Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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How can civil society and the media help build integrity and reduce the risk of corruption in the defence and security sectors? This chapter argues that civil society and the media can play a key oversight role in the defence sector and build public support for more accountable democratic governance. Efforts are needed to promote an enabling environment for civil society and the media. Initiatives should include ongoing dialogue to foster cooperation and trust between the government, civil society (broadly defined) and the media.

Author: Ian Davis Source: Davis, I., 2010, 'The Role of Civil Society and the Media', in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280 Size: 20 pages (1.95 MB)
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What role does civil society play in security sector governance in Ukraine? This Almanac examines: the development of the National Security and Defence Council; Ukraine's place in the regional and global security structure; public debate on NATO in Ukraine; judicial reforms; the armed forces and law enforcement. Chapter three, summarised here, considers civilian control of defence and law enforcement agencies. Ukranian legislation assigns an important role to civil society organisations in this area. While some of these organisations make useful contributions, their activities sometimes display unwarranted intrusion, conflicting approaches, politicisation and unprofessionalism. Greater influence over personnel policy is needed, and the oversight of intelligence agencies must be addressed.

Author: Merle Maigre | Philipp Fluri Source: Maigre, M., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 234 pages (4.77 MB)
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What will be the core elements of national systems for the control of international transfers of arms under the proposed international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This guide sets out a framework for functional and effective national systems of control. Elements of a national control system must include licensing, enforcement, and external outreach (to industry, international partners, and the public). For each of these elements, consideration must be given to legal requirements, institutions and procedures, training, and proof of implementation.

Author: Oxfam Source: Oxfam, 2010, 'National Implementation of the Proposed Arms Trade Treaty: A Practical Guide', Oxfam GB, Oxford Size: 28 pages (385 kB)
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How do police training programmes support or undermine post-conflict reconstruction? This article analyses the importance of democratic policing to rebuilding the state after conflict. International policing and police training missions in post-conflict and fragile states have been fragmented, ad hoc, and rarely focused on the principles of democratic policing. When a new regime emerges after war or replaces authoritarianism it is essential that the training, mindset and methods of the police undergo fundamental change. Instilling an ethos of democratic policing requires training programmes and reform that builds professional competence, accountability, and a public service ethic.

Author: Michael D. Wiatrowski | Jack A. Goldstone Source: Wiatrowski M. D. and Goldstone J. A., 2010, 'The Ballot and the Badge: Democratic Policing', Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, pp79-92 Size: 13 pages (600 kB)
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Is the government of Sudan abiding by its human rights commitments under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2005 and other regional and international agreements? This report catalogues a plethora of human rights abuses in Sudan. Without substantive changes in Sudan's national security laws and practices, the human rights situation will not improve. The government must repeal the repressive National Security Act 2010, ensure legislative and institutional reform of the National Intelligence and Security Services to bring its operations into line with international human rights standards, and establish judicial oversight.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2010, 'Agents of Fear: The National Security Service in Sudan', Amnesty International, London Size: 68 pages (639 kB)
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A number of countries that have moved away from outright authoritarianism have transformed not into democracies but into regimes combining democratic and non-democratic characteristics. What impact do political culture and levels of political participation have on the stability of these hybrid regimes? This article from the International Political Science Review examines the cases of Tanzania, Russia and Venezuela and develops a framework for analysing hybrid regimes. It finds that hybrid regimes' stability is related to incumbents' ability to circumvent the opposition and a lack of interplay between citizens and opposition parties.

Author: Joakim Ekman Source: Ekman J., 2009, 'Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes', International Political Science Review, Volume 30, Number 1, pp. 7-31 Size: 25 pages ()
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What effect has a legacy of impunity for human rights violations had on the security sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How can the EU incorporate justice-sensitive reform initiatives within security system reform (SSR) programmes? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding examines the need for justice-sensitive SSR in the DRC. It argues that strengthening accountability and integrity in the security system is a priority for SSR which has yet to be addressed in the DRC.

Author: Laura Davis Source: Davis L., 2009, 'Justice-Sensitive Security System Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', International Center for Transitional Justice, Initiative for Peacebuilding, International Alert Size: 36 pages (361 kB)
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What progress have Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia made in establishing effective democratic governance of their security sectors? How can international donors, civil society actors and parliamentarians strengthen legislative oversight of the security sector in West Africa? Based on case studies of Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia this report from the Center on International Cooperation examines security sector governance in West Africa. It argues that strengthening security sector governance by creating opportunities for citizens to influence security policy can help bridge divisions between society and state institutions.

Author: Jake Sherman Source: Sherman J., 2009, 'Strengthening Security Sector Governance in West Africa', The Center on International Cooperation, New York Size: 18 pages (153 kB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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To what extent does Liberia's legislature have the necessary authority, ability and attitude to provide effective security sector oversight? What effect has international involvement had on security sector reform in Liberia? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines internationalised SSR and legislative oversight of the security sector in Liberia. It finds that while international support has helped to deliver critical reforms, it has also led to a top-down decision-making process lacking local consultation. The legislature and civil society are therefore important avenues for Liberians to shape the direction of security discourse.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye T., 2009, 'Liberia: Parliamentary Oversight and Lessons Learned from Internationalized Security Sector Reform', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 19 pages (147 kB)
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Does Ghana's Parliament have the necessary powers, capacity and political will to provide effective oversight of the security sector? What role can civil society organisations and regional cooperation and security architecture play in relation to parliamentary oversight of the security sector? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines the functionality and effectiveness of parliamentary oversight of the security sector in Ghana. It finds that while security sector oversight has improved since the return to democratic rule in 1992, the legacy of military control still remains.

Author: Kwesi Aning | Ernest Lartey Source: Aning K., Lartey E., 2009, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Lessons from Ghana', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 33 pages (250 kB)
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What is the role and function of the South African intelligence community in the security apparatus of the state? What is the relationship between intelligence and democracy? This collection of papers from the Institute for Security Studies evaluates how the South African intelligence community is grappling with the democratic demands of openness and accountability while maintaining the secrecy necessary for intelligence services to function effectively. It acknowledges that democratic control of the intelligence sector is a challenge even for mature democracies.

Author: Lauren Hutton (ed) Source: Hutton L., 2009, 'To spy or not to spy? Intelligence and democracy in South Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria) Size: 116 pages (645KB)
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The United States (US) Department of Defense (DoD) did not establish clear guidelines for supplying weapons to Afghan NationalSecurity Forces (ANSF), resulting in significant lapses in accountability. This report, published by the US Government Accountability Office, traces the lack of systematic tracking for obtaining, transporting and storing weapons and recommends remedial action. The Secretary of Defense should establish clear accountability procedures, assess and verify ANSF capacity to safeguard weapons and train the ANSF in accountability.

Author: United States Government Accountability Office Source: United States Government Accountability Office, 2009, 'Afghanistan Security: Lack of Systematic Tracking Raises Significant Accountability Concerns about Weapons Provided to Afghan National Security Forces', GAO-09-267, United States Government Accountability Office Size: 46 pages (826 kB)
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Bhutan recently ended direct rule by its king and an elected government has ruled the country for a year. What factors led to the transition, and what has been the effect of democracy on issues such as the economy, human rights and corruption? This book, published by the Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), argues that the king was compelled to transfer power and did not take the decision willingly. It highlights the economic growth the country has undergone but also the lack of improvements in the human rights situation.

Author: I. P. Adhikari (ed.) Source: Adhikari I.P. (ed.), 2009, 'Torrefy of Democratic Value: commenting on budding democracy of Bhutan', Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), Bhutan Size: 101 pages (1.2MB)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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Despite various reforms dealing with increasing the security of nuclear weapons in Pakistan, there is significant concern as to how safe the nuclear weapons are in light of national and regional political instability? This report by the Congressional Research Service provides a historical timeline of Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons and highlights the key reforms that have been implemented to secure the nuclear weapons in the country. The report concludes with various legislative issues considered by Congress to help Pakistan maintain the security of nuclear, biological, and chemical materials and weapons in the country.

Author: Paul K. Kerr | Mary Beth Nikitin Source: Kerr P.K., Nikitin M.B., 2009, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues', Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C. Size: 21 pages (233 KB)
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Is Pakistan collapsing? Is there any hope to break the dangerous cycle of failure in Pakistan? This Institute for Social Policy and Understanding report analyses the issue as to why Pakistan is ranked as a failing state and what can be done to save it? The report first provides a brief history of Pakistan in order to set the context, followed by a discussion of the current crisis and an outline of signs of hope which may prevent Pakistan from becoming a failing state. The report concludes with recommendations for Pakistani and American policymakers.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Pakistan Can Defy the Odds: How to Rescue a Failing State', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Michigan, USA Size: 38 pages (1,10MB)
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Despite the creation of a Commission of Inquiry of human rights violations in Sri Lanka, why do human rights violations continue to take place and why is justice not achieved? This report by Amnesty International seeks to highlight the issue of impunity in Sri Lanka and the role of the Commission of Inquiry set up to investigate violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The report concludes that in the case of Sri Lanka the Commission of Inquiry did not perform well. The report offers recommendations to the Sri Lankan government as well as to the international civil society in order to bring justice to the victims of human rights violations in Sri Lanka.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Sri Lanka: Twenty years of make-believe - Sri Lanka's Commissions of Inquiry', Amnesty International Size: 74 pages (690KB)
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Why do 'disappearances' and abductions in Sri Lanka remain an unpunished crime? How can these 'disappearances' be stopped and justice be given to the victims? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the situation of disappearances and abductions in Sri Lanka and the lack of justice for the victims and their relatives, and the response of the government. The report concludes that the government has failed to make any effort to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators. Finally, specific recommendations are listed for the government, the LTTE and the donor community as to what they should do to bring justice and end these 'disappearances'.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka', Human Rights Watch, New York, Volume 20, No. 2(C) Size: 241 pages (14.3MB)
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What is the Third Worldism project? What was its impact upon world politics? This Third World Quarterly article analyses the political merits and highlights the limitations of the Third Worldism project. The article first provides a brief historical explanation of the origins of the Third Worldism project and its key elements as well as some of its underlying assumptions. This is followed by the development of a string of arguments which illustrate the main contradictions of the Third Worldism project which rendered its practical application problematic and contradictory at times. The article concludes with a word of hope by challenging the need for an alternative method to achieve development by recognising the interconnectivity between the wider social and political relations and national development.

Author: Heloise Weber | Mark Berger Source: Weber H., Berger M., 2009, 'Human (In)Security and Development in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 263 - 270 Size: 9 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform was published in 2007. What impact has it had at in the headquarters of donors and agencies and on the ground? This report, by the OECD, makes recommendations based on the responses received between April 2007 and April 2009. It addresses priorities outlined in the SSR Handbook, which include the challenges of bringing about coherence and co-ordination, and the importance of supporting local ownership. The concluding section builds on this analysis to identify opportunities that can support the further operationalisation of the SSR Handbook.

Author: Alan Bryden | Rory Keane Source: Bryden A., Keane R., 2009, 'Security System Reform: What Have We Learned? Results and trends from the publication and dissemination of the OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Size: 18 pages ()
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The impact of violent conflict on a country's society, economy and political governance is devastating and encompassing. The effects can be tangible and visible, including killed and injured civilians, destroyed or derelict bridges and wells, and damaged or inadequate health care and education facilities. They can also be intangible, such as the collapse of state institutions, mistrust in government, the disruption of social cohesion, psychological trauma and pervasive fear. These impacts can be long lasting, hindering the peaceful development of societies. An understanding of the causes and dynamics of violent conflict and the careful design of conflict prevention, conflict management and peacebuilding activities are essential to avoid violence in the first place, or to alleviate its harmful outcomes. This extensive topic guide provides an overview of key topics ranging from the causes, dynamics and impacts of conflict to options for interventions to prevent, manage and respond to conflict.

Author: Huma Haider Source: Haider, H., 2009, 'Topic Guide on Conflict', Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Birmingham UK Size: 157 pages (1 MB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What are the links between politics and security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)? This chapter argues that SSR should be understood as a political process, rather than as a purely technical issue. Obstacles to reform include the absence of effective oversight mechanisms and donor fragmentation. SSR efforts (encompassing the army, police, military, and civil and criminal justice) need to be scaled up in the DRC to foster long-term peace and security.

Author: Caty Clément Source: Clément, C., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in the DRC: Forward to the Past', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp89-117 Size: 29 pages (220 KB)
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What is the impact of the wider political process on security sector reform (SSR) in Georgia? This chapter analyses how and why SSR has taken place in Georgia, the context in which it operates and key lessons learned. It argues that SSR is inextricably linked to broader national and international political processes. International best practice fails to consider the narrow windows of opportunity for SSR in challenging environments. Quicker, more flexible approaches may be needed, although their long-term results may be questionable. Local ownership is critical to long-term, sustainable reform.

Author: Duncan Hiscock Source: Hiscock D., 2009, 'Impatient Reformers and Reignited Conflicts: The Case of Georgia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp119-140 Size: 22 pages (188 KB)
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Can the concept of Security Sector Reform (SSR) be applied to Colombia? How should such reforms be implemented? This chapter outlines the limited SSR process in Colombia, which has concentrated on increasing the effectiveness of the state in fighting internal conflict, not necessarily on improving democratic governance. The need to extend and complete SSR in Colombia is indicated by: the absence of parliamentary oversight; limited space for civil society involvement; government and security actors' limited acceptance of the rule of law; and a lack of provision for the treatment of non-statutory security forces.

Author: Wolf Grabendorff Source: Grabendorff, W., 2009, 'Limited Security Sector Reform in Colombia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Münster, pp 69-86 Size: 19 pages (2.65 MB)
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What policy challenges and opportunities do donors face in seeking to strengthen the effectiveness of non-state/local justice and security networks? This paper recommends an approach of pragmatic realism that acknowledges the multi-layered pluralism of the post-colonial state and accommodates the flexibility and nuances of non-state/local networks. Donors must make a significant shift from mentoring state employees to supporting local civil society and NGOs, largely by assisting in community organisation. While fragile states require long-term statebuilding, a policy of pragmatic realism is the most viable means of reaching that goal.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 64 pages (430 kB)
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What security challenges face South Asian states, and how can security sector governance (SSG) be improved to facilitate effective responses? What is the potential for security cooperation in the region? The principal security challenges to all states in South Asia are terrorism and insurgency. In terms of SSG, it is important to increase transparency and accountability. South Asia's governments need to share knowledge of SSG procedures and lessons learnt. Promising areas for regional cooperation are counter-terrorism and security coordination.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee Source: Banerjee, D., 2009, 'Security Sector Governance in South Asia: An Introduction', South Asian Survey, vol. 16, no. 2, pp171-185 Size: 15 pages (200 kB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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What is the state of the security sector in Afghanistan? Have recent reforms been successful? This article presents an overview of the Afghan National Army and police, the courts and judiciary, prisons and security intelligence elements. It argues that uneven distribution of international funding means uneven reform. International reform and Western security models are useful but limited; changes of culture, values and behaviour can be made only from within. Situating Afghanistan in the historical, cultural and religious context of South Asia and drawing on South Asian reform models might be more effective.

Author: Tonita Murray Source: Murray, T., 2009, 'The Security Sector in Afghanistan: Slow and Unsteady', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No. 2, pp.187-208 Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the present state of Bangladesh's security sector and its oversight mechanisms? What are the obstacles to reform? This paper focuses on the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), the Bangladesh Police and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). It finds that the security sector, especially the police, is not accountable, transparent or efficient. The development of an effective and accountable security sector in Bangladesh is hindered by an ineffective parliament, intolerance between ruling and opposition parties, corruption and bureaucratic malpractice, lack of judicial independence, lack of long-term vision, and partisanship in civil society. A non-biased, people-centric security policy must be established, and this requires radical change in the attitude of politicians and bureaucrats.

Author: M. Jashim Uddin Source: Uddin, M. J., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Bangladesh', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 209-230 Size: 22 pages ()
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How is India reforming its security sector and what are the challenges facing security sector reform (SSR) in the country? There is no comprehensive single SSR process in India, but reforms are underway in all key security sectors. These reforms have their root in developments after India's nuclear tests in 1998. They are self-driven, reactive, and piecemeal. Integrated, comprehensive SSR based on a national strategic planning process is needed or the full benefits of reform will be lost.

Author: A. Mallika Joseph Source: Joseph A.M., 2009, 'Leading Ahead, Yet Far Behind: Governance of the Security Sector in India', South Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 231-251 Size: 20 pages (140 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so urgent for Nepal? What issues need particular attention in the proposed SSR? This paper examines the history, need for, and challenges facing SSR in Nepal following the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Ten years of civil war revealed serious shortcomings in Nepal's security apparatus. The CPA ended the Maoist insurgency, but other insurgencies and criminal violence have mushroomed. SSR is crucial for Nepal's stability and that of the wider South Asian region. A national security policy and a holistic approach to safeguarding the country's interests are essential.

Author: Nishchal N. Pandey Source: Pandey N. N., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Nepal: If Not Now, When?', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no. 2, pp. 253-271 Size: 19 pages (151 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so critical for Pakistan? What are its SSR challenges how can these be addressed? Pakistan has suffered recurrent political upheavals and security threats that have undermined attempts to build strong democratic institutions. SSR efforts have been hindered by poor governance, by a lack of governance reform and accountability and by civilian regimes' appeasement of the military. The unprecedented security pressures Pakistan now faces necessitate a more modern and broader approach to security sector governance. Political and economic stability needs to be established by developing and implementing an effective internal security strategy. This should involve ensuring the stringent accountability of Pakistan's intelligence services and police force and changing their image.

Author: Salma Malik Source: Malik, S., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Challenges, Remedies and Future Prospects', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp. 273-289 Size: 18 pages (132 kB)
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This chapter analyses Sri Lanka's security sector and the conflict's consequences for the security apparatus. It discusses security sector governance and highlights challenges and entry points for SSR. An attempt at holistic SSR in Sri Lanka in 2003 failed as a result of internal political rivalries and the politicisation of certain elements within the media. Operational reforms have since been undertaken, but have masked a crisis of accountability and left security sector governance problems unaddressed. These must be tackled if there is to be any realistic chance of an SSR-directed national security debate in a political environment where foreign views and interventions are unwelcome.

Author: Eleanor Pavey | Chris Smith Source: Pavey E. and Smith C., 2009, 'Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, pp. 189-210 Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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Sri Lanka's security sector is geared towards violence and offers stiff resistance to reform. Bodies set up to implement SSR have been afflicted by political interference, lack of powers and resources, and lack of seriousness about the reform process. Wide-ranging reforms of the Constitution, an active civil society, and continued external support are needed to achieve sustained SSR in Sri Lanka.

Author: Rosy Cave | N Manoharan Source: Cave, R. and Manoharan, N., 2009, 'Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp.291-314 Size: 24 pages (162 kB)
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How were the challenges of intelligence reform managed in Ghana's broader security sector reform process? This chapter finds that Ghana's intelligence reform was the result of an incremental, deliberate process of institution-building, personnel development and appropriate legislation. Ghana's security transformation was driven by political, economic and security conditions between 1981 and 2000, when a combination of donor pressure and local democracy advocacy groups created an enabling environment for reform. While a lack of clear policy guidelines for the security services has hindered the implementation of oversight, demand for parliamentary and civil society oversight of intelligence agencies has become part of public debate in Ghana.

Author: Johnny Kwadjo Source: Kwadjo, J., 2009, 'Changing the Intelligence Dynamics in Africa: The Ghana Experience', in Changing Intelligence Dynamics in Africa, eds. S. Africa and J. Kwadjo, GFN-SSR and ASSN, Birmingham, UK, pp. 95-124 Size: 29 pages (667 kB)
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Is the current financing model for Afghanistan's security sector appropriate? How does it affect incentives around the reform process? This Overseas Development Institute (ODI) paper finds that the current model falls short of good aid effectiveness practice. It implies that donors are perpetuating high levels of aid dependence, not setting strong incentives for institutional reforms and generating fiscal risks for the state. This weakens the state further, increases insecurity and damages the scope for genuine state building.

Author: Manu Manthri Source: Manthri, M., 2008, 'Security Sector Financing and Fiscal Sustainability in Afghanistan', Strategic Policy Impact and Research Unit Working Paper, no. 20, Overseas Development Institute, London Size: 76 pages (857 KB)
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In 2006 the police and army in Timor-Leste fought each other in the streets in a crisis that left both institutions in ruins. This report from the International Crisis Group analyses the challenges of reforming Timor-Leste's security institutions, focusing on the army and the police. To reform the security sector successfully, Timor-Leste's government must ensure an inclusive process by consulting widely and resisting the temptation to take autocratic decisions. Unless there is a non-partisan commitment to the reform process, structural problems are likely to remain unresolved and the security forces politicised and volatile.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 143, Brussels, Belgium Size: 32 pages (354 kB)
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Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Saferworld | Claire Hickson Source: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), 2008, 'Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya', Saferworld, London. Size: 32 pages (1.02 MB)
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Measuring the performance of a Security Sector Reform (SSR) programme is central to the assessment of its sustainability. A balanced approach is required in order to maintain control of the wider strategic perspectives. This paper by Cranfield University argues that there is a need to remain strategic in approaches to SSR programming due to the broad scope of SSR. Specific programme areas should be analysed according to wider strategic objectives rooted in national security, international development and national recovery frameworks. The study advocates the use of an adapted Balanced Scorecard framework to facilitate this process and support SSR.

Author: Dr Ann Fitz-Gerald | Dr Sylvie Jackson Source: Fitz-Gerald, A. & Jackson, S., 2008, 'Developing a Performance Measurement System for Security Sector Interventions', in Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2008 Size: 20 pages (950KB)
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Corruption in the defence sector creates a more dangerous, less trustworthy security environment. This paper, published by Transparency International, examines the issue of corruption in defence establishments and recommends ways in which key defence players and civil society could become drivers for reform. Governments, defence companies and the public, now more aware of the financial, social and institutional costs of corruption, are expressing increasing interest in defence sector reform.

Author: | Transparency International Source: Transparency International, 2008, 'Addressing corruption and building integrity in defence establishments', TI Working Paper No. 02/2007, London, UK Size: 8 pages (210.83 kB)
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Kyrgyzstan's judiciary is biased in its arbitration of political and economic disputes. This research from International Crisis Group suggests that if the judiciary is to become an independent branch of government and gain public trust it needs to reform. Reform is essential for a pluralistic and stable political system in the long term. Reform would also reduce corruption and encourage development. Unless the government allows greater self-governance for lawyers and independence for judges, no amount of training will create an effective system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Kyrgyzstan: The Challenge of Judicial Reform', Asia Report N°150, 10 April 2008, Brussels Size: 30 pages (614 kB)
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What progress has been made with the African Standby Force (ASF)? What are the challenges for the African Union (AU) and its international partners is achieving full ASF readiness by 2010? This review by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives an update on ASF progress. Training, doctrine, Standard Operating Procedures, and command and control concepts have been developed, but logistics remains hugely problematic. A more integrated concept of peace and security between the United Nations (UN) and the AU and more African ownership within the ASF are needed for African peacekeeping to be sustainable.

Author: Dr Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2008, 'The African Standby Force - An update on progress', ISS Paper 160, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 24 pages (452 kB)
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What are the major challenges in demilitarising militias in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? This paper for the African Security Review analyses the militias currently active in North and South Kivu (the Kivus), in the eastern DRC. The war in DRC officially ended in 2003 and a fragile peace has been established. However, the Kivu regions of the east are still plagued by endemic violence. New militias have appeared outside the original peace agreement. The international community must support the DRC in containing these militias, and be more proactive in preventing illegal arms trafficking into the DRC.

Author: Monika Thakur Source: Thakur, M., 2008, 'Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)', African Security Review Vol 17 No 1, pp.52-67, Institute for Security Studies, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 16 pages (504 kB)
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After almost a decade marked by violence in Zimbabwe, should there be a formal and public addressing of past human rights abuses? How will this be implemented? This Institute for Security Studies paper argues that Zimbabwe's particular experiences necessitate a national truth commission. Transitional justice is a core political issue now, not simply a collateral legal or moral one to be left until later.

Author: Max du Plessis | Jolyon Ford Source: du Plessis, M. & Ford, J., 2008, 'Justice and peace in a new Zimbabwe: Transitional justice options', ISS Paper 164, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (263kB)
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What lessons can be drawn from US engagement with failed states in Africa? This Refugees International report examines US operations in Africa and argues that military and other security concerns have effectively reshaped US international priorities. US global engagement is often determined by the military's capabilities and requirements. There is clearly an urgent need for elevating development on a par with diplomacy and defence.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M., 2008, 'U.S. Civil Military Imbalance for Global Engagement: Lessons from the Operational Level in Africa', Refugees International, Washington DC Size: 56 pages (1.2 MB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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What effect will the United States' Merida Initiative have on security in Mexico and Central America? How effective will the aid package be in tackling drug-trafficking and gang-related violence? This briefing from the Washington Office on Latin America examines the Merida Initiative. It argues that the Initiative alone will not reduce drug flow into the US and should not be judged on that basis. The Initiative should instead be judged by its effects on citizen security and civilian security institutions in Mexico and Central America.

Author: WOLA Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2008, 'The Merida Initiative and Citizen Security in Mexico and Central America', WOLA, Washington Size: pages ()
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What is meant by democratic control of armed forces and why is it important? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) background paper argues that democratic control of armed forces is essential for ensuring democracy and the rule of law in fragile and failed states. The paper provides a concise introduction to the topic and outlines the key debates.

Author: David Law, DCAF Backgrounder Series Editor Source: DCAF, 2008, 'Democratic Control of Armed Forces', DCAF Backgrounder, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 8 pages (1.62MB)
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How successful has the US's The New Way Forward strategy been in helping Iraq achieve key security, legislative and economic goals? This US Government Accountability Office report measures progress against key aims and argues that while the US has made some progress, these advances are fragile. Unmet goals and challenges remain and as the New Way Forward and the military surge end in July 2008, an updated strategy is needed.

Author: Joseph A. Christoff Source: US Government Accountability Office, 2008, 'Securing stabilizing and rebuilding Iraq', United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-08-837, USA Size: 94 pages (3.82MB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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Mexico's official human rights organ, Comision Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH), is failing to promote reforms to improve Mexico's dismal human rights record. What has gone wrong? This research, by Human Rights Watch, argues that the CNDH could play a far more active role but it has been limited by its own policies and practices. For such an institution to be a catalyst for change, rather than a chronicler of the status quo, it must be proactive and persistent in promoting solutions.

Author: www.hrw.org Source: Human Rights Watch, 2008, 'Mexico's National Human Rights Commission: A Critical Assessment', Human Rights Watch, New York Size: 130 pages (586 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Haiti be improved? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), deployed in 2004. SSR is crucial to Haiti's stability and security, and while MINUSTAH's success in SSR has been limited, UN agencies have a key role to play. Areas for improvement include coordination and evaluation. Basic stability, government willingness and local ownership are essential for SSR in Haiti.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MINUSTAH and the Need for a Context-Specific Strategy: The Case of Haiti', in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 53 pages ()
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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Nigeria's police are brutal and corrupt despite recent reform plans. Does this mean that reforms don't raise policing standards and practices, even in a relatively democratic environment like Nigeria? This research from the University of Leeds analyses developments in the Nigerian Police since 2005. It argues that reform can change organisational structures and regulations but, without socio-political change, its effects tend to be superficial, localised and temporary. Rather than being incremental, police reforms follow a dialectical process where reform and resistance interact.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2008, 'The Dialectic of Police Reform in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 46, no.2, pp. 215-234 Size: 20 pages ()
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How successfully have recent reform plans strengthened the justice sector in Guinea-Bissau? This background paper, published by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, analyses the efforts to create an independent judiciary and evaluates future challenges. With the sector unable to properly dispense justice, the average citizen of Guinea-Bissau today remains reliant on traditional justice mechanisms to resolve both interpersonal and community disputes.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Strengthening the Justice Sector', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Drug Trafficking in Guinea-Bissau and Strengthening of the Justice Sector 28 May 2008 Size: 4 pages (36 kB)
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What progress has Azerbaijan made in establishing an effective and accountable military? What are the challenges facing reform of Azerbaijan's defence sector? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines management and reform of the defence sector in Azerbaijan. It finds that Azerbaijan's military requires deep reforms to make it less corrupt and personality driven, more transparent and better directed. So far there has been insufficient political will to increase democratic and civilian control or to stop using the army to serve elite interests.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Azerbaijan: Defence Sector Management and Reform', Europe Briefing N°50 29 October 2008, Baku/Brussels Size: 20 pages (756 kB)
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What were the dynamics of the post-election violence that erupted in Kenya in December 2007? This report, published by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, analyses the underlying causes and alleged spontaneity of the violence. Region-specific dynamics played a crucial role, with three patterns of conflict emerging: spontaneous slum outbursts; premeditated land grabs; and retaliatory violence. Violations of economic and social rights, particularly in employment, environmental, health and housing issues, pre-dated the 2007 election and fuelled anger.

Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Source: OHCHR, 2008, Report from OHCHR Fact-finding Mission to Kenya 6-28 February 2008, Report prepared for the United Nationas High Commissioner for Human Rights from OHCHR Fact-finding mission to Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva Size: 19 pages (132 kB)
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How can civil society organisations (CSOs) ensure accountability and transparency in the security sector? Whilst CSOs have facilitated security sector reform in transition and post-conflict states, much of their potential remains untapped. This UNDP handbook provides guidance on how CSOs can plan, structure and implement activities to support public oversight of the security sector. Areas of focus include monitoring, budget analysis, legal assistance, legal reform and work with the media and others to improve access to information on security issues.

Author: Eden Cole (ed.) | Kerstin Eppert (ed.) Source: Cole E., Eppert K., Kinzelbach K. (eds.), 2008, 'Public Oversight of the Security Sector: A Handbook for Civil Society Organizations', UNDP, Bratislava Size: 355 pages (3.5 MB)
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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What hinders Malawian women's full participation in formal, national-level state politics? How can policy makers support the goal of gender equality in Malawi? This article from Gender and Development draws on qualitative research conducted with Malawian female politicians. Constraints on women's political participation include limited income and education, and gender stereotypes. Women in Malawi are socialised to be followers, not leaders. Gendered expectations among both women and men need to be challenged.

Author: Alinane Priscilla Kamlongera Source: Kamlongera A.P., 2008, 'Malawian women's participation in State politics: what are the constraints?', Gender and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.471 - 480, UK Size: 10 pages ()
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What are the limitations of the civil-military relations (CMR) concept? How can the CMR concept be adapted to better reflect the actual roles of security forces and the relationships between security forces and democratic governments? This article from Democratization sets out a new conceptualisation and framework for understanding what security forces actually do and how they interact with democratic governments. It argues that the focus on civilian control in the CMR literature hinders an understanding of the more complex relationships between democracy and security forces. We therefore need to extend the conceptual breadth of the CMR concept to include not only democratic civilian control, but also effectiveness and efficiency.

Author: Thomas C. Bruneau | Florina Cristiana Matei Source: Bruneau T.C. and Matei F.C., 2008, 'Towards a New Conceptualization of Democratization and Civil-Military Relations ', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 5,pp. 909 - 929 Size: 21 pages ()
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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Who are the key players in Pakistan's power dynamics? What role is given to the judicial system and civil society? This report by Jayshree Bajoria offers a brief outline of the political power dynamics in Pakistan's including the traditional role of the military and intelligence agency. It follows by providing a detailed explanation as to other key players which have emerged as dominant stakeholders in Pakistan's power dynamics.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2008, 'Pakistan's Institutions and Civil Society', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York, USA Size: pages ()
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Why have Indian courts accumulated arrears? What can judges and lawyers do to improve the system from within the existing framework? This Halsbury's Law Monthly article argues that the mental barriers to reforms are dismantled, and that all doses of external remedies are bound to fail. The article first provides a brief historical perspective of the origin and development of the judicial system in India since British Rule. It continues by discussing the issue of accumulation of arrears, and offers guidelines for lawyers and judges as to how to reform the system from within. It concludes with key recommendations for judges and lawyers in order to liquidate the huge backlog.

Author: A.K. Ganguly | Halsbury's Law Monthly Source: Ganguly A.K., 2008, 'Judicial Reforms', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: pages ()
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How are distinctions between public and private and between global and local security governance in Africa being redrawn? This article surveys the breadth of private security activity on the continent, and the political and economic factors driving its growth. It argues that analysis of private security in Africa must be situated within the significant power shifts taking place in international political economy. Contemporary security involves complex, fluid structures in which public and private agents interact, cooperate and compete. Issues of public scrutiny and accountability have important implications for democratic control and oversight.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C., 2008, 'Public/Private, Global/Local: The Changing Contours of Africa's Security Governance', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp 539-553 Size: 15 pages ()
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How can democratic policing be developed in Bangladesh? This chapter reviews policing and police reform, highlighting the challenges of corruption, misconduct and politicisation. Despite promising initiatives by the Police Reform Programme, achieving reform implementation and embedding respect for human rights in police culture remain challenging. Reforms will only succeed in practice if politicians demonstrate the political will for change.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Bangladesh' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp16-31 Size: 15 pages (2.9 MB)
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How successful have attempts at reforming India's police been? What needs to be done to transform India's police from a controlling force to a people-centred service? This chapter examines the current state and pace of police reform in India. The control-oriented, colonial-era 1861 Police Act continues to govern policing in India, and police abuses are rife. The national and state governments have failed to comply with Supreme Court directives to reform the police. New legislation is urgently needed, and the drafting process must be open to civil society and stakeholder input. This will ensure that the new law addresses the concerns of the people most affected by unaccountable and ineffective policing.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'India' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi, pp32-53 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter finds that despite Pakistan's progressive Police Order of 2002, effective implementation of police reform has been blocked by a culture of political interference in police matters and by opposition from vested interests among the bureaucracy, by elements of the policing community and by alienated provincial governments. A failure to appreciate the impact that inadequate and oppressive policing can have on politics and governance risks repeating the mistakes that have plagued Pakistan since Independence. The regressive amendments to the Police Order since 2002 must be repealed and the successful reform of the National Highways and Motorway Police should be emulated.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Pakistan' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 54-75 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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The effort to implement better policing in Sri Lanka has stalled, and international pressure on the government has produced only the appearance of respect for human rights. This chapter finds that police reform will not work while the civil war is ongoing or while politicians are unwilling to end their patronage of the police. In order to begin to democratise the police, the government must scale back the military offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and pursue a long-term political solution that involves devolution to the provinces. To end the culture of impunity, police human rights abuses must be impartially investigated and prosecuted.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Sri Lanka', in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 76-90 Size: 14 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter examines the attempts of Mali's security sector to respond to citizens' needs and increase transparency and participation. It suggests that the reforms are costly for such an indebted government. Furthermore, the population and security agents are reluctant to adopt reforms due to administrative inertia and low confidence in administrative changes. However, once this reluctance has been dispelled, it will be easier to set overall performance indicators.

Author: Nouhoum Sangaré Source: Sangaré N., 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Mali' in Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa, eds. A. Bryden , B. N'Diaye, and F. Olonisakin, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 185-204 Size: 19 pages (2.97 MB)
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When regulated and accountable, the private security industry can make a valuable contribution to security provision. However, the activities of an uncontrolled or poorly regulated private security industry can present unique governance problems, and in post-conflict states can inhibit peacebuilding and development. This guidance note by Saferworld aims to equip practitioners with the information and research questions necessary to assess whether the private provision of security in a country is problematic, and consider how to incorporate it into Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes.

Author: Anna Richards | Henry Smith Source: Richards, A. & Smith, H., 2007, 'Addressing the role of private security companies within security sector reform programmes', Saferworld, London Size: 29 pages (414 kB)
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Before the political upheaval of the 1990s, police forces in the former Yugoslavia and Albania were centralised and repressive components of the state apparatus. Since then, various initiatives have been undertaken to address the numerous problems of police forces in the region. This has provided an opportunity to introduce community based policing (CBP). This policy document aims to set out the principles and key issues of undertaking successful CBP. It emphasises the importance of a strategic management process in undertaking CBP and, based on this, outlines a 'model' for CBP.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC, UNDP Stability Pact, Saferworld, 2007, 'Philosophy and Principles of Community Based Policing (3rd edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 48 pages (868 kB)
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There is currently little guidance available for ombudsman institutions on how they should structure their work to improve human and public security. This publication, by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), aims to close this gap. It focuses on the role of Ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the security sector. It argues that independent ombudsman institutions can play an important role in strengthening democratic oversight and furthering human and public security.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E. (eds.), 2007, 'Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector: Recommendations for Ombudsman Institutions to Promote and Protect Human Rights for Public Security', UNDP / DCAF. Size: 92 pages (1076 kB)
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While the Labour Government of the United Kingdom (UK) has introduced positive arms export policy changes in the past 10 years, these policies have been undermined by poor implementation and decisions that appear to contradict stated criteria. This paper, authored by Mark Curtis, Helen Close, Vanessa Dury and Roy Isbister, examines the Labour Government's arms export policy and identifies a number of "good" policy developments, "bad" policy implementation and "ugly" practices.

Author: Mark Curtis | Helen Close Source: Close,H., Curtis,M., Dury,V. & Isbister,R., 2007, 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - a decade of Labour's arms exports', Saferworld, London Size: 2 pages (35.0 kB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Who governs Africa's police? This article published in the Journal of Modern African Studies uses the role of Africa's chief police officers to explore the relationship between presidents and their police, and the location of influence within the police. It identifies the significant variables shaping police governance in four countries with comparable institutional structures - Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe - and confirms the negligible role played by public accountability.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2007, 'Police Commissioners, Presidents and the Governance of Security', Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 403-423 Size: 21 pages (110 KB)
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How successful has security sector reform (SSR) been in Indonesia since 1998 and what challenges remain to be overcome? This Almanac, by the Indonesia Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies (LESPERSSI) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps out the institutional and societal actors in the Indonesian security sector. It then assesses the level of effective democratic parliamentary and civil society oversight of the security sector and identifies SSR needs in the short and long term.

Author: Beni Sukadis Source: Sukadis,B.(ed.), 2007, 'Almanac on Indonesian Security Sector Reform 2007', DCAF-Lesperssi, Bern. Size: 221 pages (4.43 MB)
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Was the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) an appalling failure? This paper from the Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI) analyses the 2003-2005 period of the mission and assesses whether EUPM merited the harsh criticism it received. It finds that while EUPM failed to achieve its goal of 'Europeanising' Bosnian police services, it achieved a number of tangible results. EUPM's lack of success was not entirely its own fault.

Author: Gemma Collantes Celador Source: Collantes Celador, G., 2007, 'The European Union Police Mission: The Beginning of a New Future for Bosnia and Herzegovina?', IBEI Working Papers, Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona, Spain Size: 24 pages (220 kB)
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How should donor support be provided to political parties in developing countries? This paper from the Christian Michelsen Institute (CMI) outlines the current status, modalities and practices of donor support to political parties and recommends core principles by which such assistance should be provided. Current donor assistance hampers political party capacity building by failing to integrate and harmonise party support with democracy support.

Author: Inge Amundsen Source: Amundsen, I., 2007, 'Donor Support to Political Parties: Status and Principles', Christian Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway Size: 42 pages (2.56 MB)
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What are the key features of Nigeria's governance crisis and how can these be addressed? This paper from Human Rights Watch documents the most important human rights abuses of Nigeria's political process. Only determined action to reform key institutions will achieve meaningful change in the way Nigeria conducts its political business.

Author: Chris Albin-Lackey | Ben Rawlence Source: Albin-Lackey, C., and Rawlence, B., 2007, pp. 1-51 and 103-112 in 'Criminal Politics: Violence, "Godfathers" and Corruption in Nigeria', vol. 19, no. 16(A), Human Rights Watch, Africa Division Size: 123 pages (1 MB)
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To what extent have peace agreements incorporated mechanisms for dealing with justice issues? This study from the Centre for Humanitarian dialogue analyses 77 verified peace processes from around the world between 1980 and 2006. Negotiating justice is a complex and difficult process, especially within a peace agreement involving a whole range of additional issues.

Author: Dr Leslie Vinjamuri | Aaron P Boesenecker Source: Vinjamuri, L. and Boesenecker, A., 2007, 'Accountability and Peace Agreements: Mapping Trends from 1980 to 2006', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 56 pages (315 KB)
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There was widespread relief and satisfaction following the successful October 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Will the elections, however, improve the DRC's situation? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges facing the DRC beyond the elections. The problems facing the DRC will not be solved by the elections alone and will cripple the government if they are not immediately addressed. The elections should not serve as an exit strategy for the international community.

Author: David Kampf Source: Kampf, D. 2007. 'The Democratic Republic of Congo: Beyond the Elections', African Security Review, 16 (1), Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 5 pages (71 KB)
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In 2007 Sierra Leone held fair elections for the president and parliament. Will these lead to increased development and democracy? This essay by the Center for Global Development assesses the elections from the perspective of the country's troubled history and post-conflict state building. The long-term impact of the elections will depend on the government's ability to tackle endemic corruption, rebuild infrastructure and encourage investment. It also depends on the emergence of a constituency that has the knowledge, power and commitment to demand democratic governance from its leaders.

Author: Carol J. Lancaster Source: Lancaster, C. 2007. 'We Fall Down and Get Up: State Failure, Democracy and Development in Sierra Leone', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 10 pages (296KB)
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How successful has the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) been in its first year of activity? What challenges confront the PBC? This report from ActionAid, CAFOD and Care International UK assesses the first year of the PBC's work in Sierra Leone and Burundi. It finds that the PBC's impact has been largely positive and well received, but that important challenges remain.

Author: Annie Street | Jennifer Smith Source: Street, A., Smith, J. and Mollet, H. 2007. 'Consolidating the peace?: views from Sierra Leone and Burundi on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission', ActionAid, CAFOD and CARE International Size: 44 pages (777kB)
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What lessons do regional experiences in small arms transfer controls provide for the construction of universal principles for the authorisation of small arms transfers? This publication from Project Ploughshares presents papers from an international seminar on 'Regional Dimensions of Global Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfer Principles'. It shows that there is a growing global consensus, derived from international law, on the key principles that should govern arms transfers. The emerging challenge for the international community is to ensure coherence among initiatives addressing small arms transfer and initiatives addressing transfer of all conventional weapons.

Author: Kenneth Epps (editor) Source: Project Ploughshares. 2007. 'Towards Global Standards: Regional Experience in Small Arms Transfer Controls', Edited Papers from an International Seminar, Waterloo, Canada. Size: 111 pages (1.59 MB)
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What are the objectives, activities and principles involved in peace support operations (PSOs)? This guide from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides information and guidance for UK police personnel on international policing operations in PSOs. It outlines how police personnel should conduct police operations and rule of law activities on PSOs and sets out the main principles of democratic policing.

Author: FCO Library Source: FCO. 2007. 'Peace support operations: Information and guidance for UK police personnel', Police and Justice Team, Conflict Issues Group, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London Size: 60 pages (2.51 MB)
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How comprehensive is the Internal Security Sector Review (ISSR) analysis of security issues in Kosovo? What challenges confront the development of a new security architecture in Kosovo? The ISSR was published in February 2007, and in response, this briefing from Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives outlines the ISSR process and outcome and challenges for the future of Kosovo's security sector. The process and the conclusions of the ISSR fall short of what is needed to help secure Kosovo's future. Nevertheless, much now relies on the quality of implementation of the ISSR's proposals.

Author: Saferworld | The Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ) Source: Saferworld. 2007. 'The Internal Security Sector Review: the future of Kosovo's security sector?', Briefing Note, Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo), London Size: 5 pages (54 KB)
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To what extent do arms and military equipment (AME) and dual-use transfer controls in Croatia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Croatia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. Croatia has introduced legislation and regulations which constitute significant progress toward bringing its AME transfer control system into line with EU and US best practice. However, there is still some work to be done and considerable challenges to overcome.

Author: Roy Isbister | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Croatia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 28 pages (169 KB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Kosovo comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Kosovo's arms transfer control framework. While the international administration has introduced limited controls on the transfer of arms to and from Kosovo, the existing regulatory framework has many gaps. The ongoing Internal Security Sector Review and talks on Kosovo's final status nevertheless provide unique opportunities to address these issues.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Anna Richards; Simon Rynn Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Kosovo', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 20 pages (127)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Serbia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Serbia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. The legislation currently in force in Serbia represents an encouraging level of commitment to EU norms in arms transfer controls. There are also welcome signs of growing capacity to better enforce the legislation. There is still more to be done, however, and challenges remain.

Author: Roy Isbister | Anna Richards Source: Isbister R., et al., 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Serbia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 30 pages (233 KB)
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How have transparency levels and the outcomes of arms export policies in central and eastern European (CEE) states changed since they joined the European Union? To what extent are changes in arms export policies the result of the 'Europeanisation' of this policy area? This article from European Security examines the impact of Europeanisation on the arms export policies of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. While Europeanisation has led to an increase in arms export policy transparency, its impact on arms export policy outcomes is harder to detect. At best, Europeanisation has been one of a range of factors driving change in this area.

Author: Mark Bromley Source: Bromley, M. (2007). 'The Europeanisation of Arms Export Policy in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland', European Security, 16(2), pp. 203-224, Routledge. Size: 22 pages ()
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Is India's proposed transfer of military Advance Light Helicopters (ALHs) to Myanmar making a mockery of EU arms embargoes? This report by EU NGOs argues that governments should ensure that components produced or otherwise originating from within their jurisdiction are not incorporated into military equipment that is subsequently transferred to Myanmar. The paper examines EU (and, to a lesser extent, US) involvement in the manufacture of India's ALH and offers some broad recommendations for arms transfers controls.

Author: Amnesty International UK | Saferworld Source: EU NGOs, 2007, 'Indian helicopters for Myanmar: Making a mockery of embargoes?', Amnesty International UK and Saferworld, UK Size: 22 pages (500KB)
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How can democratic societies ensure that intelligence services are able to operate effectively while complying with democratic norms and standards? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the control and oversight of intelligence services in democratic states. It argues that security and intelligence agencies have special features that make effective control and oversight particularly challenging. Democratic oversight and accountability of intelligence services requires constant vigilance from the executive, legislature, judiciary and civil society.

Author: Hans Born | Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M., 2007, 'Controlling and Overseeing Intelligence Services in Democratic States' in 'Democratic Control of Intelligence Services: Containing Rogue Elephants', Ashgate. Size: 22 pages (213 kB)
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How accountable are nuclear weapons controls? This policy paper adopts a broad, governance focussed perspective and examines the spectrum of political oversight and control mechanisms that may apply within and between nuclear weapon states. It explores the roles and requirements of the state executive, the military, specialised civilian institutions, parliamentary institutions and civil society. It draws on notions of civilian control and democratic accountability, which have been established in the context of efforts for security sector reform.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H. (2007). 'National Governance of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities and Constraints', Policy Paper 15, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 25 pages (242kb)
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What are the priorities for defence institution reform in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova? This volume places Partnership Action Plan-Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB) reform needs in their national and regional contexts and considers common priorities in the region. An attempt to define the status of defence institution building in any nation is a difficult task, as institutionalisation is a complex domain. It is dominated by the dynamics of change which overlap and sometimes blur its perennial aspects.

Author: Philipp Fluri | Hari Bucur-Marcu Source: Fluri, P. and Bucur-Marcu, H. (Eds.) (2007). 'Partnership Action Plan for Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) & The Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB). Size: 42 pages (221kb)
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There is a great disparity in the regulation of private security companies (PSCs) in Europe. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, analyses existing PSC regulation by member states of the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (CoE) and recommends improvements to the current legal framework. Although PSCs contribute needed security services, the lack of minimum industry standards poses risks to the protection of human rights.

Author: Hans Born | Marina Caparini Source: Born, H., Caparini, M. and Cole, E. (2007). 'Regulating Private Security Companies in Europe: Status and Prospects', Policy Paper 20, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 48 pages (286.95)
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Are weak states victims of global forces or accomplices in the expansion of private security industry? This study, on behalf of Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, looks at the reasons for the proliferation of the private military contractors (PMCs) in Africa and focuses on the role of rulers of weak states. It looks at how states have become commercial intermediaries for western businesses and ignore the welfare of their citizens. African leaders need to understand that the existence of weak states constitutes a security threat to Africa.

Author: Sabelo J Ndlovu-Gatsheni Source: Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2007). 'Weak states and the growth of the private security sector in Africa: Whither the African state?', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 17-38. Size: 22 pages (968KB)
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Do private security companies (PSCs) help or hinder development in Africa? This research by the British Association of Private Security Companies (BAPSC) suggests that PSCs can contribute to improving the security situation in African societies and promote economic development. However, there must be enforceable regulation and private security shouldn't further damage social cohesion by becoming a commodity that only the wealthy can afford. Without access to security for all members of society development will be illusory.

Author: Andy Bearpark | Sabrina Schulz Source: Bearpark, A. and Schulz, S. (2007). 'The private security challenge in Africa: Problems and options for regulation', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 73-88. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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Many people believe that private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs) operate in a legal vacuum in conflict zones. This is not true, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. In all armed conflict, international humanitarian law (IHL) applies. It provides a legal framework to protect civilians from the effects of the hostilities. As many PSCs and PMCs come into contact with people protected by IHL, it is essential for them to know and respect this body of law.

Author: Jamie Williamson | Sabelo Gumedze (ed.) Source: Williamson, J. (2007). 'Private security companies and private military companies under international humanitarian law', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 89-96. Size: 7 pages (968KB)
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Does international humanitarian law (IHL) define private security contractors as civilians or combatants in armed conflict? This study, from the Institute of Security Studies, shows that the distinction between civilian and combatant hinges on the notion of 'direct participation in hostilities'. This principle is poorly defined in the law and there are few judicial decisions to clarify it. Nevertheless, private security contractors must know their rights and responsibilities under IHL otherwise they could lose their legal protection or be liable to criminal prosecution.

Author: Katherine Fallah Source: Fallah, K. (2007). 'Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 97-123. Size: 26 pages (968KB)
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South Africa's private security industry has grown enormously. However, only state police conduct is formally monitored. This study by the University of South Africa calls for greater monitoring and oversight of the activities of private security operatives. There must be more professional training and greater cooperation with the state police. A formal framework of accountability would allow private police officers to understand their responsibilities and the limitations on their actions.

Author: Anthony Minnaar Source: Minnaar, A. (2007). 'Oversight and monitoring of non-state/private policing: The private security practitioners in South Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 127-150. Size: 24 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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While public trust and confidence in the Kosovo Police Service (KPS) has improved, there is a marked disparity between Kosovo Albanian and Kosovo Serb perceptions of police, crime and personal security. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a citizen survey on personal and community safety and security issues. Kosovars want the KPS to improve its professionalism and effectiveness and work with communities to solve safety and security problems.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives | Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives, 2007, 'Policing in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferwold Size: 26 pages (246 kB)
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Determining budgets for the justice sector is a contentious process in many countries. The judicial branch of government sees the fiscal branch's demand for restraint and accountability as infringing its independence. This study, by the World Bank, looks at practices developed in the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand for preparing and implementing budgets, especially in relation to management of the courts. It shows that good budgeting can contribute to better justice.

Author: David Webber Source: Webber, D., 2007, 'Good Budgeting, Better Justice: Modern Budget Practices for the Judicial Sector', Law & Development Working Paper Series No.3, Legal Vice Presidency, World Bank Size: 76 pages (810KB)
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How can issues of donor incoherence and a lack of local ownership around security sector reform (SSR) be addressed in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) policy paper argues that a common ECOWAS agenda would help resolve such issues. It examines the rationale, opportunities and challenges of a common ECOWAS agenda and highlights the challenges and constraints a common agenda faces.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Towards a Common ECOWAS Agenda on Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva Size: 33 pages (239 kB)
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What are the important features of intelligence governance in South Africa? Has South Africa managed to transform its intelligence sector into one that serves the state and society? This paper for the Institute for Security Studies analyses intelligence governance in South Africa. The post 1994 reforms of the intelligence sector were comprehensive. However, it is taking much longer to transform institutional culture and political environment owing to the legacy of the apartheid era and liberation struggle. Overcoming the subversion of intelligence for political and personal ends is the biggest challenge for the sector in democratic South Africa.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton, L., 2007, 'Looking Beneath the Cloak: An Analysis of Intelligence Governance in South Africa', ISS Paper 154, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 24 pages (484 kB)
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Afghans see their police more as a source of fear than security. But Afghanistan needs a police service not a police force. This research by International Crisis Group argues that policing goes to the very heart of state-building since a national institution that provides security and justice is central to government legitimacy. Police reform should focus on accountability, ethnic representation and professionalism. It should also depoliticise and institutionalise appointments and procedures. The police should not be used to fight the insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Reforming Afghanistan's Police', Asia Report N°138, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 35 pages (731 kB)
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What role can gender-sensitive police reform (GSPR) play in post-conflict situations? This policy briefing paper, published by UNIFEM and UNDP, argues that post-conflict contexts present important opportunities for law-enforcement reform. At the same time, the need for GSPR in practice is particularly acute during peacekeeping missions and the process of rebuilding state institutions. Key aspects of gender-sensitive police reform are discussed, drawing on findings from an inter-agency study and from programming in various countries undertaken by UNIFEM and UNDP.

Author: Alejandro Alvarez | Anne-Kristin Treiber Source: UNIFEM and UNDP, 2007, 'Gender Sensitive Police Reform in Post Conflict Societies', United Nations Development Fund for Women and United Nations Development Programme, New York Size: 12 pages (1.9 MB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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How is Burundi's security sector reform progressing? How well are international partners helping to create a sustainable peace and protect civilians through effective security sector reform? This paper, by The North-South Institute and the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits, assesses international contributions to police reform, transformation of the military and civilian disarmament in Burundi. The paper draws on the results of a population survey on perceptions of security and priorities for reform of the security sector. On the basis of these survey results and extensive interviews, the paper argues that the range of international initiatives designed to support national efforts to reform the police and the military and to disarm the population could make an important contribution if a number of keys gaps in the areas of training and enforcement, consultation, coordination and oversight are addressed.

Author: Kristiana Powell Source: Powell, K., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Protection of Civilians in Burundi: Accomplishments, Dilemmas and Ideas for International Engagement', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, The North-South Institute, Ottawa Size: 52 pages (523KB)
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Parliamentary oversight of decisions to deploy troops abroad is seen as a key agent of democratic legitimacy. Yet the European Parliament scrutiny powers are deficient. This study, by the Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, explores the way in which decision-making by the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is scrutinised in parliaments of EU member states. There is a general lack of uniformity in the practice of ESDP oversight. This has negative consequences for the effectiveness of Europe's parliamentary oversight architecture.

Author: Dr Hans Born | Alex Dowling Source: Born, H., Dowling, A., Fuior, T., Gavrilescu, S., 2007, 'European Parliament Report on Parliamentary Oversight of Civilian and Military ESDP Missions: The European and National Levels', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 93 pages (1.27MB)
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What are the experiences in regional approaches to security sector governance in Africa, the Americas and Europe? What lessons can be drawn for promoting good and democratic governance of security sector institutions in these and other regions? This book by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) compares and assesses regional security sector governance approaches. The model of the Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the most advanced of its kind and has inspired African and American approaches. Emphasis must be placed on civilian participation and democratic objectives as opposed to military solutions implicit in the war-on-terrorism agenda

Author: Victor-Yves Ghebali | Alexandre Lambert Source: Ghebali, V. & Lambert, A. (eds.), 2007, 'Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area : Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 323 pages (1.35MB)
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Even in countries with well developed and trained police forces, human rights violations occur. Why is this and how can human rights advocates effectively intervene and engage with police? Answers will differ from country to country, and it is for this reason that interventions must be based on contextual analysis and assessment. This Amnesty International report aims to facilitate such assessments by helping understand the basic functions of policing in a society and with what minimal norms and principles they should comply.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Osse, A., 2007, 'Understanding Policing: A resource for human rights activists', Amnesty International Netherlands. Size: 326 pages (1.69MB)
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform in Africa be improved? How can the security problems posed by informal actors such as militias and vigilante groups best be addressed? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development argues that the creation of stronger states is key to these efforts. Case studies of Nigeria and South Africa illustrate that SSR in Africa could be enhanced by taking account of structural conditions that undermine the process of state-making. SSR therefore needs to help to enhance state capacity in order to improve the governance of non-state security actors.

Author: Jeffrey Isima Source: Isima, J., 2007, 'The Privatisation of Violence and Security Sector Reform in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa examined', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.24-37. Size: 13 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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What impact have reforms in the criminal justice system had on crime and violence in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica? This working paper from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government shows how the governments of the Dominican Republic and Jamaica can further strengthen their efforts to measure the impact of the justice system, and also how both countries might pursue better coordination among institutions that collectively produce justice and safety. Furthermore, it suggests how they might also link criminal justice reforms to a broader, multi-sector strategy of crime and violence prevention.

Author: Todd Foglesong | Christopher Stone Source: Foglesong, T and Stone, C., 2007, 'Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic', Harvard Kennedy School of Government, RWP07-019, April 2007 Size: 39 pages (454 kB)
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Mexico's drug violence is increasing. Its police are ineffective and corrupt. The Calderón government has responded by calling out the army. But is this the right way forward? This paper by the Washington Office on Latin America argues that the government needs to restore public order, combat corruption and begin comprehensive reform of the police and criminal justice system. The American government should support reforms and do more to curb arms trafficking into Mexico as well as American demand for illicit drugs.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Roger Atwood Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2007, 'Reforming the Ranks: Drug Violence and Police Reform in Mexico', WOLA, Washington Size: 5 pages (41KB)
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Why are the efforts of donors to promote reform for democratic policing often unsuccessful? This article, published by the journal Policing and Society, examines the efforts undertaken in Brazil from 1997 to 2003 to encourage institutional changes within the police force. Given the many political and administrative challenges in carrying out such reforms, external donor agencies must promote broader forms of intervention to ensure both enhanced public safety and respect for human rights.

Author: Elizabeth Leeds Source: Leeds, E., 2007, 'Serving States and Serving Citizens: Halting Steps toward Police Reform in Brazil and Implications for Donor Intervention', Policing and Society, vol. 17, no.1 March 2007 pp. 21-37 Size: 18 pages (123kB)
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Why is effective cooperation among intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) so important in security sector reform (SSR)? This study from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that cooperation is particularly important in SSR because of the many policy strands and perspectives it seeks to unite in common endeavour. However, while IGO cooperation is vital, it faces many obstacles and challenges.

Author: David Law Source: Law, D.,2007, 'Cooperation among SSR-Relevant IGOs' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 43-64 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How far does Security Sector Reform (SSR) still have to go? Where do private security companies (PSCs) fit into SSR? This SDA-DCAF Roundtable Report looks at the efforts and successes of Europe's government aid donor agencies and NGOs in encouraging the concept and practice of SSR in post-conflict and post-authoritarian states. Furthermore, it discusses contribution made by the growing involvement of PSCs in providing military and civil services, thus contributing increasingly in SSR activities and related reforms. But do their involvement pose more challenges to SSR reform or do they offer real support? The contributions made by the speakers are brought together to offer possible solutions and recommendations to allow SSR a more efficient role in post-conflict and post-authoritarian states.

Author: Security and Defence Agenda Source: Security and Defence Agenda, 2007, 'Roundtable: Security Sector Reform: Public-Private Priorities' SDA Monthly Roundtable, 16 April 2007, Brussels Size: 26 pages (668kB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the challenges of security sector (SSR) reform in West Africa? This Institute of Security Studies paper argues that challenges range from the concept of security to the freedom from dependency on the West in terms of strategic thinking and funding. The SSR agenda must concentrate on public safety, especially in urban areas. This will form a solid foundation for the internal stability that is needed for political, social and economic development.

Author: Ishola Williams Source: Williams, I., 2007, 'The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in West Africa', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 37-50 Size: 14 pages (107 kB)
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What are the challenges facing the development of a security sector reform (SSR) policy agenda for West Africa? This Workshop Report from the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre argues that while Africa happens to be the largest recipient of SSR programmes, it lacks its own SSR concept. The paper explores options and strategies for the design of a comprehensive SSR concept for West Africa. West African security sector reform must address security issues pertinent to the sub-region.

Author: John Mark Pokoo | Eunice Dadson Source: Opoku, J. et al., 2007, 'The Challenges of Developing a Policy Agenda for Security Sector Reform and Governance in West Africa', Workshop Report 5-6 June 2007, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 12 pages (929 kB)
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How prevalent is corruption in southern Africa? What measures have southern African states put in place to prevent corruption and how effective have they been? Between August and October 2007, Transparency International carried out a study of trends in corruption and measures to prevent it in seven southern African states. This briefing provides an overview of the findings from that study.

Author: Transparency International Source: 2007, 'Corruption risk analysis in Southern Africa', Transparency International Size: pages ()
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Despite legal provisions requiring respect for human rights and police reforms to entrench such respect, human rights violations by the police continue with impunity in Angola. This paper, published by Amnesty International, documents human rights violations by Angolan police between 2005 and 2007 and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice. Angolan authorities and international agencies should strengthen police accountability mechanisms and create an independent oversight agency in order to end Angola's culture of impunity.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: 2007, 'Above the law - Police Accountability in Angola', Amnesty International, AI Index: AFR12/005/2007 Size: 32 pages (178.25kB)
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What are the policy challenges facing the Indonesian government in its aim of fully financing the military from the governmental budget? This book from the Brookings institution Press focuses on two factors: (a) off-budget revenue-generating activities that enable the armed forces to act independently of the government; and (b) popular pressure to keep the military's share of the central government budget low. The funds generated by the armed forces' business activities are much smaller than is commonly believed, but achieving on-budget financing for the military remains a complex undertaking.

Author: Lex Rieffel | Jaleswari Pramodhawardani Source: Rieffel L., Pramodhawardani J., 2007, 'Out of Business and on Budget: The Challenge of Military Financing in Indonesia', Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Size: 147 pages ()
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What efforts have outside actors made to promote democracy in Bangladesh? Do these efforts help and are they legitimate? This paper from the Asiatic Society surveys the state of knowledge on the efforts of external actors to promote democracy in Bangladesh. It argues that the experience of Bangladesh can offer vital lessons for bringing about democratic transitions and consolidating democracy in Muslim nations.

Author: John Barkdull Source: Barkdull J., 2007, 'Democracy promotion in Bangladesh: the role of outside actors', Asiatic Society Size: pages ()
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How have the Supreme Court directives of 22 September 2006 shaped police reform in India? What more needs to be done? This paper, by the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, explores these issues through the opinions of 11 police reform specialists. This compilation is the result of a seminar held after the announcement of the Supreme Court directives. Speakers and participants emphasised the necessity of these measures and their hopes for police reform in the future.

Author: Observer Research Foundation Source: ORF, 2007, 'Need of the Hour: Police Reforms', Observer Research Foundation, ORF Discourse Vol.2 No.1, New Dehli Size: 6 pages ()
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What are the necessary steps to guarantee the success of the structural reforms adopted by government of Sri Lanka in an attempt to consolidate peace, enhance economic growth, promote investment by the private sector and reduce poverty? This project information document (PID) of the World Bank provides the outline of the second legal and judicial reforms project initiated by the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The PID provides the background into the issue of judicial reform in Sri Lanka and offers reasons as to the rationale behind the World Bank's involvement. It concludes with identified areas in which the World Bank could offer its support to the government of Sri Lanka with its structural reform process.

Author: World bank | Sriyani Hulugalle Source: World Bank, 2007, 'Second Legal and Judicial Reforms Project', World Bank, Report No.: AB2834. Size: 4 pages (16.8KB)
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How has the Sri Lanka legal system become dysfunctional? How and why has Sri Lanka become ranked for the second year 25th in the failed state index? This book focuses on Sri Lanka's dysfunctional legal system. The authors argue that the failure of the rule of law has diminished the Sri Lankan legal system to a dysfunctional state. The book's conclusion emphasise on a need to recreate in a context where there is nothing left to recover.

Author: Jasmine Joseph (ed.) Source: Joseph J. (ed.), 2007, 'Sri Lanka's Dysfunctional Criminal Justice System', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 78 pages (650KB)
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Reform of the Liberian justice system should be made a top priority for donors. However, this report, published by the International Crisis Group (ICG), illustrates that donor efforts to promote long-term justice reform can only succeed if the Liberian government puts justice reform prominently on the agenda and if the legal and judicial fraternities take the lead effort in the reform process. Community-based approaches, with a sustained focus on gender issues and on the urban/rural divide, are also needed to empower individuals and to help people navigate the statutory and customary legal systems in Liberia.

Author: International Crisis Group (ICG) Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Resurrecting the Justice System', Africa Report no. 107, International Crisis Group, Dakar / Brussels Size: 30 pages (432)
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How can a citizen-centred approach to development build effective states by improving relations between state and society? This paper from the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, gives an overview of current debates and analyses citizens' own views on these issues. It argues that a state's legitimacy is strengthened by civic participation, which often grows up around local issues, and can be empowered through donor support.

Author: Eyben, R. | Ladbury, S. Source: Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S., 2006, 'Building effective states: Taking a citizen's perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Size: 28 pages (558 kB)
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Why has reliance on private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) become so extensive in Africa in the past decade? What implications does the privatisation of security and military functions have for the state and the state system? This paper from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) argues that military functions should not be delegated to private agents. Examining the dangers and advantages of using PSCs and PMCs, it argues that they undermine state legitimacy and authority. It is therefore dangerous and short-sighted for states and international organisations to use them without considering their impact on states and the state system.

Author: Michelle Small Source: Small, M., 2006, 'Privatisation of Security and Military Functions and the Demise of the Modern Nation-State in Africa', Occasional Paper Series: vol. 1, no. 2, The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Durban Size: 44 pages (256 KB)
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What are the opportunities and ways forward for the EU in implementing Security Sector Reform (SSR) approaches? This article from the European Security Review considers SSR as a key framework of action for the EU to have a major impact worldwide in the decades to come. However, certain risks, such as the lack of resources and a misunderstanding of the approach, need to be addressed to ensure that policy is translated into tangible activity.

Author: Damien Helly Source: Helly, D., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: From Concept to Practice', International Security Information Service (ISIS), European Security Review No. 31, Brussels Size: 4 pages (64 kB)
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How and to what extent is progress required for arms transfer controls in the western Balkans? This report from Saferworld is based on a detailed assessment of existing national controls (examines Albania; Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia; and the UN administered territory of Kosovo) and concludes with a series of recommendations for national governments and the international community. Whilst progress is evident in all states and entities covered, there are in all cases areas for improvement.

Author: Roy Isbister | Jacqueline Macalesher Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Analysis of National Legislation on Arms Exports and Transfers in the Western Balkans', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 118 pages (1MB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on society in Croatia? What measures has the Croatian government taken to address these problems? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Croatia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and government capacity for conducting SALW intervention.

Author: Tobias Pietz | Rebekka Edelman Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Croatia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 84 pages (2.72 MB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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The European Union (EU) recognises SSR as an important part of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, democratisation and sustainable development. This paper, by the European Commission, sets out principles for the European Community's (EC) engagement in SSR. It aims to ensure a more coordinated approach across the various strands of EU external assistance relevant to SSR, and to improve complementarity between EC activities and those undertaken by the EU under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and by member states bilaterally.

Author: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2006, 'A Concept for European Community Support for Security Sector Reform', Communication from The Commission to The Council and The European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Size: 12 pages (54kB)
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What role does the European Union (EU) play in crisis management? What organisational capacity does the EU have to service the demands of crisis management? This report from the Forum for Security Studies (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC) examines EU crisis management capacity. It shows that the EU plays a role in European crisis management and has at least a minimum of organisational capacity to deal with crises. However, many issues must be resolved before the EU takes on larger crisis management responsibilities.

Author: Arjen Boin | Magnus Ekengren Source: Boin, A., Ekengren, M. and Rhinard, M., 2006, 'Functional Security and Crisis Management Capacity in the European Union', Forum for Security Studies (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and the Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC). Size: 86 pages (532 KB)
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What role do parliaments play in oversight of the security sector in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)? What challenges face parliamentarians and civil society groups attempting to promote greater security sector transparency in the CIS? In October 2005 the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) hosted a roundtable for CIS parliamentarians on security sector oversight. This publication presents findings, recommendations and resources from the roundtable.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E., 2006, 'Democratising Security in Transition States', Findings, Recommendations and Resources from the UNDP/ DCAF Roundtable for CIS Parliamentarians Prague, October 2005, DCAF / UNDP. Size: 153 pages (1.15 MB)
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To what extent can security sector reform (SSR) and development assistance counter radicalisation? This paper, by the Danish Institute for International Studies, explores this linkage. The paper outlines the concept of SSR and establishes its role in development assistance and in countering radicalism. It then explores the applicability of SSR in countering radicalism through case studies in Iraq, Afghanistan and Indonesia. It is argued that security is an essential prerequisite to sustainable development.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | Olivia Hamill Source: von Tangen Page, M. and Hamill, O. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform and its Role in Challenging of Radicalism', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/10, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 29 pages (101 kB)
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Intergovernmental organisations have assumed an increasingly important role in shaping the security sector reform (SSR) agenda. They have played a central role in designing and delivering programmes for reform and several have developed policy frameworks to guide their various SSR activities. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) reviews the approaches of intergovernmental organisations with respect to SSR.

Author: David Law Source: David Law (ed.) (2006). 'Intergovernmental Approaches to Security Sector Reform (SSR)', Background paper for the workshop on "Developing a SSR Concept for the United Nations", Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 18 pages (213 kB)
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How can the Palestinian government square security sector reform (SSR) and transformation with fiscal stabilisation? This DFID report, written in 2005 just before Hamas won the PLC elections, argues that three competing priorities and intersecting processes - political, economic and security - must be addressed if the chasm between Palestinian SSR and transformation needs, and the Palestine government's current and projected economic deficits, is to be reduced.

Author: Nicole Ball | Peter Bartu Source: Ball, N., Bartu, P. and Verheul, A. (2006). 'Squaring the Circle: Security-Sector Reform and Transformation and Fiscal Stabilisation in Palestine', Report prepared for the UK Department for International Development. Size: 64 pages (513 kB)
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This book aims to be a sourcebook on 'defence institution building', drawing on established practices in Western Europe, but also on recent experiences from among new NATO members. All contributions focus on ongoing defence reform. The picture presented is not universal; North and South, and rich and poor states tend to view security challenges in very different ways. Working together on common problems is the best way to build mutual understanding and trust, these being the essential elements for stability and security.

Author: Wim F Van Eekelen | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Van Eekelen, W.F. and Fluri, P.H. (Eds.) (2006). 'Defence Institution Building : A Sourcebook in Support of the Partnership Action Plan (PAP-DIB)', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 2 pages (29.5kb)
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What do the Palestinian people think of the situation they live in? This report examines if, and to what extent, changes in the political and socio-economic environment have affected Palestinian public perceptions of security sector governance. It explores whether the change of government has altered the way Palestinians' perceive not only their security needs but also the peace process and their trust in political factions and the government. An increasing majority of Palestinians feel insecure.

Author: Riccardo Bocco | Roland Friedrich Source: Bocco, R., De Martino, L., Friedrich, R., Al Husseini, J. and Luethold, A. (2006). 'Politics, Security and the Barrier: Palestinian Public Perceptions', Institut universitaire d'études du développement (IUED) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 65 pages (1.88MB)
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Sierra Leone exemplifies the important role that an elected, legitimate national government can play in successful peacebuilding and reform efforts. This paper, published by the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, reports the results of a seminar on the country's post-conflict and peacebuilding activities. While the national government's legitimacy and reform strategies are significant post-conflict achievements, it must now implement significant general and security sector reforms.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Mark Malan Source: Albrecht, P. & Malan, M., 2006, 'Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and National Ownership: Meeting the Challenges of Sierra Leone', Report of the Second Annual ZIF/KAIPTC Seminar, Accra, Ghana, 1-3 December 2005, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Size: 162 pages (849 kB)
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In Georgia, security sector reform is one priority amongst many challenges. How can a state undertake security sector reform in circumstances of transformation, when under-financing is chronic, renewed conflict is a constant possibility and it doesn't have control over all its territory? This book, from Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), analyses the problems of security sector governance in Georgia from 1992. It argues that the Saakashvili government should pick the right battles to sustain popular support. These are stability, welfare, education and healthcare. Territorial control will be easier when Georgia is able to stand on its own.

Author: Phillip Fluri | Shorena Lortkipanidze Source: Fluri, P and Darchiashvili, D. (eds.), 2006, 'After Shevardnadze: Georgian Security Sector Governance after the Rose Revolution', DCAF, Geneva Size: 185 pages (1 MB)
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What are the issues in reforming Turkey's security sector in line with EU accession requirements? This almanac by the Turkish Economics and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) offers a comprehensive review of Turkey's security sector from a human security perspective. Turkey confronted internal security threats in the 1990s. These led to the adoption of a more militarised strategy and the sidelining of elected bodies, civil society, and the media. After gaining EU candidate status in 1999 and the financial crisis of 2001 serious efforts have been made to democratise the security sector. Despite positive steps, military policies persist behind the formalities of democratic government.

Author: Umit Cizre Source: Cizre, Ü, 2006, 'Almanac Turkey 2005 - Security Sector and Democratic Oversight', DCAF and TESEV Size: 285 pages (3.3 MB)
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In contrast to other security sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean, the defence and public security sectors of Barbados are remarkably stable. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile (FLACSO), discusses the organisational and institutional settings and civilian oversight of both security sectors. Both sectors acknowledge the need for reforms; the police have begun to address concerns about excessive use of force by creating public complaints' procedure and outreach.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Barbados', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 20 pages (200 kB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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How successfully has Guatemala's military and democratic transformation been since 1986? This Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad article examines civil-military relations in Guatemala since the large scale processes of pacification and democratisation began in that year. Guatemala has advanced significantly towards the de-militarisation of society and subordination of the military to legitimate political authority. However, limitations in the nature of the country's democratic institutions and political culture have, as yet, prevented these goals from being reached.

Author: Bernardo Areválo de León Source: Areválo de León, Bernardo, 2006, 'Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict in Guatemala', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, vol. 20 no.1, pp. 63-108. Size: 46 pages (259KB)
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Since the country's return to democracy in 1990, Chile has implemented a broad programme of judicial reform. However, this University of Florida paper argues that Chilean judicial transformation is incomplete with reforms not addressing existing military jurisdiction over the country's police, the Carabineros. Under the current arrangement, Chilean security forces continue to act with impunity at the expense of citizen security, not as effective guardians of it.

Author: | Meredith Fensom Source: Fensom, M, 2006, 'Judicial Reform, Military Justice, and the Case of Chile's Carabineros', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006 Size: 18 pages (234 kB)
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How can policymakers in Latin America reduce people's fear of crime? This study, by FLACSO, compares "zero tolerance" with community-based policing strategies in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile and it asks which is more successful. It assesses the links between fear of crime, the media and community participation. It finds that citizens' economic, political and social insecurities are the main determinants of how vulnerable they feel. Cities that employ community-based strategies to fight crime have lower levels of public fear of crime.

Author: | Lucia Dammert Source: Dammert, L. and Malone, M., 2006, 'Does It Take a Village? Policing Strategies and Fear of Crime in Latin America', Latin American Politics & Society, vol. 48, no. 4, Winter 2006, pp. 27-51 Size: 21 pages (104 kB)
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How effective have judicial reform efforts in Latin America proven to be? This article, published in the Policy Papers on the Americas series by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, reviews the substantial number of recent projects aimed at strengthening judicial institutions. Although neither obvious nor easily measured, the decade-long reform push has led to progress in some countries, with Chile the leading model.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Juan Enrique Vargas Source: Deshazo, P. and Vargas, J., 2006, 'Judicial Reform in Latin America: An Assessment', Policy Papers on the Americas Volume XVII, Study 2, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 25 pages (213 kB)
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Despite past problems, the Mexican armed forces have made significant progress towards becoming professional institutions. This study, from Queens University, examines the history and structure of the Mexican armed forces and suggests areas of possible military cooperation between Canada and Mexico. It looks at the process of political change and the effects this has had on civil-military relations. The armed forces are well-trained and dynamic organisations that are respected by Mexicans and, although they could liberalise further, they are adapting well to democratic change.

Author: Jordi Díez | Ian Nicholls Source: Diez, J. and Nicholls, I., 2006, 'The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition', Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 56 pages (418 kB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Sierra Leone, particularly of the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Since multiparty democracy was reintroduced in 1996, the situation has significantly improved, especially with the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for budget formulation. Overall, ongoing reforms have made the budgeting process more open, more consultative and, most crucially, driven by clear goals.

Author: Osman Gbla Source: Gbla, O., 2006, 'Sierra Leone', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 180-196 Size: 17 pages (107 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Nigeria, particularly of the Nigerian Armed Forces, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. After civilian rule resumed in 1999, the new government pledged military reform and anti-corruption measures, but progress on some issues has been slow. Individual corruption remains an endemic problem for all financial management initiatives. Due process in military budgeting remains a remote prospect given poor oversight, unclear policies and the absence of many key stakeholders.

Author: Wuyi Omitoogun | Tunde Oduntan Source: Omitoogun, W. and Oduntan, T., 2006, 'Nigeria', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 154-179 Size: 26 pages (154 kB)
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How are burgeoning and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budget process in Ghana, focussing on the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Recent years have witnessed modest improvements on the issues of budgetary process and budget size. The return of parliamentary rule has resulted in somewhat more transparency about military expenditures and made some politicians and military leaders more accountable.

Author: Eboe Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E., 2006, 'Ghana', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 72-99 Size: 28 pages (170 kB)
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How are burgeoning and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budget process in Mali, particularly of the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Until 1991, the politics of Mali largely revolved around the relationship of the armed forces to other state institutions. Transition to civilian rule has brought military budgeting under the same guidelines as the overall national budgeting process. Yet there is still official toleration of breaches in how the military organises and implements its budget.

Author: Anatole Ayissi | Nouhoum Sangare Source: Ayissi, A. and Sangaré, N., 2006, 'Mali', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 122-136 Size: 15 pages (98 kB)
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What is the state of police accountability in Kenya? This report from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative examines the development of the Kenyan police force and the legal and political context within which it operates to assess the likelihood of progress toward a more democratic and accountable police service. It concludes that while Kenya's police force currently falls well short of the standards of democratic accountability, the country is ready for and capable of effective police reform.

Author: Michelle Kagari | Sophy Thomas Source: Kagari M., Thomas S., 2006, 'The police, the people, the politics: Police accountability in Kenya', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Nairobi Size: 96 pages (602 kB)
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How can democratic, accountable policing be achieved in Uganda? Currently, the interests of the government are prioritised above the protection of Uganda's people. The police are heavily militarised and responsible for widespread human rights violations. This report from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative looks at the concepts of democratic and accountable policing and at reforms needed in Uganda. These must begin with a legislative framework based around the principles of accountability, setting out standards of appropriate behaviour and mechanisms for redress.

Author: Michelle Kagari | Evelyn Edroma Source: Kagari M., Edroma E., 2006, 'The police, the people, the politics: Police accountability in Uganda', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Nairobi Size: 68 pages (433kB)
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What is the state of police accountability in Tanzania? This report from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative examines the development of the Tanzanian police force and the legal and political context within which it operates to assess the likelihood of progress toward a more democratic and accountable police service. It concludes that while Tanzania's police force is currently underfunded and characterised by too much discretion and little accountability, the country is ready for and needs effective police reform.

Author: Michelle Kagari Source: Kagari M., 2006, 'The police, the people, the politics: Police accountability in Tanzania', Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Nairobi Size: 72 pages (514 kB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector and civil society in Tanzania? What progress have Tanzania's security institutions made in terms of the transition to multi-party democracy? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies examines the relationship between the state, the security sector and civil society in Tanzania. It argues that the unique relationship between Tanzania's ruling party and the security sector was beneficial in consolidating the Tanzanian state. However, Tanzania must now gradually distance its security institutions from the ruling party and create appropriate, adequate, accountable and affordable security services.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | Jonathan Lwehabura (ed.) Source: Rupiya M., Lwehabura J., Roux L.l., (eds.), 2006, 'Civil Security Relations in Tanzania - Investigating the Relationship Between the State, Security Services and Civil Society', Monograph 128, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 45 pages (224 kB)
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How are security problems being addressed in the Americas? What lessons can be learned from these experiences? This book from the University of Pittsburgh Press examines public security and police reform in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico and the United States. Public perception of increased crime and violence has led to public security policies that emphasise punishment and symbolism, such as highly publicised national plans and the importation of unadapted ideas from abroad. Procedural safeguards are needed to monitor human and civil rights in the region as security forces are strengthened.

Author: John Bailey (ed.) | Lucia Dammert (ed.) Source: Bailey J. & Dammert L., (eds.), 2006, 'Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas', University of Pittsburgh Size: 322 pages ()
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How should donors approach the regulation of private security actors in partner countries? How can the private sector help to implement security sector reform (SSR)? This chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces' publication Private Actors and Security Governance looks at the role of the private sector in SSR. It argues that regulation must take account of local factors and that the private sector could play a positive role in SSR.

Author: Peter Wilson Source: Wilson P., 2006, 'Private Security Actors, Donors and SSR', in Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 14 pages (150 kB)
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What role has police reform played in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) since the Dayton Peace Accords? This article from Gemma Collantes Celador assesses the internationally-led police reforms in BiH, and specifically the minority police recruitment policy and the certification process for all police officers. It argues that these programmes have failed to make the expected progress, and questions the theory that the police can be changed before society changes.

Author: Gemma Collantes Celador Source: Collantes Celador, G., 2005, 'Police Reform: Peacebuilding through 'Democratic Policing?', International Peacekeeping, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 364-376 Size: 13 pages (84 KB)
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How can countries undergoing democratic transition strengthen and monitor police transformation? What issues should be focused on when evaluating the outcome of democratic policing? This handbook, published by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, lists 39 key measures relevant to evaluating police performance in countries undergoing reform processes. The use of indicators is important for the external accountability of the police as well for purposes of managerial control.

Author: David Bruce | Rachel Neild Source: Bruce, D. and Neild, R., 2005, 'The Police That We Want: A Handbook for Oversight of Police in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 75 pages (1.14 MB)
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How can peacebuilding missions more effectively address security threats in post-conflict societies? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that a security governance approach to post-conflict states provides a more comprehensive peacebuilding strategy. By acknowledging the diversity of actors and issues involved in the insecurity of war-torn societies, this perspective offers a better chance of assuring the accountability, legitimacy and local ownership of peacebuilding operations.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed | Timothy Donais Source: Bryden, A., Donais, T. and Hanggi, H., 2005, 'Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', Policy Paper no. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 36 pages (421kB)
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In West Africa, a combination of norm-setting at the sub-regional level and activism in the non-governmental sector is driving the move toward improved security sector governance (SSG). The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces has studied aspects of SSG in sixteen West African countries. This resulting analysis suggests that democratisation does not necessarily lead to democratic governance of the security sector.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, A., N'Diaye, B. and Olonisakin, F., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Turning Principles to Practice', Policy Paper no. 8, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 23 pages (395.82KB)
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How can the United Nations improve its civilian policing missions? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces reviews the experiences of UNPOL (United Nations Civilian Police) missions to identify problems in international policing, and suggest policy improvements. It argues for the integration of local police and judicial reform while remaining sensitive to existing justice mechanisms, and stresses the importance of training, accountability, institutional memory and co-ordination within international policing missions.

Author: Eirin Mobekk | Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Source: Mobekk, E., 2005, 'Identifying Lessons in United Nations International Policing Missions', Policy Paper no. 9, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 35 pages (391kB)
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What are the opportunities and risks associated with the increasing use of private military companies (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs)? How might national and international institutions mitigate the hazards presented by these privatised activities? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces surveys the legal, governance and policy implications of military and security contracting. It argues that, while private companies can offer important support to national armies, their inadequate accountability creates significant security risks, which should be offset by improved regulation.

Author: Fred Schreier | Marina Caparini Source: Schreier, F., and Caparini, M., 2005, 'Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies', Occasional Paper no. 6, DCAF, Geneva Size: 184 pages (910 kB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is fundamentally important to effective conflict prevention and peacebuilding. It helps ensure and sustain the stability necessary for development. This Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) paper summarises key SSR programme design and implementation issues. Emphasising effective and democratically accountable institutions, SSR provides a framework to develop strategies to meet a nationally-defined vision of security and development needs.

Author: Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005, 'Introduction to Security Sector Reform', Development Assistance Committee, OECD, Paris Size: 10 pages (195 kB)
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Multitudes of problems are associated with the utilisation of private military firms (PMFs). This paper, by Maik Müller, highlights some of the problems, effects and implications of the use of PMFs in American military assistance. The United States (US) and other states that use PMFs should establish effective laws and regulations to address issues of control and accountability and the legal implications of outsourcing military tasks to the private sector.

Author: Maik Müller Source: Muller,M., 2005, 'Problems, Effects and Implications of the Use of Private Military Firms (PMFs) in U.S. Military Assistance', Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Working Draft, Bonn, Germany Size: 12 pages (85.1 KB)
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Fragmentation and rivalry in the donor community constitutes as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as divisions in war-torn countries. Would the creation of a multilateral decision-making body as a counterpart for governments receiving aid help international state-building efforts? This paper from the International Institute for Strategic Studies supports the establishment of an inter-governmental Peacebuilding Commission to oversee UN operations to rebuild states after conflict. This would provide a useful institutional framework and deliver aid in ways that are accountable to the global community and to reconstructed countries' citizens.

Author: Barnett R. Rubin Source: Rubin, B.R., 2005, 'Constructing Sovereignty for Security',
Survival, 47(4): 93-106. Routledge Size: 2 pages (43.5KB)
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How can states establish democratic oversight of their intelligence services? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, the Human Rights Centre of the University of Durham and the Norwegian Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee presents legal standards and best practice for the oversight of intelligence agencies. The legal standards and best practices need to be developed at four levels of control: internal agency control, executive control, parliamentary oversight and independent oversight.

Author: Hans Born | Ian Leigh Source: Born, H. and Leigh, I., 2005, 'Making Intelligence Accountable: Legal Standards and Best Practice for Oversight of Intelligence Agencies', DCAF Handbook Series, Publishing House of the Parliament of Norway, Oslo. Size: 130 pages (696 kB)
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What challenges do south-eastern European countries face in terms of security sector reform (SSR)? In 2002 the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) conducted a special programme on the progress of SSR in South East Europe (SEE). The overall objective of the programme was to assess progress to date, review lessons learned, and identify requirements for reform programmes implemented in each country as well as those leading to enhanced regional cooperation.

Author: Eden Cole | Timothy Donais Source: Cole, E., Donais, T. and Fluri, P. (2005). 'Defence and Security Sector Governance and Reform in South East Europe Self-Assessment Studies: Regional Perspectives', Nomos. Size: pages ()
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What is the Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB)? What are its objectives? The PAP-DIB reflects Allies' and Partners' common views on modern and democratically responsible defence institutions. It provides a Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) definition of defence reform and a framework for common reflection and exchange of experience on related problems. It exists to help interested Partners reform and restructure their defence institutions to meet their needs and international commitments.

Author: Philipp H. Fluri | Eden Cole Source: Fluri, P. and Cole, E. (2005). 'Defence Institution Building : Papers presented at the Conference on "2005 Partnership Action Plan on Defence institutions Building (PAP-DIB)"', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 93 pages (528kb)
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Why is democratic oversight of the security sector so important? This book is the first in the "Series in Security Sector Studies" initiated by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). TESEV and DCAF aim to help "normalise" the debates on the issue of democratic oversight of the security sector in an objective and scientific environment.

Author: Volkan Aytar Source: Aytar, V. (Ed.) (2005). 'Democratic Oversight of the Security Sector: Turkey and the World', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). Size: 54 pages (354kb)
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What role do parliaments play in ensuring democratic accountability for the use of force by international institutions? This study, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces, argues that parliaments currently lack the oversight powers to hold governments to account for the deployment of troops both at the national and international level. It describes this as the double democratic deficit. Parliaments need to network more, have greater access to information and demand more reporting from international assemblies.

Author: Hans Born | Heiner Hänggi Source: Born, H. and Hänggi, H. (2005). 'The Use of Force Under International Auspices: Strengthening Parliamentary Accountability', Policy Paper 07, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 32 pages (619KB)
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In 2001, Peru began to reform its police force. How successful has it been? This study, by the Open Society Justice Initiative and the Instituto de Defensa Legal, focuses on internal and external impediments to police reform in Peru. It argues that there has been considerable innovation in the process of reform, but also serious setbacks. There are many different ways to evaluate success in policing reform. However, it is clear that important advances have been achieved even though the short-term impacts are limited.

Author: Gino Costa | Rachel Neild Source: Costa, G & Neild, R, 2005, 'Police Reform in Peru', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 38, no. 2, August 2005 , pp. 216-229 Size: 14 pages (88 kB)
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Has Guatemala's 1996 Peace Accord achieved its goal of combating crime and violence? Have reforms of the intelligence and security services ensured that security demands do not threaten human rights? This report, from the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), describes the current state of intelligence system reform and argues that the process of reforming the old intelligence structures has produced mixed results.

Author: Iduvina Hernández Source: Hernández, I., 2005, 'A Long Road: Progress and Challenges in Guatemala's Intelligence Reform', WOLA, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (322 kB)
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There are signs that West Africa is beginning to waken fully to the need to tackle its security challenges. This Conflict, Security and Development article argues that while the relationship between democratisation and democratic governance of the security sector is unclear, norm setting at the sub-regional level, as well as activism in the non-governmental sector is driving moves towards improved governance. The major challenge remains to get individual states to live up to their security sector governance commitments.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, B. et al., 2005, 'Democratizing Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Trends and Challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 203-226 Size: 25 pages ()
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Multiple, overlapping and contradictory sources of law create confusing and contentious dispensation of justice in Somalia. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, assesses how formal and informal justice systems function in the country's 'stateless' society. Harmonisation of these systems should include public dialogue and confidence building, capacity building, establishment of a stable political environment and a major increase in international technical assistance and funding.

Author: Andre Le Sage Source: Andre Le Sage, 2005, 'Stateless Justice in Somalia: Formal and Informal Rule of Law Initiatives', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 59 pages (288 kB)
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This University of Cape Town report provides a brief overview of the oversight mechanisms that hold the police accountable in ten Southern African Commonwealth countries. The report reviews mechanisms (such as laws, policies, structures and institutions) which have been created on paper to address police accountability. Making the police accountable in any developing country is a process. A culture of accountability and democratic process needs to be created to replace a police culture of impunity and violence.

Author: Julie Berg Source: Berg J., 2005, 'Police Accountability in Southern African Commonwealth Countries', Centre of Criminology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town Size: 28 pages (556 kB)
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What are the reasons behind the problem of policing in Sri Lanka? How was the current policing situation made this possible? This Asian Human Rights Commission report offers an analysis of the nature and extent of the police's flaws and weaknesses. It sets the context of the current policing system and how it has reached its current condition. The report concludes with key solutions to an illness which is deemed curable - the inefficiency and corruption of the police system.

Author: Basil Fernando (ed.) | Shyamali Puvimanasinghe (ed.) Source: Fernando B. (ed.), Puvimanasinghe S. (ed.), 2005, 'An X-ray of the Sri Lankan policing system & torture of the poor', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 325 pages (952KB)
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What are the best ways to promote security sector governance in Africa? What are the roles of government, the military and civil society in the process? This paper comes from a workshop with the theme Security Sector Governance. It was held in Ghana and organised by Africa Dialogue and Security Research (ASDR) and Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). The workshop included presentations by practitioners and academics and case studies from African countries and other regions in transition to democracy for example Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Author: Anicia Lala | Riefqi Muna Source: Lalá, A. and Muna, R., 2004, Workshop on Security Sector Governance in Africa', in Elmina, Ghana, 24-26 November 2003, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform Paper 33 Size: pages ()
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In the wake of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, two key questions have confronted the Americans and Iraqis who now hold power. How can Iraq be stabilised? How can it be liberalised economically, politically and socially? This report by United States Institute of Peace suggests that although the requirements of stabilisation have so far overshadowed progress toward liberalisation, significant steps have been taken in transitioning from totalitarianism to free market democracy. Much more, however, remains to be accomplished.

Author: Faleh A. Jabar Source: Jabar, F., 2004, 'Postconflict Iraq : A Race for Stability, Reconstruction and Legitimacy', United States Institute for Peace Special Report No. 120 Size: 20 pages (210kB)
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With budget support becoming more important in development cooperation, the principles of sound state budgeting are gaining increasing importance. This study by the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) examines the planning, reporting and control of military expenditures in Ethiopia, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. It suggests that there is a need to improve public expenditure policy and management in this area.

Author: Michael Brzoska | Marc von Boemcken Source: Brzoska, M. et al, 2004, 'Incorporation of Defense Expenditures into Public Expenditure Work: Short Assessment of the Situation in Ethiopia, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda', Bonn International Center for Conversion, paper 38 Size: 79 pages (774KB)
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Since the beginning of the colonial period, African security organisations have often created greater insecurity for both states and their populations than guaranteeing individual and collective security. This handbook, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, provides guidance on undertaking security sector reform in Africa consistent with democratic governance principles and a human security agenda. It argues that all actors should be engaged in reform processes and highlights the importance of transparency and accountability for democratic security sector governance. It also emphasises the need for democratic governance values to be accepted not simply in individual countries, but across regions.

Author: Nicole Ball | Kayode Fayemi Source: Ball, N. and Fayemi, K. (eds.), 2004, 'Security Sector Governance in Africa: A Handbook', Published by Centre for Democracy and Development, London Size: 127 pages (1.09 MB)
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What role can the media play in governance of the security sector? What obstacles hinder the media's ability to provide effective oversight of security institutions? This book from the Bonn International Center for Conversion and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the role of the media in governance and oversight of the security sector. It argues that the media have a vital role to play in monitoring security institutions and helping citizens make informed decisions regarding the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M. (Ed.) (2004). 'Media in Security and Governance: The Role of the News Media in Security', Nomos / Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: pages ()
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What progress has been made in the reconstruction of Iraq during the occupation and what challenges remain? This report from the Open Society Institute and the United Nations Foundation assesses the legacy of the occupation and outlines the challenges facing Iraq's reconstruction. It concludes that conditions in Iraq reflect the successes and failures of the occupation period. Post-conflict stability and reconstruction can only be achieved if the international community demonstrates sustained commitment to enabling Iraqis to build a free and stable society. The Coalition, the international community and the Iraqi people must make progress regarding security, the political process, economic reconstruction, infrastructure and social services and justice.

Author: Mimi Ghez (Project Chair) | Anthony Richter (Project Director) Source: United Nations Foundation and Open Society Institute, 2004, 'Iraq in Transition: Post-conflict Challenges and Opportunities', OSI & UNF Size: 144 pages (829.4 kB)
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How can intelligence reform assist in asserting civilian supremacy over the military? This article, published in the journal Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, argues that the work of three successive Chilean governments has had only limited success in expanding civilian authority over intelligence. A new model for understanding the dynamics of intelligence reform is offered, involving the number of institutions involved, presidential control and civilian oversight.

Author: | Gregory Weeks Source: Weeks, G., 2004, 'The Military and Intelligence Reform in Chile', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad', vol.18, no.3-4, pp.253-263 Size: 14 pages (55 kB)
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What impact has the security sector reform (SSR) concept had in the Arab Middle East? This chapter from Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector examines the discourse of SSR in the Arab Middle East. It argues that SSR has as yet played no significant part in either the discourse or practice of political reform in the Middle East. However, the need for wider reforms as a result of domestic and international pressures could enable the emergence of an SSR discourse in the region.

Author: Arnold Luethold Source: Luethold, A., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in the Arab Middle East: A Nascent Debate', DCAF, Geneva Size: 26 pages (135 kB)
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What is the state of civil-military relations in Zambia? In April 2004, the Institute for Security Studies held a workshop on civil-military relations and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) in Zambia. This book is the product of that workshop. It highlights the need for Zambia to promote good civil-military relations in order to deal with internal economic and political pressures.

Author: Gilbert Chileshe | Margaret Chimanse Source: Chileshe G., Chimanse M., Ngoma N., Lwando P., Mbewe T., 2004, 'Civil Military Relations in Zambia - A Review of Zambia's Contemporary CMR History and Challenges of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration', Instutute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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Why are some societies more exposed to terrorism than others? What are the common theories and hypotheses concerning the causes of terrorism? Published by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, this paper surveys theories on the causes of terrorism, as well as those for explaining terrorism on an international or world system level of analysis.

Author: Brynjar Lia | Katja Skjølberg Source: Lia, B. and Skjølberg, K., 2004, 'Causes of Terrorism: An Expanded and Updated Review of the Literature', FFI/RAPPORT-2004/04307, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller Size: 84 pages (1.77mb)
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It is widely recognised that illicit exploitation of natural resources and the criminalisation of economic life play a significant role in conflicts. But there is less understanding of how these factors create distinctive obstacles for designing peace processes and building peace. This report synthesises the main themes from an International Peace Academy conference on the challenges war economies pose to peace.

Author: Heiko Nitzschke Source: Nitzschke, H., 2003, 27-29 October, Transforming War Economies: Challenges for Peacemaking and Peacebuilding, Report of the 725th Wilton Park Conference in Association with the International Peace Academy, Wiston House, Steyning. Size: pages ()
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Do local governance systems have the potential to prevent and manage conflict? How can they become more responsive to local needs? This study from the Development Studies Institute at the University of Colombo and the South Asia Institute at the University of Heidleberg provides an overview of the way in which local government works in three different regions of Sri Lanka.

Author: Prof. Siripala Tellarnbura Source: DSIUC and SAI, 2003, Development Studies Institute University of Colombo, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg Size: 123 pages (518 KB)
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Security policy is widely believed to be the task of the executive. Parliaments are regarded as less suitable for making security decisions. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that parliamentary oversight of the security sector and its reform is in the interest of democracy and security. Security sector reform creates systematic accountability and transparency on the premise of increased democratic control, placing it within the context of the good governance agenda.

Author: Hans Born | Phillip Fluri Source: Born, H., Fluri, P. and Lunn, S. (eds.), 2003 'Oversight and Guidance: The Relevance of Parliamentary Oversight for the Security Sector and its Reform', DCAF, Brussels/Geneva Size: 263 pages (935kB)
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of developmental approaches to security sector reform (SSR)? How is the concept of SSR changing, and how might it be developed to enable better implementation? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces traces the origins of the SSR debate and surveys the opportunities and challenges presented by reform. It argues that, while a comprehensive and developmental approach to SSR is important, donor governments' inadequate coordination and competing objectives and recipient countries' resistance have hampered SSR efforts.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, M., 2003, 'Development Donors and the Concept of Security Sector Reform', Occasional Paper no. 4, DCAF, Geneva Size: 61 pages (281 kB)
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The degree of media coverage of a nation's security and military is a good indicator of the level of democratisation of that country. This paper by Pero Jurisin recounts the history of media coverage of security issues in Croatia. Throughout Croatia's history, freedom to openly discuss military issues has been marked with recurring attempts by the media to publicise security issues, and ongoing official suspicion of a free media. While public discussion of security has increased recently, it is still plagued by lack of transparency.

Author: Pero Jurisin Source: Jurisin, P. 2003, 'Security and Media', Paper presented at Security Sector Reform and Media: A regional conference on defence and the freedom of information, 14-15 November 2003, Belgrade. Size: 2 pages (30.0 kB)
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How can intelligence services act both as a protectorate of democracy and engage in secret operations? This paper examines intelligence services in democratic societies. It considers elements necessary for creating a coordinated, civilian intelligence structure that reflects the needs of a democratic society and threats to the state. It lists the main criteria for democratic control, supervision, accountability and oversight of activities. The nature of intelligence is such that the balance between secrecy and democracy will always be a delicate one to strike.

Author: DCAF Intelligence Working Group Source: DCAF Intelligence Working Group (2003). 'Intelligence Practice and Democratic Oversight : A Practitioner's View', Occasional Paper 03, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 85 pages (424kb)
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Violent conflict has increased in Nigeria since the end of military rule in 1999. Despite commitment to military reform, militarism remains a major problem. This chapter from 'Governing Insecurity' (Zed Books) argues that security sector reform (SSR) in Nigeria must be part of a broader national restructuring. A consensus-based security sector review is needed. This can contribute to the political process of recapturing the culture of compromise and dialogue that was lost during three decades of authoritarian military rule and social exclusion.

Author: Kayode Fayemi Source: Fayemi, J K, 2003, 'Governing the Security Sector in a Democratising Polity: Nigeria', in Governing Insecurity, Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, Cawthra, G. and Luckham, R. (eds), Zed Books, London. Size: 20 pages ()
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Does military business matter? What economic, political and military impact does the existence of military business operations have? This book examines the reasons for and impact of military business operations in both peace and war. It argues that military business is important because of its impact on national economies, civil-military relations and the overall defence capabilities of armed forces.

Author: Dr. Jörn Brömmelhörster | Wolf-Christian Paes Source: Brömmelhörster D.J., Paes W., 2003, 'The Military as an Economic Actor: Soldiers in Business', Palgrave Macmillan Size: 30 pages ()
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Who are Namibia's main security actors and what are their respective roles and functions in security governance? How effective is Namibia's security governance in terms of democratic norms? This paper from the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung explores the relationship between security actors and the state in Namibia. It argues that the character of Namibia's security sector signifies that the country is still in a transition phase towards consolidating its democracy.

Author: Andre du Pisani Source: du Pisani, A., 2003, 'The Security Sector and the State in Namibia - An Exploration', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Study Size: 36 pages (295 kB)
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How can a repressive and corrupt police force be converted to one that is accountable and respects human dignity? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), suggests that African police forces evolve, not towards a Western model of catching criminals and being publicly accountable, but through adapting to political developments and accommodating regimes. As a result, historical inheritance, socio-political pressures, personal ambition, political contingencies, and institutional resilience have shaped them much more than any aid programme.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Source: Mills, A., 2002, 'Police Reform in Post-Colonial States', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Working Paper Series No. 36 Size: 20 pages (294KB)
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Why is security important in human development? How can the security sector be held accountable? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) discusses the need to keep the security sector accountable and under democratic, civil control. It argues for civil oversight, transparency, respect between civil authorities and security forces, and commitment from country leadership.

Author: Nicole Ball | Michael Brzoska Source: Ball, N. and Brzoska, M. with Kingma, K. and Wulf, H., 2002, 'Voice and Accountability in the Security Sector', Paper 21, BICC, Bonn, http://www.bicc.de/publications/papers/paper21/paper21.pdf Size: 2 pages (564 KB)
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Off-budget military expenditure is more widespread than is generally recognised. It is a significant problem for both developing countries and the donor community as it undermines macro-economic stability and efforts to promote poverty reduction, and is also an indicator that there are accountability problems with the military.

Author: D Hendrickson | N Ball Source: Hendrickson, D. and Ball, N. 2002, 'Off-budget Military Expenditure and Revenue: Issues and Policy Perspectives for Donors', Conflict Security and Development Group Occasional Papers. Size: 25 pages (130 kB)
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The British Government's Green Paper on Private Military Companies (PMCs) provides a comprehensive overview of the PMC debate and outlines six regulatory options. Due to the range of activities carried out by PMCs, it is unlikely that one response alone would be adequate. This paper thus proposes a multidimensional approach to regulating British PMCs that matches the appropriate kind of response to the variety of activities that PMCs might undertake.

Author: Damian Lilly | International Alert Source: Lilly,D., 2002, 'Regulating Private Military Companies: The Need for a Multidimensional Approach', International Alert, London, UK Size: 10 pages (39 kB)
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A badly-managed, irresponsible security sector contributes to unstable governments, excessive military expenditures, human rights abuses and intractable poverty. This document, published by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), is a set of guidelines for DFID governance advisors and managers considering security sector reform (SSR). It may also assist those working on economic reform, social development and post-conflict reconstruction. SSR programmes should only be considered if they contribute to DFID's primary mission: the reduction of poverty.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2002, 'Understanding and supporting security sector reform', DFID, UK Size: 42 pages (232 kB)
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Despite the fact that Chile entered a new democratic era almost two decades ago, security sector reform (SSR) still faces enormous institutional and political resistance. This report, published by Conflict, Security and Development, examines the cautious steps that Chile's current governing coalition is taking to institute SSR. Even in highly restricted political and institutional environments, civilians can lead SSR initiatives when they have political support and the technical capacity to do so.

Author: Claudio A Fuentes Source: Fuentes, C., 2002, 'Resisting Change: Security Sector Reform in Chile', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 2, no. 1 April 2002, pp. 121 - 131 Size: 11 pages ()
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Elections were held in Tanzania on 29 October 2000. The ruling party CCM (Party of the Revolution) predictably won on the mainland, but faced a fierce challenge on the islands of Zanzibar from the CUF (Civic United Front). The elections on Zanzibar were, according to observers, not free and fair. This has led a sporadic violence and a boycott of the legislature by the CUF. This article, for Review of African Political Economy, seeks to explain why the current political stalemate has come about, and considers the prospects for political progress as a result of the 2001 agreement between CCM and CUF. It argues that the CCM government on the islands is becoming increasingly authoritarian.

Author: Greg Cameron Source: Cameron,G., 2002, 'Zanzibar's Turbulent Transition', Review of African Political Economy , No 92, pp. 313-330 Size: 18 pages (1.4 MB)
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The public perception of human security in Bangladesh is one of widespread violations, especially against the poor and disadvantaged, and of an inefficient, complex and corrupt criminal justice system. This report reviews human security and provides recommendations for change. It finds that 'anti-poor' elements of Bangladesh's criminal justice system include the bail system, costly and cumbersome court procedures, and wide misuse of discretionary powers by the police. There is also a significant 'implementation gap' in the enforcement of existing laws due to police and court inefficiencies. Political leaders and the elite should ensure the implementation and monitoring of the whole criminal justice system, taking a multidisciplinary approach to address the multifaceted nature of human security.

Author: UNDP Source: UNDP, 2002, 'Human Security in Bangladesh', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Dhaka, Bangladesh Size: 125 pages (3.8 MB)
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Are private military companies (PMCs) conducting support, training and combat activities a legitimate application of force for the modern state? This paper, authored by S Goddard, analyses the post-Cold War evolution of PMCs, their international legal status and the effects and ramifications of their use. The legitimacy of PMCs is both de facto and amoral, since they operate within a vacuum of regulation and accountability at both national and international levels.

Author: S Goddard Source: Goddard,S., 2001, 'The Private Military Company: A Legitimate International Entity Within Modern Conflict', A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA Size: 2 pages (34.0 kB)
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In 1998 Sandline International, a British private military company (PMC), signed a contract with the then exiled President of Sierra Leone to supply arms in contravention of a United Nations embargo. The fallout from this affair demonstrated the serious implications PMC activities can have on UK foreign policy. This report argues that the UK government should control the activities of mercenaries and private military companies operating out of the UK. It also proposes options for prospective legislation.

Author: Chaloka Beyani | Damian Lilly Source: Beyani,C. and Lilly,D., 2001, 'Regulating Private Military Companies: options for the UK Government', International Alert, London, UK Size: 42 pages (175 kB)
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How can Africa's young democracies address violence within their own borders? This paper, published by Africa Development, argues that unresolved quandaries of citizenship and statehood have driven violent conflict in Kenya. The impulsive reactions of a threatened government have generated state violence, with the resistance of citizens ensuing. So far the process of democratisation has inflamed ethnic struggles, leading to the destruction of human life and property. Yet a new social contract, bringing peace and justice, is most likely to emerge from a more thorough, dedicated pluralism.

Author: Joshia O. Osamba | Africa Development Source: Osamba, J.,2001,'Violence and the Dynamics of Transition: State, Ethnicity and Governance in Kenya', Africa Development, Vol.26, nos. 1 & 2 Size: 18 pages (222 kB)
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What steps have been taken to develop community policing in Malawi? Since the advent of democracy in 1994, the Malawi police, aided by the UK Department for International Development, have undertaken a programme of reform. Recognising the importance of cooperation between the public and police to tackling armed crime, a coalition of NGOs launched a project to promote community policing. This short article from Saferworld and the Institute for Security Studies provides a brief outline of the project.

Author: Institute for Security Studies | Saferworld Source: ISS, Saferworld, 2001, 'Community Policing in Malawi ', Action on Small Arms in Southern Africa Newsletter 3, Instutute for Security Studies, Saferworld Size: pages ()
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Civil-military relations (CMR) refers to the structural position of military institutions within government, as well as the informal influence of military groups within politics and society at large. What is the impact of different leadership approaches to the military? How significant is harmonious CMR for effective democratic government? This article from the Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies assesses the different relationships between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and political leadership from President Marcos through to the Macapagal-Arroyo administration.

Author: Raymund Jose Quilop Source: Quilop R.J., 2001, 'Waltzing with the Army: from Marcos to Arroyo', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 16 (2): 91-104. Size: 14 pages (984 kB)
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Has globalisation improved democratic development in Thailand since the 1990s? This Contemporary Southeast Asia article studies three of the main actors in the Thai political economy: the military, the private sector and civil society. All have undergone marked changes, and in particular the private sector has been reinvigorated. A new and more sophisticated conjunction has emerged between politics and business. Has the rise of 'money politics' become too forceful an opposition for true democratisation?

Author: Ukrist Pathmanand Source: Pathmanand U., 2001, 'Globalisation and Democratic Development in Thailand: The New Path of the Military, Private Sector, and Civil Society', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 23 (1): pp. 24 - 42. Size: 18 pages ()
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The international community increasingly recognises that security sector reform is fundamentally a governance issue. Development practitioners must therefore be centrally involved in this process, alongside a wide range of other actors. Since the 1990s development actors have begun to engage in efforts to strengthen security sector governance. However, this altered approach to security sector reform is very much a work in progress and key questions remain unresolved. In particular, how can the experience that has been gained be translated into good programming?

Author: N Ball Source: Ball, N. 1998 'Spreading Good Practices in Security Sector Reform: Policy Options for the British Government', Saferworld, London. Size: 59 pages ()
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In recent years, security sector reform has become an important feature of the international development agenda. Yet there are almost no tools to help governments assess the quality of democratic security sector governance, and plan and implement sector reforms. This framework, from the Clingendael Institute, aims to fill that gap by identifying security sector governance needs and developing a strategy to address them.

Author: Nicole Ball | Tsjeard Bouta Source: Ball, N., Bouta, T. and van de Goor, L., 2003, Enhancing Democratic Governance of the Security Sector: An Institutional Assessment Framework, The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague. Size: pages ()
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Does the state's ability to tax create a need to respond to citizens? If a state derives its resources from foreign aid, is it less inclined to consider the needs of the poor? Is there "no taxation without representation?" This paper from the Institute of Development Studies, explores tax collection, authority and legitimacy in South Africa. It suggests a change in tax-payer attitudes is necessary even though, contrary to other developing countries, South Africa has a tax paying culture.

Author: Dumisani Hlophe | Steven Friedman Source: Hlophe, D. and Friedman, S., 2002, '…And their Hearts and Minds will Follow? Tax Collection, Authority and legitimacy in Democratic South Africa', IDS Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 3, pp.67-76. Size: pages ()
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Non-state justice and security (NSJS) systems deal with the majority of disputes in developing countries and are an important complement to formal state justice. What is the best way for donors and governments to engage with them? What are the policy options that increase security and justice for the poor and marginalised? This study from the Department for International Development explores this issue drawing on examples from Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Author: Keith Mackiggan Source: Department for International Development (DFID), 2004, Non-state Justice and Security Systems: A Guidance Note, DFID, London Size: pages ()
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