Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

How can governments and international actors develop effective border controls to implement the 2001 UN SALW Programme of Action and other agreements? Efforts to prevent the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their trafficking across borders must be undertaken within a comprehensive framework which recognises: the breadth and complexity of SALW proliferation and misuse; the wide range of measures that need to be combined to achieve effective controls; and the need to involve and secure the support of all stakeholders, including those affected by SALW-related violence. The most effective approaches are those undertaken co-operatively among neighbouring states.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E., 2010, 'Preventing Diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Border Management under the UN Programme of Action', Biting the Bullet Report, Saferworld and the University of Bradford Size: 28 pages (1.04 MB)
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Why are the outcomes of small arms control initiatives in Africa not more successful? How can they be improved? Arms availability is usually understood in terms of the supply-side. However, interventions focusing on regulation and containment have achieved fewer dividends than expected. A broader concept of arms availability is required, which accounts for both supply and demand dimensions - including factors shaping acquisition and the ways in which arms are used. Promising 'second generation' approaches involve more sophisticated diagnosis of the problems, data-driven responses, bottom-up engagement and activities targeting key risk factors.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah, R., 2010, 'Rethinking small arms control in Africa: it is time to set an armed violence reduction agenda', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 217-238 Size: 22 pages ()
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What role may ill-conceived, externally driven stabilisation efforts play in prolonging the Somali conflict? What can be learned from disarmament and demobilisation efforts in southern Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland? This article finds that externally driven initiatives have been viewed with suspicion and alarm, while Somali-led, locally owned initiatives have achieved some success. Conventional international approaches to state-building in Somalia must be reassessed. Security sector issues must be treated not as purely technical, but as integral to the political process.

Author: Matt Bryden | Jeremy Brickhill Source: Bryden, M. and Brickhill J., 2010, 'Disarming Somalia: Lessons in Stabilisation from a Collapsed State', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 239-262 Size: 24 pages (200 kB)
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Attention to the security-development nexus has become commonplace in policymaking. But how has this concept been interpreted and used? This article suggests a framework for mapping the security-development nexus. The 'nexus' is being used to describe a growing realm, but there is still confusion and ideological division over its meaning. The unclear content and form of the security-development nexus leaves the concept open to varied uses under the guise of progressive and ethically palatable politics. This warrants caution in embracing the security-development nexus as a policy premise or goal.

Author: Maria Stern | Joakim Ojendal Source: Stern, M. and Ojendal, J., 2010, 'Mapping the Security Development Nexus: Conflict, Complexity, Cacophony, Convergence?', Security Dialogue, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-30 Size: 27 pages ()
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What are the challenges and risks involved in the reintegration of insurgents in Afghanistan? This paper argues that reintegration is more complex and difficult to accomplish than is commonly appreciated. Obstacles include lack of trust, insurgent cohesion and revenge attacks. A well-executed reintegration scheme could have social and economic benefits and reduce insurgency. But if mishandled, it could do the reverse. Without intelligent design, effective delivery and political resolve, reintegration has the potential to exacerbate security problems, undermine high-level talks and even increase insurgent recruitment.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2010, 'Golden Surrender: The Risks, Challenges, and Implications of Reintegration in Afghanistan', Discussion Paper 03/2010, Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul Size: 12 pages (277 KB)
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How can the Colombian government consolidate security gains and improve security policy? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group recommends that the new government should acknowledge that Colombia has still not reached the post-conflict phase and needs to: maintain pressure on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC); develop and implement a comprehensive citizen security strategy; tackle the threat posed by paramilitary successors and new illegal armed groups; and advance military and citizen security policy reform.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Improving Security Policy in Colombia', Latin America Briefing No. 23, International Crisis Group, Bogota/Brussels Size: 16 pages ()
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What could aid effectiveness mean in the context of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? How could existing frameworks and processes best be used to improve SALW assistance? States need to build longer-term and strategic approaches at the international and regional levels, and to take more immediate steps to improve the management, evaluation and measurement of SALW assistance.

Author: Kerry Maze Source: Maze, K., 2010, 'Searching for Aid Effectiveness in Small Arms Assistance', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 86 pages (1.92 MB)
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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What are the links between disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This research paper argues that there is a complementary relationship between DDR and SSR. Few attempts have been made to link the two interventions at conceptual and policy levels in Africa. But DDR and SSR share the same objectives of contributing to peace and stability and have major impacts on each other in demobilisation and reintegration phases. DDR cannot be implemented in isolation of broader processes of post-conflict peace building. It must be integrated with SSR from the inception phase of the peace process.

Author: W. Andy Knight Source: Knight, W. A., 2010, 'Linking DDR and SSR in Post Conflict Peace-building in Africa: An Overview', in African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 29-54 Size: 26 pages (1.2 MB)
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How does Security Sector Reform (SSR) affect children? What are the roles of children and youth in supporting improved security and post conflict peace building? This paper analyses these questions from the perspectives of rights obligations, protecting social capital, demographics, and breaking the cycle of violence. Children and youth - the two groups especially affected by armed conflict - rarely receive consideration in SSR and Transitional Justice programmes. These programmes need to be more relevant to the concerns for young people if hard-won peace is to be durable. Focusing on the governance aspects of public security places children firmly on the justice and security agenda.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D., 2010, 'Children and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Peace-Building', Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-9, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence Size: 30 pages (451 kB)
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What is the relationship between military power and international order? What impact did the development of nuclear weapons have on this relationship? This paper from the Journal of International Affairs is an abridged version of Michael Howard's inaugural lecture at King's College London in May 1964. It concludes that in the era of nuclear weapons, military power can only serve as an instrument of international order if it is subject to rigorous political control.

Author: Michael Howard Source: Howard M., 2009, 'Military power and international order', International Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 1, pp. 145-155 Size: 11 pages ()
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How can the international community engage successfully in peacemaking and peacekeeping? How can it develop effective exit strategies for such engagements? This article from the journal of International Affairs argues that, in most African conflicts, peace engagement can only be successful if international actors focus on achieving a bargain between elites based on the realities of the political marketplace. If they do not, they risk creating a mission without end.

Author: Alex De Waal Source: Waal A.D., 2009, 'Mission without end? Peacekeeping in the African political marketplace', International Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 1, pp. 99-113 Size: 15 pages ()
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How can armed violence be reduced in post-conflict situations? Are disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and small arms control programmes the most effective approach? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that the effectiveness of DDR and small arms control programmes is unproven. Reducing armed violence in the aftermath of conflict requires a broader approach, which responds to the heterogeneous character of such violence.

Author: Robert Muggah | Keith Krause Source: Muggah R., Krause K., 2009, 'Closing the Gap Between Peace Operations and Post-Conflict Insecurity:Towards a Violence Reduction Agenda', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 136-150 Size: 16 pages ()
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What have been the effects of counter-narcotics policies in Afghanistan since 2001? Have eradication campaigns been successful? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that aggressive opium poppy eradication programmes have been premature and counterproductive. They have not increased stability or undermined the counter-insurgency. The most important role peacekeeping forces can play is providing security.

Author: Vanda Felbab-Brown Source: Felbab-Brown, V., 2009, 'Peacekeepers Among Poppies: Afghanistan, Illicit Economies and Intervention', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 100-114 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the links between illicit commerce and political relationships in West Africa? How can a contexualised understanding of social relationships improve approaches to post-conflict statebuilding? This article from International Peacekeeping critiques the automatic criminalisation of armed networks, some of which have strong societal roots. It argues for a more nuanced understanding of the connection between illicit economic activities and violent conflict and a more pragmatic approach to post-conflict statebuilding. A strategy that selectively incorporates some networks, and targets the more predatory, is likely to be most effective.

Author: William Reno Source: Reno, W., 2009, 'Understanding Criminality in West African Conflicts', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 47-61 Size: 15 pages ()
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What are the priorities in terms of security in Nepal? What contribution can the European Union (EU) make towards building and maintaining peace in the country? This briefing from International Alert examines security sector reform (SSR) and public security in Nepal. It argues that there is an urgent need to address security provision and the security sector as part of Nepal's ongoing peace process.

Author: Charlotte Watson | Rebecca Crozier Source: Watson C., Crozier R., 2009, 'Security for Whom? SSR and Public Security in Nepal', International Alert Size: 28 pages (349 kB)
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How have peace negotiations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) addressed issues of accountability? What impact have justice initiatives had following the conclusion of each agreement? This report from the International Center for Transitional Justice examines peace negotiations in the DRC since 1999, focusing on justice and accountability. It argues that while significant efforts have been made to advance accountability in negotiations, peacemaking in the DRC has resulted in very limited justice.

Author: Laura Davis | Priscilla Hayner Source: Davis L., Hayner P., 2009, 'Difficult Peace, Limited Justice: Ten Years of Peacemaking in the DRC', International Center for Transitional Justice Size: 44 pages (235 kB)
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What hinders effective policing and the pursuit of terrorist and militant organisations in Pakistan? What lessons can be learned from successful Pakistani police operations? This policy paper from the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding looks at the need for police reform in Pakistan. It calls for greater international support for police reform in order to enhance Pakistan's law enforcement and counterinsurgency capacities and improve the security environment.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Police & Law Enforcement Reform in Pakistan: Crucial for Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Success', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding Size: 28 pages (3.4 MB)
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A consensus among domestic security sector reform (SSR) actors in Haiti that the reform agenda is imposed from outside has led to limited local ownership of the process. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, reviews the current status of reform of Haiti's judiciary, police and penal systems. Until the suspicion of reform measures imposed by outsiders can be reversed and genuine political will for reform nurtured, SSR policy makers will be hard-pressed to succeed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M. (ed.), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Haiti', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Size: 12 pages (1.55 MB)
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Integrated, comprehensive and inclusive armed violence reduction (AVR) programmes are an emerging and growing area of development practice around the world. This paper, published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, discusses the components of a multi-level AVR approach. Adopting integrated AVR programmes requires understanding of the multi-faceted, multi-level nature of armed violence, application of rigorous diagnostics of local situations and incorporation of local ownership at all levels of programme design and implementation.

Author: OECD-DAC Source: OECD-DAC, 2009, 'Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), Paris Size: 140 pages (1.7 MB)
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Wars, particularly civil wars, are increasingly focused on cities. How can they best be tackled? This study from Columbia University reviews the history of city politics in Kabul and the processes of governance that occur at different levels. Multi-layered conflicts in capital cities can concentrate political attention and overload urban development and governance agendas. It should be understood that, in post-war capital cities, conflicts at the fault lines of local, national and international institutions shape political and economic agendas for the city.

Author: Daniel Esser Source: Esser D., 2009, Who Governs Kabul? Explaining Urban Politics in a Post-War Capital City', Crisis States Research Centre, London Size: 30 pages (784)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is most often used as a platform for reform in fragile and post-conflict states and in countries transitioning from communism or authoritarian rule. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews security sector and governance definitions, issues, approaches and actors. There is an emerging consensus that governance is an essential SSR component and that linkages among different actors be considered in order to achieve successful SSR.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Governance and Reform', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.52 MB)
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Post-conflict environments can attract huge numbers of external actors that create management and coordination problems and often apply short-term approaches that can lead to resumption of conflict. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. SSR success can be assessed by measuring the reduction of violence, economic growth, improved security professionalism and the degree of local ownership.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Peacebuilding', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.50 MB)
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In virtually all security sector reform (SSR) programming and delivery, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) have either led international community efforts or supported the lead provided by other actors. This background paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, summarises IGO functions, norms and obstacles to their effectiveness. Underdeveloped IGO oversight mechanisms to ensure that activities are conducted in a transparent and accountable manner reduce IGOs' ability to contribute to long-term SSR sustainability.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform and Intergovernmental Organisations', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.41 MB)
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Are the factors that start internal wars the same as the factors that sustain them? This paper from the Third World Quarterly argues that the international community has been misguided in focusing on determining the causalities of internal wars and should instead focus on the contextual conditions and dynamic relationships that allow them to continue. Using the conflicts in Sudan as a case study, the paper concludes that time alters the reasons why internal wars are fought, and argues that the international community is not well placed to intervene.

Author: Benjamin Maitre Source: Maitre, B., 2009, 'What Sustains 'Internal Wars'? The Dynamics of Violent Conflict and State Weakness in Sudan', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 53-68 Size: 16 pages (152 KB)
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Despite Nepal's 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) targeting rehabilitation of children from armed group associations, the government has failed to implement satisfactory reintegration. This paper, published by the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, reviews the current status of the reintegration of Children Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups (CAAFAG). State failure to tackle deep-rooted inequality and structural problems continues to allow armed movements to recruit marginalised groups, including children, and consequently flourish.

Author: O. Housden | Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) Source: Housden, O., 2009, 'In a Weak State: Status and Reintegration of Children Associated with Armed forces and Armed Groups (CAAFAG) in Nepal', IPCS Research Paper, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi Size: 19 pages (183kB)
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Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators provides guidance on grappling with justice issues in peace negotiations. Co-published with the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, the report seeks to provide peace process actors with basic facts of law, guidance on amnesties and international criminal justice, as well as lessons for incorporating approaches to accountability. The report is written by Priscilla Hayner, cofounder of ICTJ and Director of ICTJ's Geneva office and Peace and Justice Program.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner P., 2009, 'Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators', The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD Centre) and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 24 pages (242 kB)
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How can civil society most effectively work for peacebuilding? This report presents the findings of a comparative research project which analysed the performance of civil society in regards to protection, monitoring, advocacy, socialisation, social cohesion, facilitation, and service delivery in situations of war and armed conflict. It concludes civil society can play an important supportive role, but the effectiveness of its activities varied substantially. Contextual factors may limit or strengthen its ability to contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Civil Society and Peacebuilding', Working Paper, The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding, Geneva Size: 32 pages (364 KB)
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Can particular mediation strategies be linked with successful outcomes? This chapter of the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution discusses definitions of mediation, its performance, influential factors and evaluations of outcomes. Certain styles of mediation tend to be more effective in certain situations; intense conflict, for example, is likely to require directive forms of mediation. Mediation may well offer the most coherent and effective response to current conflicts, but greater understanding of the process and consistent guidelines are needed.

Author: Jacob Bercovitch Source: Bercovitch, J., 2009, 'Mediation and Conflict Resolution', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 340-354 Size: 16 pages ()
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How is reconciliation understood? What is its role in peacebuilding? This chapter in the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution presents a survey of the study of reconciliation, in particular analysing the Franco-German and South African cases. While not universally applicable models, these examples hold lessons for both the scope and limitations of reconciliation. Reconciliation has too many ambiguities and shortcomings to serve as the key concept in peacemaking and stabilisation.

Author: Valerie Rosoux Source: Rosoux, V., 2009, 'Reconciliation as a Peace-Building Process: Scope and Limits', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 543-560 Size: 19 pages ()
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Why is evaluation essential in conflict resolution and peacebuilding work? How can traditional evaluations be adapted for this purpose? This chapter from the Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution examines the difficulties and possibilities of evaluating conflict resolution and peacebuilding initiatives. Renewed attention to evaluation strengthens connections between peacebuilding theory and practice.

Author: E. Çuhadar-Gürkaynak | B. Dayton Source: Gurkaynak, E. C., Dayton, B., and Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Evaluation in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding', in Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, eds., D. J. D. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. Sandole-Staroste, and J. Senehi, Routledge, Oxon and New York, pp. 286-299 Size: 12 pages (4.1 MB)
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What is the extent and impact of the sexual violence perpetrated by government troops in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? Why have efforts to stop sexual violence committed by soldiers failed so far? This report from Human Rights Watch looks at sexual violence committed by the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC). It finds that sexual violence by the FARDC continues despite the efforts of the government, the international community and Congolese civil society. The DRC's military justice system is a weak institution and has done little to bring perpetrators of sexual violence to justice.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Human Rights Watch Size: 62 pages (778 kB)
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How can the UK help to build peaceful states and societies as a foundation for sustainable development? What can the government do to work more effectively across government departments and ensure access to security and justice? This chapter from the Department for International Development White Paper 'Building Our Common Future' sets out the UK government's approach to building peaceful states and societies. It describes how DFID will make peace and statebuilding a development priority.

Author: DFID Source: DFID D., 2009, 'Building Peaceful States and Societies', in 'Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future', pp. 69-88, DFID (Department for International Development), UK Size: 20 pages (1.5 MB)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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Sacrificing justice in the hope of securing peace is often projected as a more realistic route to ending conflict and bringing about stability than holding perpetrators to account. Yet this report draws on Human Rights Watch research to argue that the impact of justice is too often undervalued when weighing objectives in resolving a conflict. While there is no one formula suitable to all situations, a decision to ignore atrocities and to reinforce a culture of impunity may carry a high price.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Selling Justice Short : Why Accountability Matters for Peace', Human Rights Watch Size: 134 pages (767 KB)
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What types of military equipment should be covered by an International Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This report from Saferworld examines the national lists of military equipment that are currently controlled by a number of national governments. It reveals that more than 98.8 per cent of military equipment subject to international transfer is currently sourced from jurisdictions that use comprehensive national lists, and argues that these national lists - in effect a def facto international standard - should therefore form the basis for the scope of an ATT.

Author: Joseph Farha | Roy Isbister Source: Farha J., Isbister R., 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty and Military Equipment: The case for a comprehensive scope', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 18 pages (426 kB)
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How can European Union (EU) and Member State policymakers improve the impact of their security-related programming? What are the challenges that prevent policy from being implemented and what are the strategies that might ensure success? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding (IfP) focuses on security sector reform (SSR) programmes. It shows that security-building efforts that succeed are grounded in effective national political processes and backed up by robust diplomatic dialogue between donors and recipient states. Security-building programmes fail if they focus on technical responses when the political conditions for progress at the operational level are absent. It finally makes a number of observations and recommendations to enhance the people-centred dimension of SSR and other security-building programmes.

Author: Sebastien Babaud | Robert Parker Source: Babaud S., Giarmana V., Parker R., Rynn S., 2009, 'Responding to people's security needs: Improving the impact of EU programming', Initiative for Peacebuilding, London, United Kingdom Size: 24 pages (340KB)
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How have African states responded to proposals to establish common international standards to regulate the legal arms trade? What concerns do they have about an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies discusses the views of African countries on an ATT. It argues that African states have for the most part shown considerable support for an ATT. However, a number of African states have reservations about an ATT, which need to be addressed.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Africa and an arms trade treaty', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria), Pretoria Size: 12 pages (240 kB)
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What progress have the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa made in implementing the Nairobi Protocol on small arms and light weapons (SALW)? What challenges do states in the region face in controlling the flow of SALW? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies examines the control of SALW in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa. It finds that states in the region have made significant efforts towards cooperating to combat the proliferation of SALW. However, measurable concrete implementation of the Nairobi Protocol has yet to take place at the national level.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Arms control in a rough neighbourhood: The case of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria) Size: 16 pages (1.19 MB)
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How can the states of South Asia cooperate more effectively on counterterrorism? What role can the United Nations play in facilitating such cooperation? Focusing on the role of the UN, this paper from the International Peace Institute explores ways to strengthen regional cooperation on counterterrorism in South Asia. It argues that South Asia lacks a meaningful regional framework to facilitate the cooperation necessary to respond to and prevent terrorist acts. The UN, however, is well-placed to stimulate greater regional cooperation.

Author: Eric Rosand | Naureen Chowdhury Fink Source: Rosand E., Fink N.C., Ipe J., 2009, 'Countering Terrorism in South Asia: Strengthening Multilateral Engagement', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 36 pages (546 kB)
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How can the countries of West Africa improve their security environment? This paper from the International Peace Institute looks at West Africa's daunting security challenges. It argues that with the region's weak internal capacities and its peripheral status in the global market, the prognosis appears grim. However, through properly coordinated and calibrated measures aimed at incrementally strengthening democratic institutions, expanding infrastructure and creatively transforming other negative indicators, the security environment could significantly improve in the coming years.

Author: Abdel-Fatau Musah Source: Musah A., 2009, 'West Africa: Governance and Security in a Changing Region', Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 32 pages (1MB)
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While Afghanistan has made progress in statebuilding, economic growth and human development, these positive signs have not stemmed the rising tide of insecurity in the country. This paper, published by The Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), reviews and analyses recent development and trends in Afghanistan's security sector reform (SSR). Despite an infusion of resources and an acceleration of international programming, Afghanistan's increasingly adverse security environment highlights continuing problems of corruption, clientelism and lack of coordiantion among the international donor community.

Author: Mark Sedra (ed) Source: Sedra M. (ed), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Afghanistan', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (1.7 MB)
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While a normative framework for security sector reform (SSR) has been well established, it has not been fully applied in practice and translated into effective programming. This report, published by the Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), summarises the main findings of an e-Conference discussion of unresolved SSR challenges. A new SSR research agenda needs to be launched in order to create an implementation framework more attuned to contemporary issues and challenges.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M., 2009, 'The Future of Security Sector Reform', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (648 kB)
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How can the British Government increase the effectiveness of conflict related policing missions? This study of conflict related international policing from the British Government's Foreign and Commonwealth Office focuses on the key capacity gaps facing the policing elements of international missions. The study finds that the quality of officers deployed - their ability to effectively carry out their roles - is a key capacity gap.

Author: FCO Source: FCO, 2009, 'Review of Conflict Related International Policing', Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), London, United Kingdom Size: 46 pages (420 kB)
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The enduring presence of warlords and the influence of their international supporters are inadequately addressed by current post-conflict state building practices. This paper, published by The Round Table, discusses aspects of an east Congo rebel movement to illustrate some of the challenges warlordism poses to statebuilding. The international reluctance to recognise the importance of multiple sovereignties in statebuilding, including warlords and neighbouring states, suggests attempts to create a functioning empirical state after conflict will remain deficient.

Author: Danielle Beswick Source: Beswick D., 2009, 'The Challenge of Warlordism to Post-Conflict State-Building: The Case of Laurent Nkunda in Eastern Congo', The Round Table - The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs: Volume 98, Issue 402, pp.333-346 Size: 15 pages ()
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Nepal's peace process, which has always been predicated on a fragile political consensus, is in danger of collapse. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, discusses political and regional factors that threaten the 2006 peace settlement that ended the ten-year civil war. Averting a return to conflict requires cooperation between parties to address their differences, and international backing of the process, including a decisive lead from India.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Nepal's Future: In Whose Hands?', Asia Report No. 173, International Crisis Group Size: 53 pages (1.33 MB)
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What progress has the Afghan National Army (ANA) made in terms of manpower, infrastructure and equipment, training, operational proficiency and public perceptions? What challenges still remain in rebuilding the ANA? This report from the RAND Corporation offers an assessment of the progress of the ANA to date. It argues that the ANA remains a work in progress, but is an indispensable part of the ultimate security of Afghanistan.

Author: Obaid Younossi | Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Younossi O., Thruelsen P.D., Vaccaro J., Sollinger J.M., Grady B., 2009, 'The Long March: Building an Afghan National Army', RAND Corporation Size: 85 pages (392 kB)
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What is the security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan? What strategy should the US and its allies adopt in these countries and how will they know if it is succeeding? This paper from the Center for a New American Security assesses the situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan, making operational recommendations for the US and its allies. It argues that as of mid-2009, the situation in both countries is dire and getting worse. The US and its allies should adopt an 'ink blot' counterinsurgency strategy, prioritising protection of the population while setting the stage for strengthening state institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Exum | Nathaniel C. Fick Source: Exum A.M., Fick N.C., Humayun A.A., 2009, 'Triage: The Next Twelve Months in Afghanistan and Pakistan', Center for a New American Security Size: 36 pages (1.46 MB)
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How do armed groups develop? This article from Contemporary Security Policy investigates the formation of armed groups using the concept of figuration, which emphasises the interdependence of individuals. There are three main ways by which armed groups come into being: in response to violent repression, through exclusion from the ruling class and when government-created informal armed forces become free from state control. These mechanisms provide insights into the conditions under which armed groups are likely to form and whether they become institutionalised.

Author: Klaus Schlichte Source: Schlichte, K., 2009, 'With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups ', Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 246 - 264 Size: 20 pages (176 KB)
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Bhutan recently ended direct rule by its king and an elected government has ruled the country for a year. What factors led to the transition, and what has been the effect of democracy on issues such as the economy, human rights and corruption? This book, published by the Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), argues that the king was compelled to transfer power and did not take the decision willingly. It highlights the economic growth the country has undergone but also the lack of improvements in the human rights situation.

Author: I. P. Adhikari (ed.) Source: Adhikari I.P. (ed.), 2009, 'Torrefy of Democratic Value: commenting on budding democracy of Bhutan', Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), Bhutan Size: 101 pages (1.2MB)
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Questions about peace and security remain critical both to national decision-makers and to the lives of ordinary people in Nepal. This report, by Interdisciplinary Analysts and Saferworld, analyses changing public attitudes to community safety and human security in the country. It is the second in a series of surveys that will track public perceptions of security over time. It concludes that most Nepalis still feel safer than before the protests in 2006 that led to the end of the country's long-running civil conflict. Nepalis see security both in terms of crime and violence and also in terms of socio-economic development.

Author: Interdisciplinary Analysts | Saferworld Source: Analysts I., Saferworld S., 2009, 'On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal', Saferworld Size: 66 pages (1.7 MB)
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What progress has recently been made in Nepal's peace process? This report, by the United Nations Secretary General, reviews progress since January 2009 and gives specific consideration to the implementation of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN). It highlights the progress made on the constitution drafting process and the reintegration of Maoist army personnel. However, it notes with concern the continued culture of impunity with regards to human rights abuses committed during and since the end of the conflict.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UN Secretary General, 2009, 'Report of the Secretary-General on the request of Nepal for United Nations assistance in support of its peace process', United Nations, S/2009/221 Size: 15 pages (208kB)
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How can the business community contribute to Post-Conflict economic recovery in Nepal? This paper is one in a series on strengthening the economic dimensions of peacebuilding published by International Alert. Strengthening relationships among members of the business community and employing a conflict sensitive approach to reconstruction will be instrumental for peaceful economic recovery in Nepal.

Author: Lindsay Alexander | Canan Gündüz Source: International Alert, 2009, 'What role for business in "post-conflict" economic recovery? Perspectives from Nepal', International Alert Size: 60 pages (410kB)
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Despite successful elections and a lasting military ceasefire, Nepal's peace process is facing its most severe tests yet. This report, published by International Crisis Group, argues that a number of major issues remain unresolved. There is little unity of effort amongst the governing coalition led by the Maoists, but the democratic alternatives are alarmingly weak. The parties need to rebuild consensus on the way forward or face a public backlash. International supporters of Nepal must target assistance and political pressure to encourage the parties to face the threats to peace.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group , 2009, 'Nepal's Faltering Peace Process', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 163 Size: 45 pages (964 kB)
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Are civil-military relations nearing a crisis point in post conflict Nepal? This insight piece published by the Institute of South Asian Studies explores this question by considering the recent disagreements between the Maoist government and the nepal army leaders. The Maoist government's poor handling of their decision to sack defiant Nepal Army leader, General Katawal reveals a weak and politically immature leadership. By allowing the Nepal Army to disregard the mandate of the civilian authority, the major political powers in Nepal risk permanently damaging the peace and democratisation processes.

Author: SD Muni Source: Muni S., 2009, 'Nepal in Crisis', Institute of South Asian Studies, ISAS Insights No. 67, Singapore Size: 7 pages ()
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How does China's military and security relationship with Pakistan effect regional stability? The Heritage Foundation's article explores these issues in her testimony to the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission of 20 May 2009. Until recently, China and Pakistan have cultivated a strong military and security relationship. However, recent events between the two countries mean that US policymakers may find more opportunities to work with China to increase regional stability in South Asia.

Author: Lisa Curtis Source: Curtis L., 2009, 'China's military and security relationship with Pakistan', The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC Size: pages ()
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The connection between community security and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), is largely omitted in current policy and is unexplored in both academic and policy literature. This report, by the Peace Security and Development Network, reviews the existing literature on this link and identifies a number of weaknesses in DDR processes that stem from a lack of focus on community security. Local actors have limited influence on donors and national governments, which limits the possibilities for DDR programmes to reinforce community security arrangements, and vice versa.

Author: Rens Willems | Willemijn Verkoren Source: Willems R., Verkoren W., Derks M., Kleingeld J., Frerks G., Rouw H., 2009, 'Security Promotion in Fragile States: Can Local Meet National?', Peace, Security & Development (PSD) Network Size: 142 pages (1.1 MB)
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What threat do the Taliban and al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear weapons and material? What hope is there for reducing nuclear risk within Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online outlines the danger that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear assets. It argues that, given the global risks from nuclear material falling into the hands of the Taliban or al-Qaeda, winning against Pakistan's insurgents is critical. Hope for reducing nuclear risks within Pakistan rest largely on the Pakistani government's success on the battlefield.

Author: Leonard Spector Source: Spector L., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part I', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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What are the implications of the Taliban insurgency in Pakistan for India and for the US-India relationship? How should the US and India respond to the situation in Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online looks at how the US can cooperate with India to prepare for and respond to instability in Pakistan. It argues that the effect of the evolving situation in Pakistan has been to re-link India with Pakistan in US relations. The US and India need to hold intimate conversations on how to deal with Pakistan if the situation worsens.

Author: Robert D. Blackwill | YaleGlobal Online Source: Blackwill R.D., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part II', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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Air transportation has played a key role in fuelling the war economies that have devastated much of Africa in recent decades. This article, by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, outlines the background to this problem, highlights how international action can be used to control destabilising or illicit commodity flows, and makes four specific recommendations. The article focuses on the important role European Union member states can play in, for example, denying contracts to companies involved in such activities.

Author: Hugh Griffiths | Mark Bromley Source: Griffiths H., Bromley M., 2009, 'Air Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows', SIPRI Policy Paper no. 24, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Size: 74 pages (3.1 mB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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Are early warning and response systems prepared for the conflicts of the future? This report from the OECD reviews recent literature on early warning and response to assess their value and their role in the prevention of violent conflict and for peacebuilding. It concludes that early warning and response systems require further support to ensure their future relevance.

Author: David Nyheim Source: Nyheim, D., 2009, 'Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse: The Future of Conflict Early Warning and Response ', Development Co-operation Directorate - Policy Division, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 137 pages (3.48 MB)
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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How does development cooperation contribute to peacebuilding? This chapter from the Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution examines connections between conflict, security, peace and development. It summarises: (a) research debates about the causes of armed conflict; (b) discourse in the development community on conflict and peace and (c) the influence of these debates and discourses on development cooperation in conflict-affected contexts. Development policies should be an integral part of the peacebuilding agenda. But transfer from research to policy has largely ignored the complexity of development in conflict situations and the contribution of development to peacebuilding.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Understanding the Conflict-Development Nexus and the Contribution of Development Cooperation to Peacebuilding', in Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, eds., D. J. D. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. Sandole-Staroste, and J. Senehi, Routledge, Oxon and New York, pp. 272-285 Size: 12 pages (4.1 MB)
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How can the religious texts, values and beliefs used to incite conflict be harnessed to promote peace-building and reconciliation? What contributions can faith-based actors make to conflict resolution? This chapter from the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution examines the ways in which religion can be used to inspire both war and peace. The revival of religiously motivated conflicts, and the increasing involvement of religious actors in resolving them, requires understanding of their dynamics.

Author: S. A. Kadayifci-Orellana Source: Kadayifci-Orellana, S. A., 2009, 'Ethno-Religious Conflicts: Exploring the Role of Religion in Conflict Resolution', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 264-280 Size: 18 pages ()
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Too few conflict resolution negotiations address the natural resource issues that are often among the reasons for the conflict. This paper recommends giving greater attention to economic dimensions of conflicts and suggests how mediators might address this issue. Recommended actions include avoiding vested interests when choosing mediators and carefully mapping warring parties' economic agendas and alliances.

Author: Mike Davis Source: Davis, M., 2009, 'Why Should Mediators Consider the Economic Dimensions of Conflicts?', Background Paper, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 12 pages (195 KB)
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Despite renewed demands for diplomacy and negotiation, recent developments in many countries call to question the usefulness of dialogue in resolving some of today's conflicts. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses the 2009 Oslo Mediators' Retreat, which explored how mediation and diplomacy can adapt to the ever-changing environment of conflict resolution. Serious debate is needed to establish basic criteria on when it is appropriate to use which conflict resolution tools, including when it is legitimate to use force.

Author: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2009, 'Meeting Report: Oslo Forum 2009 Mediators' Retreat - Reasserting Diplomacy and Mediation in a Fragmented World', 16-18 June 2009, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 40 pages (350 KB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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The contemporary struggle to significantly address violence and insecurity highlights the existence of a double crisis in the system of nation-states and in global development. This Third World Quarterly paper, the introduction to the publication's 30th anniversary issue, examines the contemporary crisis of both the nation-state system and global development. Despite the evident weaknesses of the state-centric model, state intervention is still necessary in order to successfully realise globalisation.

Author: Mark Berger | Heloise Weber Source: Berger M., Weber H., 2009, 'War, Peace and Progress: Conflict, Development, (In)security and Violence in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 1 - 16 Size: 17 pages (173 kB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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Why has armed conflict come to be viewed as the great tool of social, political and economic development? Could it be wrong to bring about desired developments of democracy by force of arms? This Third World Quarterly article examines the association between theories of violence as a tool of development, and practical efforts to develop policies based on such theoretical arguments. The article firstly offers an analysis of violence and development in theory and practice. Secondly, it outlines and discusses the dark realities of war. The article concludes that the theory of pursuing broad political, social and economic development by violent means is reckless.

Author: John Arquilla Source: Arquilla J., 2009, 'Realities of War: Global Development, Growing Destructiveness and the Coming of a New Dark Age?', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 69 - 80 Size: 13 pages ()
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Where do warlord regimes emerge from, what are their actions and the impact of their existence on politics? What is the general nature of warlord politics? This article offers an initial framework for future theory of warlord politics using a simple game-theoretic approach. Through case-studies and empirical research, clear explanations as to the strategic decision of warlords are offered. These decisions affect their actions and their opportunities to form coalitions.

Author: Gordon Mccormick | Lindsay Fritz Source: Mccormick G., Fritz L., 2009, 'The Logic of Warlord Politics', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 81 - 112 Size: 33 pages ()
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What is an autochthony discourse? Why is this discourse a popular explanation for current global political conflicts? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the use of autochthony discourse is an attractive way to respond to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. It examines why these autochthony discourses are commonly associated with violence. The article firstly investigates the reasons why the current postmodern/postcolonial condition is characterised by an increasing degree of ontological uncertainty. It then follows with an analysis as to why autochthony discourses are often linked to violence.

Author: Kevin Dunn Source: Dunn K., 2009, ''Sons of the Soil' and Contemporary State Making: Autochthony, Uncertainty and Political Violence in Africa', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 113 - 127 Size: 16 pages ()
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What is the Rajah Solaiman Movement? How did it emerge, develop and strengthen? Through the use of social movement theory to frame our analytical narrative, the authors examine how the demands and pressures of globalisation have helped to foment 'Balik Islam'. This Third World Quarterly article will reflect the possible extremes of Balik Islam by outlining the rise and fall of the Rajah Solaiman Movement, a Balik-Islam group. The article concludes that today's globalised world has constructed a set of circumstances, opportunities and challenges that creates significant new security problems for the governmental representatives of democratic states.

Author: Douglas Borer | Sean Everton Source: Borer D., Everton S., Jr M.N., 2009, 'Global Development and Human (In)security: Understanding the Rise of the Rajah Solaiman Movement and Balik Islam in the Philippines', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 181 - 204 Size: 25 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Africa has produced many able mediators in the past fifty years; it is time to refine, improve and assert this homegrown peacemaking capacity. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reports on the African Mediators' Retreat 2009, held to assess mediation efforts in various African states. Future discussions of the role of African mediators should address whether crisis response mediation undermines longer-term mediation objectives of social transformation and durable peace.

Author: HD Centre Source: Centre H., 2009, 'Meeting Report - African Mediators' Retreat 2009', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (564 kB)
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Unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance presents immediate and long-term personal and economic threats to people and societies and deserves the attention of peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses explosive ordnance issues, their treatment in peace agreements to date and how to include them in future peace processes. Negotiators have a range of legal instruments and negotiating approaches at their disposal for use in future peace processes negotiations.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Suzanne Damman Source: LeBrun E., Damman S., 2009, 'Addressing explosive ordnance in peace processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 30 pages (796 kB)
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As chief mediator in the violent aftermath of Kenya's 2007 presidential election, Kofi Annan's authority, background and personality contributed greatly to a successful mediation. This paper is a record of an interview conducted with Annan on the Kenyan mediation process.

Author: Kofi Annan | Martin Griffiths Source: Annan, K., and Griffiths, M., 2009, 'The Prisoner of Peace - An Interview with Kofi A. Annan', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (320 KB)
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Despite the fact that negotiating security issues is a political endeavour, security concerns must be given high priority in peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper presents a collection of voices and experiences on security issues in recent peace processes in Colombia, Uganda-Sudan and Azerbaijan-Armenia. Rather than limiting their role to post-agreement implementation, development agencies should facilitate more appreciation of security arrangements and options for parties to peace processes.

Author: Cate Buchanan (ed.) Source: Buchanen C. (ed.), 2009, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland: Viewpoints, vol. 2 - Negotiating Disarmament Size: 34 pages ()
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Recent (US) and European Union (EU) security sector assistance in Palestine, Lebanon and Yemen has focused on counterterrorism at the expense of building democratically accountable security institutions. This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper reviews and evaluates the political and operational effects of the US/EU security sector reform (SSR) approach in these countries. Pursuing counterterrorism in the absence of rule of law perpetuates undemocratic governance of the security sector and undermines statebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh Y., 2009, '"Fixing Broken Windows": Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Carnegie Paper No.17. Size: 36 pages (253 kB)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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Since 2003, the UK has been involved in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq that have involved large elements of counter-insurgency (COIN). This article, published in the Royal United Services Institute Journal, explores the question of reform and adaptation for COIN by the British Government. It criticises the lack of coordination between government departments and Whitehall's failure to develop institutional memory. It argues for a change of culture within government and presses the need to work with other organisations such as the private sector and the media.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Adapting Government for Stabilisation and Counter-Insurgency Operations', RUSI Journal, vol.154, no.6, pp.8-13, London Size: 6 pages (1 MB)
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What processes are in place to ensure that troops involved in UN Peacekeeping Operations are sufficiently trained? This policy document, published by the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the Department of Field Support (DFS), outlines how these departments provide pre-deployment training (PDT) guidance and assistance to UN member states and associated peacekeeping training institutions (PKTIs).

Author: Chief of Integrated Training Service, Policy, Evaluation and Training Division, DPKO Source: ITS/DPET I., 2009, 'Policy on Support to Military and Policy Pre-Deployment Training for UN Peacekeeping Operations', United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations Size: 9 pages (2.8 MB)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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This document, published by Saferworld, seeks to dispel some of the myths and misperceptions that have been raised in discussions on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). These range from the suggestion that differences in interpretation would undermine any agreement to the contention that, without the support of major arms-exporting states, any agreement would be worthless. It is hoped that this will contribute to an informed debate and increase the prospects of a successful conclusion to the current UN process.

Author: Elizabeth Kirkham Source: 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty: Countering myths and misperceptions', Amnesty International Instituto Sou da Paz, Oxfam, Project Ploughshares. Saferworld and Albert Schweitzer Institute Size: 14 pages (460 kB)
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Virtually all states are committed to having effective national regulations in place to combat the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW). Unfortunately, implementation of these commitments remains patchy and inadequate. This report, published by Saferworld, examines issues and priorities for improving national controls and regional and international cooperation to prevent and reduce diversion. It highlights the need for governments to adopt more precautionary approaches in assessing diversion risks and to implement controls on SALW brokering based on a system of licensing individual transactions.

Author: Dr Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Saferworld, 2009, 'Preventing diversion of small arms and light weapons: Issues and priorities for strengthened controls', Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 88 pages (844 kB)
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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform was published in 2007. What impact has it had at in the headquarters of donors and agencies and on the ground? This report, by the OECD, makes recommendations based on the responses received between April 2007 and April 2009. It addresses priorities outlined in the SSR Handbook, which include the challenges of bringing about coherence and co-ordination, and the importance of supporting local ownership. The concluding section builds on this analysis to identify opportunities that can support the further operationalisation of the SSR Handbook.

Author: Alan Bryden | Rory Keane Source: Bryden A., Keane R., 2009, 'Security System Reform: What Have We Learned? Results and trends from the publication and dissemination of the OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Size: 18 pages ()
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The impact of violent conflict on a country's society, economy and political governance is devastating and encompassing. The effects can be tangible and visible, including killed and injured civilians, destroyed or derelict bridges and wells, and damaged or inadequate health care and education facilities. They can also be intangible, such as the collapse of state institutions, mistrust in government, the disruption of social cohesion, psychological trauma and pervasive fear. These impacts can be long lasting, hindering the peaceful development of societies. An understanding of the causes and dynamics of violent conflict and the careful design of conflict prevention, conflict management and peacebuilding activities are essential to avoid violence in the first place, or to alleviate its harmful outcomes. This extensive topic guide provides an overview of key topics ranging from the causes, dynamics and impacts of conflict to options for interventions to prevent, manage and respond to conflict.

Author: Huma Haider Source: Haider, H., 2009, 'Topic Guide on Conflict', Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Birmingham UK Size: 157 pages (1 MB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What is the impact of the wider political process on security sector reform (SSR) in Georgia? This chapter analyses how and why SSR has taken place in Georgia, the context in which it operates and key lessons learned. It argues that SSR is inextricably linked to broader national and international political processes. International best practice fails to consider the narrow windows of opportunity for SSR in challenging environments. Quicker, more flexible approaches may be needed, although their long-term results may be questionable. Local ownership is critical to long-term, sustainable reform.

Author: Duncan Hiscock Source: Hiscock D., 2009, 'Impatient Reformers and Reignited Conflicts: The Case of Georgia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp119-140 Size: 22 pages (188 KB)
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Can the concept of Security Sector Reform (SSR) be applied to Colombia? How should such reforms be implemented? This chapter outlines the limited SSR process in Colombia, which has concentrated on increasing the effectiveness of the state in fighting internal conflict, not necessarily on improving democratic governance. The need to extend and complete SSR in Colombia is indicated by: the absence of parliamentary oversight; limited space for civil society involvement; government and security actors' limited acceptance of the rule of law; and a lack of provision for the treatment of non-statutory security forces.

Author: Wolf Grabendorff Source: Grabendorff, W., 2009, 'Limited Security Sector Reform in Colombia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Münster, pp 69-86 Size: 19 pages (2.65 MB)
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How has the changing political role of Indonesian National Army (TNI) impacted the military's ability to deal with domestic conflict? This paper examines the impact of the recent reduction of the TNI's role in politics on its ability to handle ethnic identity problems and violent conflicts. While the TNI has undergone reform since the late 1990s, it still claims a role as a social and political force. TNI presence and influence in politics remains fluid: inadequate state funding of the military and ongoing democratic consolidation issues could provide the army with incentives to force its way back into politics.

Author: Ikrar Nusa Bhakti | Sri Yanuarti Source: Bhakti, I. N., Yanuarti, S., Nurhasim, M., 2009, 'Military Politics, Ethnicity and Conflict in Indonesia', CRISE Working Paper No. 62, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) Size: 37 pages (319 kB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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Despite nearly $10 billion in international police assistance, the Afghan police are riddled with corruption and incompetence. This report reviews past failures and current challenges facing the international police assistance programme in Afghanistan. The US strategy for the Afghan police is to increase numbers, enlarge the 'train and equip' programme, and engage the police against the Taliban. This approach has not worked in the past, however. The role of the police is in controlling crime, protecting Afghan citizens, and increasing the legitimacy of the Afghan government. International police assistance should expand as part of a comprehensive programme for security sector reform and the rule of law.

Author: Robert M. Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Police: The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform', USIP Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D. C. Size: 16 pages (623 KB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so urgent for Nepal? What issues need particular attention in the proposed SSR? This paper examines the history, need for, and challenges facing SSR in Nepal following the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Ten years of civil war revealed serious shortcomings in Nepal's security apparatus. The CPA ended the Maoist insurgency, but other insurgencies and criminal violence have mushroomed. SSR is crucial for Nepal's stability and that of the wider South Asian region. A national security policy and a holistic approach to safeguarding the country's interests are essential.

Author: Nishchal N. Pandey Source: Pandey N. N., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Nepal: If Not Now, When?', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no. 2, pp. 253-271 Size: 19 pages (151 kB)
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Why have international disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes ignored the role of women as soldiers in war? This article finds that the ideal of the female war victim has limited the ways in which the needs of female combatants are addressed by DDR programmes in Sierra Leone. This error has sacrificed both gender equality and programme effectiveness. Men and masculinity are securitised post-conflict while women-even women soldiers-are desecuritised and, in effect, de-emphasised. Programme design must consider the breadth of female combatants' active participation in conflict in order to understand their needs, and must avoid entrenching gender inequality by emphasising a return to 'normal'.

Author: Megan MacKenzie Source: MacKenzie, M., 2009, 'Securitization and Desecuritization: Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone', Security Studies, Vol.18, No.2, pp.241-261 Size: 22 pages (140 kB)
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What role does traditional justice play in dealing with legacies of human rights abuses? How can interpersonal and community-based practices interrelate with state-organised and internationally sponsored forms of retributive justice and truth telling? This International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) report provides a comparative analysis of traditional justice mechanisms in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Uganda and Burundi. Most of the countries studied combine traditional justice and reconciliation instruments with other transitional justice strategies.

Author: Luc Huyse Source: Huyse, L., 2008, 'Introduction: Tradition-based Approaches in Peacemaking, Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Policies' in eds. Huyse, L. and Salter, M., Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International IDEA, Stockholm, pp. 1-22 Size: 224 pages (786 kB)
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What are the legal and practical constraints to justice and reconciliation in Northern Uganda? What are the next steps in addressing traditional justice challenges? This briefing by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) provides a background of the conflict and peace process, analyses justice priorities and recommends key elements of a comprehensive justice plan. The recent accord between the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) and the Ugandan government provides for national prosecution of senior LRA commanders and traditional justice for lower level perpetrators. A number of gaps in the justice framework need to be addressed, such as the capacities of national and traditional justice systems, issues around amnesty and reparations.

Author: Scott Worden Source: Wordem, S., 2008, 'The Justice Dilemma in Uganda', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 13 pages (206 kB)
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The Tswalu Protocol recognises the ad hoc nature of international responses to armed conflict and state failure. This Brenthurst Foundation and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) publication, instead of simply calling for more coordination, offers a set of principles and guidelines that future peacebuilders can use to help offset the inherent limitations of any multilateral operation.

Author: Greg Mills Source: Mills, G. et al, 2008, 'The Tswalu Protocol: Principles and Guidelines for Peace-Building Missions', The Brenthurst Foundation and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida). Size: 9 pages (63 kB)
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What progress has been made with the African Standby Force (ASF)? What are the challenges for the African Union (AU) and its international partners is achieving full ASF readiness by 2010? This review by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives an update on ASF progress. Training, doctrine, Standard Operating Procedures, and command and control concepts have been developed, but logistics remains hugely problematic. A more integrated concept of peace and security between the United Nations (UN) and the AU and more African ownership within the ASF are needed for African peacekeeping to be sustainable.

Author: Dr Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2008, 'The African Standby Force - An update on progress', ISS Paper 160, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 24 pages (452 kB)
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What lessons can be drawn from Liberia's attempt to implement an integrated peace process? This Institute for Security Studies paper examines the efforts of the Government of Liberia and the UN to craft strategic policy and programming responses with conflict and peacebuilding in mind. It argues that peacebuilding is an undoubtedly messy process and agents have to settle for 'partially coherent' solutions.

Author: Dr Erin McCandless Source: McCandless, E., 2008, 'Lessons from Liberia - Integrated approaches to peacebuilding in transitional settings', ISS Paper 161, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (327 kB)
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How can civilians be protected after conflict? What challenges does Protection of Civilians (PoC) pose? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs focuses on the roles of different institutions in the security sector. While there is a new awareness of protection issues in the international community, good intentions have not always led to the security and peace desired. There is a critical need for more research on providing effective protection.

Author: Andreas Vogt | Benjamin de Carvalho Source: Vogt, A, de Carvalho, B, Hojem, P, Glad, M, 2008 'The Protection of Civilians and the post-conflict security sector - A conceptual and historical overview', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, NUPI Report, Security in Practice no. 8 A Publication in the NUPI Series on Security in Practice Size: 2 pages (40.5kB)
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What are the major challenges in demilitarising militias in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? This paper for the African Security Review analyses the militias currently active in North and South Kivu (the Kivus), in the eastern DRC. The war in DRC officially ended in 2003 and a fragile peace has been established. However, the Kivu regions of the east are still plagued by endemic violence. New militias have appeared outside the original peace agreement. The international community must support the DRC in containing these militias, and be more proactive in preventing illegal arms trafficking into the DRC.

Author: Monika Thakur Source: Thakur, M., 2008, 'Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)', African Security Review Vol 17 No 1, pp.52-67, Institute for Security Studies, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 16 pages (504 kB)
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What are the common problems in negotiating and implementing disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programmes during peace processes? What lessons can be learned from experience to strengthen practice? This book by the Centre for Human Dialogue (HD Centre) provides first-hand observations on the negotiation of security issues in the El Salvador peace process and mediation in Aceh, Indonesia.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan, C. (ed.), 2008, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Negotiating Disarmament Viewpoints Volume 1, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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What role will the EU play in Kosovo's security sector reform (SSR)? What challenges does the EU-led presence face? This paper from the European Security Review takes Kosovo as a test case for the EU in striving for a comprehensive approach to SSR. A complex history and political background, ethnic divides and widespread corruption all pose challenges. In learning from experience and continuing present efforts, the EU must take up its responsibilities as a global actor in crisis management.

Author: Sophie Dagand Source: Dagand, S., 2008, 'The Prospects for a Future Kosovo: The Role of Security Sector Reform', European Security Review no.38, ISIS-Europe, Brussels Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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What are the negative impacts of the illicit trade in small arms on security, human rights, and socio-economic development? How can governments and international agencies stem the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms? This report of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Security Council discusses these issues. Small arms and light weapons are the primary weapons used in contemporary conflicts. More human rights abuses are committed with them than any other weapon. Measurable goals for reducing armed conflict, better cooperation among national authorities and between international agencies, and the destruction of surplus ammunition are among the report's recommendations.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UNSG (2008) 'Report of the United Nations Secretary General on Small Arms' (S/2008/258), New York Size: 19 pages (104 kB)
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Is the strategy of integrating former rebels into a new national army the way to sustain peace agreements? This study, by Yale University, provides the first systematic study of rebel-military integration agreements. It analyses the conditions under which such agreements can be reached and implemented, and considers if and how such agreements can help build peace. It suggests that rebel-military integration has not been an effective peacebuilding mechanism, but this is often due to poor implementation of the agreements.

Author: Katherine Glassmyer | Nicholas Sambanis Source: Sambanis, N. and Glassmyer, K., 2008, 'Rebel-Military Integration and Civil War Termination', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 365-384 Size: 21 pages ()
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Why are measures to promote peace in Afghanistan not succeeding? A significant reason is that in a fractured, impoverished society, there is no effective strategy to help Afghans deal with disputes peacefully. This Oxfam International Research Report calls for greater donor support for NGOs engaged in community peacebuilding and for the development of a national strategy. This could be realised by convening a national conference, attended by NGOs and experts from Afghanistan and overseas, government officials, religious leaders and United Nations (UN) representatives.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2008, 'Community Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: The Case for a National Strategy', Oxfam, Oxford Size: 2 pages ()
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After almost a decade marked by violence in Zimbabwe, should there be a formal and public addressing of past human rights abuses? How will this be implemented? This Institute for Security Studies paper argues that Zimbabwe's particular experiences necessitate a national truth commission. Transitional justice is a core political issue now, not simply a collateral legal or moral one to be left until later.

Author: Max du Plessis | Jolyon Ford Source: du Plessis, M. & Ford, J., 2008, 'Justice and peace in a new Zimbabwe: Transitional justice options', ISS Paper 164, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (263kB)
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How does Colombia's Justice and Peace Law balance the needs for peace and justice? To what extent does the paramilitary demobilisation process meet international standards for justice, truth and reparations? This paper from the Fundación para les Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior examines Colombia's Justice and Peace Law in relation to justice, truth and reparation. It argues that while the law uses the language of human rights and justice, it is lacking in mechanisms to put these principles into practice.

Author: Felipe Gómez Isa Source: Gómez Isa, F., 2008, 'Paramilitary Demobilisation in Colombia: Between Peace and Justice', FRIDE Working Paper 57, Madrid, Spain Size: 28 pages (387 kB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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How successful has the US's The New Way Forward strategy been in helping Iraq achieve key security, legislative and economic goals? This US Government Accountability Office report measures progress against key aims and argues that while the US has made some progress, these advances are fragile. Unmet goals and challenges remain and as the New Way Forward and the military surge end in July 2008, an updated strategy is needed.

Author: Joseph A. Christoff Source: US Government Accountability Office, 2008, 'Securing stabilizing and rebuilding Iraq', United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-08-837, USA Size: 94 pages (3.82MB)
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How have integrated approaches to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) been applied in the case of Sudan? Despite significant recent progress, DDR cannot be described as a total success. This Saferworld report reviews the design and implementation of the first phase of DDR programming in Sudan from 2005 until the end of 2007. Much further thought and practical guidance is required on DDR if further programmes are to demonstrate more positive results.

Author: Sarah Preston | Henry Smith Source: Kefford, S., Preston, S. & Smith, H., 2008, 'Developing integrated approaches to post-conflict security and recovery: A case study of integrated DDR in Sudan', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 36 pages (455kB)
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How much progress has been made with security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? This Strategic Studies Institute paper examines SSR in Liberia and argues that while the United Nations (UN) and the United States (US) have made a start with police and military reform, they have not done nearly enough. The UN, US, as well as other significant donor partners, need to stay the course with Liberia. SSR is a long-term process, not an ephemeral happening.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Mixed Results from Humble Beginnings', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 101 pages (375 kB)
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What is the humanitarian impact of cluster munitions on civilian populations? How does cluster munition contamination affect local economies? This report from United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research highlights how post-conflict recovery and development processes can be impeded by cluster munition contamination. It shows how different groups in a population are affected physically and psychologically. The problems caused by the contamination vary according to prevailing socio-economic conditions. Poverty adds to the difficulty of trying to address the threat of the contamination effectively.

Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Source: UNIDR, 2008, 'The Humanitarian Impact of Cluster Munitions', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 81 pages (364KB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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What effect has the proliferation of small arms and light weapons had on development in Latin America? This article, published in the NACLA Report on the Americas, reviews the multifaceted social consequences of the small arms trade. The trend of accelerating levels of crime and violence suggests that a broad-based and concerted gun control effort is needed. Gun violence is now holding back development in much of the region; fresh initiatives and the continued allocation of resources to tackling the trade will be needed to safeguard Latin America's future prosperity.

Author: Rachel Stohl | Doug Tuttle Source: Stohl, R. and Tuttle, D., 2008, 'The Small Arms Trade in Latin America', NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 41 No.2, March/April 2008 Size: 7 pages (576 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) be improved? What SSR lessons can be learned from the DRC's United Nations Mission (MONUC)? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) finds that the UN has been slow to address SSR comprehensively in the DRC, but has been hampered by the complex political and security context and the virtual collapse of the state. SSR must take place at different levels simultaneously, together with other reform processes.

Author: Nicola Dahrendorf Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MONUC and the Relevance of Coherent Mandates: The Case of the DRC' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 38 pages ()
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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Nigeria's police are brutal and corrupt despite recent reform plans. Does this mean that reforms don't raise policing standards and practices, even in a relatively democratic environment like Nigeria? This research from the University of Leeds analyses developments in the Nigerian Police since 2005. It argues that reform can change organisational structures and regulations but, without socio-political change, its effects tend to be superficial, localised and temporary. Rather than being incremental, police reforms follow a dialectical process where reform and resistance interact.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2008, 'The Dialectic of Police Reform in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 46, no.2, pp. 215-234 Size: 20 pages ()
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What lessons can be drawn from practical experiences of the reintegration phase (R-phase) of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? This paper from the Clingendael Institute maps key lessons learned and practical experiences from DDR processes, paying particular attention to reintegration. It emphasises that DDR is fundamentally political in character and should be seen as part of a broader integrated approach to reconstruction. The presence of economic alternatives is critical to the successful long-term reintegration of demobilised ex-combatants.

Author: Leontine Specker Source: Specker, L., 2008, 'The R-Phase of DDR processes: An Overview of Key Lessons Learned and Practical Experiences', Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' Conflict Research Unit Size: 48 pages (163 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) proceeded in Guinea-Bissau, and what lessons can be done to move these efforts forward? This background paper, presented by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, describes and analyses the current state of the defence, security, and justice sectors. Reform efforts have affected the armed forces, the police and state security intelligence services, paramilitary forces, justice institutions, security management and oversight bodies, and non-statutory security forces.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Security Sector Reform and the Rule of Law, 18 June 2008 Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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How successfully have recent reform plans strengthened the justice sector in Guinea-Bissau? This background paper, published by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, analyses the efforts to create an independent judiciary and evaluates future challenges. With the sector unable to properly dispense justice, the average citizen of Guinea-Bissau today remains reliant on traditional justice mechanisms to resolve both interpersonal and community disputes.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Strengthening the Justice Sector', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Drug Trafficking in Guinea-Bissau and Strengthening of the Justice Sector 28 May 2008 Size: 4 pages (36 kB)
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What progress has Azerbaijan made in establishing an effective and accountable military? What are the challenges facing reform of Azerbaijan's defence sector? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines management and reform of the defence sector in Azerbaijan. It finds that Azerbaijan's military requires deep reforms to make it less corrupt and personality driven, more transparent and better directed. So far there has been insufficient political will to increase democratic and civilian control or to stop using the army to serve elite interests.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Azerbaijan: Defence Sector Management and Reform', Europe Briefing N°50 29 October 2008, Baku/Brussels Size: 20 pages (756 kB)
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What are the key challenges facing the post-conflict reconstruction process in Liberia? This situation report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, demonstrates the progress towards peace and stability achieved since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2003. By articulating an appropriate response to the country's basic socio-economic needs, Liberian authorities are in a position to promote peaceful, sustainable development. Finally, four possible future scenarios for Liberia are projected and described, ranging from a consolidation of the peace process to renewed violence.

Author: David Zounmenou Source: Zounmenou, D., 2008, Managing Post-War Liberia: An Update, ISS Situation Report, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (185 kB)
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What are the key obstacles to successful reintegration programmes in post-conflict countries? How can these obstacles be overcome? This report from the United States Institute of Peace makes broad recommendations based on an assessment of Colombia's 2003 disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programme for a major paramilitary group. It argues that reintegration programmes should be characterised by a justice mechanism seen as fair by all parties, and a flexible approach which allows adaption to local needs.

Author: Jonathan Morgenstein Source: Morgenstein, J., 2008, 'Consolidating Disarmament: Lessons from Colombia's Reintegration Program for Demobilized Paramilitaries', USIP, Special Report 217, Washington DC, USA Size: 16 pages (575 kB)
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South-East Europe is a region stigmatised for its role in heroin trafficking, human trafficking, and other forms of organised crime. This report, by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), argues that the crime situation in the area is improving. Specifically, it suggests that the rise of organised crime in the Balkans was a direct result of past instability, but that the situation seems to be changing for the better. As the region stabilises and the rule of law is secured, the incentives and opportunities for criminality should further fade.

Author: UNODC Source: UNODC, 2008, 'Crime and its Impact on the Balkans and Affected Countries', United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna Size: 130 pages (3.4 MB)
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What accounts for the failures of the UN justice mission in Kosovo and how can these mistakes be fixed? This report, published by Amnesty International, highlights seven years of failings by the UN Mission in Kosovo's (UNMIK) Department of Justice. Although the model of internationalising local courts by temporarily importing experienced jurists could work, the effort in Kosovo cannot serve as a model. By publicising the findings of its own internal review, UNMIK should begin to assess transparently its inadequate planning, oversight and implementation.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Kosovo (Serbia): The Challenge to Fix a Failed UN Justice Mission', Amnesty International, London Size: 121 pages (716 kB)
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This East European Politics and Societies article provides a detailed and informative account of the transitional justice process in Albania and examines the logic behind the initiation of the lustration process. In essence, Albania was largely unsuccessful in implementing a serious programme of transitional justice after the fall of communism in 1991. Transitional justice in Albania became highly politicised and was used by politicians for political gains.

Author: Robert C. Austin | Jonathan Ellison Source: Austin, R. C. and Ellison, J., 2008, 'Post-Communist Transitional Justice in Albania', East European Politics and Societies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 373-401 Size: 30 pages ()
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What impact have land tenure issues had on violent conflict in Kenya? This conference report, published by the African Centre for Technology Studies, argues that the status quo of land tenure in Kenya inevitably leads to violent outcomes. However, no single meta-narrative can explain the shifting nature of land conflicts in Kenya, or in Africa generally, with greed, grievances and other factors at play. Issues of ownership, access and use all feature in land tenure conflicts in Kenya, causing not only violence but also poverty and economic instability.

Author: Judi Wakhungu | Elvin Nyukuri Source: Wakhungu, J., Nyukuri, E. & Huggins, C., 2008, 'Land Tenure and Violent Conflict in Kenya', African Centre for Technology Studies, Consultative Conference Proceedings, Nairobi Size: 34 pages (2.1 MB)
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What factors cause land-based conflicts to turn violent? This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, analyses and traces the trajectory of a decade-long conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Kenya. A government land resettlement programme - intended primarily for squatters of the Mosop and Soy clans of the Sabaot ethnic group - fell apart under clan and ethnic tension. This report asserts the presence of a significant political dimension to the conflict. A sustainable and peaceful resolution will only result from a variety of processes undertaken in a spirit that is consultative, inclusive and transparent.

Author: Robert Romborah Simiyu Source: Simiyu, R., 2008, 'Militarisation of resource conflicts: The case of land-based conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Western Kenya', ISS Monograph No. 152, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 92 pages (1.7 MB)
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What were the dynamics of the post-election violence that erupted in Kenya in December 2007? This report, published by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, analyses the underlying causes and alleged spontaneity of the violence. Region-specific dynamics played a crucial role, with three patterns of conflict emerging: spontaneous slum outbursts; premeditated land grabs; and retaliatory violence. Violations of economic and social rights, particularly in employment, environmental, health and housing issues, pre-dated the 2007 election and fuelled anger.

Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Source: OHCHR, 2008, Report from OHCHR Fact-finding Mission to Kenya 6-28 February 2008, Report prepared for the United Nationas High Commissioner for Human Rights from OHCHR Fact-finding mission to Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva Size: 19 pages (132 kB)
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Tanzania is a relatively new mining country. What has been the impact of mining on local communities? This study, by Chr. Michelsen Institute, argues that unclear land and mining rights, and conceptual differences in how land and mining rights are perceived, contribute to conflict in the country. There is a feeling among both communities and human rights groups that the government has betrayed ordinary people. The article initially outlines land legislation and mining policy in Tanzania. It then presents examples of recent conflicts, government initiatives to resolve them, and existing consultation and conciliation mechanisms that can be used.

Author: Siri Lange Source: Lange, S.,2008, 'Land Tenure and Mining in Tanzania',CMIReports, No. 2 Size: 44 pages (382 kB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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What are the roots of conflict in the Greater Horn of Africa and who are the main rebel groups? This study from the Center for International Peace Operations analyses armed groups in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic (CAR), Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea with regard to their social and ethnic background, their political and military relevance, as well as their leaders and the countries supporting them with arms and money. All the groups are informal unlike the well-organised guerilla movements of the Communist era, which makes the Horn an extremely volatile political environment.

Author: Gérard Prunier | Center for International Peace Operations Source: Prunier, G., 2008, 'Armed Movements in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia', Analyse 02/08, Center for International Peace Operations, Berlin Size: 19 pages (176.27KB)
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To what extent can traditional practices be used to end conflict in Uganda? This study suggests that the Acholi people of Uganda maintain their sophisticated cultural beliefs about the spirit world and their social order. These shape their perceptions of truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation, and they would like to use them for conflict resolution. There is a wealth of knowledge inherent in the traditional practices and culture of the Acholi, which offers credible principles for conflict management and harmonious living within the wider global society.

Author: James Ojera Latigo | International IDEA Source: Latigo, J.O., 2008, 'Northern Uganda: tradition-based practices in the Acholi region', in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, pp. 85-122 Size: 27 pages (1MB)
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How can the threat of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA ) in northern Uganda and the surrounding region be brought to an end? This paper by ENOUGH suggests the peace strategy must enable northern Uganda to consolidate its relative peace and address the threat that Kony - the leader of the LRA - poses to the region. It must develop leverage through military planning, press Kony to make a choice about his future and create a development and security strategy for displaced northern Ugandans to return, even in the absence of a peace deal.

Author: Julia Spiegel | John Prendergast Source: Spiegel, J. and Prendergast, J., 2008, A new peace strategy for Northern Uganda and the LRA: Advancing peace in northern Uganda, ENOUGH strategy paper, ENOUGH Project, International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress Size: 9 pages (147.85KB)
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The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended Sudan's civil war is at risk in the state of Southern Kordofan. This International Crisis Group paper analyses growing frustrations among Arab and African tribes about CPA implementation and unresolved ethnic and administrative issues. Concrete ethnic integration and reform progress by the National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), Southern Kordofan Government, United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and donors is essential in order to avoid another Darfur conflict.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sudan's Southern Kordofan Problem: The Next Darfur?', International Crisis Group, Africa Report No.145, Brussels Size: 27 pages (1.20 MB)
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) needs to address past human rights atrocities in order to establish peace, security and respect for human rights in the future. This study, published by the University of California, Berkeley, reports results of a population survey in areas most affected by recent conflict in eastern DRC. The Congolese government and other national and international actors need to consult the population in order to set priorities for planning the future of the DRC.

Author: Patrick Vinck | Phuong Pham Source: Vinck P., Pham P., Shigekane S.B., 2008, 'Living with Fear: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo', University of California - Berkeley, California, USA Size: 72 pages (713.28 KB)
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The contributions of South Sudanese women associated with armed forces during the 22-year Sudanese civil war (1983-2005) remain unrecognised and undocumented. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, reviews women's involvement in the conflict and the lack of official recognition of women in post-conflict programmes. The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and United Nations' agencies need to give women priority Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) treatment and full access to employment opportunities.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'No standing, few prospects: How peace is failing South Sudanese female combatants and WAAFG', Small Arms Survey, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 13, Geneva Size: 8 pages (329 kB)
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Implementing Sudan's Joint Integrated Units (JIUs) mandated by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) has proved to be an obstacle to the broader implementation of the CPA. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, discusses the current status of JIUs, challenges to their deployment and functionality and consequences to CPA implementation. Active and immediate international assistance and Sudanese government cooperation are required to improve the JIUs in the interest of improving adherence to the CPA.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'Neither 'joint' nor 'integrated': The Joint Integrated Units and the future of the CPA', The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 10, Geneva Size: 8 pages (260 kB)
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The three-day war between Eritrea and Djibouti in 2008 is a reminder that Africa's sub-region remains one of the most unstable and conflict-prone in the world and lacks conditions for a workable peace and security order. This brief, published by the InterAfrica Group, assesses the nature and course of the conflict over borders and its links with peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. If allowed to continue, the Eritrea-Djibouti conflict could endanger strategic interests of many countries and the international war on terror.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M. 2008, 'The Djibouti-Eritrea Conflict', Center for Dialogue on Humanitarian, Peace and Development Issues in the Horn of Africa, Briefing, InterAfrica Group Size: 14 pages (204 kB)
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How can the concept of the Rule of Law (RoL) be successfully integrated into UN peace operations? What lessons can be drawn from the United Nations Mission in Liberia? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management argues that more work is needed to conceptualise and implement RoL, including the development of benchmarks to qualify and quantify substantial progress. A people-centred interpretation of RoL should be considered as alternatives and/or complemtary tools to state-centred approaches, for example as short-term or interim measures.

Author: Till Blume Source: Blume T., 2008, 'Implementing the Rule of Law in Integrated Missions: Security and Justice in the UN Mission in Liberia', Journal of Security Sector Management, Volume 6 Number 3, Shrivenham UK Size: 18 pages (294 kB)
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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Collaboration between the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN) is the best option for resolving the continent's human security dilemmas. This paper, published by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, explores the UN-AU security architecture and difficulties that affect its ability to improve human security on the continent. While the UN and regional organisations such as the AU talk about security partnerships, many definitional issues call the nature of such partnerships into question.

Author: Kwesi Aning Source: Aning K., 2008, 'The UN and the African Union's security architecture: Defining an emerging partnership?', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 8-23, No. 5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 16 pages (939.32 kB)
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How effective are outside efforts to bring security to African countries, particularly through the use of peacekeeping troops? This study from the German Institute of Global and Area Studies argues that a realistic assessment must include local perspectives on peacekeepers and their relations to other (state and non-state) actors in the security arena. Peacekeepers do harm, just as they do good; and they would profit from a more systematic evaluation of the local perception of their actions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler A., 2008, 'Positive, ambiguous or negative? Peacekeeping in the local security fabric', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 40-64, No.5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 25 pages (1.04MB)
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The response to the civil war in Darfur serves as a warning that division of labour of peacekeeping can have profound negative political implications. This paper, published by the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, discusses the United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) relationship in response to the large-scale challenge of Darfur. The co-dependent relationship between the UN and the AU highlights the dangers of the UN relying on (sub)regional organisations that face even greater operational constraints than the UN itself.

Author: Linnea Bergholm Source: Bergholm L., 2008, 'The UN and the AU: a co-dependent relationship on matters of peace and security', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 24-39, No. 5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 16 pages (1.37 MB)
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How has Kup Women for Peace (KWP), a community organisation in Papua New Guinea, contributed to reducing violence and ensuring free and fair elections? What progress has KWP made in changing attitudes about women and their roles in society in the Kup sub-district? This article from Gender & Development describes the work of KWP. It shows how in seven short years, KWP has gone from tribal peacebuilding to ensuring a free, fair and violence-free election in Kup.

Author: Rachael Hinton et al. | Yanny Guman Source: Hinton, R. et al, 2008, 'The Kup Women for Peace approach to peacebuilding: taking the lead in the Papua New Guinea national elections', Gender and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 523 - 533 Size: 11 pages ()
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What role did the 2007 general elections in Sierra Leone play in the country's post-war recovery? This research from the Nordic Africa Institute and Copenhagen University shows how political parties strategically remobilised ex-combatants into security squads, both to protect themselves and to gather votes. It looks at the tactical motives behind ex-combatants' choice to join political campaigning. The 2007 elections strengthened the democratic process in Sierra Leone. However, democracy is still extremely fragile.

Author: Maya M. Christensen | Mats Utas Source: Christensen M.M. and Mats U., 2008, 'Mercenaries of democracy: The 'Politricks' of remobilized combatants in the 2007 general elections, Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue 429, pp. 515-539 Size: 25 pages ()
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How successful has the United States (US) been in achieving political reintegration in Iraq? This study from Conflict, Security and Development examines US approaches to the political reintegration of irregular armed groups, from its initial policy vacuum to the informal reintegration seen during 2007 and 2008. It shows that the best attempt at reintegration has been the arrangements between US military units and Sunni groups since 2006. Yet, since these arrangements emerged without support from the central government, they cannot be considered reconciliation or even reintegration.

Author: David Ucko Source: Ucko D., 2008, 'Militias, tribes and insurgents: The challenge of political reintegration in Iraq', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 341-373 Size: 34 pages ()
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Why did the façade of Afghan disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) develop? How did the reality on the ground diverge from the bureaucratic process? What are the implications of such an approach? This Conflict, Security & Development paper examines the contradictions at the heart of DDR and successive Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups in Afghanistan DIAG processes in Afghanistan, analysing the conflicts of interest and limited impacts.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi A., 2008, 'Bureaucratic façade and political realities of disarmament and demobilisation in Afghanistan', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169 - 192 Size: 25 pages ()
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How can long-term peaceful political transformation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone be achieved? This study from King's College London argues that successful political reintegration does not simply mean political participation per se, but requires specific forms of political participation that reinforce the primacy of peaceful political interaction for affecting change. The study concludes that despite progress in many key areas, former fighters of the RUF have yet to be fully politically reintegrated.

Author: Kieran Mitton Source: Mitton K., 2008, 'Engaging disengagement: The political reintegration of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-222 Size: 31 pages ()
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Comparative democratisation researchers need to analyse cautiously the complex intertwining of statebuilding, democratisation and war in each case of political transformation. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the inter-connection of democratisation, statebuilding and war in Serbia and Croatia and how the international environment influenced these processes. Despite the international tendency to see states from a regional perspective, differences between Serbian and Croatian statebuilding have had major implications for their progress towards democratisation.

Author: Nenad Zakoek Source: Zakoek N., 2008, 'Democratization, State-building and War: The Cases of Serbia and Croatia ', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 588 - 610 Size: 24 pages ()
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What is the UN Security Council's approach to transnational terrorism and WMD proliferation post 9/11? How are attitudes steered by the application of hierarchical and soft modes of governance? This Nordic International Studies Association study examines the modes of governance applied towards transnational terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to non-state actors. Particular attention is paid to the combination of the hierarchical 'command and punishment' approach and the soft 'cooperative' model.

Author: Monika Heupel Source: Heupel M., 2008, 'Combining Hierarchical and Soft Modes of Governance: The UN Security Council's Approach to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation after 9/11', Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No.1, pp. 7-29. Size: 29 pages ()
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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How have the government and the international community conducted security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? Why has so little progress been made in reforming the DRC's security sector? This report from the Institute for Security Studies examines SSR in the DRC and its impact on security in the Kivu provinces. It finds that the lack of progress on SSR reveals a fundamental problem in international peacebuilding strategies, and a lack of coordination among donors. The lack of progress also both stems from and contributes to continuing violence in the eastern provinces.

Author: Hans Hoebeke | Henri Boshoff Source: Hoebeke H., Boshoff H., Vlassenroot K., 2008, 'Assessing Security Sector Reform and its Impact on the Kivu Provinces', Situation Report, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 11 pages (137 kB)
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How did the newly elected government of President Joseph Kabila respond to the 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo? How did it act with respect to human rights and democracy in the two years following the election? This report from Human Rights Watch documents human rights abuses and political repression in Kinshasa and Bas Congo following the 2006 elections. It finds that the Kabila government is brutally restricting democratic space in the DRC.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: 2008, '"We will crush you" - The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo ', Human Rights Watch Size: 100 pages (1.84 MB)
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How can mediators help to manage the impact of violence on peace processes? What steps must armed groups be prepared to take if they are serious about peaceful resolution of conflict? This publication from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue presents insights on security issues from individuals involved in peace negotiations in Colombia, Nagorno-Karabakh and northern Uganda.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 2, November 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (929 kB)
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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How were security issues managed in the Burundi Peace Talks? What lessons are there for international mediators of other conflicts? Drawing on interviews with negotiators and advisors, this Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report concludes that it is vital to balance political and technical expertise when addressing security issues and that the interconnectedness of security issues should be recognised.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in the Burundi Peace Talks', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 54 pages (1.6 MB)
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How did Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) deal with security issues? What lessons are there for international mediators assisting other peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report finds that in Sudan the parties' lack of trust led to a deliberate avoidance of commitments related to security and weapons control. In this context, there were few opportunities for international mediators to broaden the scope of the negotiations.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Human Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Negotiating Disarmament, Country Study, Number 2, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1.2 MB)
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What is the most effective way of tackling violence and weapons issues in peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report consists of four articles which put forward recommendations on how to deal with such issues when negotiating a peace agreement. The importance of understanding the local context, ensuring sustainable reintegration and dealing with arms in civilian hands is stressed in several articles.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Strategies for Tackling Weapons and Violence in Peace Process', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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Scientific methods and theories have been applied to warfare since the beginning of the modern era, argues this article from the Journal of International Affairs. As a result, military thinking has evolved in tandem with scientific thinking. Currently, scientific theories of chaos and complexity, or chaoplexity, are most influential in military affairs. These stress the role of networks and the unpredictability of war.

Author: Antoine Bousquet Source: Bousquet A., 2008, 'Chaoplexic warfare or the future of military organization', International Affairs, Volume 84, Issue 5, pp. 915-929 Size: 15 pages ()
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What is the 'rule of law' and how can it best be implemented in peace operations? This article from the journal International Peacekeeping reviews four publications on the rule of law in post-conflict situations. The books demonstrate that implementing the rule of law is more easily said than done. There is a need to systematise research and specify the conditions of success and failure in order to develop a more tangible policy framework.

Author: Till Blume Source: Blume T., 2008, 'Security, Justice and the Rule of Law in Peace Operations', International Peacekeeping, Volume 15, Issue 5, pp. 713-721 Size: 9 pages ()
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What are the objectives of reintegration and how are they achieved? How does the conceptualisation of reintegration translate into practice in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? This article from Global Governance draws on the case of Liberia to examine the concept and practice of reintegration in post-war societies. It argues that the meaning and use of reintegration, both as a concept and a practice, is overloaded and unclear. This contributes to problematic policy responses and impedes accountability.

Author: Kathleen M. Jennings Source: Jennings K.M., 2008, 'Unclear Ends, Unclear Means: Reintegration in Postwar Societies - The Case of Liberia', Global Governance, Volume 14, Issue 3, pp. 327-345 Size: 19 pages ()
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How should non-state armed groups (NSAGs) be engaged in disarmament as part of peace negotiations? How should disarmament be introduced, addressed and ultimately achieved? This article from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) sets out how disarmament should be dealt with in the different phases of negotiation with NSAGs. Disarmament is a particularly sensitive topic for NSAGs as giving up their weapons amounts to giving up their power. As a result, disarmament is often most effectively addressed through other topics or in parts.

Author: Julian Thomas Hottinger | UNIDIR Source: Hottinger J.T., 2008, 'Engaging non-state armed groups in disarmament', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum, Number 1, pp. 27-36 Size: 10 pages (132 kB)
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What role have civil society organisations (CSOs) played in conflict prevention in West Africa? What challenges do they face in playing a more effective role? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the various contributions that CSOs have made to conflict prevention in West Africa. It argues that effective conflict prevention requires effective partnerships between CSOs and national governments.

Author: Thelma Ekiyor | UNIDIR Source: Ekiyor T., 2008, 'The role of civil society in conflict prevention: West African experiences', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 27-34 pp. 27 - 34 Size: 8 pages (113 kB)
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What factors facilitate and contribute to the transfer of different types of weapons, small arms and light weapons (SALW) in particular, to non-state armed groups (NSAGs)? How can the international community attempt to control these transfers? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the transfer of weapons to NSAGs. It describes how the post-Cold War security landscape and globalisation have enabled the transfer of arms to NSAGs.

Author: Chris Smith | UNIDIR Source: Smith C., 2008, 'Weapon transfers to non-state armed groups', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: Engaging non-state armed groups, Number 1, pp. 45 - 52 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What lessons can be learnt from West African initiatives to control small arms? How can these lessons be applied to the current international debate on an arms trade treaty? This United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) paper argues that the West African experience shows that an international arms trade treaty should address arms imports as well as exports and prohibit arms transfers to non-state actors.

Author: Cyriaque Pawoumotom Agnekethom Source: Agnekethom C.P., 2008, 'Political and institutional dynamics of the control of small arms and light weapons in West Africa', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum - The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 13 - 20 Size: 8 pages (104 kB)
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What is the scale of small arms proliferation in West Africa? How do small arms and light weapons (SALW) arrive and circulate and what impact do they have on the sub-region? This article from Disarmament Forum looks at the transfer of SALW in West Africa. It argues that the uncontrolled movement of SALW in West Africa has exacerbated conflict, created a climate of insecurity and undermined development.

Author: Francis Langumba Keili | UNIDIR Source: Keili F.L., 2008, 'Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa: a stock-taking', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 5 - 12 Size: 7 pages (105 kB)
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What security challenges does the UK face? What steps is the government taking in response to these challenges? The national security strategy from the UK Cabinet Office sets out how the government will address and manage the security challenges that the UK faces. It emphasises the integrated nature of the responses required to address a range of diverse but interdependent threats, risks and drivers of insecurity.

Author: UK Cabinet Office | www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk Source: UK Cabinet Office, 2008, 'The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an interdependent world', UK Cabinet Office, CM 7291. Size: 64 pages (980 kB)
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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How should children who participate in political violence be seen in terms of agency and competence? How do the experiences of young people in displacement camps contribute to their involvement in political violence? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the mobilisation of children for political violence in terms of the dynamics of displacement camps. It argues that curtailing children's involvement in political violence may require greater consideration of the political-economic processes that shape the lives of displaced young people.

Author: Jason Hart Source: Hart J., 2008, 'Displaced children's participation in political violence: Towards greater understanding of mobilisation', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 277 - 293 Size: 17 pages ()
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How can civil society organisations working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding improve their interactions with the media? Why and when should they use the media? This paper from the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict argues that different types of media can bring about different types of change. Information programming can encourage cognitive change by increasing knowledge and framing public discussion. Entertainment programming and advertising encourage attitudinal change. The media rarely directly affects behaviour, but it influences attitudes and opinions that shape behaviour. Behavioural change happens through the cumulative impact of the media and other social institutions; an integrated strategy is important.

Author: Vladimir Bratic | Lisa Schirch Source: Bratic, V., and Schirch, L., 2008, 'Why and When to Use the Media for Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding', GPPAC Issue Paper, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict Size: 34 pages (725KB)
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What lessons can the international community draw from the statebuilding efforts in Liberia? This chapter reviews the international community's experience in Liberia during its post-conflict transitional period and finds that deeply intrusive forms of intervention often risk long-term sustainability for medium-term success. It argues that unless reforms and reconstruction are rooted in consultation and a sense of local ownership they are likely to collapse as soon as donor interest and resources shift elsewhere.

Author: M McGovern Source: McGovern, M., 2008, 'Liberia: The Risks of Re-building a Shadow State' in Building States to Build Peace, Charles T Call (ed), Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA, ch. 14 Size: 24 pages ()
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How can policymakers use political economy and conflict-sensitive approaches to create and support an effective economic recovery strategy in northern Uganda? This first issue of Investing in Peace from International Alert analyses four districts in Northern Uganda and finds that policymakers and donors need to include substantial economic recovery initiatives as a part of the overall peacebuilding strategy.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2008, 'Building a Peace Economy in Northern Uganda: Conflict-sensitive Approaches to Recovery and Growth' Investing in Peace, Issue No. 1, International Alert, London Size: 60 pages (6.87 MB)
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How can the prevalence of weapons in Kosovo be reduced without further damaging fragile feelings of security among the population? This report by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld looks at changing perceptions of civilian possession and prevalence of weapons. Because of sensitivities surrounding weapons possession, any initiatives to control or collect weapons should be tailored to specific community needs to maximise opportunities for peace and minimise potential drivers of conflict.

Author: Forum for Civic Initiatives | Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives, Saferworld, 2008, 'Through the cross-hairs: A survey of changing attitudes towards small arms in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo) Size: 19 pages (682KB)
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How successful has Uganda been in implementing its commitments to the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UN PoA)? This study from Saferworld suggests that the Government of Uganda (GoU) has improved its controls on the international transfer of small arms and light weapons (SALW). The GoU has fulfilled some of its commitments under the UN PoA. Nonetheless, its enforcement of controls on the international transfer of SALW could be strengthened.

Author: Jacqueline Macalesher | Angus Urquhart Source: Macalesher J., Urquhart A., 2008, 'Uganda and international small arms transfers: Implementing UN PoA commitments', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 58 pages (383KB)
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What are the causes and problems of militarised law enforcement in peace operations? How can these be addressed? This paper from International Peacekeeping examines the role of the European Union Force (EUFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). While the military can contribute to law enforcement, such involvement is generally hindered by fear of 'mission creep' and lack of preparedness. Preferable alternatives to military involvement (such as international civil police forces collaborating with local officials) are obstructed by lack of political will. Law enforcement should be addressed early and systematically by the deployment of robust forces that avoid excessive use of force.

Author: Cornelius Friesendorf | Susan E. Penksa Source: Friesendorf, C. and Penksa, S., 2008, 'Militarized Law Enforcement in Peace Operations: EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-694 Size: 18 pages (135 KB)
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Why do some refugees, upon return to their countries of origin, engage in violent action? This paper from George Mason University assumes that in some refugee situations a significant share of returnees engage in militant action. It examines three sets of explanatory factors (enabling environment, ideology and organisation) in order to contribute to an expanding analytical framework for refugee warrior phenomena, and to identify an agenda for future research.

Author: Kristian Berg Harpviken Source: Harpviken, K. B., 2008, 'From "Refugee Warriors" to "Returnee Warriors": Militant Homecoming in Afghanistan and Beyond', Global Migration and Transnational Politics, Working Paper, no. 5, George Mason University, Fairfax County, Virginia Size: 17 pages ()
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Is the zero-tolerance policy toward sexual exploitation and abuse having a positive impact on UN peacekeeping missions? This report, prepared for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, reviews evidence from UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti and Liberia and concludes that the policy is yielding mixed results. It contends that the policy's difficulties stem from implementation problems and contextual challenges that would be eased by better communication and clarity as to the intents and purposes of the zero-tolerance approach.

Author: Kathleen Jennings Source: Jennings, K. M., 2008, 'Protecting Whom? Approaches to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in UN Peacekeeping Operations', Fafo, Oslo Size: 80 pages (1.02 MB)
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What are the risks and challenges facing Bangladesh's democracy and stability? Are Bangladesh's political and social institutions resilient enough to overcome these challenges? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the political risks and challenges facing Bangladesh. It argues that Bangladesh faces twin threats to its democracy and stability: deadlock over elections, and the growing challenge of militant and violent Islamism. The international community can help to address these risks by taking Bangladesh seriously as a strategic partner and moving towards more mature political engagement.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Bangladesh Today', Asia Report 121, International Crisis Group Size: 39 pages (1 MB)
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How do civil society organisations (CSOs) impact upon conflict dynamics and conflict resolution efforts? This Institute of Development Studies (IDS) paper provides critical assessments of local CSO contributions in five conflict cases - Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Western Sahara and Israel/Palestine. It finds civil society facing similar problems across these five intractable conflicts. CSOs could develop this sector further through a number of measures, including actively promoting the values of democracy to be learnt and experienced on the ground.

Author: Nona Mikhelidze | Nicoletta Pirozzi Source: Mikhelidze, N. and Pirozzi, N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in Abkhazia, Israel/Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Western Sahara', Policy Working Paper, no. 3, MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton Size: 86 pages (721KB)
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Emerging global and regional complexities require India to match its military capabilities with its growing economic and technological status in order to ensure a stable and peaceful environment. This paper, published by the Journal of Defence Studies, discusses the current global and regional security environment and its impact on India and its army. While India's democratic credentials are strong and its economy resilient, its army must be modernised to meet today's needs and future challenges.

Author: Deepak Kapoor | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Source: Kapoor D., 2008, 'Changing Global Security Environment with Specific Reference to our Region and its Impact on the Indian Army', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (2), Winter 2008, New Dehli Size: 18 pages (70 kB)
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In April 2006, protests in Nepal led to the end of direct rule by the King and the ending of the so-called 'People's War', fought by the Maoists against the state since 1996. This report, published by Saferworld, attempts to highlight the important issues surrounding policing in Nepal in this context. It identifies a sense of optimism following the end of the civil conflict, and changing expectations of the police force. It argues that a balance needs to be struck between providing basic security during a period of transition, and preparing to reform Nepal's security system in the long term.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2008, 'Public safety and policing in Nepal: An analysis of public attitudes towards community safety and policing across Nepal', Saferworld Size: 62 pages (1.2 MB)
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In 1971 the Pakistan Army surrendered to Indian and Bangladeshi Forces, marking the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh. This article, published in Terrorism Monitor, compares the situation in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to that which prevailed in erstwhile East Pakistan over three decades ago. It exposes several worrying similarities between the two, and proposes recommendations to prevent the further breakup of Pakistan.

Author: Tariq Ashraf Source: Ashraf T., 2008, 'Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?', Terrorism Monitor, Volume 6, Issue 12, Washington, DC Size: 7 pages (48 kB)
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While Singapore's security governance is distinct from those of its Southeast Asian counterparts, it shares regional traits of technocratic primary and relative lack of democratic controls. This paper, published by Contemporary Southeast Asia, discusses the evolution of and current challenges facing Singapore's security sector in light of current security sector governance theory. While Singapore governs its security sector better than most Southeast Asian countries, its technocratic manner and illiberal approach justify the need for some level of reform.

Author: See Sen Tang | Alvin Chew Source: Tang S.S., Chew A., 2008, 'Governing Singapore's Security Sector: Problems, Prospects, and Paradox', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 30 (2): 241-263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How effective are regional and national initiatives to improve sea lane security in Southeast Asia? This Asia Policy paper examines whether efforts to improve security in Southeast Asia's waters are sufficient enough to produce a long-term beneficial effect. International pressure, the spectre of maritime terrorism, the efforts of regional states and support from external powers have helped to improve security. However, much more remains to be done and therefore securing Southeast Asia's sea lanes is still work in progress.

Author: Ian Storey Source: Storey I., 2008, 'Securing Southeast Asia's Sea Lanes: A Work in Progress', Asia Policy, Washington DC: No. 6. Size: 34 pages (387KB)
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For countries emerging from conflict, integration of ex-belligerents into society and security forces is a challenging task for the nation, neighbours, civil society and ex-combatants themselves. This paper from the Conflict Study Center discusses Nepal's Maoist integration issue within the context of Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR) as integration models. Nepal's current integration struggle suggests that if it does not achieve peace and stability soon, it may risk another type of socio-cultural ethnic-regional war.

Author: Bishnu Pathak | Conflict Study Center Source: Pathak B., 2008, 'Modeling the Integration of the Maoist Combatants: DDR or SSR?', Conflict Study Center, Kathmandu, Nepal: Situation Update 80 Size: 18 pages (256 kB)
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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This article from International Peacekeeping suggests an understanding of corruption that combines 'core' universal features (actions, decisions and processes that subvert or distort the nature of public office and the political process) with acknowledgement of the importance of local norms. A primary task of peacebuilding is to create a shared set of rules and norms that will govern the exercise of public office in a context where multiple sets of rules compete. In post-conflict situations, corruption cannot always be either avoided or prioritised. While it should not be tolerated, strategic focus is required, and interventions must be realistic about what is achievable.

Author: Mark Philp Source: Philp, M., 2008, 'Peacebuilding and Corruption', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 310-327 Size: 18 pages (139 KB)
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Why has conflict prevention been neglected in the ongoing debates over global security? This article from Global Governance examines attitudes toward the international community's responsibility to prevent conflict since the publication in 2001 of the report The Responsibility to Protect. In explaining the relative neglect of prevention in debates about The Responsibility to Protect, it argues that the answer can be found in a combination of doubts about how wide the definition of prevention should be, political concerns raised by the use of prevention in the war on terrorism, and practical concerns about the appropriate institutional locus for responsibility.

Author: Alex Bellamy Source: Bellamy, A., 2008, 'Conflict Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect', Global Governance, no. 2 (April-June), pp. 135-156 Size: 19 pages ()
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Does negotiating with terrorist groups legitimise them? How can policymakers engage with multifaceted, horizontal organisations such as Al-Qaeda? This article from Security Dialogue argues that legitimacy and complexity can contribute to non-violent resolution of conflicts involving terrorist violence. It also argues that naming groups as 'terrorist' makes non-violent responses to terrorism less possible.

Author: Harmonie Toros Source: Toros, H., 2008, '`We Don't Negotiate with Terrorists!': Legitimacy and Complexity in Terrorist Conflicts', Security Dialogue, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 407-426, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Size: 20 pages (149 KB)
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What is meant by 'the rule of law', and how can it most effectively be promoted in post-conflict states? This article from Global Governance considers definitions, and outlines lessons from Kosovo and Haiti. Donors need to recognise rule of law reform as a political activity, and to harmonise as much as possible potentially contradictory elements: (a) local narratives and resources; and (b) the historical connection of the traditional 'thick' version of the rule of law with a liberal democratic state.

Author: Giovanni Bassu Source: Bassu, G., 2008, 'Law Overruled: Strengthening the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict States', Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism, vol. 14, no.1, pp. 21-38 Size: 18 pages (78 KB)
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Virtually all peace agreements include requirements for elections, but post-conflict decisions on state structure and election design are rarely subjected to expert review. This paper by Jarrett Blanc, Aanund Hylland and KÃ¥re Vollan provides an overview of principles and mechanisms of state structures and elections systems. Concepts of division of power and group representation are applied to case studies of the Phillipines, Sudan and Sri Lanka. The paper is designed for use by negotiators, mediators and others involved in peace processes.

Author: Jarrett Blanc | , Aanund Hylland Source: Blanc, J., Hylland, A. and Vollan, K., 2007, 'State structure and electoral systems in post-conflict situations', International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), Washington, DC, USA Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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How can government development agencies play a part in tackling the problems that contribute to violent conflict? This paper by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) seeks to show how DFID understands and responds to conflict across the breadth of its work. It proposes to place a greater emphasis on resolving conflict before it becomes violent, to make its response to armed conflict more effective by improving its support to peace processes and enhancing the conflict-management capacity of relevant bodies, and to make its development work more 'conflict-sensitive'. The paper includes case studies from Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia, Uganda, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sudan and Yemen.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2007, 'Preventing Violent Conflict', UK Government Policy Paper, DFID, London Size: 40 pages (690 kB)
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The globalisation of the private security sector (PSS) and its impact on conflict and human security has no better example than Africa. This paper, authored by Sabelo Gumedze, discusses the dynamics of the private security industry, its proliferation and relative lack of regulation, and identifies forces that drive its growth. The issue of the PSS, as it exists in Africa today, must be addressed by effective regulatory mechanisms.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S., 2007, 'The private security sector in Africa: The 21st century's major cause for concern?', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Paper 133, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (22.5 KB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) continues to undermine development, the security of citizens and good governance in Africa. Author Nelson Alusala reports on the status of SALWs and disarmament in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad. The monograph includes historical, political and cultural context for each country's struggles to control SALWs, and recommends actions to control SALWs and arms trafficking.

Author: Nelson Alusala Source: Alusala, N., 2007, 'Armed Conflict and Disarmament: Selected Central African Case Studies', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Monograph No 129, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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While each phase of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) contains challenges, the most delicate and urgent component is disarmament. Written by Peter Swarbrick, this operational manual aims to educate donors, managers and practitioners about some of the most important obstacles to successful DDR operations. Using examples from the DDR programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the manual identifies common problems and practical solutions that can be applied to a variety of apparently dissimilar disarmament processes.

Author: Peter Swarbrick Source: Swarbrick, P., 2007, 'Avoiding disarmament failure: the critical link in DDR. An operational manual for donors, managers, and practitioners', Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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How have Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes improved and what lessons remain to be learned? This study from Barcelona Autonomous University's Peace Culture School is an update to the one carried out last year. Its aim is to analyse current DDR programmes in 22 countries. Current programmes have a general profile that is quite novel, in terms of the quantity of experiences existing and the number of beneficiaries and the international context in which they are produced.

Author: Albert Caramés | Vicenç Fisas Source: Caramés, A., Fisas, V., Sanz, E., 2007, 'Analysis of the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) Programs existing in the World during 2006', School for a Culture of Peace, Barcelona Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain Size: 39 pages (575 kB)
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This is the only comprehensive and regularly published account of the global conflict-induced internal displacement situation. In addition to an analysis of developments at the global level, the report also provides overviews of regional and thematic trends. It aims to raise awareness of the still often-overlooked plight of some 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and to draw attention to existing gaps in response at both the national and international level.

Author: Jens-Hagen Eschenbächer Source: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2007 ,'Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2006', Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 103 pages (3.63 MB)
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Is building peace through community development a promising approach? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute draws on a recent CMI evaluation of a UNDP-led programme in Ituri district in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Community development can be an effective tool to build peace, even in the midst of violence. The Ituri experience suggests that aid agencies that adopt this strategy will stand a fair chance to succeed in significantly reducing poverty-related violence.

Author: Ingrid Samset Source: Samset, I., 2007, 'A promising experience: building peace through community development', Brief, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Vol.6 No.3, Norway Size: 4 pages (452KB)
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Up to 400,000 people have died since February 2003 as a result of the war that broke out in the Darfur region of Sudan. This paper, by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), examines the problems of civilian protection created by this war. It argues for the strengthening of the African Union (AU) force in the context of United Nations (UN) support and the fast-tracking of the peace process within Darfur between Khartoum and its neighbours.

Author: Peter Kagwanja | Patrick Mutahi Source: Kagwanja,P. & Mutahi,P., 2007, 'Protection of civilians in African peace missions: The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur', ISS Paper 139, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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Should Armed Non-State Actors be engaged in development dialogue? Would this be tantamount to negotiating with terrorists? Armed Non-State Actors are now an important feature of violent conflict within and between states. This paper from the German Development Institute (DIE) identifies opportunities and challenges for engaging Armed Non-State Actors from a development perspective. It refutes the idea that this engagement legitimises violence and suggests there is widespread support for such work.

Author: Noel Stott Source: Stott, N., 2007, 'Negotiating in Practice what is Non-Negotiable in Principle: Development Policy and Armed Non-State Actors', Discussion Paper, no. 8/2007, German Development Institute, Bonn, January. Size: 43 pages (35 KB)
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How useful have the OECD's Principles of Good International Engagement in Fragile States been in the context of Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) concentrates on the conflict between the North and the South and on three key elements of the Principles: Donor coordination, state-building and peacebuilding. On the basis of this experience, it finds the OECD Principles to be very relevant for guiding international engagement.

Author: Anita Haslie | Axel Borchgrevink Source: Haslie, A. and Borchgrevink, A., 2007, 'International Engagement in Sudan after the CPA: Report on the Piloting of OECD/DAC's 'Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States' for the Case of Sudan', Paper no. 714, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Size: 46 pages (403 KB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Why do some peace processes create conditions for effective protection of civilians while others don't? This paper, authored by Jeremy Brickhill, uses lessons learned from the Darfur Peace Agreement to argue that inadequate attention to security aspects of peace processes leads to failure of peace agreements and civilians left at risk. Security arrangement negotiations and transitional strategies which link short-term stabilisation with long-term security sector transformation are essential requirements for peacebuilding in Africa.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill,J., 2007, 'Protecting Civilians Through Peace Agreements: Challenges and Lessons of the Darfur Peace Agreement', ISS Paper 138, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa. Size: 2 pages (31.5 kB)
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Ethnically representative armed forces in post-conflict countries can encourage a sense of commonality across ethnic boundaries and help secure a fragile peace. This paper, authored by Sven Gunnar Simonsen, cites recent efforts to establish ethnically representative armies and security forces in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Iraq, Bosnia and East Timor. While serious limitations to ethnic integration of the military exist, ethnically integrated national armies can help reduce ethnic violence and contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Sven Gunnar Simonsen Source: Simonsen,SG., 2007, 'Building "National" Armies - Building Nations? Determinants of Success for Post-intervention Integration Efforts', International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Norway Size: 20 pages ()
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Liberia's national security sector operates under old structures that are unworkable, wasteful and do not engender the support of the people. This paper, authored by Gompert, Oliker, Stearns, Crane and Riley, recommends the organisation of a new sector architecture of both force structure and security institutions. Liberia must create a new security structure capable of meeting the country's internal and external challenges.

Author: David C. Gompert | Olga Oliker Source: Crane,K., Gompert,D., Oliker,O., Riley,K. & Stearns,B., 2007, 'Making Liberia Safe - Transformation of the National Security Sector', Monograph, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA Size: 118 pages (561kb)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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What are the key linkages between Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? How can these inform the development of policy frameworks in post-conflict contexts? This paper developed on behalf of the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa presents some of the key challenges to achieving better synergies in practice between DDR and SSR. Supporting security sector governance institutions provides an important under-acknowledged means to link SSR and DDR concerns.

Author: Alan Bryden Source: Bryden, A., 2007, 'Linkage between DDR and SSR - Understanding the DDR-SSR Nexus: Building Sustainable Peace in Africa', Issue Paper at the Second International Conference on DDR and Stability in Africa, 12-14 June, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Size: 28 pages (260 KB)
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Is it possible to fight war and manage conflict at the same time? This book from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) explores the causes of conflict and the critical role of conflict management in volatile political environments. Peacemaking and conflict management are essential for creating a less divided, less conflicted world despite the complexities and high odds against success. The international community can check hostile adversaries of the international order and make peace at the same time.

Author: Chester A. Crocker | Fen Osler Hampson Source: Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P., 2007, 'Leashing the Dogs of War', Introduction in Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P. (eds.) 'Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 726 pages ()
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Vetting public employees in transitional societies has received less research attention than prosecutions, truth telling and reparations of individuals who have perpetrated human rights abuses under authoritarian regimes or in conflicts. This paper reports results of case studies in countries that have conducted post-conflict/post-authoritarian vetting of public servants. Vetting is more than technical personnel reform; it can help institute new norms for service in public institutions.

Author: Roger Duthie | International Center for Transitional Justice Source: Duthie, R., 2007, 'Introduction' in Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies, Mayer-Rieckh,A. & de Greiff,P. (eds.), Social Science Research Council, New York, USA Size: 22 pages (136 KB)
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Should external actors intervene to trigger or force a transition in extreme cases of autocratic or failed governance? This article considers the case of Burma. It explores the country's deprivations under military rule, identifies means to make its institutions adequate to the task of democratic governance, and proposes limitations on assistance under various scenarios for political transition. It argues that some degree of political transition will have to occur before assistance can be delivered, and that Burma's Asian neighbours will be crucial to any breakthrough.

Author: PRISCILLA CLAPP Source: Clapp,P., 2007, 'Building Democracy in Burma', Working Paper 02, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA Size: 77 pages (820 kB)
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To what extent have religious leaders in Afghanistan been involved in the reconstruction of the country? How do they view the Afghans and foreigners who are driving it? This paper, by the Cooperation for Peace and Unity, analyses the debates surrounding religious groups in the country and assesses their potential role as civil society actors. The paper argues that most religious leaders have a positive view of development. The government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should make greater efforts to forge links with them.

Author: Kanishka Nawabi | Mirwais Wardak Source: Wardak, M., Zaman, I., and Nawabi, K., 2007, 'The Role and Functions of Religious Civil Society in Afghanistan: Case Studies from Sayedabad and Kunduz', Cooperation for Peace and Unity, Kabul Size: 53 pages (380 KB)
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Which factors determine whether former combatants can be successfully integrated into social and political spheres at the end of a conflict? This article published in Conflict, Security and Development compares the political reintegration of the Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) in Colombia in the early 1990s with the reintegration of the paramilitary a decade later. It argues that successful reintegration depends on the acceptance of relevant audiences and the capacity of former combatants to perform as social and political interlocutors.

Author: Alexandra Guáqueta Source: Guáqueta, A., 2007, 'The Way Back In: Reintegrating Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia Then and Now' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 417-456 Size: 41 pages (270 KB)
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Combating organised crime should occur throughout the conflict continuum, from conflict prevention to post-conflict peacebuilding. This paper, published by Swisspeace, examines the impact of organised criminal groups on peacebuilding efforts in Kosovo and Liberia. Although types of organised crime differ in the two countries, both cases demonstrate that organised crime presents a serious threat to peacebuilding efforts and damages the functioning of democratic institutions.

Author: Nika Stražišar Teran Source: Teran, N. S., 2007, 'Peacebuilding and Organised Crime: The Cases of Kosovo and Liberia', Swisspeace Working Paper 1/2007, Bern Size: 52 pages (489.45 KB)
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Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. The Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006 considered the cases of Guatamala and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the peace agreements that ended the conflicts in these countries a decade after they were signed and a number of related issues. The introductory article from the conference outlines the factors that lead to establishing truth commissions in one context and judicial tribunals in another, considering how a society can learn to live with the memory of human rights violations, and how external actors can contribute to the process of reconciliation.

Author: Jonathan Sisson Source: Sisson,J.(ed.), 2007, 'Dealing with the Past in Post-Conflict Societies: Ten Years after the Peace Accords in Guatemala and Bosnia-Herzegovina', Introduction at the Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006, Bern Size: 80 pages (871 kB)
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What are the key security issues facing post-conflict Nepal? How can ongoing local tensions be addressed? This donor briefing paper from International Alert and Friends for Peace reports on the security concerns of vulnerable and marginalised groups in the country. Donors and communities should work together to promote locally owned security structures, collaboration between political parties and an approach to reconciliation which incorporates development strategies.

Author: Natalie Hicks (not author) Source: International Alert and Friends for Peace, 2007, 'Nepal at a Crossroads: Strengthening Community Security in the Post-Settlement Context', Donor Briefing Paper, International Alert, London Size: 14 pages (660 KB)
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How should the increasing recognition of the interdependence of development and security assistance change the definition of overseas development assistance (ODA)? This paper from the Bonn International Centre for Conversion discusses proposals for possible extensions of the ODA category to cover security-related assistance activities. While certain aspects of conflict prevention, security sector reform and anti-terrorism activity should be included within ODA, any such definitional broadening should be limited. A new "Official Security, Peace and Stability Assistance" category could be added to the OECD DAC (Development Assistance Committee) reporting system to present a broader picture of security-related donor assistance.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, 2007, 'Analysis of and Recommendations for Covering Security Relevant Expenditures Within and Outside of Official Development Assistance' Paper, no. 53, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 53 pages (630 kB)
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The conflict in Darfur has killed an estimated 200,000 people and displaced 2.5 million. Although Sudan has accepted a hybrid African Union-United Nations Mission, caveats and resistance from the Sudanese government and other actors make it difficult to restore stability. How should the European Union (EU) engage in fragile situations such as that of Sudan? This article from European Security Review summarises a European Security Contact Group meeting on international and EU engagement in Sudan. It finds that achieving 'good international engagement' in fragile situations like Sudan is greatly complex for the EU.

Author: Giji Gya Source: Gya,G., 2007, 'Engaging Fragile Situations: Sudan', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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The peacekeeping operation in Darfur needs substantive involvement from the UN and a robust mandate that addresses the humanitarian emergency and protection of civilians. The proposed African Union-United Nations (AU-UN) hybrid mission raises fundamental questions regarding authority. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) examines the challenges of hybrid command and control arrangements in regard to the peacekeeping operation in Darfur. It argues that difficulties confronting the AU-UN operation result in part from the attempt to portray a conventional joint multinational operation as a hybrid mission.

Author: Festus Aboagye Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'The Hybrid Operation for Darfur: A Critical Review of the Concept of the Mechanism', ISS Africa, Occasional Paper 149, South Africa Size: 24 pages (1.31 MB)
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Has the African Union (AU) embraced the responsibility to protect (R2P) in its Constitutive Act? Has it been successful in implementing R2P? This study, by the Institute for Security Studies, assesses its efforts to promote peace in Africa and to deal with emerging crises. It concludes that the AU is committed to R2P, although it is too early for a definitive judgment, since the institutions that the AU has developed to change attitudes need to be given an opportunity to work.

Author: Dr Tim Murithi Source: Murithi,T., 2007, 'The Responsibility to Protect, as Enshrined in Article 4 of the Constitutive Act of the African Union', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 11 pages (131KB)
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In light of the United Nations' (UN) failure to act in the 1990s, are Africa's experiments in cooperative security the future of peacekeeping? How do new approaches to peacekeeping affect the legitimacy of global multilateral security architecture? This article from African Security Review analyses hybrid missions and security collaboration in Africa. These approaches are responses to Africa's political, financial and operational constraints and should not be regarded as alternatives for UN-led peacekeeping.

Author: Timothy Othieno | Nhamo Samasuwo Source: Othieno,T. and Samasuwo,N., 2007, 'A Critical Analysis of Africa's Experiments with Hybrid Missions and Security Collaboration', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (153 kB)
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Is the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) an effective instrument for promoting peace and stability in Africa? How successfully does it address the links between peace, governance and development? This article from The African Security Review critically examines how the APRM self-assessment questionnaire covers conflict detection and prevention. Reviewing the first three APRM country reports, from Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda, it questions whether the APRM is an effective instrument for promoting peace. While the APRM could be useful in describing sources of conflict and tension, Africa should not rely on the APRM alone to prevent conflict.

Author: Steve Gruzd Source: Gruzd,S., 2007, 'Peace, Security and the African Peer Review Mechanism: Are the Tools up to the Task?', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 13 pages (152 kB)
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How successful has the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) been in protecting civilians? This study, by the Institute of Security Studies, assesses MONUC's strategy during its more passive phase from 2000 to 2004 and during the period from 2005, which included more forceful peace operations. The study concludes that, in its passive role, MONUC failed to protect civilians altogether. However, its more aggressive operations occasionally led to greater civilian abuse.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks,J., 2007, 'The Pitfalls of Action and Inaction: Civilian Protection in MONUC's Peacekeeping Operations', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (142.31KB)
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What challenges confront the peacebuilding agenda in Africa? To what extent have peacebuilding measures been undertaken in conflict-ridden African states? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges, extent and achievement of peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace. The experience of Sierra Leone demonstrates growing international recognition that peacebuilding should be an essential part of any multinational peacekeeping operation in Africa. While many positive developments have strengthened the prospects for long-term peace in Sierra Leone, several problems still need to be urgently addressed.

Author: Theo Neethling Source: Neethling,T., 2007, 'Pursuing Sustainable Peace Through Post-conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Sierra Leone', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (148 kB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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How can the use of gender analysis help improve post-conflict peace processes? This paper, published in Gender and Development, discusses the research methodology and results of the 2005 Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis (PCGA) conducted by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) in the Solomon Islands. The use of gender analysis to shape peace processes would help solidify women's gains in status and contribute to economic and civil society development.

Author: Annalise Moser Source: Moser, A., 2007, 'The Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis: UNIFEM's Research in the Solomon Islands' Gender and Development, volume 15, issue 2 Size: 10 pages (115 KB)
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Incentives and sanctions are used by external actors to try to stop armed conflicts in the short term. But are they effective in promoting peace? This research by Conciliation Resources argues that these instruments are often not used as part of a broader strategy aimed at resolving conflict. They are often a confused mix of coercion and assistance, which neither force nor encourage the conflict parties towards a negotiated settlement.

Author: Conciliation Resources Source: Conciliation Resources, 2007, 'Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peace processes', Conciliation Resources Joint analysis workshop report, UK Size: 20 pages (299KB)
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What is the impact of democratic governance on national security in Southern Africa? How does it affect collaboration in regional security? This study, by the Southern African Defence and Security Management Network (SADSEM), looks at the countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) - South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland and Tanzania. Taking both an historical and comparative perspective, it suggests that the relationship between democratisation, national security and security cooperation in the region is still not clear. The relationship depends on the stability of a country, the nature of its democratic transition and the degree of institutionalisation of its democratic governance.

Author: Gavin Cawthra (ed.) | Abillah Omari (ed.) Source: Cawthra,G., du Pisani,A. and Omari,A. (eds.), 2007, 'Security and Democracy in Southern Africa', The Wits P&DM Governance Series, Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa Size: 340 pages ()
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What is the cost of armed violence? IANSA, Saferworld and Oxfam's investigation into the cost of armed violence to Africa looks at where the weapons come from which feed this violence, and then highlights an important area where progress is urgently required at both African and international levels. Armed conflict alone has cost Africa around US$300bn since 1990. This is a massive waste of resources - roughly equivalent to all international aid to Africa from major donors during the same period.

Author: Oxfam | IANSA Source: Hillier,D., 2007, 'Africa's missing billions: International arms flows and the cost of conflict', Oxfam International, IANSA and Saferworld, Briefing Paper 107, UK Size: 38 pages (427 kB)
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There was widespread relief and satisfaction following the successful October 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Will the elections, however, improve the DRC's situation? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges facing the DRC beyond the elections. The problems facing the DRC will not be solved by the elections alone and will cripple the government if they are not immediately addressed. The elections should not serve as an exit strategy for the international community.

Author: David Kampf Source: Kampf, D. 2007. 'The Democratic Republic of Congo: Beyond the Elections', African Security Review, 16 (1), Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 5 pages (71 KB)
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General Laurent Nkunda has recently re-emerged as a threat to prospects for peace and stability in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). How can the situation best be defused? This report, by the Institute for Security Studies, suggests that the Congolese government should prioritise a political solution to the impasse rather than pursuing a military option, which can lead only to further suffering among the civilian population and further aggravate ethnic tensions.

Author: Stephanie Wolters Source: Wolters, S. 2007. 'Trouble in Eastern DRC: The Nkunda Factor', Situation Report, September 2007, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 11 pages (161KB)
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What is the relationship between corruption and armed conflict? What are the implications of corruption research for the study of conflict, and vice versa? This paper from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) discusses the causal impact of corruption on armed conflict and the impact of conflict on corruption. So far there has been little interaction between empirical corruption research and empirical research into civil wars. Bringing the two strands together enables the observation of anomalies that would have been difficult to detect within each field in isolation.

Author: Jens Christopher Andvig Source: Andvig, J.C. 2007. 'Corruption and armed conflicts: some stirring around in the governance soup', NUPI Working Papers, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo Size: 69 pages (538 kB)
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How can the United Nations play a more effective role in preventing violent conflict? This article from Global Governance analyses the UN's track record and potential role in regard to operational, structural and systemic conflict prevention activities. The UN has had limited effectiveness in implementing conflict prevention programmes, but shows greater potential as a norm setter and strategic centre of political action.

Author: Barnett R. Rubin | Bruce D. Jones Source: Rubin, B.R. and Jones, B.D. 2007. 'Prevention of Violent Conflict: Tasks and Challenges for the United Nations', Global Governance 13 (2007), 391-408 Size: 18 pages (75 KB)
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Do human rights violations contribute to internal conflict? What effects do different types of human rights violations have on the likelihood of conflict? This article from Human Rights Quarterly examines the links between violations of internationally recognised human rights and the emergence or escalation of internal conflict. It argues that while some human rights violations are associated with conflict emergence or escalation, it is difficult to establish precise causal links. Efforts to address the violation of human rights may, under certain circumstances, run the risk of contributing to conflict emergence or escalation.

Author: Oskar N. T. Thoms | James Ron Source: Thoms, O.N.T. and Ron, J. 2007. 'Do Human Rights Violations Cause Internal Conflict?', Human Rights Quarterly, 29(3), pp.674-705, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Size: 32 pages (1.82 MB)
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What role has land and resource scarcity played in violent conflict in Rwanda? How should the international transitional justice community integrate economic factors such as land distribution into reconciliation processes? This paper from the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation examines the role of land in conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda. It shows that land and resource scarcity are deeply linked to conflict and ethnicity in Rwanda. Unless land issues are integrated into transitional justice processes, reconciliation will remain superficial and the potential for violent conflict will remain.

Author: Zinaida Miller Source: Miller, Z. 2007. 'Constructing Sustainable Reconciliation: Land, Power, and Transitional Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda', Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Cape Town Size: 61 pages (318 kB)
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What do the Burundi peace negotiations reveal about the neo-liberal conception of peace that informs conflict resolution in Africa? Using the Burundi peace negotiations as an example, this article from Review of African Political Economy examines neo-liberal conflict resolution in Africa. Peace negotiations should be seen as political struggles, beyond that between the belligerents, due to the involvement of supporting actors promoting vested interests. Resulting peace agreements are not necessarily consensual or compromises for the sake of peace, but rather temporary stalemates between international, regional and local actors.

Author: Patricia Daley Source: Daley, P., 2007, 'The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace-making', Review of African Political Economy, 34(112) , pp.333 - 352 Size: 20 pages ()
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The emergence in the last decade of the human security concept has allowed security debate to refocus on the security of the individual, and to acknowledge the wider role that a range of actors play in security, including non-state actors. Children, however, remain largely invisible in the discussion. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) links child protection imperatives to post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Greater recognition of specific security issues affecting children can best be achieved through strengthening existing security governance frameworks and the human rights perspective of security.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D. 2007. 'Children's security in post-conflict peace building', Discussion Paper, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 20 pages (107 kB)
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How has Uganda attempted to reintegrate abductees and former combatants from the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) back into civilian life? This article from Conflict, Security and Development analyses disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) in northern Uganda and the challenges facing attempts to reintegrate former LRA combatants. It finds that the impact of Uganda's informal DDR process is limited by the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis. DDR will only succeed if it is part of a wider peacebuilding process.

Author: Anna Borzello Source: Borzello, A. 2007. 'The challenge of DDR in Northern Uganda: The Lord's Resistance Army', Conflict, Security & Development, 7(3), pp.387 - 415, Routledge, Oxford Size: 29 pages ()
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What determines the ability of ex-combatants to reintegrate into society? What impact do international disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) efforts have on reintegration? This article from the Journal of Conflict Resolution uses data on ex-combatants in Sierra Leone to analyse individual-level determinants of demobilisation and reintegration. It finds little evidence at the micro level to suggest that internationally funded DDR programmes facilitate demobilisation and reintegration.

Author: Macartan Humphreys | Jeremy M. Weinstein Source: Humphreys, M. and Weinstein, J. M. 2007. 'Demobilization and Reintegration', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4), pp.531-567, Yale University, New Haven Size: 38 pages (243 kB)
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To what extent has the United States developed a coherent and effective response to the challenge of precarious states? This article from the Center for Global Development (CGD) examines the US response to precarious states, evaluating progress made and highlighting remaining challenges. It finds that the US has yet to embrace an integrated, whole of government approach to the challenges posed by fragile, failing and war-torn countries.

Author: Stewart Patrick Source: Patrick, S. 2007. 'The U.S. Response to Precarious States: Tentative Progress and Remaining Obstacles to Coherence', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 32 pages (403 KB)
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To what extent has the World Bank incorporated gender considerations into its investments in post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) situations? This paper from Gender Action examines World Bank PCR investments for gender considerations, with particular attention to Angola, Cambodia, Colombia, Iraq, Sri Lanka and Rwanda. It shows that the World Bank has integrated gender considerations into its investments to only a limited extent. The Bank must integrate into PCR: 1) women-focused activities; 2) gender aware programming; and 3) the promotion of gender equality aimed at building peaceful societies.

Author: Elaine Zuckerman | Suzanna Dennis Source: Zuckerman, E., Dennis, S. and Greenberg, M. 2007. 'The Gender Dimensions of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The World Bank Track Record', Gender Action, Washington, D.C. Size: 68 pages (843 KB)
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How successful has the UN been in building peace in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2005? This article from Global Governance argues that the case of Afghanistan affirms the benefits of democratisation after war that seeks to bridge the gap in conceptions between old and new authority types. Institutionalisation of democratic authority should remain at the centre of peacebuilding because it creates the conditions necessary to mediate competing domestic interests and to address the causes of a conflict peacefully.

Author: Richard J. Ponzio Source: Ponzio, R. J. 2007. 'Transforming Political Authority: UN Democratic Peacebuilding in Afghanistan', Global Governance 13(2), pp.255-275 Size: 21 pages (219KB)
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How successful has the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) been in its first year of activity? What challenges confront the PBC? This report from ActionAid, CAFOD and Care International UK assesses the first year of the PBC's work in Sierra Leone and Burundi. It finds that the PBC's impact has been largely positive and well received, but that important challenges remain.

Author: Annie Street | Jennifer Smith Source: Street, A., Smith, J. and Mollet, H. 2007. 'Consolidating the peace?: views from Sierra Leone and Burundi on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission', ActionAid, CAFOD and CARE International Size: 44 pages (777kB)
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The international community currently favours an approach to development that stresses the triangular linkage between security, good governance and economic development. This approach informs the European Union's (EU) agenda in Africa. This paper, by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), argues that this agenda is as much determined by the bureaucratic and national affiliations of the concerned EU actors as it is by African realities and international trends. Specifically, African security triggers a competition between different EU institutions, eager to be the driving force behind additional resources and autonomy. Thus the consistency and credibility of the EU security policy in Africa will depend on the responses provided to these institutional rivalries.

Author: Niagalé Bagoyoko | Marie V. Gibert Source: Bagoyoko, N. and Gibert, M.V. 2007. 'The European Union in Africa: The Linkage Between Security, Governance and Development from an Institutional Perspective', IDS Working Paper 284, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton Size: 39 pages (229kB)
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What are the objectives, activities and principles involved in peace support operations (PSOs)? This guide from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides information and guidance for UK police personnel on international policing operations in PSOs. It outlines how police personnel should conduct police operations and rule of law activities on PSOs and sets out the main principles of democratic policing.

Author: FCO Library Source: FCO. 2007. 'Peace support operations: Information and guidance for UK police personnel', Police and Justice Team, Conflict Issues Group, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London Size: 60 pages (2.51 MB)
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Preventing and reducing the unauthorised diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) transfers is widely acknowledged to be a critical issue. The UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW includes strong commitments on this matter. This report, by Biting the Bullet, identifies processes by which SALW transfers are diverted to unauthorised recipients, outlines aspects of transfers that pose particular risks, and proposes measures to mitigate such risks. It also specifically considers existing and potential good practice with regard to end-user certificates (EUCs), preventing unauthorised re-export, and controlling transit of SALW.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E. 2007. 'Small arms and light weapons transfer controls to prevent diversion: Developing and implementing key programme of action commitments', Briefing: Biting the Bullet, Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 30 pages (1.08 MB)
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What role should Nepal's police play in broader efforts towards peacebuilding and national reconciliation? As the primary civil agency for law enforcement and the maintenance of public order, police are key actors in post-conflict environments. In this collection of essays, commissioned by Saferworld, Nepali authors consider police reform and development in post-conflict Nepal. Nepal's security institutions have not traditionally been subject to effective public scrutiny or democratic oversight. Debate, awareness raising and the development of indigenous capacities to address justice and security are critical.

Author: Simon Rynn (ed.) Source: Rynn, S. (ed.), 2007, 'Policing in Nepal: A collection of essays', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 99 pages (849 KB)
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How successful has minilateral cooperation among France, Germany, the United Kingdom (EU-3) and the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) been with regard to the Iranian nuclear crisis? This paper from European Security argues that minilateral cooperation in the Iranian case and in security affairs in general do not easily translate into multilateral cooperation.

Author: Sebastian Harnisch Source: Harnisch, S. (2007). 'Minilateral Cooperation and Transatlantic Coalition-Building: The E3/EU-3 Iran Initiative', European Security, 16(1), pp. 1-27, Routledge. Size: 28 pages ()
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As members of the Europe Union grapple with new security issues, will strongly held beliefs about sovereignty give way to an untested supranational order? This paper from European Security provides evidence that integration is already occurring, in large part because of the influential role of transnational experts in security technology. In the context of Europe, the possibility of a kind of EU Homeland Security is at the core of its future security role in the world.

Author: Mai'a K. Davis Cross Source: Cross, M.K.D. (2007). 'An EU Homeland Security? Sovereignty vs. Supranational Order', European Security, 16(1), pp. 79-97, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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How useful is financial surveillance as a method of countering terrorism? How much privacy should be exchanged for security? This study from the University of London argues that, in combating terrorist financing, the challenge is to identify the unknown risk without inhibiting the everyday transactions of ordinary citizens. This requires better intelligence on terrorist organisations and not terabytes of data recording the financial transactions of the population at large.

Author: William Vlcek Source: Vlcek, W. (2007). 'Surveillance to Combat Terrorist Financing in Europe: Whose Liberty, Whose Security?', European Security, 16(1), pp. 99-119, Routledge Size: 22 pages ()
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Why is the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faltering? Why have the demobilisation programmes been unsuccessful? This paper, from the School of Oriental and African Studies, analyses these problems against the background of the DRC's culture of violence, its informal politics and economy and the crises faced by ordinary people. Demobilisation programmes do not address fighters' motivations and the peace process has led to immediate gains by some parties while institutionalising destructive systems and long-term losses for the population.

Author: Zoë Marriage Source: Marriage, Z, 2007, 'Flip-flop rebel, dollar soldier: demobilisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 281-309, Routledge Size: 30 pages ()
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What is the key to the success of Tajikistan's post-war stabilisation? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development assesses demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in Tajikistan. It argues Tajikistan's post-war stability is in part attributable to how the country ignored conventional emphases on political liberalisation, demobilisation and disarmament. President Rakhmonov found a way to move Tajikistan forward that matched the local context. This highlights dangers of applying universal DDR strategies in highly specific local conditions.

Author: Stina Torjesen | S. Neil MacFarlane Source: Torjesen, S. and MacFarlane, S.N. (2007). 'R before D: the case of post conflict reintegration in Tajikistan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 311-332, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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What are the links between youth, security and development? How can security and development initiatives improve the lives of youths in developing countries? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines how youths feature in global security and development initiatives. It concludes that meeting youths' needs requires close collaboration among stakeholders, with financial assistance from development agencies helping bring together local, national and regional actors.

Author: Olawale Ismail | Abiodun Alao Source: Ismail, O. and Alao, A. (2007). 'Youths in the interface of development and security', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 3-25, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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What are the implications for human security (conflict and poverty) of low state capacity and resilience? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development suggests a model of state fragility that is based on the state's capacity to protect itself, deliver services and manage economic risks and on the state's resilience in negotiating social relations and political risks. By isolating initial conditions in a country, the model gives a truer picture of performance. It suggests a more appropriate aid distribution that takes into account fragility.

Author: Eka Ikpe Source: Ikpe, E. (2007). 'Challenging the discourse on fragile states', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 85-124, Routledge Size: 41 pages ()
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How can we explain the lack of coherence within international conflict-handling mechanisms? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the gaps in the international community's conflict-handling mechanisms from the perspective of coherence and organisational behaviour. It finds that organisational behaviour is one explanation for a lack of coherence and the various disconnects within international conflict-handling mechanisms. Ultimately, solutions to the organisational problems that inhibit coherence in international peace-building efforts will depend on political will.

Author: Randolph Kent Source: Kent, R, 2007, 'The Governance of Global Security and Development: Convergence, Divergence and Coherence', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 125- 65 Size: 41 pages ()
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How can the presence of 'other armed groups' (OAGs) be dealt with in building stability in post-conflict environments? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development looks at the 'White Army' militias in Sudan, who maintained an armed presence after Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It provides an analysis of both the forcible and voluntary disarmament strategies that were implemented by the Sudanese Government. It argues that organisations such as the UN, local government and NGOs played an important role in successful disarmament. But challenges remain in building sustainable conditions for peace.

Author: Matthew B. Arnold | Chris Alden Source: Arnold, M.B.; Alden, C. (2007). ''This gun is our food': Disarming the White Army militias of South Sudan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(3), pp. 361-385, Routledge. Size: 26 pages ()
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What progress have developing countries and their development partners made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What obstacles and challenges remain to meeting the goals by the target date of 2015? This report from the United Nations presents a comprehensive global assessment of progress towards achieving the MDGs. While some progress is being made, the MDGs will only be achieved if concerted additional action is taken immediately and sustained until 2015. All stakeholders must fulfil the commitments made in the Millennium Declaration and subsequent pronouncements.

Author: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Millennium Development Goals Report - 2007', United Nations, New York, USA Size: 21 pages (1.18 MB)
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How do Albanian and Serbian communities in Kosovo perceive plans for decentralisation? What are the threats to stability that arise from decentralisation? This paper from the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development examines plans for decentralisation in Kosovo. It finds that different perceptions, expectations, fears and interests drive the attitudes of Albanians and Serbs to decentralisation. All those involved in decentralisation must be prepared to respond in an appropriate and concerted manner to mitigate potential conflicts arising from decentralisation.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Bekim Çollaku Source: Dugolli, I., Çollaku, B. and Agimi, I. (2007). 'Ethnic Centralization and the Perils of Confusing Solutions', Discussion Paper, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 34 pages (351 kB)
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How do poverty and inequality causally interact with conflict? While there is a general view that poverty and inequality can lead to conflict, the nature of the links are less well appreciated. This paper draws out the links based on the recent economics literature and discusses their implications for policy. While inequality is a natural concomitant of economic processes, particularly those driven by the market, its implications for security emerge when unequal outcomes align with socio-political cleavages.

Author: Ravi Kanbur Source: Kanbur, R., 2007, 'Poverty and Conflict: The Inequality Link', International Peace Academy, New York. Size: 2 pages (29kb)
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How effective are international efforts to build peace? This paper, published by the International Peace Academy, assesses the status of international peace efforts and highlights chronic weaknesses in peacekeeping processes. In recent years, international and bi-lateral institutions have made efforts to fine-tune their peacebuilding processes. However, systemic issues of international political will and attention, resource allocation and a failure to recognise local contexts continue to affect the ability of international and national actors to establish enduring peace.

Author: Charles T. Call | Elizabeth M. Cousens Source: Call, C.T., E.M. Cousens, 2007, 'Ending Wars and Building Peace', Working with Crisis Working Paper Series, New York: International Peace Academy. Size: 22 pages (333 kB)
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How is peacebuilding interpreted in meaning and practice? To what extent has it been institutionalised? Peacebuilding is generically defined as external interventions designed to prevent armed conflict. This article, published in Global Governance, surveys twenty-four governmental and intergovernmental bodies that are active in peacebuilding. It analyses how they conceptualise and operationalise their peacebuilding mandate, along with mapping areas of potential concern. It finds that most programmes have focused on the immediate or underlying causes of conflict, to the relative neglect of state institutions.

Author: Michael Barnett | Hunjoon Kim Source: Barnett, M., Kim, H., O'Donnell, M., and Sitea, L., 2007. 'Peacebuilding: What is in a Name?' Global Governance, 13: 35-38. Size: 24 pages (117 kB)
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The past decade has seen growing numbers of governments and organisations devote resources to interventions intended to avert or end conflict. How can these be evaluated? This report from CDA Collaborative Learning Projects (CDA) represents a step in the development of practical evaluation guidance. Scope, conflict analysis, impacts, skills and tools all need to be considered. Next steps should include donor experimentation with evaluations, an annual review of evaluations and a policy review.

Author: Mary B. Anderson | Diana Chigas Source: OECD-DAC, 2007, 'Encouraging Effective Evaluation of Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Activities: Toward DAC Guidance', A Joint Project of the DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation and DAC Network on Development Evaluation, Paris. Size: 2 pages (35.5)
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A focus on "root causes" of civil war would not improve peacebuilding interventions and could even be counterproductive. This paper, published by the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, disputes the explanation that interventions fail in part because they fail to address root causes of civil war. The most pressing question for peacebuilding missions is not why civil war occurs, but how we intervene and improve on currently inadequate results.

Author: Susan L. Woodward Source: Woodward, S.L., 2007, 'Do the Root Causes of Civil War Matter? On Using Knowledge to Improve Peacebuilding Operations', Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, vol. 1, no. 2, 143-170. Size: 50 pages (126 kB)
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How successful has the recent post-war reconstruction of Afghanistan been in the light of historical experiences of similar reforms? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the conflation of post war reconstruction with a broader agenda for development and modernisation has brought out a wide range of tensions associated with social change. The entire project shows signs of severe contradictions that are adding to the problems caused by the growing insurgency.

Author: Astri Suhrke Source: Suhrke, A., 2007, 'Reconstruction as Modernization: the 'post-conflict' project in Afghanistan', Third World Quarterly, 28:7, 1291-1308. Routledge Size: 19 pages (182KB)
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What are the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration standards (IDDRS)? This paper acts as a guideline to IDDRS. In a peacekeeping context there has been a trend towards complex operations that seek to deal with a wide variety of issues rather than traditional peacekeeping. The IDDRS provide the UN system with a set of policies, guidelines and procedures for the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR programmes in a peacekeeping context.

Author: UNDDR Source: United Nations. 2007. Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS). New York. Size: 1 pages (26.5kb)
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Which influences shaped the 1999 Sierra Leone peace agreement? The peace accord is remembered for the blanket, unconditional amnesty granted to all warring parties, which met with strong international condemnation. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and International Center for Transitional Justice article tracks the discussions and influences that resulted in the Lome Accord. It finds that the amnesty was determined by the incontestable political and military realities of the time. Focusing particularly on issues of justice and accountability, it also assesses the impact of the accord in succeeding years.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner, P., 2007, 'Negotiating Peace in Sierra Leone: Confronting the Justice Challenge', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 40 pages ()
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What is the impact of the War of Terror (WOT) on development aid? This study, by the North-South Institute, examines the way in which WOT has affected the orientation and efficacy of official development assistance (ODA). It argues that ODA has become a tool for the realisation of the goals of WOT. Aid for political and security purposes has undermined support for development priorities.

Author: Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, K., (2007), 'Security, the War on Terror and Official Development Assistance', Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 32 pages (343KB)
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How can the international community facilitate security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans? This report, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium, reviews democratic standards in SSR and security sector governance (SSG) in the region. European integration is the stimulus for countries to undertake SSR in the region. However, there is a lot to be done to reach the SSG standards necessary for EU and NATO accession. Local ownership and the capacity of international actors to coordinate their activities need to be addressed.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Staničić, M. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in South East Europe - from a Necessary Remedy to a Global Concept: 13th Workshop of the Study Group "Regional Stability in South East Europe"', Austrian National Defence Academy, DCAF and the PfP Consortium. Size: 171 pages (823KB)
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The UN requires all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect people from sexual violence. However, this report by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces suggests that there has been little sharing of experiences between states regarding the measures required, or on good practice in addressing crimes of sexual violence. There needs to be a coordinated effort on strategies within the security sector to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and in post-conflict security sector reform.

Author: Megan Bastick | Karen Grimm Source: Bastick, M., Grimm, K. and Kunz, R. (2007). 'Sexual violence in armed conflict - global overview and implications for the security sector', Geneva: DCAF. Size: 216 pages ()
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Highly politicised and unaccountabe security sectors in fragile states fuel the demand for small arms and light weapons (SALW).This paper, published by Project Ploughshares, analyses the cyclical nature of security sectors and violent conflict, and suggests measures to improve accountability and reduce the demand for SALW. While SSR can be the driving force in establishing secuirty sector accountability, increased public participation would also reduce the demand for SALW and increase the chances for sustainable reform.

Author: Dominick Donald | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Donald, D. and Olonisakin, F. (2007). 'Security sector reform and the demand for small arms and light weapons', Project Ploughshares briefing 01/07. Size: 3 pages (27 kB)
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Girls within armed groups have generally been neglected by scholars, governments and policymakers. This Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) paper traces the experiences of girls in armed conflict in Angola, Sierra Leone, Mozambique and Uganda. It finds that girls in fighting forces are rendered invisible and marginalised during and after conflict, although they are fundamentally important to armed groups. They experience victimisation, perpetration and insecurity, but are also active agents and resisters.

Author: Myriam Denov Source: Denov, M., 2007, 'Girls in Fighting Forces: Moving Beyond Victimhood', Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Size: 41 pages (680 kB)
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Is the privatisation of public security a viable alternative to multilateral conflict management? This study suggests that there are legitimate roles for private military contractors (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs). However, these companies have often exacerbated conflicts, facilitated human rights abuses and hampered the consolidation of African states. Rather than promoting PSCs and PMCs, the international community should empower UN and the institutions of conflict resolution that are being put in place by African countries themselves.

Author: Mpako H Foaleng Source: Foaleng, M.H. (2007). 'Private military and security companies and the nexus between natural resources and civil wars in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 39-56. Size: 18 pages (968KB)
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Private military and security companies are associated with mercenaries. This mistaken labelling undermines the useful work they do, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. The increased use of private companies in peace operations has become a fact of life. They assist the international community in ending suffering in some of the world's most brutal conflicts. It is important, therefore, that the positive contributions of the private sector are openly supported within a robust, legal and ethical framework.

Author: J J Messner Source: Messner, J.J. (2007). 'Ethical security: The private sector in peace and stability operations', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 57-70. Size: 12 pages (968KB)
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Many people believe that private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs) operate in a legal vacuum in conflict zones. This is not true, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. In all armed conflict, international humanitarian law (IHL) applies. It provides a legal framework to protect civilians from the effects of the hostilities. As many PSCs and PMCs come into contact with people protected by IHL, it is essential for them to know and respect this body of law.

Author: Jamie Williamson | Sabelo Gumedze (ed.) Source: Williamson, J. (2007). 'Private security companies and private military companies under international humanitarian law', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 89-96. Size: 7 pages (968KB)
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Does international humanitarian law (IHL) define private security contractors as civilians or combatants in armed conflict? This study, from the Institute of Security Studies, shows that the distinction between civilian and combatant hinges on the notion of 'direct participation in hostilities'. This principle is poorly defined in the law and there are few judicial decisions to clarify it. Nevertheless, private security contractors must know their rights and responsibilities under IHL otherwise they could lose their legal protection or be liable to criminal prosecution.

Author: Katherine Fallah Source: Fallah, K. (2007). 'Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 97-123. Size: 26 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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What do Palestinians think about the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process in the Palestinian Territories? How would they like to see their security sector evolve? This book, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, offers Palestinian perspectives on security sector governance and highlights ways to begin reform. It argues that if international assistance is to promote stability it needs a better understanding of Palestinian security needs as well as Palestinian views of the achievements and challenges of SSR, and a supportive environment.

Author: Roland Friedrich (ed.) | Arnold Luethold (ed.) Source: Friedrich, R. & Luethold, A. (Eds.), 2007, 'Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 180 pages ()
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Why do cluster munitions pose a particular hazard to civilians during hostilities and post-conflict reconstruction? How can the international community deal with these hazards? This guide by the Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining provides practical information on addressing the impact of unexploded cluster munitions on civilians. Cluster munitions, by design, deliver submunitions over a wide area and are a specific post-conflict hazard to settled and returnee populations. The Oslo Declaration commits states to prohibiting cluster weapons, providing adequate assistance to victims, and decontaminating affected areas.

Author: Davide Orifici Source: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2007, 'A Guide to Cluster Munitions', GICHD, Geneva Size: 93 pages (4.2 MB)
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How successful was the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in dealing with the past conflict and human rights abuses of the apartheid era? What lessons can be learned in using TRCs in other countries? This paper by the Institute for Strategic Studies, South Africa, analyses the limitations as well as the successes of the South African TRC. Many regard South Africa's TRC as a model transitional justice approach However, the moral, political and legal questions generated by it remain debated. TRCs should be seen as important building blocks within more comprehensive frameworks for societal transformation, not ends in themselves.

Author: Kisiangani Emmanuel Source: Emmanuel, K., 2007, 'Between principle and pragmatism in transitional justice: South Africa's TRC and peace building', ISS Paper 156, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (392 kB)
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How has the nature of violence changed in the post-Cold War era? What can be done to stop, or at least reduce, the potential for increased violence? This policy paper for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) presents a variety of different perspectives on recent trends in conflict and security. Non-traditional warfare is on the increase, and in the form of terrorism and international crime poses an increasingly complex challenge. Violence has diversified and the potential for it increased. A holistic perspective is needed for both analysis and response.

Author: Alyson Bailes | Keith Krause Source: Bailes, A., Krause, K., and Winkler, T., 2007, 'The Shifting Face of Violence', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 50 pages (380 KB)
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How can issues of donor incoherence and a lack of local ownership around security sector reform (SSR) be addressed in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) policy paper argues that a common ECOWAS agenda would help resolve such issues. It examines the rationale, opportunities and challenges of a common ECOWAS agenda and highlights the challenges and constraints a common agenda faces.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Towards a Common ECOWAS Agenda on Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva Size: 33 pages (239 kB)
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Civil unrest reduces potential for economic growth and poverty reduction. But what triggers civil unrest in society and how can it be prevented? This paper from the Households in Conflict Network analyses the comparative merits of redistributive transfers in preventing and reducing civil unrest. In the medium-term, redistributive transfers are more successful and cost-effective than more direct intervention. Policing is at best a short-term strategy and may, in the longer term, trigger further social discontent.

Author: Patricia Justino Source: Justin, P., 2007, 'Carrot or stick? Redistributive Transfers Versus Policing in Contexts of Civil Unrest', HiCN Working Paper 33, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton Size: 2 pages (40KB)
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What lessons can the learned from the 2003 peace process in Liberia? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue article aims to record the dynamics, actors and elements that determined how and why many of the key decisions were taken that resulted in the 2003 peace agreement. It argues that leaving questions of justice, accountability and the rule of law open for the future may be the optimal approach to negotiating peace.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner, P., 2007, 'Negotiating peace in Liberia: Preserving the Possibility for Justice', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 32 pages (185KB)
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Afghans see their police more as a source of fear than security. But Afghanistan needs a police service not a police force. This research by International Crisis Group argues that policing goes to the very heart of state-building since a national institution that provides security and justice is central to government legitimacy. Police reform should focus on accountability, ethnic representation and professionalism. It should also depoliticise and institutionalise appointments and procedures. The police should not be used to fight the insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Reforming Afghanistan's Police', Asia Report N°138, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 35 pages (731 kB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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How is Burundi's security sector reform progressing? How well are international partners helping to create a sustainable peace and protect civilians through effective security sector reform? This paper, by The North-South Institute and the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits, assesses international contributions to police reform, transformation of the military and civilian disarmament in Burundi. The paper draws on the results of a population survey on perceptions of security and priorities for reform of the security sector. On the basis of these survey results and extensive interviews, the paper argues that the range of international initiatives designed to support national efforts to reform the police and the military and to disarm the population could make an important contribution if a number of keys gaps in the areas of training and enforcement, consultation, coordination and oversight are addressed.

Author: Kristiana Powell Source: Powell, K., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Protection of Civilians in Burundi: Accomplishments, Dilemmas and Ideas for International Engagement', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, The North-South Institute, Ottawa Size: 52 pages (523KB)
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How is security sector reform progressing in Burundi? Are the principles of the Arusha peace agreement being applied? This paper, by the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits (CENAP) and the North-South Institute, looks at how the principles of the Arusha Agreement and the other agreements governing Burundi's peace process are being applied. It suggests that despite significant progress in security sector reform, many challenges remain in terms of operational weaknesses, lack of training and lack of logistical and material resources.

Author: Willy Nindorera Source: Nindorera, W, 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Burundi: Issues and Challenges for Improving Civilian Protection', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflicts (CENAP), Bujumbura, and The North-South Institute, Ottawa. Size: 49 pages (480KB)
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What are the challenges facing justice reform in Haiti? What lessons have been learned from the failed interventions of the 1990s? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines Haiti's justice system, efforts at reform and the security crisis. It argues that Haitians and international donors need to review past failures and devise, fund and implement a comprehensive rule-of-law strategy. Building a sustainable criminal justice system will require both short-term actions to address the current crisis and longer-term institution-building.

Author: www.crisisgroup.org Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Justice Reform and the Security Crisis', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°14, 31 January 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 16 pages (204 kB)
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How can an independent Palestinian state be made successful? This RAND Corporation book explores the options for structuring the institutions of a future Palestinian state - with a focus on governance and internal security - so as to promote the state's chances of success. A new Palestinian state will need to be characterised by good governance, with state legitimacy a key factor. Also, Palestine's internal security will require assistance from the US and the international community.

Author: RAND Source: The RAND Palestinian State Study Team, 2007, 'Building a Successful Palestinian State', RAND, USA Size: 453 pages (2.81MB)
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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To what extent might security sector reform help prevent, contain or defeat terrorism? This paper by the Danish Institute for International Studies looks at various approaches to counterterrorism, distinguishing between prevention, active defence and passive defence. It also considers different settings of reform - in the West and in developing countries. It argues that whatever links there may be between SSR and counterterrorism these are likely to be concrete and context-specific. Particular elements of Security Sector Reform (SSR) may be useful against specific forms of terrorism under specific conditions.

Author: Bjorn Moller Source: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Fight Against Terrorism', DIIS Report 2007:12, DIIS, Copenhagen Size: 38 pages (999.5KB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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How can the Liberian parliament gain greater oversight of its security sector? This King's College London report highlights the outcomes of a workshop held in Accra, Ghana to assess the authority, ability, and attitude of the Liberian legislature to conduct security sector oversight. It is essential that the necessary support is provided to the Liberian legislature so that as the constitutional custodian of the security sector it efficiently undertakes its vital role.

Author: Eka Ikpe Source: DCAF, 2007, 'Interactive Needs Assessment for Security Sector Oversight for Liberian Legislature', 28-30 March 2007 at Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 37 pages (238 kB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How successful has post-conflict peacebuilding in Liberia been? This Centre for International Peace Operations (ZIF) report outlines the findings of an international seminar held in Accra, Ghana to assess peacebuilding since the establishment of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) in September 2003. There has been significant progress in stabilising the country but there remain many loose ends. Setbacks could yet destabilise the country and even lead to renewed conflict.

Author: Tobias von Gienanth | Thomas Jaye Source: KAIPTC/ZIF, 2007, 'Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Liberia', Report of the Third Annual KAIPTC / ZIF Seminar Accra, Ghana November 1 - 3, 2007, Berlin Size: 127 pages (408 kB)
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What role does local government (LG) play in post-conflict reconstruction? What are the key issues for local government in post-conflict (PC) contexts? This paper, published by the United Nations Development Programme, reviews the literature on local government in post-conflict environments. There is a lack of research on LG in PC environments. Further research is required on the role of LG in conflict prevention, service delivery and establishing security, and on building LG legitimacy. LG is either a stabilising or exacerbating factor in PC contexts. Donors must recognise the significance of LG and engage with LG in PC environments.

Author: Paul Jackson | Zoe Scott Source: Jackson, P. and Scott, Z., 2008, 'Local Government in Post-Conflict Environments', paper commissioned for the Workshop on Local Government in Post-Conflict Situations: Challenges for Improving Local Decision Making and Service Delivery Capacities, Oslo, Norway, 28-29 November 2007, UNDP Size: 34 pages (400 KB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the costs and benefits of engagement in regional peacekeeping? Has Ghana been consistent in implementing its foreign policy objectives and the principles of ECOWAS security policies? This paper, for the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Ghana, analyses the factors which contribute to Ghana's engagement in regional peacekeeping. Ghana's participation in maintaining sub-regional peace and security has increased since the 1990s, but the country has been inconsistent in its promotion of regional security. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive security document and institutional reform that will incorporate defence, national security, and foreign policies.

Author: Emma Agyakoma Birikorang Source: Birikorang, E., 2007, 'Ghana's Regional Security Policy: Costs, Benefits and Consistency', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 16 pages (236 kB)
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What policies make for successes and for failures in security sector reform (SSR) in post-war reconstruction situations? This book chapter, published by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, critically examines the case of Sierra Leone, which undertook to rebuild state security with extensive international assistance. One of the principal arguments is that the process of SSR reform must be spearheaded and owned by Sierra Leoneans themselves in order to be sustainable.

Author: Osman Gibla Source: Gbla, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 13-36 Size: 24 pages (163 kB)
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What are the challenges of security sector (SSR) reform in West Africa? This Institute of Security Studies paper argues that challenges range from the concept of security to the freedom from dependency on the West in terms of strategic thinking and funding. The SSR agenda must concentrate on public safety, especially in urban areas. This will form a solid foundation for the internal stability that is needed for political, social and economic development.

Author: Ishola Williams Source: Williams, I., 2007, 'The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in West Africa', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 37-50 Size: 14 pages (107 kB)
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This chapter in Justice as Prevention examines two approaches to personnel vetting in Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement. It examines UN efforts to screen and certify the police, and the reappointment of judges and prosecutors by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils (HJPC). It argues that efforts to build public institutions to prevent the recurrence of abuses should generally not be limited to excluding abusers, but requires comprehensive institutional reform, including a full review of personnel.

Author: Alexander Mayer-Rieckh Source: Mayer-Rieckh, A., 2007, 'Vetting to Prevent Future Abuses: Reforming the Police, Courts, and Prosecutor's Offices in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Chapter 5 in Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies, A. Mayer-Rieckh and P. de Greiff, (eds.), Social Science Research Council, New York Size: 41 pages (224KB)
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What assistance do East African states require to effectively address the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? What are the challenges facing such SALW assistance? Drawing on a case study of East Africa, this report from the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) discusses international assistance for implementing the UN Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in SALW. It finds that while East African states are acting against the illicit SALW trade, lack of capacity means that long-term success cannot be assured. A strong administrative and governing sector is essential to sustain the benefits of any initiative to address the illicit trade in SALW and to deter the types of SALW crime that flourish as a result of weak infrastructure. International assistance and improving the allocation and coordination of that assistance to address SALW is necessary to make sure that East African states' efforts are not in vain.

Author: Kerry Maze | Hyunjoo Rhee Source: Maze,K.,Rhee,H., 2007, 'International Assistance for Implementing the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects: Case Study of East Africa' , Report prepared for the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 44 pages (504 kB)
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How can sustainable peace be achieved in the Horn of Africa? This paper by the Institute for Security Studies argues that Security Sector Reform (SSR) is central to stability in the Horn. But any SSR strategy must be based on a thorough understanding of the regional and national contexts. This will require all stakeholders to work in a participative manner. Crude, incomplete analyses are unproductive and can undermine the whole process of reform.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M., 2007, 'Overcoming Challenges for Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', in Len le Roux and Yemane Kidane (eds) Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Monograph No 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (100KB)
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The pastoral Karamoja region of Uganda today is marked by a culture of guns, under-development, little government presence and a nearly complete lack of law and order. This report, published by Tufts University, examines the region's pattern of guns and violence and the failure of recent attempts to disarm the Karamoja people. Governments and the international community must stop proposingsolutions based on ignorance of the ecology, livelihoods and culture of the Karamoja.

Author: Darlington Akabwai | Priscillar E. Ateyo Source: Akabwai, D. and Atevo, P.E., 2007, The scramble for cattle, power and guns in Karamoja: How can stability be established in the Karamoja region, Uganda?, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Size: 49 pages (1.55 KB)
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Why has statebuilding in Somalia failed so often? This research from Davidson College suggests that the problem lies in the type of state that both external and local actors have so far sought to construct. Somalia needs to develop a mediated state in which a central government with limited power and capacity relies on a range of local authorities to execute core functions of government and mediate between local communities and the state.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkahus, K., 2007, Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106 Size: 33 pages (361KB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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The totalitarian dictatorship that prevails in Eritrea does not permit a direct entry point for the implementation of security sector reform (SSR). This paper, published by the Institute for Security Studies, discusses current country conditions that impede SSR, regional security issues and examines Eritrean opposition as a possible SSR entry point. The best method for laying the groundwork for SSR in Eritrea is to advance democratic change internally, accompanied by international pressure for democratic elections.

Author: Herui T Bairu | Institute for Security Studies Source: Bairu, H., 2007, 'The security situation in Eritrea: Its implications for the region and its challenges to security sector reform', in L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane (eds), Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Institute for Security Studies, Monograph Series, No. 135, Pretoria, pp. 53-74 Size: 96 pages (470.6 kB)
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What factors have influenced the reintegration into society of ex-combatants from the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies assesses the reintegration of ex-UNITA combatants in three of the most contested provinces in Angola's civil war. It examines the relationship between reintegration, on the one had, and vulnerability, identity, social capital, sustainable livelihoods and political participation, on the other.

Author: J Gomes Porto | Imogen Parsons Source: Porto J.G., Parsons I., Alden C., 2007, 'From Soldiers to Citizens - The Social, Economic and Political Integration of UNITA Ex-Combatants', Monograph 130, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 171 pages (1.21 MB)
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How can statebuilding be improved? This paper from the University of California argues that successful statebuilding may be possible if the international community adopts a new framework. It presents a relational concept, using Somalia and Somaliland as case studies, and identifies alternative ways to rebuild state legitimacy.

Author: David Lake Source: Lake D., 2007, 'Building Legitimate States After Civil Wars: Order, Authority, and Institutions', University of California, San Diego Size: 95 pages (902KB)
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Minority issues lie at the heart of many of the world's conflicts. Yet minority rights are often marginalised in peace processes and conflict prevention programmes. This study, by the Minority Rights Group, looks at Chechnya, Darfur, Kashmir, Kosovo and Sri Lanka. Understanding the warning signs provided by minority rights violations could prevent conflicts. Groups should not be separated along ethnic, religious or linguistic lines as a way of creating peace, as such divisions can entrench old hatreds and wounds in the long term.

Author: Clive Baldwin | Chris Chapman Source: Baldwin, C., Chapman, C. and Gray, Z., 2007, 'Minority Rights: The Key to Conflict Prevention'. Minority Rights Group International (MRG), Minority Rights Report, UK Size: 44 pages (435 KB)
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Is the UK government's response to violent conflict appropriate? Is it effective in helping warring parties create lasting peace agreements? This study by Conciliation Resources suggests that there are conceptual, policy, institutional and practice gaps in the UK's responses to violent conflict. The government should direct more of its diplomatic, political and economic resources to the resolution and prevention of conflict through increasing and improving support for peace processes.

Author: Dr Catherine Barnes Source: Barnes,C., 2007, 'Bridging the gap: Improving UK support for peace processes', Conciliation Resources, London, UK Size: 762 pages (40)
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Under what conditions can "track-two" mediation conducted by non-governmental actors contribute to the prevention of violence in intrastate conflicts? This paper, published by the Institute for Development and Peace, presents results of a case study of two intrastate mediation processes conducted by track-two mediators in Aceh. Results indicate that track-two mediation has the potential to prevent violent intrastate conflict as long as mediators enjoy political expertise and moral leverage.

Author: Barbara Kemper Source: Kemper, B., 2007, 'Mediation in Intrastate Conflicts: The Contribution of Track-Two Mediation Activities to Prevent Violence in the Aceh Conflict', INEF Report no. 88, Institute for Development and Peace, INEF, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg Size: 60 pages (705KB)
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What are the key challenges for peacekeeping operations? How might these be overcome? This paper from the International Peace Academy argues that peacekeeping should be thought of as a strategic tool, rather than a strategy, since it is not an end in itself. Many current peacekeeping missions are expected to carry out a mixture of protection, peacebuilding, and counter-insurgency. They require hybrid approaches that need to be better coordinated. A doctrine for 'peace enforcement' as the use of robust force for limited purposes must be developed.

Author: Richard Gowan | Ian Johnstone Source: Gowan, R. and Johnstone, I., 2007, 'New Challenges for Peacekeeping: Protection, Peacebuilding and the "War on Terror"', Working Paper, Coping with Crisis series, International Peace Academy Size: 26 pages (1.16MB)
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The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) initiative can play a crucial role in South-South cooperation in addressing conventional non-traditional security threats in the contemporary global order. This essay, published by the Centre for Policy Studies-Johannesburg, examines the challenges facing South Africa in its efforts to secure regional security and as an IBSA contributor. South Africa's future leadership role will depend upon the ability of regional political elites to balance addressing international and regional obligations while responding to critical domestic issues.

Author: M. Soko | Centre for Policy Studies-Johannesburg Source: Soko, M., 2007, 'IBSA Regional Security Dimensions: The South African Perspective', Policy: Issues and Actors, vol, 20, no. 6, Centre for Policy Studies, Johannesburg Size: 22 pages (294 kB)
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In the aftermath of the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War in Lebanon, the Gulf States and Jihad Al Bina, Hezbollah's reconstruction wing, undertook significant post-war reconstruction activities. This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the extent to which these reconstruction activities constitute an alternative to the liberal peace. While they do not have the critical mass or ambition to constitute a fully-fledged alternative, they reveal limitations in the liberal peace approach to reconstruction.

Author: Roger MacGinty Source: MacGinty, R. 2007. 'Reconstructing Post-War Lebanon: A Challenge to the Liberal Peace?', Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.457 - 482 Size: 27 pages (184 KB)
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How can economy-related activities help to address the factors that undermine sustainable peace? This report from International Alert centres on economic recovery in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Efforts are needed to promote job creation and shared income-generating opportunities, as well as to address the drivers of conflict and fragility, if long-term economic recovery is to be realised. In order to ensure that assistance contributes positively to transformational peacebuilding, donors must be prepared to bear high transaction costs, particularly in terms of staff on the ground and longer time frames.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2007, 'Peacebuilding in Eastern DRC: Improving EU Support for Economic Recovery', International Alert, London Size: 32 pages (368 KB)
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What impact do acts of terror have on cities in the global South? This paper examines the largely negative implications of terrorist activities for development and the potential of cities for propelling reconstruction and peace-building. While specific challenges faced by cities of the South cannot be under-estimated, urban terrorism is breaking down any sense of a rigid binary between the 'developed' and 'developing' worlds. The 'them' and 'us' attitude is misleading and damaging to both development co-operation and global security.

Author: Jo Beall Source: Beall, J., 2007, 'Cities, Terrorism and Urban Wars of the 21st Century', Working Paper, no. 9, Crisis States Research Centre, London Size: 22 pages (202 KB)
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Can civil society organisations play a role in building citizenship and confronting violent actors and acts of violence? This Institute of Development Studies Working Paper argues that they can, and explores civil society participation in Colombia and Gutamela. Building citizenship in chronic violence contexts requires simultaneous attention to citizenship and to violence, and it is also important to clarify the relationship between power and violence.

Author: Jenny Pearce Source: Pearce, J. (2007). 'Violence, Power and Participation: Building Citizenship in Contexts of Chronic Violence', IDS Working Paper 274, Institute of Development Studies Size: 66 pages (560KB)
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Terrorism is an urban phenomenon, with states undergoing rapid urbanisation under an increased risk. Historically youth bulges, in conjunction with rapid urbanisation, has been an important contributor to political violence; especially where unemployment and poverty exist. The existence of youth bulges significantly increases the risk of conflict. However, no thorough review exists over government targeted programmes aimed at mitigating the security risk posed by youth bulges. More research is therefore required over youth bulges, political violence and remedial policies; particularly in regards to urban settings.

Author: Henrik Urdal Source: Urdal, H., 2007, 'The Demographics of Political Violence: Youth Bulges, Insecurity and Conflict' in Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict and Security in the 21st Century, eds. L. Brainard and D. Chollet, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 90-100 Size: 11 pages (79.5)
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If the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) attracts more participation from Asian Pacific states, it could be an increasingly significant factor in the region's maritime security cooperation. This Institute of Strategic and International Studies paper analyses the PSI as a deterrent to sea transport of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the Asia Pacific. The PSI also requires an integrated, collective commitment to manage an effective response to the challenge of WMD transport by sea.

Author: Stanley Byron Weeks Source: Leong S., 2007, 'Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: Addressing the Concerns', in 'Peace in the Pacific: Confronting the Issues', in 'Peace in the Pacific: confronting the issues', Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: pp.191-248. Size: 30 pages ()
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What kind of conflict resolution approaches can effectively address intra-state wars based on identity? Liberal peace models were designed to deal with inter-state conflicts, and when applied to inter-ethnic conflicts bring limited success and often disastrous results. This article from the African Journal on Conflict Resolution argues that identities should be seen as key assets in building sustainable peace, justice and reconciliation. Regional peace and security mechanisms and traditional justice approaches should be used and international justice mechanisms approached with caution.

Author: Gerard Hagg | Peter Kagwanja Source: Hagg, G. and Kagwanja, P., 2007, 'Identity and Peace: Reconfiguring Conflict Resolution in Africa', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Special Issue on Identity and Cultural Diversity in Conflict Resolution in Africa, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 9-36 Size: 27 pages (1.3 MB)
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To what extent have peace agreements incorporated mechanisms for dealing with justice issues? This study from the Centre for Humanitarian dialogue analyses 77 verified peace processes from around the world between 1980 and 2006. Negotiating justice is a complex and difficult process, especially within a peace agreement involving a whole range of additional issues.

Author: Dr Leslie Vinjamuri | Aaron P Boesenecker Source: Vinjamuri, L. and Boesenecker, A., 2007, 'Accountability and Peace Agreements: Mapping Trends from 1980 to 2006', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 56 pages (315 KB)
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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The African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework, developed by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) aims to ensure that the peace, security, humanitarian and development dimensions of African post-conflict reconstruction systems should be directed towards a common objective. In this context, this paper published by the German Development Institute examines the challenges facing post-conflict reconstruction systems in Africa, focusing on the new interfaces between security and development. The paper finds that a more coherent post-conflict reconstruction strategy is required.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2006, 'New Interfaces between Security and Development', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S.,. Bonn, Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 13 pages (833 KB)
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How has our understanding of and approach to human security evolved in relation to the war on terrorism? This paper published by the German Development Institute explores human security as a technology of international governance, examining how the concept facilitates our understanding of populations living in ineffective states. It argues that the war on terrorism has deepened the interconnection between development and security, refocusing aid towards populations, regions and issues seen to present a risk to security.

Author: M. Duffield Source: Duffield, M., 2006, 'Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S., Bonn, DIE Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 28 pages (833 KB)
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What political, financial and logistical considerations are key to ensuring the success of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes? This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies reviews the lessons learnt from the recent DDR process in Afghanistan. It argues that the programme was a relative success, supported by a unified control structure, flexible funding and strong national ownership. However, the programme also suffered from undue politicisation, unrealistic targets and an inadequate public information campaign.

Author: Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Thrueson, P. D., 2006, 'From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration in Afghanistan', DIIS Report 2006, no. 7, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. Size: 60 pages (607 kB)
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What national security challenges does the United States face? How will it mitigate those threats through economic policy, military action, diplomatic engagement and domestic institutional reform? This paper from the US National Security Council explores international development and security trends as they impact upon US national interests. It outlines Washington's policy to address poverty, regional instability and terrorism by expanding free trade, promoting democracy, developing cooperative alliances and disabling terrorist networks.

Author: National Security Council (USA) Source: National Security Council, 2006, 'The National Security Strategy of the United States of America', National Security Council, Washington D.C. Size: 54 pages (653 kB)
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What new challenges confront civilian crisis response programmes? How has the European Union's (EU's) response met these challenges? This paper from the Crisis Management Initiative outlines the new risks and opportunities faced by the crisis management community amid the proliferation in media coverage of worldwide crises. It argues that the EU's longstanding experience and wide-ranging capabilities leave it well-placed to contribute effectively to the increasingly important areas of peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: K Rintakoski | M Setälä Source: Rintakoski, K., Setala, M. and Ricci, A., 2006, 'From Needs to Solutions: Enhancing the Civilian Crisis Management Capacity of the European Union', CMI, Helsinki Size: 9 pages (301 KB)
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How did the manner in which the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was negotiated contribute to its failure to establish peace? This article, by the Crisis States Research Centre of the London School of Economics, examines the process of negotiations that took place between November 2005 and May 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria, leading to the signing of the DPA. It argues that the deadlines imposed by officials and the intransigence of the parties at the talks prevented effective mediation and contributed to the failure of the DPA to achieve peace. Ending civil wars requires patience and peace agreements have to be shaped and owned by the parties, not forced upon them.

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2006, 'No Ownership, No Peace: The Darfur Peace Agreement', Working Paper, Crisis States Research Centre Size: 21 pages (186 KB)
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What factors have led to the failure of the international mission in Afghanistan to achieve its objectives of security and stability? Five years after their removal from power, the Taliban are back and have substantial support and effective military control over half of Afghanistan. This report from The Senlis Council argues that prioritising a narrow militaristic agenda over cooperation and development has left the fundamental problems of poverty and instability unaddressed.

Author: The Senlis Council Source: The Senlis Council, 2006, 'Afghanistan Five Years Later: The Return of the Taliban', The Senlis Council, London Size: pages ()
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What is the most effective form of aid for countries undergoing the immediate transition from war to peace? Can direct cash transfers to ex-combatants be successfully employed as part of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages? This Overseas Development Institute paper examines empirical evidence of cash transfer programmes in West Africa. It argues that cash transfers can indeed be a successful tool when used in the immediate 'reinsertion', or post-demobilisation stage of the transition process. However, success depends on appropriate choices on how to implement the cash transfer package. Inappropriate implementation can have negative implications for local, national and regional security and development.

Author: Sigrid Willibald Source: Willibald, S., 2006, 'Does Money Work? Cash Transfers to Ex-combatants in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Processes', Disasters, vol. 30 pp. 316-339, September Size: pages (1.7 MB)
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes play a critical role in transitions from war to peace and are integral to peacekeeping operations and post-conflict reconstruction. Implementation of DDR programs, however, remains problematic. This briefing note from the Netherlands Institute of International Relations (Clingendael Institute) addresses some problems that practitioners will encounter with DDR program design and implementation. Providing guidance questions and an overview of lessons learned from recent experience, it recommends that DDR be seen as part of a broader political process. DDR should be tailored to local political and economic situations and be embedded within a comprehensive framework for enhancing security, peace consolidation and economic recovery.

Author: Nicole Ball | Luc van de Goor Source: Ball, N. and Goor, L. van de, 2006, 'Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas and Guiding Principles', Clingendael Security and Conflict Programme, August Size: 28 pages (107 KB)
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The link between transitional justice and security sector reform (SSR), although acknowledged, has not been sufficiently explored. This article by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) attempts to establish that they can mutually affect each other in numerous ways. This can have both positive and negative impacts upon long-term reform and sustainable peace. It also evaluates the merits and challenges faced by transitional justice mechanisms and argues for a complimentary approach to transitional justice.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobbek, E., 2006, 'Transitional Justice and Security Sector Reform: Enabling Sustainable Peace', DCAF, Geneva Size: 99 pages (1166 kB)
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What lessons can we learn from the conflict in Darfur? This paper from Minority Rights International analyses events in the terms of structural and operational conflict prevention. It argues that the catalogue of political and institutional failures before and during the civil war indicates a need to address minority rights issues at every stage of conflict prevention. Institutional improvements in conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms will help avoid repeating the mistakes of Darfur in the future.

Author: Sharath Srinivasan Source: Srinivasan, S., 2006, 'Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur', Minority Rights Group International, London Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Why is it so difficult to translate an awareness of gender injustice into workable plans for post-conflict reconstruction? Evidence shows that while women are largely absent from formal peace negotiations, they do make a significant contribution at the grassroots level. Yet this gender awareness has not been incorporated into practice. This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) draws on African feminism to argue for a balanced position between cultural relativism and a 'one size fits all' solution to this problem.

Author: Heidi Hudson Source: Hudson, H., 2006, 'Human security and peacebuilding through a gender lens', Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Working Paper no. 2006/ 37 Size: 2 pages ()
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What effect have attempts to alter the Security Sector Reform (SSR) agenda to meet immediate security challenges had on the overall state-building project in Afghanistan? This article by Mark Sedra provides an interim assessment of the SSR process and evaluates the strength of the foundations that it has set for the sector. The country's precarious political balance, depressed national economy and volatile security situation have created a difficult environment in which to implement SSR.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The Slide Towards Expediency', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 13, No.1, pp.94-110. Size: 18 pages (139kb)
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What challenges are faced by the European Union (EU) in terms of its future engagements in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)? This concept from the EU is based on lessons learned in the International Community. It aims at ensuring a common understanding with potential partners and includes clear principles for EU support and measures for strengthening the Union's work in this area.

Author: Source: European Union, 2006, 'EU Concept for support to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)', European Commission and Council of the European Union, Brussels Size: 27 pages (116 kB)
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Data collection systems that compile information on injuries caused by small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in south-eastern Europe (SEE) countries vary in quality and do not inform policy making processes. This report by Larry Attree for SEESAC discusses a survey of armed violence data collection systems currently used in SEE. It provides country-specific information and recommends systems improvements. All SEE countries need to improve the distribution of data collection and analysis of SALW injuries to the policy making community.

Author: Larry Attree Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Strategic overview of armed violence data collection and analysis mechanisms (South Eastern Europe)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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How have internal conflicts affected the distribution and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Moldova? What effect does Moldova's constitutional arrangement have on its capacity to address SALW issues? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Moldova.

Author: David Wood Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Moldova', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 169 pages (5.79 MB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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While peace and justice advocates share ultimate goals, the short-term concerns and tactics of practitioners in the two fields may differ dramatically. This paper by Hurst Hannum argues that the two disciplines need to build on their shared values of impartiality, independence and concern for the less powerful while maintaining the distinctive features of each approach. Collaboration between the two disciplines is feasible, particularly as the international community increases its knowledge of the limits and possibilities of outside intervention.

Author: Hurst Hannum Source: Hannum, H., 2006, 'Peace versus Justice: Creating Rights as well as Order out of Chaos', International Peacekeeping, Vol.13, No.4, pp.582-595. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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Divisions, rivalries and fragmentation of authority in the international community constitute as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as division and incoherence in war-torn nation states. Authored by Barnett R Rubin, this paper examines attempts to rebuild the Afghan state that illustrate the deficiencies of aid and assistance programmes as currently practiced by international institutions. Peacebuilding mechanisms proposed by the United Nations (UN) Secretary General's High-level Panel would bring order to the array of actors currently involved in international peacebuilding.

Author: Barnett R Rubin Source: Rubin, B. R., 2006, 'Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 175 - 185, London Size: 2 pages (33.5 kB)
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How can policy on women's rights and gender equality be turned into practice? This guide from the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) aims to help facilitate the development of realistic action plans on women, peace and security (WPS), through the provision of good practices, recommendations and a six-step model process. It is designed as a resource for governments, the United Nations (UN) and regional organisations, as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

Author: Kristin Valasek | Kaitlin Nelson Source: Valasek, K. & Nelson, K., 2006, 'Securing equality, engendering peace: a guide to policy and planning on women, peace and security', United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) Size: 78 pages (1.18MB)
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Does environmental scarcity cause civil conflict? This paper by Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Indra de Saysa and Nils Petter Gleditsch reports the findings of a study exploring the correlation between the scarcity of natural resources and the presence of conflict or peace. Contrary to the argument that scarcer natural resources propel societies to compete with each other, the study finds that the ecological footprint - the consumption of natural resources - is positively correlated with peace.

Author: Helga Malmin Binningsbo | Indra de Soysa Source: Binningsbø,H., Soysa,I. & Gleditsch,N., 2006, 'Green Giant or Straw Man? Environmental Pressure and Civil Conflict, 1961-99', Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway & Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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In every successful case of peaceful and democratic conflict avoidance in the world, minority communities have been included and protected by the legislative process. This report by Minority Rights Group International focuses on the electoral system and makes a number of recommendations for best practice in minority representation and electoral system design. The participation of minorities in the legislative process at the stage of electoral reform is a key tool, both in peace building and in future conflict prevention.

Author: Andrew Reynolds Source: Reynolds, A., 2006, 'Electoral Systems and the Protection and Participation of Minorities', Report, Minority Rights Group International, London Size: 36 pages (364 KB)
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How can NGO performance be improved in contexts of conflict? How can analysis, donor support and NGO activities help achieve better humanitarian and peace building outcomes? This chapter, from the book Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict, offers a corrective to overblown accounts of the impact of NGOs in situations of chronic political instability. Individuals and organisations can and do create peace building spaces, leading to positive outcomes. This chapter identifies the key challenges, along with how they may be tackled in order to move towards improved practice.

Author: Jonathan Goodhand Source: Goodhand, J., 2006, 'Politics, Policy and Practice' in Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict, ITDG Publishing, UK Size: 193 pages ()
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Given increasing insurgency and intractable political discontent along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, there is growing concern about the rationale and tactics of international stabilisation efforts in the region. This paper, by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller, discusses the political history of the Afghan-Pakistan border region and current international stabilisation initiatives. Without a border settlement plan and reconciliation of border factions, international operations will not create a stable axis of political, military and economic consensus among Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Author: Peter J Middlebrook | Sharon M Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'All Along the Watch Tower: Bringing Peace to the Afghanistan Pakistan Border', Middlebrook & Miller, NY, Foreign Policy Futures (FPF), Washington DC, USA Size: 9 pages (391 kB)
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Private businesses in conflict zones now operate both as objects of scrutiny and political actors in their own right. This brief, by Volker Böge, Christopher Fitzpatrick, Willem Jaspers and Wolf-Christian Paes, presents findings of a multi-year project that researched the role of external economic actors in conflict zones. It recommends adoption of a co-regulatory approach that combines both voluntary and mandatory business compliance and creates the opportunity for private and public sectors to work together to prevent and/or mitigate conflicts.

Author: Bonn International Centre for Conversion | Volker Böge, Christopher Fitzpatrick Source: Boge,V., Fitzpatrick,C., Jaspers,W. & Wolf-Christian,P., 2006, 'Who's Minding the Store: The case of Private, Public and Civil Actors in Zones of Conflict', Brief 32, Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Berlin, Germany Size: 94 pages (2.42 MB)
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What are the most important factors in determining the durability of peace in post-conflict countries? This paper from the Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) reports on the results of a statistical study of post-conflict risks and the impact of military, political, social, economic and temporal factors on peace. While post-conflict political design of constitutional structures and elections may have intrinsic value, they do not increase the probability of enduring peace. Rather, peace appears to depend on robust external military assistance sustaining gradual economic recovery.

Author: Paul Collier | Anke Hoeffler Source: Collier, P., Hoeffler, A. and Soderbom, M., 2006, 'Post-Conflict Risks', CSAE Working Paper Series no. 12, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, Oxford Size: 19 pages (275 KB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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Development planners regularly use participatory approaches in the design, implementation and evaluation of their projects. Disarmament specialists, however, have tended to underestimate the potential importance of participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and arms reduction. This report from the United Nation Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) summarises the findings of a UNIDIR research project on PM&E and DDR and arms reduction. Carried out in Mali, Cambodia and Albania, the project generated a number of findings, with far-reaching implications for those supporting DDR and arms reduction.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah,R., 2006, 'Listening for Change: Participatory Evaluations of DDR and Arms Reduction in Mali, Cambodia and Albania', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/23, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 50 pages ()
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Arms embargoes are usually imposed too late to be effective in preventing conflict. Furthermore, the United Nations (UN) Sanctions Committees, which oversee the embargoes, have to rely on Member States to monitor and implement them. This paper, by Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that arms embargoes cannot be deployed effectively by the UN to prevent illicit arms trafficking, without better national controls on international arms transfers.

Author: Oliver Sprague Source: Control Arms, 2006, 'UN arms embargoes: an overview of the last ten years', Control Arms Briefing Note, Oxford, UK Size: 18 pages (224KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka? What capacity does the state have to control illegal weapons more effectively? This report from the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA) and Saferworld outlines the findings and recommendations of a pilot SALW survey carried out in Hambantota. It examines the distribution of SALW and their impact on safety, security, development and governance, and the capacity of the state to control them.

Author: Saferworld | NCAPISA Source: NCAPISA. 2006. 'Hambantota: Illegal small arms and light weapons pilot survey', National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA), Sri Lanka Size: 62 pages (933 KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on human and national security in Bangladesh? This report from the National Forum Against Small Arms (NFASA), South Asia Partnership-Bangladesh (SAP-Bangladesh) and Saferworld documents the findings and recommendations of community consultations on peace and security in Bangladesh. The consultations found that abuses of power, political rivalry, extremist elements and the availability of illegal firearms are all causes of human insecurity in Bangladesh. Unless action is taken to address the power of armed criminals and terrorists, SALW will continue to undermine national and local security.

Author: Nadira Mallik | Peter Cross Source: NFASA, SAP-Bangladesh and Saferworld, 2006, 'Challenges to peace and security: Consulting communities on small arms in Bangladesh', REPORT: Small arms and security in South Asia, National Forum Against Small Arms, South Asia Partnership - Bangladesh, Saferworld Size: 33 pages (454 kB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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The European Union (EU) recognises SSR as an important part of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, democratisation and sustainable development. This paper, by the European Commission, sets out principles for the European Community's (EC) engagement in SSR. It aims to ensure a more coordinated approach across the various strands of EU external assistance relevant to SSR, and to improve complementarity between EC activities and those undertaken by the EU under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and by member states bilaterally.

Author: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2006, 'A Concept for European Community Support for Security Sector Reform', Communication from The Commission to The Council and The European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Size: 12 pages (54kB)
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What role does the European Union (EU) play in crisis management? What organisational capacity does the EU have to service the demands of crisis management? This report from the Forum for Security Studies (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC) examines EU crisis management capacity. It shows that the EU plays a role in European crisis management and has at least a minimum of organisational capacity to deal with crises. However, many issues must be resolved before the EU takes on larger crisis management responsibilities.

Author: Arjen Boin | Magnus Ekengren Source: Boin, A., Ekengren, M. and Rhinard, M., 2006, 'Functional Security and Crisis Management Capacity in the European Union', Forum for Security Studies (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and the Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC). Size: 86 pages (532 KB)
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What are the key factors shaping Kosovo's current and future strategic environment? What are the main threats to security in Kosovo? This report from the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) presents the findings from the first two stages of Kosovo's Internal Security Sector Review. It finds that Kosovo faces a number of short- and long-term security threats which its current internal security architecture is not capable of dealing with.

Author: KIPRED Source: KIPRED. (2006). 'Kosovo's internal security sector review: Stages I&II (Strategic environment review & security threats analysis) - Initial Findings', Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED): Prishtina Size: 77 pages (254 kB)
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How can Afghanistan's private sector contribute to peacebuilding? Why has the peacebuilding potential of the Afghan business community not been realised? This case study from the International Alert publication Local Business, Local Peace examines the peacebuilding efforts and potential of the domestic private sector in Afghanistan. It argues that uncertainties about laws, access to land, power supplies and security have prevented Afghanistan's private sector from fulfilling its peacebuilding potential. In addition, the actions of international NGOs have sometimes hindered the involvement of the Afghan business community in peacebuilding.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi, A. (2006). 'Afghanistan: exploring the peacebuilding potential of the private sector', in International Alert (2006) 'Local Business, Local Peace: the Peacebuilding Potential of the Domestic Private Sector', International Alert, pp. 208-233 Size: 27 pages (117 kB)
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The phenomenon of state failure and its remedies constitute a growth area of international politics, partly because of the recognition that state failure generates security threats and partly because it is so difficult. This document, by the Lowy Institute, identifies critical elements of the case of the Australian-led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) in July 2003. RAMSI had eight defining characteristics. It was preventive, permissive, regional in nature, nationally led, supported by the United Nations (UN), non-sovereign, police led, and light in touch.

Author: Dr Michael Fullilove Source: Fullilove, M. (2006). 'The testament of Solomons: RAMSI and international state-building', Lowy Institute Analysis Paper, March 2006, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 34 pages (517kB)
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How has the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security contributed to democratic control of armed forces? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the Code of Conduct's contribution to democratic control of armed forces. The OSCE Code of Conduct is the most coherent regional instrument to promote democratic control in a multilateral regional framework. The implementation process, however, reveals that there remain significant challenges for the Code with regard to internal security and terrorism.

Author: Alexandre Lambert Source: Lambert, A. (2006). 'Implementation of Democratic Control of Armed Forces in the OSCE Region: Lessons Learned from the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security', Occasional Paper No. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 69 pages (417 kB)
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Is collective security possible when the evaluation of and response to threats depend on access to intelligence that cannot be shared openly? This paper, by the Lowy Institute, examines the role national intelligence does and could play in addressing threats to international security. It makes particular reference to the United Nations Security Council and the strategic perspective of Australia, and focuses on the contemporary threats of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Author: Dr Simon Chesterman | Lowy Institute Source: Chesterman, S. (2006). 'Shared secrets: intelligence and collective security', Lowy Institute Paper 10, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 115 pages (378kB)
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What implications do social forces such as globalisation, localisation, fragmentation and integration have with regard to the monopoly of legitimate force in post-conflict states? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines how nation- and state-building programmes have been implemented in post-conflict reconstruction. It argues that given the operation of ever more social forces across, below and above the nation-state, focusing on establishing state-centric structures is inadequate. Global governance and the enforcement of international norms require a multi-level public monopoly of legitimate force at local, national, regional and global levels.

Author: Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf, H. (2006). 'Good Governance Beyond Borders: Creating a Multi-level Public Monopoly of Legitimate Force', Occasional Paper No.10, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 83 pages (589 kB)
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To what extent can security sector reform (SSR) and development assistance counter radicalisation? This paper, by the Danish Institute for International Studies, explores this linkage. The paper outlines the concept of SSR and establishes its role in development assistance and in countering radicalism. It then explores the applicability of SSR in countering radicalism through case studies in Iraq, Afghanistan and Indonesia. It is argued that security is an essential prerequisite to sustainable development.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | Olivia Hamill Source: von Tangen Page, M. and Hamill, O. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform and its Role in Challenging of Radicalism', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/10, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 29 pages (101 kB)
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What went wrong with Iraqi reconstruction? What lessons do the problems in planning for and occupying post-war Iraq provide for future operations? This article from the Journal of Strategic Studies examines the pre-war planning process and reconstruction of Iraq during the occupation period. It argues that the pre-war planning process was plagued by problems, including a dysfunctional inter-agency process, overly optimistic assumptions and a lack of contingency planning. Lack of civilian capacity during the occupation period led to a complicated civilian-military relationship, with military authorities taking the lead in some reconstruction activities.

Author: Nora Bensahel Source: Bensahel, N. (2006). 'Mission Not Accomplished: What Went Wrong With Iraqi Reconstruction', The Journal of Strategic Studies, 29(3), pp.453-473, Routledge. Size: 21 pages (126)
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What measures have Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states agreed to take to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons? In this convention, ECOWAS member states agree to control, regulate and/or prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to take measures to promote transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states.

Author: ECOWAS Source: ECOWAS (2006). 'ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their ammunition and other associated material', Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Size: 23 pages (241 kB)
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How are disarmament and development connected at the field level? What are the challenges facing efforts to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the two fields on the ground? Between 2002 and 2004, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) conducted studies of weapons for development programmes in Albania, Cambodia and Mali. Based on these studies, this paper from UNIDIR examines the interplay between development and disarmament at the community level. It demonstrates a clear link between disarmament and development, as well as the importance of strengthening this link to promote sustainable human development.

Author: Shukuko Koyama Source: Koyama, S. (2006). 'Disarmament, development and the Programme of Action. Experiences and challenges on the ground', Disarmament Forum, 2006(1), pp.75-82, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 8 pages (95 kB)
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How was disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants carried out in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa? What lessons do the experiences of DDR processes in those three countries hold for those undertaking DDR in future? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies reviews DDR processes and their outcomes in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa. It finds that the reintegration component of DDR was inadequately addressed in all three countries, with negative consequences for security.

Author: Gwinyayi Albert Dzinesa Source: Dzinesa, G.A. (2006). 'Swords into ploughshares: Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa', ISS Paper 120, Institute for Security Studies Size: 12 pages (251 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Sierra Leone? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Sierra Leone and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that arms transfers have fuelled atrocities in Sierra Leone and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Anthea Lawson | Oxfam Source: Lawson, A. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Sierra Leone', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (612 kB)
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What impact has irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to the DRC and its effect on individual lives and communities. It argues that arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in the DRC and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks, J. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from the Democratic Republic of the Congo', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International Size: 22 pages (581 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Haiti? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Haiti and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that irresponsible arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in Haiti. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Amnesty International | International Action Network on Small Arms Source: Control Arms (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Haiti', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (394 kB)
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This War on Want report examines the rapid expansion of private military and security companies (PMSCs). It argues that increased PMSC involvement in conflict zones raises numerous concerns, ranging from inherent problems of transparency and accountability to concerns about war profiteering. There is now an urgent need for the UK government to bring PMSC activities within the compass of both legal and democratic control.

Author: Fabien Mathieu | Nick Dearden Source: Mathieu, F. and Dearden, N. (2006). 'Corporate Mercenaries: The threat of private military and security companies', War on Want, London. Size: 1.65MB pages (28)
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What do the Palestinian people think of the situation they live in? This report examines if, and to what extent, changes in the political and socio-economic environment have affected Palestinian public perceptions of security sector governance. It explores whether the change of government has altered the way Palestinians' perceive not only their security needs but also the peace process and their trust in political factions and the government. An increasing majority of Palestinians feel insecure.

Author: Riccardo Bocco | Roland Friedrich Source: Bocco, R., De Martino, L., Friedrich, R., Al Husseini, J. and Luethold, A. (2006). 'Politics, Security and the Barrier: Palestinian Public Perceptions', Institut universitaire d'études du développement (IUED) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 65 pages (1.88MB)
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While security has been traditionally understood as an exclusive function of the state, private and other non-state actors are assuming an increasingly central role in the provision of security. This book, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, discusses security privatisation and its implications for security governance. Both international and national law and policy need to adjust to the privatisation transformation of security, while governments ensure that private security is performed according to core democratic values.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Marina Caparini (ed.) Source: Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 314 pages (1.23 MB)
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Peacebuilding and security are not parallel concepts; security is essential to peacebuilding. This document, published by the United Nations (UN) Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses the crucial role of security in post-conflict external interventions. While security in peacebuilding is paramount, it must be combined with humanitarian assistance, development and human rights protection.

Author: UNOG | DCAF Source: UNOG and DCAF (2006). 'Security and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: The Role of the United Nations', Compilation of presentations made at the third joint seminar of the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) held on 27 October 2005. Size: 73 pages (1.24 MB)
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Should commercial security companies be used in humanitarian and post-conflict settings? This study, describes the decentralised and unsystematic use of commercial security by humanitarian agencies in post-conflict settings. The UN has even considered using commercial security providers to free up peacekeeping troops. Yet using commercial security raises ethical, operational and strategic questions. Senior managers of organisations operating in humanitarian and post-conflict settings may not understand the legal, reputational, operational and strategic risks associated with using commercial security.

Author: James Cockayne Source: Cockayne, J. (2006). 'Commercial Security in Humanitarian and Post-Conflict Settings: An Exploratory Study', New York: International Peace Academy. Size: 32 pages (187KB)
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The international community has yet to develop a coherent strategy for the execution of security sector reform (SSR) in peace operations. This paper, published by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO), examines SSR in both UN and non-UN peace operations. SSR in peace operations is as much about processes, policies, institutions, legislation and political will as it is about training and equipping police officers, customs officials and soldiers.

Author: Edward Rees Source: Rees, E. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Peace Operations: Improvisation and Confusion From the Field', United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Size: 28 pages (316.22 kB)
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Sierra Leone exemplifies the important role that an elected, legitimate national government can play in successful peacebuilding and reform efforts. This paper, published by the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, reports the results of a seminar on the country's post-conflict and peacebuilding activities. While the national government's legitimacy and reform strategies are significant post-conflict achievements, it must now implement significant general and security sector reforms.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Mark Malan Source: Albrecht, P. & Malan, M., 2006, 'Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and National Ownership: Meeting the Challenges of Sierra Leone', Report of the Second Annual ZIF/KAIPTC Seminar, Accra, Ghana, 1-3 December 2005, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Size: 162 pages (849 kB)
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What effect have measures to tackle youth gangs in Central America had on human rights and police reform? How can Central American governments more effectively prevent youth violence? This report from the Washington Office on Latin America examines the impact of repressive responses to youth gangs on human rights and democratic governance. It argues that Central American governments should adopt alternative approaches to tackling youth gangs that address the underlying causes of gang membership and violence.

Author: Geoff Thale | Elsa Falkenburger Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2006, 'Youth Gangs in Central America: Issues in Human Rights, Effective Policing, and Prevention' WOLA, Washington Size: 32 pages (1 MB)
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What is Hizbollah's outlook in the current conflict with Israel? This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper examines Hizbollah's thinking and argues that while it did not deliberately ignite or expect a large-scale conflict, it has not shied away from using it to service its regional and domestic objectives of undermining Israel. With the advent of United Nations Resolution 1701 and a formal ceasefire, the issue of Hizbollah's disarmament is a powerful potential logjam, which could result in continued strife.

Author: Amal Saad-Ghorayeb Source: Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, 2006, 'Hizbollah's Outlook in the Current Conflict', The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, USA Size: 10 pages (122kB)
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How can renewed conflict between Israel, Hizbollah and Lebanon be avoided? This International Crisis Group report argues that while United Nations (UN) Resolution 1701 has brought a halt to conflict, it is not the appropriate framework for resolving the underlying issues in the Israeli-Lebanese relationship. 1701 should be seen as a transitory instrument. It can stabilise the border by containing both sides' military impulses until bolder action is taken to address both domestic and regional Lebanese issues.

Author: | International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Israel/Hizbollah/Lebanon: Avoiding Renewed Conflict', International Crisis Group, Middle East Report N°59, Brussels, Belgium Size: 34 pages (511KB)
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What are the fundamental elements of Palestinian national security? This study from the Royal Institute of International Affairs opens the debate by outlining a proposed framework for Palestinian national security. The development of a national security doctrine is important in articulating security needs, fears and goals, in reassuring all parties and promoting stability. Palestinian national security must be based on equality with other nations, including the right to self-defence.

Author: Hussein Agha | Ahmad S. Khalidi Source: Agha, H. and Khalidi, A., 2006, 'A Framework for a Palestinian National Security Doctrine', Royal Institute of International Affairs, London Size: 137 pages ()
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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Despite multilateral attempts in the 1990s to institute security sector reform (SSR) in Haiti, lack of elite support, insufficient judicial sector capacity and persistent corruption has led to the current resurgence of violence. This study, published by International Peacekeeping, examines recent international interventions to institute SSR in Haiti. National dialogue with local elites and long-term donor involvement are necessary to ensure that justice, security, development and governance sectors are developed simultaneously to prevent the country from becoming a failed state.

Author: Johanna Mendelson-Forman Source: Mendelson-Forman, J, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Haiti', International Peacekeeping, vol.13, no.1, pp.14-27 Size: 27 pages (84.62 kB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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What is the current situation regarding the use of child soldiers in West Africa? How can Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes reach all children who need them? This report by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers surveys DDR projects carried out in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. West Africa is one of the regions of the world worst affected by the practice of child soldier recruitment. Many children are left outside official DDR programmes through access difficulties facing certain vulnerable groups or because agencies limit their definition of 'child soldier' to those who bear arms. DDR processes must adopt the Cape Town Principles in defining beneficiaries and pay special attention to girls, adolescents, young adults, foreign children, refugees, and those who 'informally' demobilise.

Author: Guillaume Landry Source: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2006, 'Child Soldiers and Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration in West Africa', Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Dakar Size: 31 pages (227 kB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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Although the active armed struggles in the South Caucasus came to an end in the early 1990s, since then the region has been in a state of 'frozen' conflict. This International Alert report examines the connections between corruption and frozen conflicts in the South Caucasus region, exploring corruption on all sides of the conflicts over Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorny-Karabakh. Anti-corruption strategies in the South Caucasus need to take into consideration the protracted conflicts. Likewise, conflict transformation activities need to factor in corruption in the institutions concerned.

Author: Natalia Mirimanova | Diana Klein (ed.) Source: Mirimanova, N. and Klein, D., 2006, 'Corruption and Conflict in the South Caucasus', International Alert, London Size: 60 pages (308KB)
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To what extent has the War Crimes Chamber (WCC) brought justice and accountability to Bosnia and Herzegovina? This report, published by Human Rights Watch, argues that the WCC has made progress and is capable of effectively prosecuting war criminals. Continued fair trials and increased respect for rule of law in Bosnia can only come about with sustained and significant support from the government of Bosnia and the wider international community.

Author: Param-Preet Singh | Human Rights Watch Source: Singh, P. P., 2006, 'Looking for Justice: The War Crimes Chamber in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Human Rights Watch, vol. 18, no. 1 Size: 46 pages (304 kB)
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What are the main sources of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Kenya-Uganda border area? What is driving the demand for arms in the region? This article from African Affairs argues that demand for SALW is driven by both lack of security and lack of livelihoods. Sources of SALW include paramilitary groups created by the Ugandan and Kenyan governments.

Author: Kennedy Agade Mkutu Source: Mkutu, K. ,2006, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons among Pastoral Groups in the Kenya-Uganda Border Area', African Affairs , Vol.106, no. 422, pp.47-70 Size: pages ()
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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Rebuilding a post-conflict country is more than restoring buildings and institutions; it involves restoring trust and confidence, fostering relationships and giving people hope. This report, published by Interpeace, reviews its Somali Dialogue for Peace programme, a consultative process that brought officials, ex-combatants and citizens together to plan a collective, peaceful future. Dialogue with civil society and citizens is critical to the establishment of a stable and long-term security structure in Somalia.

Author: Interpeace | Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia, 2006, 'Dialogue not Guns: Promoting Security and Stabilisation among the Communities of South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia Size: 43 pages (1.43 MB)
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What fuels the present-day oil violence in the Niger Delta? This paper from the African Journal on Conflict Resolution, analyses the main sources of conflict, in particular a thriving small arms trade. Weapons smuggled through Guinea-Bissau, Gabon and Cameroon continue to supply ethnic militias. While addressing arms trafficking through border control can reduce the escalation of conflict, a key issue is inequity in Nigerian federalism. Adequate representation of minority interests needs to be addressed as an integral part of the project to create a true democracy, good governance, an enhanced position for ethnic minorities and transparent fiscal control.

Author: Victor Ojakorotu | Ufo Okeke-Uzodike Source: Ojakorotu, V. and Okeke-Uzodike, U., 2006, 'Oil, Arms Proliferation and Conflict in the Niger Delta of Nigeria', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 85-106 Size: 22 pages (572 kB)
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How can women play a more effective role in peace initiatives? This research from the National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development in New Delhi argues that it is important to improve understanding of how women's and men's perspectives on peace and violence vary, and whether there are policy implications for these differences. A full understanding of the role of women as actors during war and conflict and as victims of war is essential to ensure full participation of women at all levels of decision-making and implementation in peace processes.

Author: Satbeer Chhabra Source: Chhabra, S., 2006, 'Gender Perspective in Peace Initiatives: Opportunities and Challenges', Women's Link Journal Size: 13 pages (65KB)
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What role can the domestic private sector play in peacebuilding? This report from International Alert assembles evidence from numerous case studies to demonstrate that local businesses can contribute to peacebuilding. It argues that the international community should embrace the potential of this 'peace entrepreneurship' to provide necessary resources and skills for the promotion of sustainable peace.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2006, 'Local Business, Local Peace: The Peacebuilding Potential of the Domestic Private Sector (Executive Summary)', International Alert, London Size: 15 pages (393 kB)
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What steps must the Afghan government and the international community take to promote security, good governance and development in Afghanistan? In this Compact from the 2006 London Conference on Afghanistan, the Afghan government and international community commit themselves to realising a vision for Afghanistan's future. That vision is based on three pillars of activity: security; good governance, rule of law and human rights; and economic and social development. The Compact also identifies eliminating the narcotics industry as a vital and cross-cutting area of work.

Author: ISAF Source: NATO-ISAF, 2006, 'Building on Success: The Afghanistan Compact', The London Conference on Afghanistan Size: 17 pages (342 kB)
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What is the extent of the growth and influence of radical Islamist organisations in Bangladesh? This article from the International Assessment and Strategy Center examines radical Islamist terrorism in Bangladesh. It argues that the forces of secular Bengali nationalism are increasingly coming under challenge from radical Islam. This process is evident in the growing number of madrassas and Islamic NGOs and in institutional support from political and religious groups.

Author: Sumon K. Chakrabarti | International Assessment and Strategy Center Source: Chakrabarti S.K., 2006, 'Bangladesh: The Shift in the Balance of Terror in South Asia', International Assessment and Strategy Center Size: pages ()
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A legitimate, representative and capacitated civil society is essential for effective state-building and a condition for sustainable peace in Nepal. This article, by International Alert, considers how donors should respond to the events of Jana Andolan II in terms of supporting civil society. It makes five specific recommendations and argues that donors should prioritise their support to civil society outside Kathmandu.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2006, 'Supporting Civil Society in Building Peace in Nepal', International Alert Size: 18 pages (136 kB)
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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Why do many ceasefires and peace agreements in civil wars fail? How and why do some groups actively seek to 'spoil' the peace process? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the concept of spoilers as a threat to security. It argues that imposed or ill-conceived peace processes can encourage spoiling. The presence of spoilers, however, does not necessarily indicate that a peace process is doomed to failure.

Author: Edward Newman | Oliver Richmond Source: Newman, E. and Richmond, O., 2006, 'Peace Building and Spoilers', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 101-110 Size: 11 pages (96 KB)
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What role has the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) played in Afghanistan? This article from Third World Quarterly provides an overview of conditions in Afghanistan and discusses the expanding structure and function of ISAF. It argues that the ISAF has made important contributions to stabilisation and reconstruction. Yet it has also suffered shortcomings, arising mainly from tensions between the US and NATO allies. Nonetheless, the ISAF model is worth studying for future international deployments in conflict zones.

Author: Amin Saikal Source: Saikal, A., 2006, 'Afghanistan's Transition: ISAF's Stabilisation Role?', Third World Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 525-534 Size: 11 pages (115 KB)
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What are the comparative advantages, and limitations, of civil society in contributing to peace-building? This paper from the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management discusses definitions of civil society (CS); outlines examples of CS peace-building activities; and discusses the positive contribution and potential limitations of CS involvement, with particular reference to Bosnia-Herzegovina. Civil society can play a key role in peacebuilding, but cannot compensate for state-building deficits: the strengthening of the state, economy and society must proceed simultaneously.

Author: Martina Fischer Source: Fischer, M., 2006, 'Civil Society in Conflict Transformation: Ambivalence, Potentials and Challenges', Special Reproduction for the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, and the Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies, Sri Lanka Office, Colombo. Size: 32 pages (393 KB)
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Recent studies show the increasing extent that women operate as combatants in (ir)regular armies in conflict. How can disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes become more gender-sensitised? This study by the Clingendael Institute examines men and women's active involvement in warfare, their gender-specific roles and gender relations within armies and discusses the challenges for DDR programmes in targeting female ex-combatants.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, "Clingendael", The Hague Size: 37 pages (128KB)
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What is the link between security and development? What is the best way to achieve both? This strategy paper by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) outlines how DFID, through its commitment to fighting poverty, can help tackle insecurity among the poor. It explains the complex connections between security and development and sets out how DFID can build security by working with poor people, their governments and international partners.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2005, 'Fighting Poverty to Build a Safer World: a Strategy for Security and Development', Strategy paper, Department for International Development, UK. Size: 48 pages (264KB)
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The Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of January 2005 nominally signalled the end of the oldest running war in Africa, providing a basis for national unity and fostering democracy. However, with unrelenting violence in the western region of Darfur and lingering tensions in central and eastern areas, how successful is the CPA likely to be? This paper, compiled for the Clingendael Institute, analyses the crossroads faced in Sudan and the challenges confronting the international community in implementing the CPA.

Author: Emeric Rogier Source: Rogier, E., April 2005, 'Designing an Integrated Strategy for Peace, Security and Development in Post-Agreement Sudan', Occasional Paper, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit. Size: 107 pages ()
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The UNICEF-sponsored Child-Friendly Community Initiative (CFCI) represents an integrated, multi-sectoral and community-driven approach for the delivery of basic services to poor and vulnerable people in Sudan. What are the main achievements of CFCI? How does it differ from other donor interventions aiming to enhance service delivery? Compiled for the Department for International Development, this case study examines the effectiveness of the CFCI approach in Sudan and attempts to draw lessons for donors on service delivery in other fragile states.

Author: Magüi Moreno-Torres Source: Moreno-Torres, M., 2005, 'Service Delivery in a Difficult Environment: the Child-friendly Community Initiative in Sudan', Department for International Development, UK. Size: 36 pages (278.9 kB)
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What role has police reform played in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) since the Dayton Peace Accords? This article from Gemma Collantes Celador assesses the internationally-led police reforms in BiH, and specifically the minority police recruitment policy and the certification process for all police officers. It argues that these programmes have failed to make the expected progress, and questions the theory that the police can be changed before society changes.

Author: Gemma Collantes Celador Source: Collantes Celador, G., 2005, 'Police Reform: Peacebuilding through 'Democratic Policing?', International Peacekeeping, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 364-376 Size: 13 pages (84 KB)
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Has the Ituri Disarmament and Community Reinsertion (DCR) programme stabilised the North-eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo? What policy considerations should be taken into account to strengthen the programme? This report by the Clingendael Institute of the Netherlands and the Africa Initiative Programme analyses the current situation of the DCR programme and describes the challenges it faces. In particular, it discusses the difficult decision of moving from voluntary to forced disarmament and demobilisation.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, 'Assessment of the Ituri Disarmament and Community Reinsertion Programme (DCR)', Clingendael Institute Conflict Research Unit, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 33 pages (108 KB)
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Policy analysts have debated the organisational factors that contribute to successful disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes, but little is known about the factors that account for success at the micro level. What are the individual level determinants of successful demobilisation and reintegration? This research from the Centre for Global Development finds that an individuals' prospects of gaining acceptance depends largely on the abusiveness of the unit in which he or she fought. There is no evidence that participation in internationally funded DDR programs improves an individual's chance of acceptance by their families or communities.

Author: Jeremy Weinstein | Macartan Humphreys Source: Weinstein, J., and Humphreys, M., 2005, 'Disentangling the Determinants of Successful Demobilization and Reintegration,' Center for Global Development Working Paper Number 69, United States Size: 30 pages (220kB)
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United Nations peacekeeping operations are frequently deployed in institutional 'law and order' vacuums, where police, corrections and judiciary authorities have either ceased to exist or are unwilling or unable to carry out their duties. This paper, from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) of the UN, reviews the issues raised by the law and order vacuums for those planning and conducting operations. The paper recommends that DPKO and the international community develop policies for the deployment of effective operations in cases where the UN is not the executive authority.

Author: Bruce 'Ossie' Oswald Source: Oswald, B., 2005, 'Addressing the Institutional Law and Order Vacuum: Key Issues and Dilemmas for Peacekeeping Operations,' Report prepared for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the United Nations, New York Size: 21 pages (248 KB)
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The PRSP has become the primary tool for articulating a vision for growth and poverty reduction in nearly 60 low-income countries. Some 15-20 of these countries are affected by conflict, and other conflict-affected countries are still to begin the process. In what ways do Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSPs) in conflict-affected countries take account of their particular contexts? To what extent have assessments of the sources of conflict and the ways they interact with poverty informed the strategies? This report from the World Bank aims to contribute to more effective poverty reduction in countries affected by conflict by analyzing these questions.

Author: Source: World Bank, 2005, 'Toward a Conflict-sensitive Poverty Reduction Strategy : Lessons from a Retrospective Analysis', Report no. 32587, World Bank, Washington Size: 75 pages (510 kb)
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How should international agencies work with local civil society during peacebuilding operations? This article from Security Dialogue analyses the relationship between aid agencies and local NGOs and communities to identify problems in the way the international community has traditionally undertaken peace operations. It argues that international bodies need to reform their understanding of local civil society in order to foster better local ownership of peacebuilding projects.

Author: Beatrice Pouligny Source: Pouligny, B., 2005, 'Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Ambiguities of International Programmes Aimed at Building 'New' Societies', Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 495-510 Size: 15 pages (117.4 kB)
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How can peacebuilding missions more effectively address security threats in post-conflict societies? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that a security governance approach to post-conflict states provides a more comprehensive peacebuilding strategy. By acknowledging the diversity of actors and issues involved in the insecurity of war-torn societies, this perspective offers a better chance of assuring the accountability, legitimacy and local ownership of peacebuilding operations.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed | Timothy Donais Source: Bryden, A., Donais, T. and Hanggi, H., 2005, 'Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', Policy Paper no. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 36 pages (421kB)
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In West Africa, a combination of norm-setting at the sub-regional level and activism in the non-governmental sector is driving the move toward improved security sector governance (SSG). The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces has studied aspects of SSG in sixteen West African countries. This resulting analysis suggests that democratisation does not necessarily lead to democratic governance of the security sector.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, A., N'Diaye, B. and Olonisakin, F., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Turning Principles to Practice', Policy Paper no. 8, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 23 pages (395.82KB)
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How can the United Nations improve its civilian policing missions? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces reviews the experiences of UNPOL (United Nations Civilian Police) missions to identify problems in international policing, and suggest policy improvements. It argues for the integration of local police and judicial reform while remaining sensitive to existing justice mechanisms, and stresses the importance of training, accountability, institutional memory and co-ordination within international policing missions.

Author: Eirin Mobekk | Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Source: Mobekk, E., 2005, 'Identifying Lessons in United Nations International Policing Missions', Policy Paper no. 9, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 35 pages (391kB)
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How effectively have disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes and weapons reduction initiatives managed the transition from war to peace in post-conflict societies? How can future interventions maximise the chances of securing peace? This chapter from a work published by the Small Arms Survey examines the history of DDR and weapons reduction programmes to identify lessons learnt during past interventions. It argues that future programmes need to exhibit clearer objectives, better co-ordination and improved integration into broader political and developmental reforms.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Small Arms Survey, 2005, 'Managing 'Post-Conflict' Zones: DDR and Weapons Reduction', Chapter 10 in 'Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2005: Weapons at War', Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 36 pages (1.31MB)
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Civil society organisations (CSOs), particularly non-governmental organisations (NGOs), play a prominent role in conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet there is poor understanding about CSOs and how to engage them more effectively. This World Bank working paper explores this issue using pilot assessment tools in Angola, Guinea Bissau and Togo. It argues that donors should move towards more sustained engagement with CSOs, focusing on institution building among CSO networks.

Author: Social Development Department, World Bank Source: Social Development Department, 2005, 'Engaging Civil Society Organisations in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States: Three African Country Case Studies', The World Bank Size: 57 pages (449 kB)
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This paper by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) examines Canberra's approach to development assistance with a focus on the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, The Philippines and Burma. Over three-quarters of Australia's major bilateral aid programmes operate in countries that are experiencing, recovering from or are vulnerable to conflict. Australia's approach to peace, conflict and development emphasises the role of humanitarian aid in addressing the symptoms of conflict.

Author: Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) Source: AusAID, 2005, 'Australian Aid: Approaches to Peace, Security and Development', AusAID, Canberra Size: 6 pages (61KB)
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What factors contribute to violent conflict? How should the US Agency for International Development (USAID) adapt to the risks and difficulties of its work in conflict zones? This paper from USAID explores the new conflict-related contexts in which development actors increasingly operate and outlines the changes that such actors need to effect in their responses to conflict. It argues that USAID should prioritise a different recruitment approach, new partnerships, cross-sectoral policy perspectives and context-specific research into - and action which addresses - the causes and consequences of conflict.

Author: USAID/Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation Source: USAID, 2005, 'Conflict Mitigation and Management Policy', USAID, Washington, D.C. Size: 16 pages (240 KB)
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How does transitional justice contribute to peacebuilding in post-conflict societies? What lessons can be learnt from previous transitional justice programmes? This chapter from a book published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the key elements of transitional justice and identifies approaches that maximise their capacity to promote peace. It argues that programmes should complement peace-building by seeking popular and political support, aiming to build local capacity, and producing detailed, specific recommendations.

Author: Paul van Zyl Source: Van Zyl, P., 2005, 'Promoting Transitional Justice in Post-Conflict Societies', Chapter 10 of Bryden, A. and Hanggi, H. (eds.), 2005, Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', DCAF, Geneva Size: 14 pages (84 kB)
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What lessons can be learned for future peace and stability operations from the upheaval that occurred in Iraq following international intervention? This special report for the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) examines the Coalition Provisional Authority's (CPA's) experience in Iraq. It argues that intervening countries should anticipate and plan for large-scale breakdowns in public order, particularly in societies emerging from brutal oppression. Creating a safe and secure environment for law enforcement and police operations are paramount.

Author: Robert M Perito Source: Perito, R., 2005, 'The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience with Public Security in Iraq', United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (171KB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) be financed? What problems can be encountered and how can these be overcome? This paper constitutes the second part of a review from the Stockholm Initiative on Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (SIDDR). It provides a sobering assessment of the capacity of the international community as a whole to finance DDR processes in the context of contested peace processes.

Author: Nicole Ball | Dylan Hendrickson Source: Ball, N. and Hendrickson, D., 2005, 'Review of International Financing Arrangements for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration', Phase 2 Report to Working Group 2, SIDDR, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (1.9 MB)
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Development cooperation has an increasingly important role to play in the areas of peace and security. This paper from the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) defines its approach to peace and security in development cooperation. It clarifies Sida's policy to create conflict-sensitive development programmes that integrate peace and security issues into implementation. Application of peace and security issues to development cooperation programmes not only promotes human security and empowerment of the poor, it also increases the likelihood of sustainable development.

Author: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Source: Sida, 2005, 'Promoting Peace and Security through Development Cooperation', Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (23.5 kb)
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This 2004 survey from Saferworld and the UNDP Small Arms Control in Serbia and Montenegro Project (SACISCG) examines the small arms situation in Serbia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on government capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a nation-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of available data.

Author: Saferworld | Charlotte Phillips, Zachary Taylor, Srdjan Bogosavljevic Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Living with the Legacy - SALW Survey of the Republic of Serbia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 78 pages (2.82 MB)
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What is the 2005 status and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in Bulgaria? This paper, authored by Simon Rynn, Philip Gounev and Thomas Jackson, reports on a survey of the distribution, impacts and public perceptions of SALWs. It also reviews the capacity of the state to apply SALW controls. It is intended for use by those involved in SALW research and programmes and Bulgaria's progress towards membership in the European Union (EU).

Author: Simon Rynn | Philip Gounev Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Taming the Arsenal - Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bulgaria', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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What are the necessary steps in conducting a small arms and light weapon (SALW) awareness programme? How can programmers avoid inappropriate messages and materials, lack of sensitivity and other features of poorly designed SALW awareness programmes? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) sets out principles and procedures for safe and effective SALW awareness programming.

Author: Laurence Desvignes | Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'SASP 2 SALW Awareness Support Pack', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 148 pages (1.9 MB)
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Peace and conflict sensitivity has successfully entered the mainstreaming agenda of development donors and agencies and there has been a tremendous institutionalisation and conceptualisation of the topic. In practical terms however, a co-ordinated system for peace and conflict sensitive aid implementation remains a long way off. The article published in the journal International Politics and Society explores the gap between rhetoric and practice and identifies some of the challenges ahead.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2005, 'Peace and Conflict Sensitivity in International Cooperation: An Introductory Overview', International Politics and Society, issue no. 4pp, 63-82 Size: 20 pages (124KB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Cambodia. The study confirms that inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence and allow local people to participate in determining the future of their communities. Weapon reduction measures using incentive schemes for communities in exchange for weapons cannot be successfully implemented without first introducing measures for local community engagement.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2005, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Cambodia: An Assessment of Different Weapon Collection Strategies by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/6, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 133 pages ()
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Violence against women is rooted in discrimination. It occurs across borders, religions and class. This is because it has been condoned through cultural practices. This paper, by Amnesty International, International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that violence against women in the family and violence through state repression or conflict are similar. The latter is an extreme manifestation of the discrimination and abuse that women face in the family. Furthermore, the presence of guns means more danger for women.

Author: Amnesty International | Oxfam Source: Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, 2005, 'The impact of guns on women's lives', Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, Oxford, UK Size: 76 pages (557KB)
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What steps has the Armenian government taken to reform the Armenian security sector? Are Western models of the security sector relevant to Armenia? This report from Saferworld analyses the Armenian security sector. It finds that the limited reforms that have taken place in Armenia cannot be understood as security sector reform (SSR) as it is usually defined. Implementing SSR would contribute greatly to reducing tensions in Armenia and creating a state that is more sustainable over the long term.

Author: Gagik Avagyan | Duncan Hiscock Source: Avagyan, G and Hiscock, D. 2005. 'Security sector reform in Armenia', REPORT:Small arms and security in the Caucasus, Saferworld, London Size: 50 pages (448 kB)
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In Sri Lanka in 2004-2005, a civil society awareness process was initiated to allow civil society to participate in the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA). This document, by Saferworld and the South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka), represents a record and analysis of discussions that took place during the consultation process. The civil society consultation process was held in 23 districts covering nine provinces. It concludes that violence within different ethnic groups within the country has increased and democracy has declined due to violence around elections.

Author: Saferworld | South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka) Source: South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld, 2005, 'Small arms and light weapons challenges in Sri Lanka and options for the way forward: A civil society consultation process to support the establishment of the National Commission against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (NCAPISA)', South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld Size: 22 pages (266kB)
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What effect do small arms have on security in rural Pacific Islands communities and how successful have measures to combat these effects been? How can disarmament practitioners assess the impacts of small arms misuse in rural communities, given the difficulties of collecting quantitative data on armed violence? This report from the Small Arms Survey presents the views on small arms of rural communities in Papa New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands. Presenting results from a pilot study, it demonstrates the ability of participatory research to provide high-value, low-cost insights, offering an alternative to traditional quantitative research.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Robert Muggah Source: LeBrun, E & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2005, 'Silencing Guns: Local Perspectives on Small Arms and Armed Violence in Rural Pacific Islands Communities', Occasional Paper 15, Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 72 pages (788 KB)
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What effect are faith-based NGOs having on religion and society in Kosovo? What are the possible consequences of leaving the provision of services in rural Kosovo to Saudi-funded religious organisations? This paper from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) examines the activities of Saudi-funded faith-based organisations in Kosovo. It argues that the international community, by neglecting rural areas of Kosovo, is enabling these organisations to promote an intolerant and divisive brand of Islam.

Author: Isa Blumi Source: Blumi, I. (2005). 'Political Islam Among the Albanians: Are the Taliban coming to the Balkans? 2nd Edition', KIPRED: Prishtina. Size: 38 pages (309 kB)
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How successful has the international community been in Kosovo in transferring responsibilities to local actors, maintaining security, promoting reconciliation and fostering economic development? What lessons can be learned from the international community's experience in the administration and governance of Kosovo? This paper from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development analyses the international community's administration of Kosovo. The international community must develop a greater understanding of local history, culture and traditions and build viable, sustainable structures of local democratic decision-making.

Author: Robert Muharremi | Lulzim Peci Source: Muharremi, R., Peci, L., Malazogu, L., Knaus, V. and Murati, T. (2005). 'Administration and Governance in Kosovo: Lessons learned and lessons to be learned', Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development Policy Research Series: Occasional Paper, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 78 pages (446 kB)
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Peace without justice is only a symbolic peace. But how can justice be restored after conflict? This article from the journal Development argues that international peacebuilders have sometimes imposed rather than proposed and facilitated solutions. In order to rejoin peace and justice there must be a mutual agreement between stakeholders in post-conflict societies: civilians and combatants, citizens and governments, international peacebuilders and national recipients. The most important dimension is the role of the local population.

Author: Rama Mani Source: Mani, R., 2005, 'Balancing Peace with Justice in the Aftermath of Violent Conflict', Development, 48(3): 25-34. Size: 2 pages (36KB)
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What makes a country at risk of instability? This paper from the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit looks at factors driving political, economic and social instability. These include country capacity, risk factors, external stabilising factors and the feedback loop of instability into risk factors. Evidence of instability reveals the importance of elites, institutions and natural resources. The number and intensity of conflicts can and has been reduced through short-term preventative measures, long-term economic development and the creation of democratic political institutions.

Author: Nick Donovan | Malcolm Smart, Magui Moreno-Torres Source: Prime Minister's Office Strategy Unit, (2005) 'Background Paper: Risk Factors of Instability', London Size: 2 pages (39KB)
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Fragmentation and rivalry in the donor community constitutes as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as divisions in war-torn countries. Would the creation of a multilateral decision-making body as a counterpart for governments receiving aid help international state-building efforts? This paper from the International Institute for Strategic Studies supports the establishment of an inter-governmental Peacebuilding Commission to oversee UN operations to rebuild states after conflict. This would provide a useful institutional framework and deliver aid in ways that are accountable to the global community and to reconstructed countries' citizens.

Author: Barnett R. Rubin Source: Rubin, B.R., 2005, 'Constructing Sovereignty for Security',
Survival, 47(4): 93-106. Routledge Size: 2 pages (43.5KB)
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If the international community wants to engage in unstable environments it must develop well-suited and well coordinated policy interventions. How can international development and security organisations develop integrated approaches to achieving good governance, security and socio-economic development in unstable environments? This document from the Clingendael Institute and the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs describes the Stability Assessment Framework (SAF) and provides guidelines for applying it. It shows how policymakers, decision-makers and practitioners in various organisations can benefit from introducing the SAF into their organisations' project cycles.

Author: Suzanne Verstegen | Luc van de Goor Source: Verstegen, S., L. van de Goor, and J. de Zeeuw (2005) The Stability Assessment Framework: Designing Integrated Responses for Security, Governance and Development, Prepared by the Clingendael Institute for the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague: The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs / The Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. Size: 80 pages (1.53 MB)
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What is the role of the military in post-conflict peacebuidling activities? What are the challenges and problems confronting the military with regard to security sector reform? This chapter from Security Sector Reform and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding examines the role of military forces in meeting the challenges of post-conflict security sector reform. It argues that military forces have a critical role to play in the short- and long-term success of post-conflict peacebuilding. In order to be effective, however, they must be integrated into overall peace processes.

Author: Albrecht Schnabel | Hans-Georg Ehrhart Source: Schnabel, A. and Ehrhart, H-G., 2005, 'Post-conflict societies and the military: Challenges and problems of security sector reform' in Security Sector Reform and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, United Nations University Press: New York Size: 23 pages (344 kB)
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How can the international community ensure the transition from interventionist military peacekeeping to local civilian ownership of public security management in post-conflict societies? In 2004 and 2005 the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) organised two conferences on public security management in post-conflict societies. This book from DCAF, the Austrian Ministry of Defence and National Defence Academy and the PfP-Consortium presents the papers and lessons learned from these conferences.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Philipp Fluri Source: Ebnöther, A. H. and Fluri, P., 2005, 'After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies: From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence, DCAF and PfP-Consortium. Size: 410 pages (1.69 MB)
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What are the implications for the security sector of the post-9/11 focus on combating terrorism? How should the security sector respond to terrorism? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Swedish National Defence College examines counterterrorism-related trends in the security sector. It highlights the importance of a balanced approach toward terrorism across the security sector.

Author: Ambassador Dr. Theodor H. Winkler | Anja H. Ebnöther Source: Winkler, T. H., Ebnöther, A. H. and Hansson, M. B., 2005, 'Combating Terrorism and Its Implications for the Security Sector', Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm Size: 250 pages (1.24 MB)
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Post-conflict peacebuilding has become a primary concern of international politics. This book, produced by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, applies a security governance perspective to a number of key issues that must be addressed by both post-conflict societies and the international community in the task of rebuilding after armed conflict. These include security sector reform (SSR), disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR), and the rule of law and transitional justice. Integrated, holistic and long-term approaches to security governance in post-conflict peacebuilding are emphasised as critical.

Author: Alan Bryden | Heiner Hänggi Source: Bryden, A. and Hänggi, H. (eds). (2005). 'Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', DCAF Yearbook 3, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 300 pages (812kB)
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What progress did the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) make in building Iraqi security forces and institutions? This report from the RAND Corporation examines the CPA's efforts to reconstruct and reform the Iraqi security sector. It finds that the CPA's security sector capacity-building and reform programme, while behind on many of its targets, was moving in the right direction.

Author: Andrew Rathmell | Olga Oliker Source: Rathmell, A., Oliker, O., Kelly, T.K., Brannan, D. and Crane, K. (2005). 'Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience', Report prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, RAND National Defense Research Institute, RAND Corporation Size: 123 pages (387 kB)
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What steps has the government of Colombia taken to demobilise right-wing paramilitaries and individual fighters and reintegrate them into society? What are the problems and risks involved in Colombia's disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion examines the DDR process in Colombia. While DDR could have a significant positive impact on the conflict in Colombia, failure is still possible and could have significant negative repercussions.

Author: Markus Koth Source: Koth, M. (2005). 'To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia', Paper 43, Bonn International Center for Conversion Size: 62 pages (263 kB)
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Under the UN Programme of Action (PoA) to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, states agreed to implement strict transfer controls. What progress has been made in developing international principles for SALW transfer controls in the context of the PoA? What should be the next steps in ensuring effective transfer controls? In November 2005 the Geneva Forum organised a conference to discuss transfer controls in the context of the PoA. This report summarises the proceedings of the conference.

Author: Geneva Forum Source: Geneva Forum (2005). 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: Transfer Controls', Summary Report of the conference of 17 November 2005, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 44 pages (231 kB)
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How has the privatisation of state functions applied to foreign policy, particularly conflict, security and war? How should states respond to the increasing use of private military companies (PMCs)? This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies assesses the privatisation trend in relation to conflict, security and war, examining in particular PMCs. It argues that legalisation and regulation could provide a degree of control over PMCs, while enabling beneficial military operations which might not otherwise be undertaken.

Author: Bjørn Møller | www.diis.dk/sw41477.asp Source: Møller, B. (2005). 'Privatisation of Conflict, Security and War', DIIS Working Paper no 2005/2, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 43 pages (372 kB)
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What support has the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided to countries attempting to address small arms issues? How has UNDP's support evolved as a result of experience gained and lessons learned from its projects? This report from UNDP provides an overview of UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues. UNDP has provided support to small arms control, armed violence reduction and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in over 40 countries. Lessons learned have enabled UNDP to refine its support to address more effectively the needs of countries affected by small arms issues.

Author: Peter Batchelor | Spyros Demetriou Source: Batchelor, P. and Demetriou, S. (2005). 'Securing Development: UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 41 pages (699 kB)
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What progress have states in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa made towards implementing small arms and light weapons (SALW) control mechanisms? What factors have helped or hindered the implementation of SALW controls in these regions? This report from International Alert examines the implementation of SALW controls in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa. While each region has had different experiences implementing SALW controls, a number of cross-regional issues can be identified.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | William Godnick Source: von Tangen Page, M., Godnick, W. and Vivekananda, J. (2005). 'Implementing International Small Arms Controls: Some Lessons from Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa', International Alert. Size: 43 pages (686 kB)
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What impact have small arms and light weapons (SALW) had on public health and human security in Albania? What steps has the Albanian government taken to control SALW and combat SALW proliferation? This report from the Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld examines the impact and distribution of SALW and SALW control measures in Albania.

Author: Paul Holtom | Henry Smith Source: Holtom, P., Smith, H., Mariani, B., Rynn, S., Attree, L. and Sokolová, J. (2005). 'Turning the Page: Small Arms and Light Weapons in Albania', Report on Small arms and security in South Eastern Europe, Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld. Size: 149 pages (2.2 MB)
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How do countries in Central Asia approach security sector reform? To what extent is this in cooperation with regional and international actors? Almost every Central Asian state is engaged in a discourse on security sector reform, democratic oversight of the security sector and civil-military relations. However, it would be wrong to assume that the joint efforts of European, transatlantic, regional and national actors (including the media, civil society and academia) have led to homogenous or at least sustainable progress.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Malek, M. (Eds.) (2005). 'Facing the Terrorist Challenge: Central Asia's Role in Regional and International Co-operation', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 2 pages (32kb)
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What role do parliaments play in ensuring democratic accountability for the use of force by international institutions? This study, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces, argues that parliaments currently lack the oversight powers to hold governments to account for the deployment of troops both at the national and international level. It describes this as the double democratic deficit. Parliaments need to network more, have greater access to information and demand more reporting from international assemblies.

Author: Hans Born | Heiner Hänggi Source: Born, H. and Hänggi, H. (2005). 'The Use of Force Under International Auspices: Strengthening Parliamentary Accountability', Policy Paper 07, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 32 pages (619KB)
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Every year thousands of children are recruited to be child soldiers. Those who recruit them are not brought to justice. This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, argues that the international community needs to move from law making, programme development and training, to law enforcement, implementation, monitoring and reporting.

Author: Lilian Peters Source: Peters, L. (2005). 'War is no Child's Play: Child Soldiers from Battlefield to Playground', Occasional Paper 08, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 60 pages (852KB)
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How has Colombia reoriented its approach towards the country's principal security challenge - a lengthy insurgency closely linked to criminal activity? Published by the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, this paper assesses the sustainability of the counterinsurgency waged by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe against FARC rebels. Although not yet complete, this multifaceted campaign is likely to result in a Colombia that is more integrated, prosperous and democratic than at any time in the past 40 years.

Author: Thomas Marks Source: Marks, T., 2005, ' Sustainability of Colombian Military/Strategic Support for '"Democratic Security"', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 45 pages (241 kB)
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How successful were US efforts to build effective Iraqi military and security forces in the first years of the occupation? This paper from the Center for Strategic and International Studies examines these efforts. It argues that the US failed to react to the insurgency and to recognise the need for effective Iraqi military, security and police forces. As a result, many Iraqi forces were sent out to die without adequate organisation, training, equipment or facilities. Nevertheless, progress since 2004 and changes in the way that the US is preparing Iraqi forces may be able to overcome the legacy of failure.

Author: Anthony H. Cordesman Source: Cordesman, A H., 2005, 'Strengthening Iraqi Military and Security Forces', Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington DC Size: 127 pages (1.33 MB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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The people of West Africa have suffered greatly from a succession of lengthy and brutal civil wars. This Small Arms Survey report examines armed groups and small arms in the region, and finds that they are an increasing and persistent threat to security. Current efforts to control armed groups need to be stepped up. Today's armed and aimless youth could well be the spark that ignites tomorrow's conflagration.

Author: Nicolas Florquin | Eric G. Berman Source: Florquin, N. and Berman, E., 2005, 'Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region', Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 412 pages (13.4 MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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In the wake of a seismic shift in international security since September 11, 2001, there has been little study or evaluation of the concept of Armenian national security. This Armenian International Policy Research Group paper examines the current threat environment facing Armenia and focuses on the concept of Armenian national security. The new post-9/11 realities of the South Caucasus region have fostered a new strategic environment, endowed with significant challenges but also substantial opportunities for Armenia.

Author: Richard Giragosian Source: Giragosian, R., 2005, 'Toward a New Concept of Armenian National Security', Armenian International Policy Research Group, Washington, DC and Yerevan, Armenia Size: 40 pages (245KB)
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While Kenya has instituted widespread defence, police, judicial and constitutional reforms, the probability of successful security sector reform (SSR) remains highly questionable. This paper, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, reviews recent attempts by Kenya to make its security sector more effective and accountable and less corrupt. Notwithstanding reform efforts, Kenya's SSR is largely ineffective; the country lacks a constitutional reference point grounded in democratic values.

Author: Bonn International Center for Conversion Source: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Kenya', Inventory of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in partner countries of German development assistance, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 16 pages (72.7 KB)
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High crime rates and the inability of public security services to provide adequate protection are the main factors driving the expansion of private security in Kenya. This report, published by the University of Wales, provides an overview of the private security sector in Kenya, its relationship to public policing and key challenges facing the sector. Development of an effective private security sector requires a regulatory framework that establishes licensing and monitoring standards and takes steps to improve the safety of security guards.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M., 2005, Globalization of Private Security Country Report: Kenya, Report prepared for The Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Size: 18 pages (1.57 MB)
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How fertile a region is Kenya and Tanzania for Al Qaida? What is the potential for recruitment in these areas? This Studies in Conflict & Terrorism paper examines the 'soft underbelly' of global terrorism. Assessing the scope for terrorist activity, strategies are considered to prevent Kenya and Tanzania from becoming active recruiting grounds for the global Islamist jihadist movement.

Author: William Rosenau Source: Rosenau, W., 2005, Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 28, No. 1 Size: 10 pages ()
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How can African practitioners and their international partners improve the design, operation and implementation of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? In June 2005, the UN Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) and the Government of Sierra Leone organised a conference on DDR in Africa. This report sets out the deliberations of the conference and the resulting recommendations.

Author: United Nations Source: 2005, 'Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) and Stability in Africa: Conference Report ', Freetown, 21-23 July 2005, United Nations Office of the Special Advisor on Africa Size: 39 pages (182 kB)
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What are the interpretational differences in conflict, conflict prevention and conflict management? How do we come to terms with the lack of consensus within the academic and policy community? This paper, published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, provides an overview of the conceptual terms. Traditional assumptions are challenged with the three concepts viewed as inter-related rather than separate and an integrated holistic approach recommended.

Author: N. L. P. Swanström | M. S. Weissmann Source: Swanström, N.L.P. and Weissmann, M. S., 2005, 'Conflict, Conflict Prevention and Conflict Management and Beyond: A Conceptual Exploration', Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Programme, Washington, DC and Nacka, Sweden Size: 32 pages (302KB)
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This article, published in the Third World Quarterly, examines the 'Self-Reliance Strategy' implemented by the Government of Uganda and UNHCR for long-term Sudanese refugees in Uganda, which seeks to move from a relief to a development approach. However, the prospects for success are limited by ongoing conflict in northern Uganda and the lack of rights of long-term exiles - in particular, freedom of movement. Developmental approaches must go beyond a narrow focus on material needs and incorporate an explicit focus on refugee protection.

Author: T. Kaiser Source: Kaiser, T., 2005, 'Participating in Development? Refugee Protection, Politics and Developmental Approaches to Refugee Management in Uganda', Third World Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 351-367 Size: 17 pages ()
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How do we understand the nature of armed groups? What is the importance of perceptions in regards to motivation and goals? This Conciliation Resource paper reflects on the questions of ideology, power and representation; examining the implications for conflict resolution strategies. It is found that the conflict resolution community tends to ignore certain issues that do not fit into current conceptualisations, while a deeper understanding of how to build relationships is required.

Author: Clem McCartney Source: McCartney, C., 2005, 'Engaging Armed Groups in Peace Processes: Reflections for Practice and Policy from Colombia and the Philippines', Accord, no. 16, Conciliation Resources, London Size: 20 pages (258kB)
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Can UN civil-military coordination (CIMIC) policies that have been developed to manage the relationship between humanitarian actors and military forces during the humanitarian emergency phase of conflict, be applied to manage the relationship between all civilian actors and UN military units during peacebuilding? This research from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) suggests that UN CIMIC actions can make a positive contribution to the overall peacebuilding process if the military components' resources, energy and goodwill can be positively channelled in support of the overall mission objectives.

Author: Cedric de Coning Source: de Coning, C., 2005, 'Civil-Military Coordination and UN Peacebuilding Operations', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.89-118 Size: 29 pages (913KB)
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Without strong and self-sustaining Afghan army and police forces, and concurrent progress in other security sector reform areas, Afghanistan could again become a haven for terrorists. This report, published by the United States (US) Government Accountability Office, reviews efforts to strengthen Afghanistan's army and police and the challenges of establishing long-term sustainability. In addition to current funding and training, the US should develop detailed plans, including clearly defined objectives, for completing and sustaining the Afghan army and police forces.

Author: United States Government Accountability Office Source: United States Government Accountability Office, 2005, 'Afghanistan Security: Efforts to Establish Army and Police Have Made Progress, but Future Plans Need to Be Better Defined', GAO-05-575, United States Government Accountability Office Size: 53 pages (2.96)
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Security Sector reform in Nepal is crucial to peace negotiations with the rebel CPN (Maoist) but has seldom been raised as an issue outside it. This paper, published by Friends For Peace, explores the difficulties of implementing Security Sector Reform in Nepal, and makes recommendations as to how these can be overcome. It concludes that mapping SSR in Nepal is a delicate and complex issue, and the loyalty of the security sector to democratic government is still under dispute. It recommends that demobilization of the army and guerillas should be accompanied by the provision of economic opportunities to allow them to reintegrate into society.

Author: Dhruba Kumar | Hari Sharma Source: Kumar D., Sharma H., 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities', Friends for Peace, FFP Publications, Nepal Size: 110 pages (771 kB)
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Pakistan's mix of military might, western allegiance and thriving Islamic fundamentalism is often confusing and contradictory to the outside observer. This article, published in Economic Review, reviews 'Pakistan - Between Mosque and Military Review', by Husain Haqqani. The book analyses the role of religion, the seemingly omnipotent military and intelligence services that control much of the country's foreign and domestic policy making, the factors behind failed civilian governments, and the country's tense but close relationship with the United States. It delivers a clear and concise account of why Pakistan is still under military rule more than 50 years after gaining independence from the United Kingdom.

Author: Keri Geiger | Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Source: Geiger K., 2005, 'Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military Review', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Size: 2 pages (32 kB)
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The current proliferation of political gangsters, paramilitary groups and vigilantes in Indonesia reflects the inability of the state to ensure security and maintain public order. This paper, published by the Asia Research Centre, analyses the recent democratisation of violence in Indonesia that is driven by paramilitary groups attached to political parties. Response to such organised violence requires that Indonesia undertake a re-configuration of the state that includes efforts to address deep-rooted social and economic causes of violence.

Author: Ian Wilson Source: Wilson I., 2005, 'The Changing Contours of Organized Violence in Post-New Order Indonesia', Asia Research Centre, Murdoch, Australia: Working Paper No. 118 Size: 33 pages (531 KB)
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How well have East Asian nations responded to the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the control of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? This Southeast Asia Forum on Armed Violence report reviews current activities by East Asian states. It argues that few programmes have developed in light of the PoA. A review of current measures is required as well an examination of why East Asian states have not felt compelled to comply with the PoA.

Author: Edgardo Legaspi | Small Arms Survey Source: Legaspi E., 2005, 'East Asia: In Action on Arms - Assessing Regional Compliance to the UN PoA on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Southeast Asia Forum on Armed Violence Size: 68 pages (414kb)
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Why do young people participate in conflict? What can be done to steer young people away from violence? This toolkit from USAID examines youth participation in violent conflict and draws out lessons for development programming. It asserts that although a large proportion of young people is not necessarily destabilising, those (particularly young men) who are uprooted, intolerant, jobless and have few opportunities could represent a ready pool of recruits for ethnic, religious and political extremists. Avoiding future conflict means drawing positively on the energy and capacity of youth as the leaders of tomorrow's societies.

Author: USAID Source: USAID, 2005, 'Youth and Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention', USAID, Washington, DC Size: 35 pages (2.24MB)
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In the wake of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, two key questions have confronted the Americans and Iraqis who now hold power. How can Iraq be stabilised? How can it be liberalised economically, politically and socially? This report by United States Institute of Peace suggests that although the requirements of stabilisation have so far overshadowed progress toward liberalisation, significant steps have been taken in transitioning from totalitarianism to free market democracy. Much more, however, remains to be accomplished.

Author: Faleh A. Jabar Source: Jabar, F., 2004, 'Postconflict Iraq : A Race for Stability, Reconstruction and Legitimacy', United States Institute for Peace Special Report No. 120 Size: 20 pages (210kB)
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What are the problems of state-reconstruction in war-torn societies? This paper from the Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, examines the role of international actors in the hugely ambitious project of rebuilding states after war. The study argues that the traditional linear model of conflict progression as pre-, during, and post-conflict, with attendant progression from relief to reconstruction and development, is too simplistic. Effective interventions must take account of individual contexts, have national "buy-in", and must be founded on good political and moral principles to gain legitimacy.

Author: Robert Luckham Source: Luckham, R., 2004, 'The International Community and State Reconstruction in War-torn Societies', Journal of Conflict, Security and Development Size: 28 pages (133.8 kB)
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Police reform is now recognised as an essential part of resolving conflicts and contributing to the sustainability of the peace. The huge task of designing and implementing police reform requires considerable international involvement and support. What lessons can the international community learn from the experience of police reform in Kosovo, Macedonia and Southern Serbia? This report for Saferworld analyses these cases to identify lessons for future programmes in post-conflict situations.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Peake, G., 2004, Policing the Peace: Police Reform Experiences in Kosovo, Southern Serbia and Macedonia, Saferworld, London Size: 46 pages (402 KB)
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What is the effect of the Conflict Prevention Pools (CPPs) on international efforts to prevent conflict? Did CPP-funded measures mobilise more effective efforts by international partners to tackle the conflicts in Sudan, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan or the former Soviet Union? This study by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) assesses the success of the "Strengthening the United Nations (UN) Strategy" and makes recommendations on how DFID can improve its contribution.

Author: Pierre Robert Source: Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: Strengthening the United Nations Robert, P., 2004, Evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools: Strengthening the United Nations, Report prepared for the Department for International Development Size: 75 pages (242KB)
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What is the future for states and markets? Will they be developed to protect individuals or in spite of them? This study by the Centre for Ethnic Studies argues that human rights and human security are linked because they challenge the two structures that dominate our lives: states and markets. Using the case of Sri Lanka, the study suggests that we need to think of people, not the state, as the central security concern. We also need to use the human rights discourse to mitigate the threat of uncontrolled markets to human security.

Author: Sunil Bastian Source: Bastian, S., 2004, 'Human Rights and Human Security: an Emancipatory Political Project', Conflict, Security & Development, vol.4, issue 3. Size: 7 pages ()
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