perdomo, C., 2006, 'International Assistance for Security Sector Reform', Oasis 2006-07, núm. 12, Centro de Investigaciones y Proyectos Especiales, CIPE, Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales. Universidad Externado de Colombia, pp. 77-117, Colombia Size: 42 pages (266 kB)
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What challenges are faced by the European Union (EU) in terms of its future engagements in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)? This concept from the EU is based on lessons learned in the International Community. It aims at ensuring a common understanding with potential partners and includes clear principles for EU support and measures for strengthening the Union's work in this area.

Author: Source: European Union, 2006, 'EU Concept for support to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)', European Commission and Council of the European Union, Brussels Size: 27 pages (116 kB)
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Data collection systems that compile information on injuries caused by small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in south-eastern Europe (SEE) countries vary in quality and do not inform policy making processes. This report by Larry Attree for SEESAC discusses a survey of armed violence data collection systems currently used in SEE. It provides country-specific information and recommends systems improvements. All SEE countries need to improve the distribution of data collection and analysis of SALW injuries to the policy making community.

Author: Larry Attree Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Strategic overview of armed violence data collection and analysis mechanisms (South Eastern Europe)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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What role can parliaments play in small arms and light weapons (SALW) control? What instruments are available to parliamentarians to address SALW issues? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) provides guidance for parliamentarians on SALW issues. It suggests ways in which parliaments and parliamentarians can perform their representative, legislative and oversight roles to influence national SALW control policies. Annexes provide specific recommendations for parliamentarians and SALW country summaries for the Western Balkans, as well as summaries of international SALW instruments and frameworks.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Parliamentary Handbook', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 36 pages (1.65 MB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on society in Croatia? What measures has the Croatian government taken to address these problems? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Croatia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and government capacity for conducting SALW intervention.

Author: Tobias Pietz | Rebekka Edelman Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Croatia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 84 pages (2.72 MB)
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This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in the UN administered territory of Kosovo. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on institutional capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a Kosovo-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of media, research papers and official data.

Author: Saferworld | Juliana Sokolova, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Kosovo', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 101 pages (3.42 MB)
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How have internal conflicts affected the distribution and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Moldova? What effect does Moldova's constitutional arrangement have on its capacity to address SALW issues? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Moldova.

Author: David Wood Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Moldova', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 169 pages (5.79 MB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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While peace and justice advocates share ultimate goals, the short-term concerns and tactics of practitioners in the two fields may differ dramatically. This paper by Hurst Hannum argues that the two disciplines need to build on their shared values of impartiality, independence and concern for the less powerful while maintaining the distinctive features of each approach. Collaboration between the two disciplines is feasible, particularly as the international community increases its knowledge of the limits and possibilities of outside intervention.

Author: Hurst Hannum Source: Hannum, H., 2006, 'Peace versus Justice: Creating Rights as well as Order out of Chaos', International Peacekeeping, Vol.13, No.4, pp.582-595. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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Without a coherent and collaborative national security strategy, the United Kingdom (UK) can not respond effectively to the challenges of the 21st century. Author Charlie Edwards catalogues the weaknesses in the UK's current responses to internal and external threats and makes the case for a new national security framework. A more contemporary security strategy would address blurred boundaries between domestic and international politics, develop a framework for bureaucratic collaboration, and provide clarity of vision for both government and citizens.

Author: Charlie Edwards Source: Edwards, C., 2006, 'The case for a national security strategy', DEMOS, London Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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Divisions, rivalries and fragmentation of authority in the international community constitute as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as division and incoherence in war-torn nation states. Authored by Barnett R Rubin, this paper examines attempts to rebuild the Afghan state that illustrate the deficiencies of aid and assistance programmes as currently practiced by international institutions. Peacebuilding mechanisms proposed by the United Nations (UN) Secretary General's High-level Panel would bring order to the array of actors currently involved in international peacebuilding.

Author: Barnett R Rubin Source: Rubin, B. R., 2006, 'Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 175 - 185, London Size: 2 pages (33.5 kB)
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While donors and the academic community are paying increased attention to civil society, few studies examine security sector reform (SSR) and governance from a civil society perspective. This paper by Marina Caparini and Philipp Fluri is the first chapter of a book that explores the nexus between civil society and the security sector. Using conceptual perspectives and studies of central and east european countries (CEE), the book provides a detailed analysis of civil society actors in CEE and its current relationship with the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini | Philipp Fluri Source: Caparini,M. & Fluri,P., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini,M., Fluri,P. & Molnar,F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.1. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Civilian democratic control of security institutions in the 21st century will require a dual approach that includes both institution building and support of civil society organisations (CSOs). This paper by Johanna Mendelson Forman argues that donor security sector reform (SSR) programmes need to involve non-traditional actors who can support and translate concepts of security to the local level. Long-term development of democratic states will be impossible unless reformed security sectors improve the economic, political and social well-being of the people.

Author: Johanna Mendelson Forman Source: Forman, J., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform - What Role for Civil Society?', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.2. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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It is essential that governments include civil society as a full partner in the democratisation of security sector governance. This paper, authored by Nicole Ball, discusses the roles civil society can play in the democratisation of security. Despite the improved capacity of civil society to influence governments in general, there are significant challenges to the development of an integrated, effective civil-military relationship.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.4. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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In every successful case of peaceful and democratic conflict avoidance in the world, minority communities have been included and protected by the legislative process. This report by Minority Rights Group International focuses on the electoral system and makes a number of recommendations for best practice in minority representation and electoral system design. The participation of minorities in the legislative process at the stage of electoral reform is a key tool, both in peace building and in future conflict prevention.

Author: Andrew Reynolds Source: Reynolds, A., 2006, 'Electoral Systems and the Protection and Participation of Minorities', Report, Minority Rights Group International, London Size: 36 pages (364 KB)
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The 2006 Afghanistan Compact, a multilateral agreement for state reconstruction, marks the beginning of the second phase of reforms in Afghanistan. This paper by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller cites lessons learned from the first phase of Afghan state reforms embodied in the 2001 Bonn Agreement. This new phase of reform should engender greater government ownership, alignment with the national strategy and budget, and an increased focus on building institutions that deliver services through sub-national and community groups.

Author: Peter J. Middlebrook | Sharon M. Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'Lessons in Post Conflict Reconstruction from the New Afghanistan Compact', FPIF Policy Report, Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC, USA Size: 2 pages (32.5)
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Various theories have been proposed for how security sector reform (SSR) leads to development, yet little attention has been given to how to measure SSR on the ground. This study, by the Cranfield Security Sector Management Team, tests indicators at two project sites of a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Community-based Policing (CBP) project in Albania. The results indicate that the best indicators for a police project's success on the road to democracy and economic development in a transitional state can be seen in public perceptions of police legitimacy.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2006, 'Social Capital, Fear and Police Legitimacy: Measuring Community Based Policing in Albania', Journal of Security Sector Reform Management, Vol.4, No.3 Size: 23 pages (370 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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No issue is more important than security sector reform (SSR) in determining the prospects for peace and development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, examines the status of SSR in the DRC at time of publication and pays particular attention to the role of the international community. Achieving SSR will require commitment by both the DRC and donors to create solid strategic planning to address fragmentation, corruption, political obstructionism and the dilapidated state of the armed services.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: Crisis Group, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Congo', International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°104, Brussels, Belgium Size: 41 pages (959.61 kB)
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This article examines policing in Sierra Leone four years after the civil war. It evaluates the achievements in the area of policing against the major policing challenges in African post-conflict societies. Sierra Leone still does not exert effective control over, nor is it able to deliver state policing services to, significant parts of its own territory. It may be that some community-led policing groups can be harnessed and if necessary reformed to assist the police in establishing the rule of law.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security & Development, 6, 1, 25-50. Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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What implications do the diversification of policing agencies have for state sovereignty? This Africkaspectrum article explores who is authorising and delivering policing beyond the state police in urban Sierra Leone and Uganda. It finds that, on the basis of the state's ability to maintain a monopoly of the use of legitimate violence in providing law and order, sovereignty is fragmented within the two countries. No single policing authority necessarily has exclusive control within a certain social space, but may compete and overlap with other authorities.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'Beyond the State Police in Urban Uganda and Sierra Leone', Afrikaspectrum, 41, 1, 55-76. Size: 20 pages (143 kB)
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Private security provision has increased across the world during the last decade. However, national regulation of private security companies (PSCs) and their activities is often weak or entirely absent. This can result in low standards of professional behaviour and service delivery, and can ultimately have a negative impact on access to justice and security. This document developed by the non-governmental organisations Saferworld (UK) and the Center for Security Studies (BiH) for provides basic principles for voluntary adoption by PSCCs when national regulation is either weak or entirely absent It covers a wide range of areas, including recruitment, training, health and safety, non-discrimination and relations with clients the police and other security companies.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC. 2006. 'The Sarajevo Code of Conduct for Private Security Companies', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: 29 pages (580 KB)
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Private security companies (PSCs) are increasingly used in humanitarian and post-conflict environments by a wide range of organisations, including the United Nations and foreign embassies. Using private security providers in these settings often raises difficult ethical and operational issues, especially as regulation of the PSCs can be weak or entirely absent. How should clients go about procuring the services of private security providers? This document developed by the non-governmental organisations Saferworld (UK) and the Center for Security Studies (BiH) for the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) provides guidelines for clients contracting PSCs in those situations were national regulation is either weak or absent.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC. 2006. 'The Sarajevo Client Guidelines for the Procurement of Private Security Companies', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: 20 pages (515 KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka? What capacity does the state have to control illegal weapons more effectively? This report from the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA) and Saferworld outlines the findings and recommendations of a pilot SALW survey carried out in Hambantota. It examines the distribution of SALW and their impact on safety, security, development and governance, and the capacity of the state to control them.

Author: Saferworld | NCAPISA Source: NCAPISA. 2006. 'Hambantota: Illegal small arms and light weapons pilot survey', National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA), Sri Lanka Size: 62 pages (933 KB)
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Effectively addressing security issues requires partnership between those affected by insecurity and those responsible for maintaining the welfare and safety of the public. This publication outlines the approach to community safety developed in south eastern Europe by Saferworld, the Balkan Youth Union (BYU), the Centre for Security Studies - Bosnia-Herzegovina (CSS), CIVIL and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ). This approach has delivered real change to the situations of those it sought to support. Approaches such as this can bridge the gap between the policies of institutions and the concerns of the communities they serve.

Author: Juliana Sokolová | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld et al. 2006. 'Creating safer communities: Lessons from South Eastern Europe', Balkan Youth Union, Centre for Security Studies, CIVIL, Forum for Civic Initiatives, Saferworld Size: 45 pages (1.36 MB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on human and national security in Bangladesh? This report from the National Forum Against Small Arms (NFASA), South Asia Partnership-Bangladesh (SAP-Bangladesh) and Saferworld documents the findings and recommendations of community consultations on peace and security in Bangladesh. The consultations found that abuses of power, political rivalry, extremist elements and the availability of illegal firearms are all causes of human insecurity in Bangladesh. Unless action is taken to address the power of armed criminals and terrorists, SALW will continue to undermine national and local security.

Author: Nadira Mallik | Peter Cross Source: NFASA, SAP-Bangladesh and Saferworld, 2006, 'Challenges to peace and security: Consulting communities on small arms in Bangladesh', REPORT: Small arms and security in South Asia, National Forum Against Small Arms, South Asia Partnership - Bangladesh, Saferworld Size: 33 pages (454 kB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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The European Union (EU) recognises SSR as an important part of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, democratisation and sustainable development. This paper, by the European Commission, sets out principles for the European Community's (EC) engagement in SSR. It aims to ensure a more coordinated approach across the various strands of EU external assistance relevant to SSR, and to improve complementarity between EC activities and those undertaken by the EU under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and by member states bilaterally.

Author: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2006, 'A Concept for European Community Support for Security Sector Reform', Communication from The Commission to The Council and The European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Size: 12 pages (54kB)
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What is the security role of the European Union (EU)? This report from the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) examines the security role of the EU in light of its crisis management capacity. The EU is taking on a security role focused on human and functional security and based on crisis management capacities. Transformation of the EU indicates a new type of security based, regional community. Emphasising its role in developing an 'extra-national community for security' could enable the EU to take the lead in promoting post-national security systems and communities.

Author: Magnus Ekengren | Nina Matzén Source: Ekengren, M., Matzén, N. and Svantesson, M., 2006, 'The New Security Role of the European Union: Transnational Crisis Management and the Protection of Union Citizens', Center for European Security Research (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and the Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC). Size: 143 pages (917 KB)
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How are laws drafted in Kosovo and what are the problems with this process? How should Kosovo's legislative cycle be reformed? This paper from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) examines the legal drafting process in Kosovo. Kosovo's legislative cycle must be reconsidered, in order to introduce proper policy formulation, clear identification of needs, thorough review of options and higher quality laws. From a flexible legislative agenda that is continuously updated and reworked, ministries need to develop significant policy-setting capacities to ensure consensus-building before legal drafting.

Author: Ilir Dugolli Source: Dugolli, I. (2006). 'Laws Without Policy - Waste, Dead Letter and Futility', Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development Policy Brief Series: Paper # 4, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 13 pages (154 kB)
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What role do parliaments play in oversight of the security sector in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)? What challenges face parliamentarians and civil society groups attempting to promote greater security sector transparency in the CIS? In October 2005 the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) hosted a roundtable for CIS parliamentarians on security sector oversight. This publication presents findings, recommendations and resources from the roundtable.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E., 2006, 'Democratising Security in Transition States', Findings, Recommendations and Resources from the UNDP/ DCAF Roundtable for CIS Parliamentarians Prague, October 2005, DCAF / UNDP. Size: 153 pages (1.15 MB)
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How can the impact of legal and judicial reforms be monitored? This paper, presented to the International Bar Association, examines the application of performance monitoring in Cambodia and Papua New Guinea. It argues for substantial increases in international investment in performance monitoring and evaluation of legal and judicial reform efforts. This requires a transition from monitoring implementation of reform activities to refocus on developing frameworks that are capable of monitoring the impact of those activities on sector performance.

Author: Livingston Armytage Source: Armytage, L., 2006, 'Monitoring Performance of Legal and Judicial Reform in International Development Assistance: Early Lessons from Port Moresby and Phnom Penh', paper presented at International Bar Association Chicago Showcase on 'Judicial Reform: Economic Development and the Rule of Law', Chicago Size: 26 pages (234 KB)
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The phenomenon of state failure and its remedies constitute a growth area of international politics, partly because of the recognition that state failure generates security threats and partly because it is so difficult. This document, by the Lowy Institute, identifies critical elements of the case of the Australian-led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in July 2003. RAMSI had eight defining characteristics. It was preventive, permissive, regional in nature, nationally led, supported by the United Nations (UN), non-sovereign, police led, and light in touch.

Author: Dr Michael Fullilove Source: Fullilove, M. (2006). 'The testament of Solomons: RAMSI and international state-building', Lowy Institute Analysis Paper, March 2006, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 34 pages (517kB)
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How has the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security contributed to democratic control of armed forces? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the Code of Conduct's contribution to democratic control of armed forces. The OSCE Code of Conduct is the most coherent regional instrument to promote democratic control in a multilateral regional framework. The implementation process, however, reveals that there remain significant challenges for the Code with regard to internal security and terrorism.

Author: Alexandre Lambert Source: Lambert, A. (2006). 'Implementation of Democratic Control of Armed Forces in the OSCE Region: Lessons Learned from the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security', Occasional Paper No. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 69 pages (417 kB)
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Is collective security possible when the evaluation of and response to threats depend on access to intelligence that cannot be shared openly? This paper, by the Lowy Institute, examines the role national intelligence does and could play in addressing threats to international security. It makes particular reference to the United Nations Security Council and the strategic perspective of Australia, and focuses on the contemporary threats of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Author: Dr Simon Chesterman | Lowy Institute Source: Chesterman, S. (2006). 'Shared secrets: intelligence and collective security', Lowy Institute Paper 10, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 115 pages (378kB)
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To what extent can security sector reform (SSR) and development assistance counter radicalisation? This paper, by the Danish Institute for International Studies, explores this linkage. The paper outlines the concept of SSR and establishes its role in development assistance and in countering radicalism. It then explores the applicability of SSR in countering radicalism through case studies in Iraq, Afghanistan and Indonesia. It is argued that security is an essential prerequisite to sustainable development.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | Olivia Hamill Source: von Tangen Page, M. and Hamill, O. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform and its Role in Challenging of Radicalism', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/10, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 29 pages (101 kB)
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What measures have Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states agreed to take to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons? In this convention, ECOWAS member states agree to control, regulate and/or prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to take measures to promote transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states.

Author: ECOWAS Source: ECOWAS (2006). 'ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their ammunition and other associated material', Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Size: 23 pages (241 kB)
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How are disarmament and development connected at the field level? What are the challenges facing efforts to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the two fields on the ground? Between 2002 and 2004, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) conducted studies of weapons for development programmes in Albania, Cambodia and Mali. Based on these studies, this paper from UNIDIR examines the interplay between development and disarmament at the community level. It demonstrates a clear link between disarmament and development, as well as the importance of strengthening this link to promote sustainable human development.

Author: Shukuko Koyama Source: Koyama, S. (2006). 'Disarmament, development and the Programme of Action. Experiences and challenges on the ground', Disarmament Forum, 2006(1), pp.75-82, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 8 pages (95 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Sierra Leone? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Sierra Leone and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that arms transfers have fuelled atrocities in Sierra Leone and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Anthea Lawson | Oxfam Source: Lawson, A. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Sierra Leone', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (612 kB)
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What impact has irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to the DRC and its effect on individual lives and communities. It argues that arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in the DRC and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks, J. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from the Democratic Republic of the Congo', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International Size: 22 pages (581 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Haiti? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Haiti and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that irresponsible arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in Haiti. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Amnesty International | International Action Network on Small Arms Source: Control Arms (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Haiti', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (394 kB)
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This War on Want report examines the rapid expansion of private military and security companies (PMSCs). It argues that increased PMSC involvement in conflict zones raises numerous concerns, ranging from inherent problems of transparency and accountability to concerns about war profiteering. There is now an urgent need for the UK government to bring PMSC activities within the compass of both legal and democratic control.

Author: Fabien Mathieu | Nick Dearden Source: Mathieu, F. and Dearden, N. (2006). 'Corporate Mercenaries: The threat of private military and security companies', War on Want, London. Size: 1.65MB pages (28)
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Peacebuilding and security are not parallel concepts; security is essential to peacebuilding. This document, published by the United Nations (UN) Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses the crucial role of security in post-conflict external interventions. While security in peacebuilding is paramount, it must be combined with humanitarian assistance, development and human rights protection.

Author: UNOG | DCAF Source: UNOG and DCAF (2006). 'Security and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: The Role of the United Nations', Compilation of presentations made at the third joint seminar of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) held on 27 October 2005. Size: 73 pages (1.24 MB)
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The international community has yet to develop a coherent strategy for the execution of security sector reform (SSR) in peace operations. This paper, published by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO), examines SSR in both UN and non-UN peace operations. SSR in peace operations is as much about processes, policies, institutions, legislation and political will as it is about training and equipping police officers, customs officials and soldiers.

Author: Edward Rees Source: Rees, E. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Peace Operations: Improvisation and Confusion From the Field', United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Size: 28 pages (316.22 kB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) tends to deal exclusively with the public security sector. This is a mistake, according to research from the University of Wales. Focusing on Sierra Leone and Kenya, the paper argues that any attempt to ensure better security for all must take account of private actors. Private security companies and their integration into SSR is important not simply for the maintenance of law and order but also for the legitimacy of social and political regimes.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. & Williams, M.C., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: Bringing the Private In', Conflict, Security & Development, Vol.6, No.1, April 2006, pp.1-23. Size: 23 pages (156KB)
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Sierra Leone exemplifies the important role that an elected, legitimate national government can play in successful peacebuilding and reform efforts. This paper, published by the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, reports the results of a seminar on the country's post-conflict and peacebuilding activities. While the national government's legitimacy and reform strategies are significant post-conflict achievements, it must now implement significant general and security sector reforms.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Mark Malan Source: Albrecht, P. & Malan, M., 2006, 'Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and National Ownership: Meeting the Challenges of Sierra Leone', Report of the Second Annual ZIF/KAIPTC Seminar, Accra, Ghana, 1-3 December 2005, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Size: 162 pages (849 kB)
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In Georgia, security sector reform is one priority amongst many challenges. How can a state undertake security sector reform in circumstances of transformation, when under-financing is chronic, renewed conflict is a constant possibility and it doesn't have control over all its territory? This book, from Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), analyses the problems of security sector governance in Georgia from 1992. It argues that the Saakashvili government should pick the right battles to sustain popular support. These are stability, welfare, education and healthcare. Territorial control will be easier when Georgia is able to stand on its own.

Author: Phillip Fluri | Shorena Lortkipanidze Source: Fluri, P and Darchiashvili, D. (eds.), 2006, 'After Shevardnadze: Georgian Security Sector Governance after the Rose Revolution', DCAF, Geneva Size: 185 pages (1 MB)
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What are the issues in reforming Turkey's security sector in line with EU accession requirements? This almanac by the Turkish Economics and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) offers a comprehensive review of Turkey's security sector from a human security perspective. Turkey confronted internal security threats in the 1990s. These led to the adoption of a more militarised strategy and the sidelining of elected bodies, civil society, and the media. After gaining EU candidate status in 1999 and the financial crisis of 2001 serious efforts have been made to democratise the security sector. Despite positive steps, military policies persist behind the formalities of democratic government.

Author: Umit Cizre Source: Cizre, Ü, 2006, 'Almanac Turkey 2005 - Security Sector and Democratic Oversight', DCAF and TESEV Size: 285 pages (3.3 MB)
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What effect have measures to tackle youth gangs in Central America had on human rights and police reform? How can Central American governments more effectively prevent youth violence? This report from the Washington Office on Latin America examines the impact of repressive responses to youth gangs on human rights and democratic governance. It argues that Central American governments should adopt alternative approaches to tackling youth gangs that address the underlying causes of gang membership and violence.

Author: Geoff Thale | Elsa Falkenburger Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2006, 'Youth Gangs in Central America: Issues in Human Rights, Effective Policing, and Prevention' WOLA, Washington Size: 32 pages (1 MB)
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Has the implementation of police legal training and police legal assistance led to improved police officer compliance with the rule of law in Costa Rica? What factors influence the effectiveness of police human rights strategies (PHRS)? This article from Utrecht Law Review examines the implementation of PHRS in Costa Rica and their effect on police compliance with the rule of law. It finds that police legal training and police legal assistance have strengthened police officer compliance with the rule of law. The most important factors in ensuring compliance, however, are sustained socio-political commitment and institutional support from key actors at police station level.

Author: Quirine A.M. Eijkman Source: Eijkman, Q, 2006, 'Around Here I Am the Law!' Strengthening Police Officers' Compliance with the Rule of Law in Costa Rica' Paper Presented at the Conference Police Human Rights Strategies, University of Utrecht, 7-8 April 2006 Size: 32 pages (712 kB)
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What is Hizbollah's outlook in the current conflict with Israel? This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper examines Hizbollah's thinking and argues that while it did not deliberately ignite or expect a large-scale conflict, it has not shied away from using it to service its regional and domestic objectives of undermining Israel. With the advent of United Nations Resolution 1701 and a formal ceasefire, the issue of Hizbollah's disarmament is a powerful potential logjam, which could result in continued strife.

Author: Amal Saad-Ghorayeb Source: Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, 2006, 'Hizbollah's Outlook in the Current Conflict', The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, USA Size: 10 pages (122kB)
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What are the fundamental elements of Palestinian national security? This study from the Royal Institute of International Affairs opens the debate by outlining a proposed framework for Palestinian national security. The development of a national security doctrine is important in articulating security needs, fears and goals, in reassuring all parties and promoting stability. Palestinian national security must be based on equality with other nations, including the right to self-defence.

Author: Hussein Agha | Ahmad S. Khalidi Source: Agha, H. and Khalidi, A., 2006, 'A Framework for a Palestinian National Security Doctrine', Royal Institute of International Affairs, London Size: 137 pages ()
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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How effective was the reform transformation of the Peruvian police between 2001 -2004? This article from Civil Wars journal argues that Peru's police reform process suffered from fluctuating political interest and support. Consequently, although achievements were significant, they were much less than initially hoped. The article examines the host of difficulties faced in achieving reform and concludes that additional resources and consistent political and institutional backing are necessary to foster and sustain transformation.

Author: Gino Costa Source: Costa, Gino, 2006, 'Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru, 2001-2004', Civil Wars, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 215-230 Size: 17 pages (114 kB)
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In contrast to other security sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean, the defence and public security sectors of Barbados are remarkably stable. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile (FLACSO), discusses the organisational and institutional settings and civilian oversight of both security sectors. Both sectors acknowledge the need for reforms; the police have begun to address concerns about excessive use of force by creating public complaints' procedure and outreach.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Barbados', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 20 pages (200 kB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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How successfully has Guatemala's military and democratic transformation been since 1986? This Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad article examines civil-military relations in Guatemala since the large scale processes of pacification and democratisation began in that year. Guatemala has advanced significantly towards the de-militarisation of society and subordination of the military to legitimate political authority. However, limitations in the nature of the country's democratic institutions and political culture have, as yet, prevented these goals from being reached.

Author: Bernardo Areválo de León Source: Areválo de León, Bernardo, 2006, 'Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict in Guatemala', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, vol. 20 no.1, pp. 63-108. Size: 46 pages (259KB)
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Since the country's return to democracy in 1990, Chile has implemented a broad programme of judicial reform. However, this University of Florida paper argues that Chilean judicial transformation is incomplete with reforms not addressing existing military jurisdiction over the country's police, the Carabineros. Under the current arrangement, Chilean security forces continue to act with impunity at the expense of citizen security, not as effective guardians of it.

Author: | Meredith Fensom Source: Fensom, M, 2006, 'Judicial Reform, Military Justice, and the Case of Chile's Carabineros', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006 Size: 18 pages (234 kB)
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How can policymakers in Latin America reduce people's fear of crime? This study, by FLACSO, compares "zero tolerance" with community-based policing strategies in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile and it asks which is more successful. It assesses the links between fear of crime, the media and community participation. It finds that citizens' economic, political and social insecurities are the main determinants of how vulnerable they feel. Cities that employ community-based strategies to fight crime have lower levels of public fear of crime.

Author: | Lucia Dammert Source: Dammert, L. and Malone, M., 2006, 'Does It Take a Village? Policing Strategies and Fear of Crime in Latin America', Latin American Politics & Society, vol. 48, no. 4, Winter 2006, pp. 27-51 Size: 21 pages (104 kB)
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Despite multilateral attempts in the 1990s to institute security sector reform (SSR) in Haiti, lack of elite support, insufficient judicial sector capacity and persistent corruption has led to the current resurgence of violence. This study, published by International Peacekeeping, examines recent international interventions to institute SSR in Haiti. National dialogue with local elites and long-term donor involvement are necessary to ensure that justice, security, development and governance sectors are developed simultaneously to prevent the country from becoming a failed state.

Author: Johanna Mendelson-Forman Source: Mendelson-Forman, J, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Haiti', International Peacekeeping, vol.13, no.1, pp.14-27 Size: 27 pages (84.62 kB)
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How effective have judicial reform efforts in Latin America proven to be? This article, published in the Policy Papers on the Americas series by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, reviews the substantial number of recent projects aimed at strengthening judicial institutions. Although neither obvious nor easily measured, the decade-long reform push has led to progress in some countries, with Chile the leading model.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Juan Enrique Vargas Source: Deshazo, P. and Vargas, J., 2006, 'Judicial Reform in Latin America: An Assessment', Policy Papers on the Americas Volume XVII, Study 2, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 25 pages (213 kB)
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Why do civilian politicians in Latin America show little interest in investing resources and expertise in defence institutions? Why has there been a drop in scholarly attention to Latin American militaries as democracies consolidate in the region? This research, from the University of California and the Graduate Naval School, argues that there are historical, structural and rational reasons for these attitudes.

Author: David Pion-Berlin | Harold Trinkunas Source: Pion-Berlin, D. and Trinkunas, H., 2006, 'Attention Deficits: Why Politicians Ignore Defense Policy in Latin America', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico March 15-18, 2006. Size: 25 pages (141 kB)
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Despite past problems, the Mexican armed forces have made significant progress towards becoming professional institutions. This study, from Queens University, examines the history and structure of the Mexican armed forces and suggests areas of possible military cooperation between Canada and Mexico. It looks at the process of political change and the effects this has had on civil-military relations. The armed forces are well-trained and dynamic organisations that are respected by Mexicans and, although they could liberalise further, they are adapting well to democratic change.

Author: Jordi Díez | Ian Nicholls Source: Diez, J. and Nicholls, I., 2006, 'The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition', Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 56 pages (418 kB)
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The reform of Serbia's police force and its transformation into a service accountable to the citizens was one of biggest challenges Serbia faced after the overthrow of Miloševiæ. How successful has it been? This paper by the Conflict Studies Research Centre assesses Serbian police reform between 2000 and 2006. It suggests that although the police are no longer seen as a negative force, they are still not perceived as an accountable citizens' service.

Author: Novak Gajic | Branka Bakic Source: Bakic, B. and Gajic, N., 2006, 'Police Reform in Serbia: Five Years Later', Conflict Studies Research Centre, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, UK Size: 49 pages (1.5 MB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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To what extent is the Ghana Police Service (GPS) able to fulfil its mandate to protect life and property and maintain law and order? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management provides an overview of the GPS. It argues that there is a lack of administrative and political will to transform the GPS to enable it to meet the needs of society. To be successful, reforms must take into account the political, economic and social environment in which the GPS functions. Most importantly, reforms should transform the public perception of the GPS from that of a corrupt and ineffective service.

Author: Emmanuel Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, EK., 2006, 'An Overview Of The Ghana Police Service', Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2006 Size: 37 pages (704 kB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Nigeria, particularly of the Nigerian Armed Forces, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. After civilian rule resumed in 1999, the new government pledged military reform and anti-corruption measures, but progress on some issues has been slow. Individual corruption remains an endemic problem for all financial management initiatives. Due process in military budgeting remains a remote prospect given poor oversight, unclear policies and the absence of many key stakeholders.

Author: Wuyi Omitoogun | Tunde Oduntan Source: Omitoogun, W. and Oduntan, T., 2006, 'Nigeria', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 154-179 Size: 26 pages (154 kB)
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Although the active armed struggles in the South Caucasus came to an end in the early 1990s, since then the region has been in a state of 'frozen' conflict. This International Alert report examines the connections between corruption and frozen conflicts in the South Caucasus region, exploring corruption on all sides of the conflicts over Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorny-Karabakh. Anti-corruption strategies in the South Caucasus need to take into consideration the protracted conflicts. Likewise, conflict transformation activities need to factor in corruption in the institutions concerned.

Author: Natalia Mirimanova | Diana Klein (ed.) Source: Mirimanova, N. and Klein, D., 2006, 'Corruption and Conflict in the South Caucasus', International Alert, London Size: 60 pages (308KB)
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To what extent has the War Crimes Chamber (WCC) brought justice and accountability to Bosnia and Herzegovina? This report, published by Human Rights Watch, argues that the WCC has made progress and is capable of effectively prosecuting war criminals. Continued fair trials and increased respect for rule of law in Bosnia can only come about with sustained and significant support from the government of Bosnia and the wider international community.

Author: Param-Preet Singh | Human Rights Watch Source: Singh, P. P., 2006, 'Looking for Justice: The War Crimes Chamber in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Human Rights Watch, vol. 18, no. 1 Size: 46 pages (304 kB)
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Is Albania ready for membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)? This Journal of Slavic Military Studies article assesses Ablania's military reforms in the light of NATO's 'open-door' policy, which promotes membership expansion. While Albania has a long way to go, NATO's policy has nevertheless served as an important catalyst for encouraging Albania's military transformation.

Author: Ryan C. Hendrickson | Jonathan Campbell Source: Hendrickson, R. C., Campbell, J. and Mullikin, N., 2006, 'Albania and NATO's "Open Door" Policy: Alliance Enlargement and Military Transformation', The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 243-257 Size: 16 pages ()
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What has been the impact of policy shifts in US foreign assistance since the September 11 attacks? This article, published by Third World Quarterly, argues that deploying USAID to boost the counter-terrorism capabilities of Africa's police forces is a flawed strategy. Co-opting the development agenda for the Bush administration's national security agenda risks turning USAID into a quasi-security agency and hurting police reform initiatives. An analysis of recent aid for public policing in Kenya illustrates the pitfalls of so-called "transformational diplomacy".

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2006, 'Trojan horses? USAID, counter-terrorism and Africa's police', Third World Quarterly, Vol.27 , No. 4, pp.629-643 Size: 16 pages (144 kB)
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What are the main sources of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Kenya-Uganda border area? What is driving the demand for arms in the region? This article from African Affairs argues that demand for SALW is driven by both lack of security and lack of livelihoods. Sources of SALW include paramilitary groups created by the Ugandan and Kenyan governments.

Author: Kennedy Agade Mkutu Source: Mkutu, K. ,2006, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons among Pastoral Groups in the Kenya-Uganda Border Area', African Affairs , Vol.106, no. 422, pp.47-70 Size: pages ()
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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Rebuilding a post-conflict country is more than restoring buildings and institutions; it involves restoring trust and confidence, fostering relationships and giving people hope. This report, published by Interpeace, reviews its Somali Dialogue for Peace programme, a consultative process that brought officials, ex-combatants and citizens together to plan a collective, peaceful future. Dialogue with civil society and citizens is critical to the establishment of a stable and long-term security structure in Somalia.

Author: Interpeace | Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia, 2006, 'Dialogue not Guns: Promoting Security and Stabilisation among the Communities of South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia Size: 43 pages (1.43 MB)
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What should be covered by an assessment of serious crime in a country emerging from conflict? How should such an assessment be done? This chapter from a handbook by the United States Institute of Peace provides comprehensive guidelines. The assessment should include political, economic and social factors plus capacity and challenges both within and outside of the criminal justice sector. Assessors should gauge a country's political will to address serious crime and to work with international bodies in doing so.

Author: Colette Rausch Source: Rausch, C. (ed), 2006, 'Conducting an Assessment' in Combating Serious Crimes in Post-Conflict Societies: A Handbook for Policymakers and Practitioners, United States Institute of Peace, USIP Press Books, Washington, DC, ch. 2 Size: 21 pages (400 KB)
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What is the state of police accountability in Kenya? This report from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative examines the development of the Kenyan police force and the legal and political context within which it operates to assess the likelihood of progress toward a more democratic and accountable police service. It concludes that while Kenya's police force currently falls well short of the standards of democratic accountability, the country is ready for and capable of effective police reform.

Author: Michelle Kagari | Sophy Thomas Source: Kagari M., Thomas S., 2006, 'The police, the people, the politics: Police accountability in Kenya', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Nairobi Size: 96 pages (602 kB)
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How can democratic, accountable policing be achieved in Uganda? Currently, the interests of the government are prioritised above the protection of Uganda's people. The police are heavily militarised and responsible for widespread human rights violations. This report from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative looks at the concepts of democratic and accountable policing and at reforms needed in Uganda. These must begin with a legislative framework based around the principles of accountability, setting out standards of appropriate behaviour and mechanisms for redress.

Author: Michelle Kagari | Evelyn Edroma Source: Kagari M., Edroma E., 2006, 'The police, the people, the politics: Police accountability in Uganda', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Nairobi Size: 68 pages (433kB)
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What is the state of police accountability in Tanzania? This report from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative examines the development of the Tanzanian police force and the legal and political context within which it operates to assess the likelihood of progress toward a more democratic and accountable police service. It concludes that while Tanzania's police force is currently underfunded and characterised by too much discretion and little accountability, the country is ready for and needs effective police reform.

Author: Michelle Kagari Source: Kagari M., 2006, 'The police, the people, the politics: Police accountability in Tanzania', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Nairobi Size: 72 pages (514 kB)
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How should donors approach the regulation of private security actors in partner countries? How can the private sector help to implement security sector reform (SSR)? This chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces' publication Private Actors and Security Governance looks at the role of the private sector in SSR. It argues that regulation must take account of local factors and that the private sector could play a positive role in SSR.

Author: Peter Wilson Source: Wilson P., 2006, 'Private Security Actors, Donors and SSR', in Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 14 pages (150 kB)
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The end of dictatorial rule in Malawi and the adoption of a new, democratic constitution in 1994 transformed the institutional and legal framework of the country. To what extent has Malawi met its commitment made then to comply with African and international norms and standards on human rights, the rule of law and democratic governance? This Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) report argues that while considerable and laudable progress has been made, much still remains to be done.

Author: Fidelis Edge Kanyongolo Source: Kanyongolo F.E., 2006, 'Malawi Justice Sector and Rule of Law: A review by AfriMAP and Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa', Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) Size: 184 pages (711KB)
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The judicial system of Malawi is compromised because of archaic laws and systemic lack of legal representation for indigents. This paper, published by the International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, analyses Malawi's criminal justice system and examines the use of paralegals to redress the lack of legal representation. Use of paralegals to assist poor people provides benefits for the poor and helps countries' progress towards provision of fundamental human rights.

Author: Hillery Anderson Source: Anderson H., 2006, 'Justice Delayed in Malawi's Criminal Justice System: Paralegals vs. Lawyers', International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS) Vol. 1 Size: 11 pages (135 kB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector and civil society in Tanzania? What progress have Tanzania's security institutions made in terms of the transition to multi-party democracy? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies examines the relationship between the state, the security sector and civil society in Tanzania. It argues that the unique relationship between Tanzania's ruling party and the security sector was beneficial in consolidating the Tanzanian state. However, Tanzania must now gradually distance its security institutions from the ruling party and create appropriate, adequate, accountable and affordable security services.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | Jonathan Lwehabura (ed.) Source: Rupiya M., Lwehabura J., Roux L.l., (eds.), 2006, 'Civil Security Relations in Tanzania - Investigating the Relationship Between the State, Security Services and Civil Society', Monograph 128, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 45 pages (224 kB)
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How are security problems being addressed in the Americas? What lessons can be learned from these experiences? This book from the University of Pittsburgh Press examines public security and police reform in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico and the United States. Public perception of increased crime and violence has led to public security policies that emphasise punishment and symbolism, such as highly publicised national plans and the importation of unadapted ideas from abroad. Procedural safeguards are needed to monitor human and civil rights in the region as security forces are strengthened.

Author: John Bailey (ed.) | Lucia Dammert (ed.) Source: Bailey J. & Dammert L., (eds.), 2006, 'Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas', University of Pittsburgh Size: 322 pages ()
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Reforming the Maldives' legal and judicial system is an important part of the Government's agenda. This government document sets out the shortcomings of current arrangements and the role of the Criminal Justice Action Plan in overcoming them. Of particular note are proposals to redraft the penal code, to introduce legislation to define police powers and responsibilities, and to improve the investigative capacity of the authorities. The document concludes by outlining mechanisms for implementing the Action Plan, including strengthening the human resources of relevant government departments.

Author: Government of Maldives Source: Government of Maldives, 2006, 'Reform of the Criminal Justice System' Size: 6 pages (100 kB)
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What steps must the Afghan government and the international community take to promote security, good governance and development in Afghanistan? In this Compact from the 2006 London Conference on Afghanistan, the Afghan government and international community commit themselves to realising a vision for Afghanistan's future. That vision is based on three pillars of activity: security; good governance, rule of law and human rights; and economic and social development. The Compact also identifies eliminating the narcotics industry as a vital and cross-cutting area of work.

Author: ISAF Source: NATO-ISAF, 2006, 'Building on Success: The Afghanistan Compact', The London Conference on Afghanistan Size: 17 pages (342 kB)
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What is the extent of the growth and influence of radical Islamist organisations in Bangladesh? This article from the International Assessment and Strategy Center examines radical Islamist terrorism in Bangladesh. It argues that the forces of secular Bengali nationalism are increasingly coming under challenge from radical Islam. This process is evident in the growing number of madrassas and Islamic NGOs and in institutional support from political and religious groups.

Author: Sumon K. Chakrabarti | International Assessment and Strategy Center Source: Chakrabarti S.K., 2006, 'Bangladesh: The Shift in the Balance of Terror in South Asia', International Assessment and Strategy Center Size: pages ()
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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What is the link between security and development? What is the best way to achieve both? This strategy paper by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) outlines how DFID, through its commitment to fighting poverty, can help tackle insecurity among the poor. It explains the complex connections between security and development and sets out how DFID can build security by working with poor people, their governments and international partners.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2005, 'Fighting Poverty to Build a Safer World: a Strategy for Security and Development', Strategy paper, Department for International Development, UK. Size: 48 pages (264KB)
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The UNICEF-sponsored Child-Friendly Community Initiative (CFCI) represents an integrated, multi-sectoral and community-driven approach for the delivery of basic services to poor and vulnerable people in Sudan. What are the main achievements of CFCI? How does it differ from other donor interventions aiming to enhance service delivery? Compiled for the Department for International Development, this case study examines the effectiveness of the CFCI approach in Sudan and attempts to draw lessons for donors on service delivery in other fragile states.

Author: Magüi Moreno-Torres Source: Moreno-Torres, M., 2005, 'Service Delivery in a Difficult Environment: the Child-friendly Community Initiative in Sudan', Department for International Development, UK. Size: 36 pages (278.9 kB)
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