Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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How can the fragmented Afghan National Army (ANA) attain the unified national character required? This paper finds that ethnic frictions and political factionalism at high levels in the Ministry of Defence and general staff have stunted the army's growth, and structural flaws have undermined the military's ability to operate independently. Military aid currently empowers patronage networks. Emphasis on rapid expansion of the army may outpace the capacity of an inherently unwieldy system. It is important to strengthen civilian input into military development, to confront corruption and factionalism, and to prioritise sustainability of the armed forces.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting the Afghan National Army', Asia Report No. 190, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 42 pages (1.32 MB)
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More than two years after declaring independence, Kosovo struggles with uneven rule of law and a weak justice system that is failing its citizens. This report surveys Kosovo's domestic legal system and recommends national and international actions to address systemic weaknesses. Above all, Kosovo's President, government and Assembly must fully support efforts to curb high-level corruption and adopt key framework laws for the judicial system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'The Rule of Law in Independent Kosovo', International Crisis Group, Europe Report No. 204, Washington, D.C. Size: 33 pages (1 MB)
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What are citizens' perceptions of the security sector in Bangladesh? What are the lessons for security sector reform? This paper reports results of a public perceptions survey on the police, army, the Rapid Action Battalion, defence parties and border guards. While citizens of Bangladesh feel safer today and crime has declined slightly, a large number of challenges remain that all security providers must address. The Bangladesh police and criminal justice system are in most need of reform; greater links between formal and informal security and justice mechanisms would improve security provision.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Security Provision in Bangladesh: A Public Perceptions Survey', Saferworld, London Size: 18 pages (210 KB)
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Failure to address the civil war's root causes and to dismantle clandestine security apparatus has weakened Guatemala's institutions and facilitated skyrocketing violent crime. The UN-sanctioned International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) has made some progress in addressing high-level corruption, but in June 2010 its director resigned, saying the government had not kept its promise to support CICIG's work and reform the justice system. The President needs to consolidate recent gains with institutional reform, anti-corruption measures, vetting mechanisms and a more inclusive political approach, including to indigenous peoples. Reform of the police and military as well as the corrections and justice systems are among the priorities.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Guatemala: Squeezed between Crime and Impunity', Latin America Report No. 33, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 31 pages (2.3 MB)
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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How can violence against women and girls (VAW) be addressed more effectively in security and justice (S&J) programmes? This paper outlines how S&J programmes have addressed VAW and provides suggestions for improvement. Engagement with civil society is important; CSOs can help women to articulate their experience and can advocate for institutional and social change. A focus on prevention should complement support to victims of violence.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Addressing Violence Against Women in Security and Justice Programmes: Briefing', Saferworld, London Size: 12 pages (107 KB)
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How do Palestinians assess Palestinian ownership in security sector reform? How could such ownership be improved? This report outlines the findings of working groups of local stakeholders. While perceiving donor support as critical for the success of security sector reform, participants expressed dissatisfaction with donor control of the planning and implementation of reform projects, noting discrepancies between donor and local priorities. They concluded that Palestinians should take the lead in SSR through improved coordination, development of a coherent strategy, and improved aid monitoring.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Source: DCAF, 2010, 'Building Ownership in Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF Spotlight no. 6, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Ramallah Size: 4 pages (459 KB)
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How do police training programmes support or undermine post-conflict reconstruction? This article analyses the importance of democratic policing to rebuilding the state after conflict. International policing and police training missions in post-conflict and fragile states have been fragmented, ad hoc, and rarely focused on the principles of democratic policing. When a new regime emerges after war or replaces authoritarianism it is essential that the training, mindset and methods of the police undergo fundamental change. Instilling an ethos of democratic policing requires training programmes and reform that builds professional competence, accountability, and a public service ethic.

Author: Michael D. Wiatrowski | Jack A. Goldstone Source: Wiatrowski M. D. and Goldstone J. A., 2010, 'The Ballot and the Badge: Democratic Policing', Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, pp79-92 Size: 13 pages (600 kB)
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What is the status of security sector reform in Liberia five years after the end of the conflict? This report from the International Crisis Group assesses current progress and finds programmes long on ambition but short on results. While army reform has made significant strides since the end of the war, police reform and efforts in other areas have proved far less successful. The report warns that unless Liberia is quickly made more secure and stable, the efforts and investment made so far may prove to be in vain.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Liberia: Uneven Progress in Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Brussels Size: 45 pages (2.3 MB)
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What hinders effective policing and the pursuit of terrorist and militant organisations in Pakistan? What lessons can be learned from successful Pakistani police operations? This policy paper from the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding looks at the need for police reform in Pakistan. It calls for greater international support for police reform in order to enhance Pakistan's law enforcement and counterinsurgency capacities and improve the security environment.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Police & Law Enforcement Reform in Pakistan: Crucial for Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Success', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding Size: 28 pages (3.4 MB)
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A consensus among domestic security sector reform (SSR) actors in Haiti that the reform agenda is imposed from outside has led to limited local ownership of the process. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, reviews the current status of reform of Haiti's judiciary, police and penal systems. Until the suspicion of reform measures imposed by outsiders can be reversed and genuine political will for reform nurtured, SSR policy makers will be hard-pressed to succeed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M. (ed.), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Haiti', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Size: 12 pages (1.55 MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is most often used as a platform for reform in fragile and post-conflict states and in countries transitioning from communism or authoritarian rule. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews security sector and governance definitions, issues, approaches and actors. There is an emerging consensus that governance is an essential SSR component and that linkages among different actors be considered in order to achieve successful SSR.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Governance and Reform', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.52 MB)
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Post-conflict environments can attract huge numbers of external actors that create management and coordination problems and often apply short-term approaches that can lead to resumption of conflict. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. SSR success can be assessed by measuring the reduction of violence, economic growth, improved security professionalism and the degree of local ownership.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Peacebuilding', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.50 MB)
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In virtually all security sector reform (SSR) programming and delivery, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) have either led international community efforts or supported the lead provided by other actors. This background paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, summarises IGO functions, norms and obstacles to their effectiveness. Underdeveloped IGO oversight mechanisms to ensure that activities are conducted in a transparent and accountable manner reduce IGOs' ability to contribute to long-term SSR sustainability.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform and Intergovernmental Organisations', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.41 MB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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Why has the United Nations been sidelined in the Timor-Leste security sector reform (SSR) process despite its mandated role? This study from the Center on International Cooperation examines the evolution of SSR in Timor-Leste, focusing on the role of the UN and its ability to deliver effective and efficient SSR programme support to the national government. The research argues that while there is a still a need for a comprehensive, neutral assessment of the security sector, the UN has lost the credibility necessary for its current Security Sector Review process to fulfill this role.

Author: Yoshino Funaki Source: Funaki Y., 2009, 'The UN and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste: A Widening Credibility Gap', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 15 pages (338KB)
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While Afghanistan has made progress in statebuilding, economic growth and human development, these positive signs have not stemmed the rising tide of insecurity in the country. This paper, published by The Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), reviews and analyses recent development and trends in Afghanistan's security sector reform (SSR). Despite an infusion of resources and an acceleration of international programming, Afghanistan's increasingly adverse security environment highlights continuing problems of corruption, clientelism and lack of coordiantion among the international donor community.

Author: Mark Sedra (ed) Source: Sedra M. (ed), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Afghanistan', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (1.7 MB)
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There is an emerging consensus that United States (US) and international policies are wrong-headed and ineffective in delivering peace, stability and democratic governance to Afghanistan. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is part of a signature research project exploring Afghanistan. The US and partners must adopt a regional approach toAfghanistan's problems and foster the development of an appropriate governance system to replace the current dysfunctional system.

Author: M. Nazif Shahrani Source: Shahrani M.N., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Alternatives for Peace, Governance and Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens & Rulers to Civil Servants', The Afghanistan Papers, No. 2, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 18 pages (657 kB)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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The United States (US) Department of Defense (DoD) did not establish clear guidelines for supplying weapons to Afghan NationalSecurity Forces (ANSF), resulting in significant lapses in accountability. This report, published by the US Government Accountability Office, traces the lack of systematic tracking for obtaining, transporting and storing weapons and recommends remedial action. The Secretary of Defense should establish clear accountability procedures, assess and verify ANSF capacity to safeguard weapons and train the ANSF in accountability.

Author: United States Government Accountability Office Source: United States Government Accountability Office, 2009, 'Afghanistan Security: Lack of Systematic Tracking Raises Significant Accountability Concerns about Weapons Provided to Afghan National Security Forces', GAO-09-267, United States Government Accountability Office Size: 46 pages (826 kB)
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What impact have European Union security sector reform policies had in Afghanistan? This paper from the European Union Institute for Security Studies analyses the evolution and impact of EU police and justice sector reform policies in Afghanistan. It argues that while the particular Afghan context poses considerable challenges for SSR, the fragmentation of both international and European efforts has also complicated matters. Only by improving coordination and increasing resources and efforts towards joint strategies will the EU have a positive impact on SSR in Afghanistan.

Author: Eva Gross Source: Gross E., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The EU's Contribution', European Union Institute for Security Studies (Paris) Size: 52 pages (665 kB)
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What progress has the Afghan National Army (ANA) made in terms of manpower, infrastructure and equipment, training, operational proficiency and public perceptions? What challenges still remain in rebuilding the ANA? This report from the RAND Corporation offers an assessment of the progress of the ANA to date. It argues that the ANA remains a work in progress, but is an indispensable part of the ultimate security of Afghanistan.

Author: Obaid Younossi | Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Younossi O., Thruelsen P.D., Vaccaro J., Sollinger J.M., Grady B., 2009, 'The Long March: Building an Afghan National Army', RAND Corporation Size: 85 pages (392 kB)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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The United States sees Pakistani cooperation in defeating militants in the northwest of the country as crucial to winning the war in neighbouring Afghanistan. The Obama administration has focused on strengthening Pakistan's counterinsurgency capabilities, and is pushing for increased assistance for equipment and training for Pakistani forces. This article, by the Council on Foreign Relations, outlines the forms this assistance has taken and examines some of the major debates surrounding it. It highlights the suggestion that Pakistan may not be fully committed to refocusing its army on counterinsurgency as it still sees India as its biggest security threat.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2009, 'Realigning Pakistan's Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC, US Size: 4 pages (76 kB)
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Entrepreneurship is often thought to be important for economic growth. But what makes people become entrepreneurs? This paper, published in the Journal of Public Economics, focuses on an institution frequently cited by entrepreneurs as a major obstacle to the creation of a business: the judicial system. It uses a reform as a source of variation in judicial speed in order to evaluate judiciaries' impact on entrepreneurship. The study focuses on judicial reform introduced in Pakistan in 2002. It concludes that it had dramatic effects on judicial efficiency and consequently on entrepreneurship.

Author: Matthieu Chemin Source: Chemin M., 2009, 'The impact of the judiciary on entrepreneurship: Evaluation of Pakistan's "Access to Justice Programme"', Journal of Public Economics, Volume 93, Issues 1-2, Size: 12 pages (356 kB)
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Sri Lanka is a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination of trafficking of men and women for the purposes of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. This report, published by the United States Department of State, reviews the current Sri Lankan government efforts to comply with standards for the elimination of trafficking. While the country is making efforts to control trafficking, it should commit to vigorous, comprehensive investigation, prosecution and punishment of trafficking offenders.

Author: United States Department of State Source: United States Department of State, 2009, 'Trafficking in Persons Report 2009 - Sri Lanka', United States Department of State Size: 2 pages (36.52kB)
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Where does the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) obtain its forces? What elements contribute to the ongoing powerful existence of the LTTE despite losing many of its senior cadres and strategic hideouts to the Sri Lankan military? This Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict article outlines a brief history of the conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE before outlining important elements of the LTTE which make it an effective and strong militant group. The author concludes with a warning to the Sri Lankan government as to what is necessary if the issue of ethnically-based militant groups such as the LTTE is to be tackled and real peace restored to the island.

Author: Manohari Velamati Source: Velamati M., 2009, 'End(uring) of Militancy in Sri Lanka: The Rudiments of Striking Back', Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict (SSPC), Article No. 161, New Dehli, India Size: pages ()
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Zimbabwe's new inclusive government, formed in 2008, provides an opportunity to consider provision of fundamental reforms of security and justice services to the people of Zimbabwe. This Institute for Security Studies paper examines Zimbabwe's need for security sector reform (SSR) and recommends measures by which to construct an effective security sector. The will to achieve widespread democratic reform does not currently exist in Zimbabwe; long-term, comprehensive SSR will occur only when it becomes politically necessary.

Author: Cheryl Hendricks | Lauren Hutton Source: Hendricks C., Hutton L., 2009, 'Providing security and justice for the people: Security Sector Reform in Zimbabwe', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): ISS Paper 199 Size: 16 pages (432 kB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) has become dominated by donor approaches and perspectives and the increasing ability of local actors to secure SSR funding for their own ends. This Institute for Security Studies paper analyses SSR within an African context and underscores the need to translate SSR principles into effective reform of security service provision. In order to align SSR with the current exercise of power in Africa, programming should focus on state-centred reform of the military, police, intelligence, paramilitary and non-statutory forces.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton L., 2009, 'A bridge too far? Considering security sector reform in Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): Occasional Paper 186 Size: 12 pages (244 kB)
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Air transportation has played a key role in fuelling the war economies that have devastated much of Africa in recent decades. This article, by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, outlines the background to this problem, highlights how international action can be used to control destabilising or illicit commodity flows, and makes four specific recommendations. The article focuses on the important role European Union member states can play in, for example, denying contracts to companies involved in such activities.

Author: Hugh Griffiths | Mark Bromley Source: Griffiths H., Bromley M., 2009, 'Air Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows', SIPRI Policy Paper no. 24, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Size: 74 pages (3.1 mB)
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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What is next for the UK having re-committed themselves to the security-justice agenda? What issues must be considered if success is to be achieved? This article suggests what these issues might be and how best they can be approached. The article firstly provides a brief background to the UK's commitment to the security-justice agenda and development, followed by key recommendations: the need for conceptual clarity; revamping the international influence campaign; and professionalising the business.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Security & Justice Development - What Next?', Journal of Security Sector Management, Shrivenham UK Size: 5 pages (90.63KB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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Despite existing international and regional legal frameworks that provide standards and codes of conduct for police forces, many African states are not implementing them. This Institute for Democracy in South Africa paper summarises international, regional and donor standards, concepts and guidelines relevant to police work. States need to develop both the political will and the capacity to infuse internationally accepted conventions and guidelines for law enforcement into their police management structures.

Author: Themba Shabangu Source: Shabangu T., 2009, 'Research Report on International Standards for Police Reform', Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), Pretoria Size: 35 pages ()
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What are the components of the national Afghan forces? What are the US and NATO doing to improve the Afghan national forces and with what aim? This Council on Foreign Relations article discusses this issue and provides some answers to these questions. The article firstly provides a background to the mission of the US military and NATO in Afghanistan. It follows with a breakdown of each security component and its current state of effectiveness. Finally, key issues are highlighted that are affecting the success of US military and NATO missions

Author: Greg Bruno Source: Bruno G., 2009, 'Afghanistan's National Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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What progress has been made on police and justice reform in Burundi during the current security sector reform (SSR) process? This article, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation as part of their Security Sector Reform Monitor series, argues that both continue to face significant challenges. These include varying operational capacity across of the new police and the influence of the executive in the legal system.

Author: CIGI Source: CIGI, 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Burundi', Centre for International Governance Innovation, Security Sector Reform Monitor, no.1. Size: 12 pages (2.2 MB)
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When states are unable to provide adequate security, provision often comes instead from local non-state bodies, private security companies and criminal groups. This paper examines the current status of state and non-state/local justice and security networks in fragile states. Donors can improve security and justice delivery by strengthening both state and non-state security providers, and fostering legislation that clarifies the state/non-state relationship.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'State-Provided Service, Contracting Out, and Non-State Networks: Justice and Security as Public and Private Goods and Services', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 36 pages (635 KB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What are the links between politics and security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)? This chapter argues that SSR should be understood as a political process, rather than as a purely technical issue. Obstacles to reform include the absence of effective oversight mechanisms and donor fragmentation. SSR efforts (encompassing the army, police, military, and civil and criminal justice) need to be scaled up in the DRC to foster long-term peace and security.

Author: Caty Clément Source: Clément, C., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in the DRC: Forward to the Past', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp89-117 Size: 29 pages (220 KB)
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What is the impact of the wider political process on security sector reform (SSR) in Georgia? This chapter analyses how and why SSR has taken place in Georgia, the context in which it operates and key lessons learned. It argues that SSR is inextricably linked to broader national and international political processes. International best practice fails to consider the narrow windows of opportunity for SSR in challenging environments. Quicker, more flexible approaches may be needed, although their long-term results may be questionable. Local ownership is critical to long-term, sustainable reform.

Author: Duncan Hiscock Source: Hiscock D., 2009, 'Impatient Reformers and Reignited Conflicts: The Case of Georgia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp119-140 Size: 22 pages (188 KB)
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Why is it difficult to turn security sector reform (SSR) policy into reality? This chapter from Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments examines progress in implementing SSR in Timor-Leste. The concept remains hard to explain and has struggled to find a place within existing institutional structures. SSR is still approached as a dry, mechanical exercise without accounting for complexities of politics, history and languages.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Peake, G., 2009, 'A Lot of Talk But Not a Lot of Action: The Difficulty of Implementing SSR in Timor-Leste', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp 213-238 Size: 27 pages (2.65 MB)
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What can be learned from previous security and defence operations? This chapter describes the EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM). This was the first European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operation and is still ongoing. The EUPM has helped transform the Bosnian police into a professional service and made progress in bringing institutions and practices into line with European norms. But shortcomings in law enforcement remain, including the high politics of police restructuring and the fight against organised crime and corruption.

Author: Michael Merlingen Source: Merlingen, M., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM)', in Ten Years of European Security and Defense Policy, eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly, and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp161-172 Size: 10 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2004-2005 rule-of-law mission in Georgia? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's (ESDP) first rule-of-law mission. EUJUST Themis aimed to help the government to develop an overarching criminal justice reform strategy based on local ownership. Political support from the Georgian post-revolutionary government was volatile, however. In the end, EUJUST technical experts drafed the strategy and the President adopted it by Decree in July 2005. While ESDP flexibility proved a strength, the EU Council needs to ensure that ESDP has sufficient authority to apply leverage for reform.

Author: Xymena Kurowska Source: Kurowska, X., 2009, 'The Rule-of-Law Mission in Georgia (EUJUST Themis)', in in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp201-209 Size: 8 pages (3.3 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2005 Integrated Rule-of-Law mission in Iraq? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's EUJUST LEX Mission. EUJUST LEX was established to provide training to high- and mid-level officials in management and criminal investigation. Launched in the midst of political controversy, it has proved a useful but limited training intervention. The network of training providers across Europe that has been developed could be used to support other interventions. However, out-of-country training needs to be tied much more closely to in-country activities and to national training and development strategies.

Author: Daniel Korski Source: Korski, D., 2009, 'The Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (EUJUST LEX)', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp231-241 Size: 10 pages (3.3 MB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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What is the state of the security sector in Afghanistan? Have recent reforms been successful? This article presents an overview of the Afghan National Army and police, the courts and judiciary, prisons and security intelligence elements. It argues that uneven distribution of international funding means uneven reform. International reform and Western security models are useful but limited; changes of culture, values and behaviour can be made only from within. Situating Afghanistan in the historical, cultural and religious context of South Asia and drawing on South Asian reform models might be more effective.

Author: Tonita Murray Source: Murray, T., 2009, 'The Security Sector in Afghanistan: Slow and Unsteady', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No. 2, pp.187-208 Size: 20 pages ()
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Despite nearly $10 billion in international police assistance, the Afghan police are riddled with corruption and incompetence. This report reviews past failures and current challenges facing the international police assistance programme in Afghanistan. The US strategy for the Afghan police is to increase numbers, enlarge the 'train and equip' programme, and engage the police against the Taliban. This approach has not worked in the past, however. The role of the police is in controlling crime, protecting Afghan citizens, and increasing the legitimacy of the Afghan government. International police assistance should expand as part of a comprehensive programme for security sector reform and the rule of law.

Author: Robert M. Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Police: The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform', USIP Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D. C. Size: 16 pages (623 KB)
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Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Saferworld | Claire Hickson Source: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), 2008, 'Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya', Saferworld, London. Size: 32 pages (1.02 MB)
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What progress has been made with the African Standby Force (ASF)? What are the challenges for the African Union (AU) and its international partners is achieving full ASF readiness by 2010? This review by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives an update on ASF progress. Training, doctrine, Standard Operating Procedures, and command and control concepts have been developed, but logistics remains hugely problematic. A more integrated concept of peace and security between the United Nations (UN) and the AU and more African ownership within the ASF are needed for African peacekeeping to be sustainable.

Author: Dr Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2008, 'The African Standby Force - An update on progress', ISS Paper 160, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 24 pages (452 kB)
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What are the common problems in negotiating and implementing disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programmes during peace processes? What lessons can be learned from experience to strengthen practice? This book by the Centre for Human Dialogue (HD Centre) provides first-hand observations on the negotiation of security issues in the El Salvador peace process and mediation in Aceh, Indonesia.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan, C. (ed.), 2008, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Negotiating Disarmament Viewpoints Volume 1, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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How can Liberians, following an extended period of civil war, regain effective oversight of their elected representatives and avoid further violent conflict? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) report argues that such an outcome can only derive from the rule of law. It is essential that legislators and other stakeholders are aware of the legal framework for security provision and governance in Liberia. This compendium provides a comprehensive list of the existing security legislation.

Author: Thomas Jaye | DCAF Source: Jaye, T., 2008, 'Liberia's Security Sector Legislation', DCAF Size: 188 pages (169KB)
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To what extent do military duties and requirements justifiably limit armed forces personnel from expressing their human rights? What examples of best practice can be found among Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) member states of integrating human rights into their armed forces? This handbook, by the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at successful best practice from member countries.

Author: Professor Ian Leigh | Dr Hans Born Source: Born, H. and Leigh, I., 2008, 'Handbook on Human Rights of Armed Forces Personnel', OSCE/ODIHR, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 256 pages (1.9 MB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Haiti be improved? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), deployed in 2004. SSR is crucial to Haiti's stability and security, and while MINUSTAH's success in SSR has been limited, UN agencies have a key role to play. Areas for improvement include coordination and evaluation. Basic stability, government willingness and local ownership are essential for SSR in Haiti.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MINUSTAH and the Need for a Context-Specific Strategy: The Case of Haiti', in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 53 pages ()
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What lessons can be learned from the United Nations (UN) Mission to Burundi? This research, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), argues that the UN made a significant contribution to the peace process in Burundi. However, this case study also raises the importance of not underestimating the inherent tension between external imposition and local ownership. Managing the fundamental differences between how each actor conceives of SSR and perceives its core priorities is a fundamental challenge for the whole SSR process.

Author: Laurent Banal | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Banal, L. and Scherrer, V., 2008, 'ONUB and the Importance of Local Ownership: The Case of Burundi' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. Size: 38 pages (139KB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) be improved? What SSR lessons can be learned from the DRC's United Nations Mission (MONUC)? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) finds that the UN has been slow to address SSR comprehensively in the DRC, but has been hampered by the complex political and security context and the virtual collapse of the state. SSR must take place at different levels simultaneously, together with other reform processes.

Author: Nicola Dahrendorf Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MONUC and the Relevance of Coherent Mandates: The Case of the DRC' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 38 pages ()
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How successful has Georgia been in its security sector reforms? This paper from the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development argues that a lot remains to be done to eliminate legislative flaws and the shortcomings of management. However, in such a fragile state, attempts to introduce best democratic practices immediately, without taking into account Georgia's particular circumstances, could threaten the state. NATO and the EU should assist Georgia and make it a test site for mutual cooperation.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Georgia 2004-2007', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi Size: 68 pages (543KB)
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Pakistan's police force is incapable of combating crime, upholding the law or protecting citizens and the state against militant violence. This research from International Crisis Group argues that it is vital for the newly elected government to institute police reforms. Elected representatives will be held accountable if citizens continue to see the police as brutal and corrupt. The democratic transition could falter if deteriorating security gives the military a new opportunity to intervene. Major reforms and reallocation of resources are required to create an effective and accountable police service.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Pakistan's Police', Asia Report N°157, 14 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 34 pages (1.7 MB)
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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What is security sector reform (SSR) and how can it be successfully achieved? This report from the United States Army explains that SSR is the set of policies, plans, programmes and activities that a government undertakes to improve the way it provides safety, security and justice. It is important in order to contribute to a world of legitimate, effectively governed states that provide for the needs of their citizens and conduct activities responsibly within the international system.

Author: US Army Source: US Department of the Army, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform', chapter 6 in 'FM 3-07 Stability Operations', US Department of the Army Size: 208 pages (13.4 MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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Nigeria's police are brutal and corrupt despite recent reform plans. Does this mean that reforms don't raise policing standards and practices, even in a relatively democratic environment like Nigeria? This research from the University of Leeds analyses developments in the Nigerian Police since 2005. It argues that reform can change organisational structures and regulations but, without socio-political change, its effects tend to be superficial, localised and temporary. Rather than being incremental, police reforms follow a dialectical process where reform and resistance interact.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2008, 'The Dialectic of Police Reform in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 46, no.2, pp. 215-234 Size: 20 pages ()
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How successfully have recent reform plans strengthened the justice sector in Guinea-Bissau? This background paper, published by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, analyses the efforts to create an independent judiciary and evaluates future challenges. With the sector unable to properly dispense justice, the average citizen of Guinea-Bissau today remains reliant on traditional justice mechanisms to resolve both interpersonal and community disputes.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Strengthening the Justice Sector', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Drug Trafficking in Guinea-Bissau and Strengthening of the Justice Sector 28 May 2008 Size: 4 pages (36 kB)
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What accounts for the failures of the UN justice mission in Kosovo and how can these mistakes be fixed? This report, published by Amnesty International, highlights seven years of failings by the UN Mission in Kosovo's (UNMIK) Department of Justice. Although the model of internationalising local courts by temporarily importing experienced jurists could work, the effort in Kosovo cannot serve as a model. By publicising the findings of its own internal review, UNMIK should begin to assess transparently its inadequate planning, oversight and implementation.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Kosovo (Serbia): The Challenge to Fix a Failed UN Justice Mission', Amnesty International, London Size: 121 pages (716 kB)
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In 2005 crime and the fear of crime rose throughout Tanzania. The Police have undertaken a major reform programme. What are the key problems currently facing the Police Force, and what are the main focus areas for its reform? These questions are answered in this document, produced by the Tanzanian Police Force. It highlights the Police Force's problems with regard to human resources management, infrastructure, ICT, its institutional and legal framework, and its finances. It also discusses the Tanzania Police Force Reform Programme, which focuses on community-based policing, professionalism and modernisation.

Author: Said A. Mwema | The President's Office-Public Service Management Source: Mwema, S., 2008, Challenges of Enhancing Performance and Responsiveness in the Police Force, Paper presented at the National Convention on Public Sector Reforms on Achieving Rapid Results in Public Sector Reforms at Ubungo Plaza, 18th June, Tanzania Size: 17 pages ()
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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How can the threat of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA ) in northern Uganda and the surrounding region be brought to an end? This paper by ENOUGH suggests the peace strategy must enable northern Uganda to consolidate its relative peace and address the threat that Kony - the leader of the LRA - poses to the region. It must develop leverage through military planning, press Kony to make a choice about his future and create a development and security strategy for displaced northern Ugandans to return, even in the absence of a peace deal.

Author: Julia Spiegel | John Prendergast Source: Spiegel, J. and Prendergast, J., 2008, A new peace strategy for Northern Uganda and the LRA: Advancing peace in northern Uganda, ENOUGH strategy paper, ENOUGH Project, International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress Size: 9 pages (147.85KB)
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Implementing Sudan's Joint Integrated Units (JIUs) mandated by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) has proved to be an obstacle to the broader implementation of the CPA. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, discusses the current status of JIUs, challenges to their deployment and functionality and consequences to CPA implementation. Active and immediate international assistance and Sudanese government cooperation are required to improve the JIUs in the interest of improving adherence to the CPA.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'Neither 'joint' nor 'integrated': The Joint Integrated Units and the future of the CPA', The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 10, Geneva Size: 8 pages (260 kB)
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How effective are outside efforts to bring security to African countries, particularly through the use of peacekeeping troops? This study from the German Institute of Global and Area Studies argues that a realistic assessment must include local perspectives on peacekeepers and their relations to other (state and non-state) actors in the security arena. Peacekeepers do harm, just as they do good; and they would profit from a more systematic evaluation of the local perception of their actions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler A., 2008, 'Positive, ambiguous or negative? Peacekeeping in the local security fabric', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 40-64, No.5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 25 pages (1.04MB)
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Only when external actors coordinate their long-term approaches and address specific context will it be possible to help Georgia consolidate democracy effectively. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the efforts of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democracy after intra-state war in Georgia. OSCE's overall effectiveness in Georgia has been positive; however, it can only reach its democracy promotion goals if the state government has the will to reform.

Author: Pamela Jawad Source: Jawad P., 2008, 'Conflict Resolution through Democracy Promotion? The Role of the OSCE in Georgia', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 611 - 629 Size: 20 pages ()
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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Indonesia's experience with security sector reform (SSR) has been driven largely by an insider-led process and marked by relatively limited direct external intervention. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces,discusses major factors, achievements and challenges that have characterised Indonesia's SSR. Given the local nature of SSR in Indonesia, engagement of external actors needs to be carefully attuned to domestic political dynamics and local culture.

Author: Riefqi Muna Source: Muna R., 2008, 'Local Ownership and the Experience of SSR in Indonesia', in Donais, T. (ed.), 'Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 251 pages (216 kB)
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Although military organisations in Asia still play a key role in state and nation building and maintaining internal and external security, the theoretical study of civil-military relations in this region has not commanded much attention. This paper, published by the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, uses a case study of Indonesia to expand the traditional analysis of subordinate-insubordinate military political behaviour to a more complex model of civil-military relations. This more nuanced model could help inform future research in order to better understand civil-military political behaviour.

Author: Evan Laksmana Source: Laksmana E., 2008, 'Spoilers, Partners and Pawns: Military Organizational Behavior and Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia', RSIS Working Paper, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore Size: 41 pages (258.07 kB)
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In the aftermath of the largely unexpected coup in Thailand in 2006, one question begs to be answered: will other Southeast Asian countries experience similar coups? This paper, published by Armed Forces and Society, investigates whether Indonesia and the Philippines may prove equally susceptible to military intervention in politics. Southeast Asian militaries are generally the most powerful domestic institutions; civilian governments need to find ways to manage the military until its intervention in civilian politics becomes a moot point.

Author: Mark Beeson Source: Beeson M., 2008, 'Civil Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines: Will the Thai Coup Prove Contagious?', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 34 (3), pp. 474-490 Size: 18 pages ()
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The corporate interest perspective cited in recent civil-military relations literature is not an analytically useful tool with which to explain military interventions in civilian politics. Citing civil-military factors in Indonesia and the Philippines, this paper, published by Armed Forces & Society, examines the effectiveness of corporate interest arguments in explaining military interventions. More salient country-specific factors must be considered in order to effectively evaluate the likelihood of military interventions into the political realm.

Author: Terrence Lee Source: Lee T., 2008, 'The Military's Corporate Interests: The Main Reason for Intervention in Indonesia and the Philippines?', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 34 (3), pp. 491-502 Size: 13 pages ()
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Emerging global and regional complexities require India to match its military capabilities with its growing economic and technological status in order to ensure a stable and peaceful environment. This paper, published by the Journal of Defence Studies, discusses the current global and regional security environment and its impact on India and its army. While India's democratic credentials are strong and its economy resilient, its army must be modernised to meet today's needs and future challenges.

Author: Deepak Kapoor | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Source: Kapoor D., 2008, 'Changing Global Security Environment with Specific Reference to our Region and its Impact on the Indian Army', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (2), Winter 2008, New Dehli Size: 18 pages (70 kB)
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In April 2006, protests in Nepal led to the end of direct rule by the King and the ending of the so-called 'People's War', fought by the Maoists against the state since 1996. This report, published by Saferworld, attempts to highlight the important issues surrounding policing in Nepal in this context. It identifies a sense of optimism following the end of the civil conflict, and changing expectations of the police force. It argues that a balance needs to be struck between providing basic security during a period of transition, and preparing to reform Nepal's security system in the long term.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2008, 'Public safety and policing in Nepal: An analysis of public attitudes towards community safety and policing across Nepal', Saferworld Size: 62 pages (1.2 MB)
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Who are the key players in Pakistan's power dynamics? What role is given to the judicial system and civil society? This report by Jayshree Bajoria offers a brief outline of the political power dynamics in Pakistan's including the traditional role of the military and intelligence agency. It follows by providing a detailed explanation as to other key players which have emerged as dominant stakeholders in Pakistan's power dynamics.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2008, 'Pakistan's Institutions and Civil Society', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York, USA Size: pages ()
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Despite eight years of security sector reform (SSR) advocacy in Indonesia, basic democracy policy objectives and professional, accountable military and police services have yet to be achieved. This paper, published by the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, examines civil society organisations' (CSO) efforts to promote SSR in Indonesia from 1998-2006. While CSOs need to re-formulate their SSR advocacy strategies, the government should comprehensively evaluate SSR laws, policies and implementation in order to improve security sector accountability.

Author: Nancy Slamet Source: Slamet N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Security Sector Reform in Indonesia: 1998-2006', International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, and Institute for Defense Security and Peace Studies, Montreal, Canada Size: 34 pages (546 KB)
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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What can be done to successfully reform the judiciary? What key issues must be considered? What improvements have already been brought about as a result of the enactment of laws? This Halsbury's Law article provides an overview of reforms in the judiciary in India. It argues that unless the citizens of India are educated, the objective of the Constitution to provide legal protection to all will not be achieved. The article discusses various key themes to be considered in trying to reform the judiciary in India in order to bring justice to all citizens, educated and illiterate. The author concludes that the importance of law in changing the minds of the society and in bringing about economic progress cannot be ignored.

Author: Justice AR Lakshmanan Source: Lakshmanan J.A., 2008, 'Reforms in the Judiciary: An Overview', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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Why have Indian courts accumulated arrears? What can judges and lawyers do to improve the system from within the existing framework? This Halsbury's Law Monthly article argues that the mental barriers to reforms are dismantled, and that all doses of external remedies are bound to fail. The article first provides a brief historical perspective of the origin and development of the judicial system in India since British Rule. It continues by discussing the issue of accumulation of arrears, and offers guidelines for lawyers and judges as to how to reform the system from within. It concludes with key recommendations for judges and lawyers in order to liquidate the huge backlog.

Author: A.K. Ganguly | Halsbury's Law Monthly Source: Ganguly A.K., 2008, 'Judicial Reforms', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: pages ()
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How can democratic policing be developed in Bangladesh? This chapter reviews policing and police reform, highlighting the challenges of corruption, misconduct and politicisation. Despite promising initiatives by the Police Reform Programme, achieving reform implementation and embedding respect for human rights in police culture remain challenging. Reforms will only succeed in practice if politicians demonstrate the political will for change.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Bangladesh' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp16-31 Size: 15 pages (2.9 MB)
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How successful have attempts at reforming India's police been? What needs to be done to transform India's police from a controlling force to a people-centred service? This chapter examines the current state and pace of police reform in India. The control-oriented, colonial-era 1861 Police Act continues to govern policing in India, and police abuses are rife. The national and state governments have failed to comply with Supreme Court directives to reform the police. New legislation is urgently needed, and the drafting process must be open to civil society and stakeholder input. This will ensure that the new law addresses the concerns of the people most affected by unaccountable and ineffective policing.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'India' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi, pp32-53 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter finds that despite Pakistan's progressive Police Order of 2002, effective implementation of police reform has been blocked by a culture of political interference in police matters and by opposition from vested interests among the bureaucracy, by elements of the policing community and by alienated provincial governments. A failure to appreciate the impact that inadequate and oppressive policing can have on politics and governance risks repeating the mistakes that have plagued Pakistan since Independence. The regressive amendments to the Police Order since 2002 must be repealed and the successful reform of the National Highways and Motorway Police should be emulated.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Pakistan' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 54-75 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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The effort to implement better policing in Sri Lanka has stalled, and international pressure on the government has produced only the appearance of respect for human rights. This chapter finds that police reform will not work while the civil war is ongoing or while politicians are unwilling to end their patronage of the police. In order to begin to democratise the police, the government must scale back the military offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and pursue a long-term political solution that involves devolution to the provinces. To end the culture of impunity, police human rights abuses must be impartially investigated and prosecuted.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Sri Lanka', in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 76-90 Size: 14 pages (2.9 MB)
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Before the political upheaval of the 1990s, police forces in the former Yugoslavia and Albania were centralised and repressive components of the state apparatus. Since then, various initiatives have been undertaken to address the numerous problems of police forces in the region. This has provided an opportunity to introduce community based policing (CBP). This policy document aims to set out the principles and key issues of undertaking successful CBP. It emphasises the importance of a strategic management process in undertaking CBP and, based on this, outlines a 'model' for CBP.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC, UNDP Stability Pact, Saferworld, 2007, 'Philosophy and Principles of Community Based Policing (3rd edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 48 pages (868 kB)
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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How successful have post-war reforms to the Afghan National Police (ANP) been? What strategies should be adopted to improve the structure and performance of the ANP? This paper from the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) provides an overview of the police sector and identifies five key issues that need to be addressed. The reforms so far have been disappointing. Piecemeal initiatives undertaken by donors and the national government have resulted in corruption within the police and mistrust among the Afghan population. Future programmes should focus on developing an over-arching strategy for the ANP, improving trainee recruitment and making donor assistance conditional on reform to the Ministry of Interior (MoI).

Author: Andrew Wilder Source: Wilder, A., 2007, 'Cops or Robbers? The Struggle to Reform the Afghan National Police', Issues Paper Series, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, Kabul Size: 94 pages (3.7 MB)
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Gender-based violence and discrimination hinder the establishment of peace and human security. Without gender equality, progress in global poverty reduction and development will fail. This study by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) argues that gender-sensitive reform of the security sector can make an important contribution to the reduction of gender-based violence and discrimination. It is an aspect of reform that has been overlooked in development cooperation to date.

Author: Sandra Oelke Source: Oelke,S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Gender: Concept and Points of Entry for Development Cooperation', Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany Size: 24 pages (1.62MB)
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What impact does conflict have on police culture? This chapter examines some aspects of everyday police practices in three African states, along with some of the internal management and external state and donor influences that have sought to (re)shape them. It seeks to track where changes have occurred following conflict, why, and with what consequences. Whilst reform of small state police forces proceeds slowly, the growth of other policing agencies continues. Policing, as it is experienced in Africa, is a multi-choice affair.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Conflict and African Police Culture: The Cases of Uganda, Rwanda, Sierra Leone', book chapter in, O'Neil, M., Marks, M. and Singh, AM. (eds.), 'Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions', Oxford: Elsevier Science. Size: 2 pages (35 kB)
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In January 2005 the South African government launched a six month amnesty period for the surrender of illegal weapons. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) reviews the 2005 firearms amnesty, assessing its impact and the factors that contributed to its success. The amnesty was successful in achieving its dual objectives of removing illegal guns from circulation and supporting the implementation of the 2000 Firearms Control Act (FCA). It also had a significant effect in that it demonstrated that attitudes to firearms ownership were beginning to change.

Author: | Adèle Kirsten Source: Kirsten, A. 2007. 'Simpler, better, faster: Review of the 2005 firearms amnesty', Occasional Paper 134, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 16 pages (279 kB)
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Why are international police building projects often not entirely successful? This article from Third World Quarterly focuses on events in 2006 in Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands. It suggests that police building has been a neglected dimension of nation- and state-building exercises, despite its importance to functions of pacification and restoration of law and order. The paper argues that, in both places, the police capacity builders paid insufficient attention to the political architecture and milieu of public safety.

Author: Andrew Goldsmith | Sinclair Dinnen Source: Goldsmith, A. and Dinnen, S. 2007.'Transnational police building: critical lessons from Timor-Leste and Solomon', Third World Quarterly, 28(6), pp.1091-1109, Routledge, Oxford Size: 20 pages (224KB)
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What are the objectives, activities and principles involved in peace support operations (PSOs)? This guide from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides information and guidance for UK police personnel on international policing operations in PSOs. It outlines how police personnel should conduct police operations and rule of law activities on PSOs and sets out the main principles of democratic policing.

Author: FCO Library Source: FCO. 2007. 'Peace support operations: Information and guidance for UK police personnel', Police and Justice Team, Conflict Issues Group, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London Size: 60 pages (2.51 MB)
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Can Ukraine create an effective navy to protect its interests in the Black Sea? This paper from European Security notes the progress that Ukraine has made since the 'Orange Revolution' in developing a balanced, flexible and deployable coastal navy able to engage in a full spectrum of defence activities. Continued progress is likely to be hampered, however, by the high cost of naval transformation, the challenges of democratic consolidation and friction between Russia and Ukraine in the Black Sea.

Author: Dr Deborah Sanders Source: Sanders, D. (2007). 'Rhetoric and Reality: Can Ukraine Create an Effective Navy to Protect its Interests in the Black Sea?', European Security, 16(2), pp. 143-161, Routledge Size: 20 pages ()
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What are the challenges of rebuilding judicial competence in Afghanistan after thirty years of war? This paper, published in the Heidelberg Journal of International Law, outlines the findings of a national study undertaken for the Supreme Court in 2006. It analyses deficiencies in judicial quality, competence and professionalism resulting from the degradation of institutional and human capacity. Initiatives are outlined to develop long-term education and training strategies to rebuild these capacities.

Author: Livingston Armytage Source: Armytage, L., 2007, 'Justice in Afghanistan: Rebuilding Judicial Competence After the Generation of War', Heidelberg Journal of International Law, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 185-210 Size: 27 pages (1.92 MB)
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How should local ownership be promoted as part of justice and security sector reform? This handbook, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, suggests ways of putting the principle of local ownership into practice. Transferring the responsibility for rule of law to local stakeholders is complicated but essential. It is important to build the capacity of local people to drive change and sustain efforts to strengthen the rule of law.

Author: Annika S. Hansen, Sharon Wiharta, Bjørn R. Claussen, Stian Kjeksrud Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S with Claussen, B. R. and Kjeksrud, S., 2007, 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Practitioners' Guide', Handbook Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 82 pages (1.2 MB)
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There is a great disparity in the regulation of private security companies (PSCs) in Europe. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, analyses existing PSC regulation by member states of the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (CoE) and recommends improvements to the current legal framework. Although PSCs contribute needed security services, the lack of minimum industry standards poses risks to the protection of human rights.

Author: Hans Born | Marina Caparini Source: Born, H., Caparini, M. and Cole, E. (2007). 'Regulating Private Security Companies in Europe: Status and Prospects', Policy Paper 20, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 48 pages (286.95)
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While public trust and confidence in the Kosovo Police Service (KPS) has improved, there is a marked disparity between Kosovo Albanian and Kosovo Serb perceptions of police, crime and personal security. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a citizen survey on personal and community safety and security issues. Kosovars want the KPS to improve its professionalism and effectiveness and work with communities to solve safety and security problems.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives | Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives, 2007, 'Policing in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferwold Size: 26 pages (246 kB)
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What do Palestinians think about the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process in the Palestinian Territories? How would they like to see their security sector evolve? This book, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, offers Palestinian perspectives on security sector governance and highlights ways to begin reform. It argues that if international assistance is to promote stability it needs a better understanding of Palestinian security needs as well as Palestinian views of the achievements and challenges of SSR, and a supportive environment.

Author: Roland Friedrich (ed.) | Arnold Luethold (ed.) Source: Friedrich, R. & Luethold, A. (Eds.), 2007, 'Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 180 pages ()
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Determining budgets for the justice sector is a contentious process in many countries. The judicial branch of government sees the fiscal branch's demand for restraint and accountability as infringing its independence. This study, by the World Bank, looks at practices developed in the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand for preparing and implementing budgets, especially in relation to management of the courts. It shows that good budgeting can contribute to better justice.

Author: David Webber Source: Webber, D., 2007, 'Good Budgeting, Better Justice: Modern Budget Practices for the Judicial Sector', Law & Development Working Paper Series No.3, Legal Vice Presidency, World Bank Size: 76 pages (810KB)
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In South Africa, the legacy of apartheid is still felt and transformation of society continues to be a central concern. But how does judicial independence relate to transformation? This study by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation analyses judicial independence and highlights the potential tensions with other aspects of transformation. It argues that the government and the public must understand the importance of judicial independence. They should resist weakening independence in the name of transformation and align other aspects of transformation with strengthening judicial independence.

Author: David Bruce | Amy Gordon Source: Gordon, A. and Bruce, D., 2007, Transformation and the Independence of the Judiciary in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 61 pages (598KB)
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Afghans see their police more as a source of fear than security. But Afghanistan needs a police service not a police force. This research by International Crisis Group argues that policing goes to the very heart of state-building since a national institution that provides security and justice is central to government legitimacy. Police reform should focus on accountability, ethnic representation and professionalism. It should also depoliticise and institutionalise appointments and procedures. The police should not be used to fight the insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Reforming Afghanistan's Police', Asia Report N°138, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 35 pages (731 kB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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Even in countries with well developed and trained police forces, human rights violations occur. Why is this and how can human rights advocates effectively intervene and engage with police? Answers will differ from country to country, and it is for this reason that interventions must be based on contextual analysis and assessment. This Amnesty International report aims to facilitate such assessments by helping understand the basic functions of policing in a society and with what minimal norms and principles they should comply.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Osse, A., 2007, 'Understanding Policing: A resource for human rights activists', Amnesty International Netherlands. Size: 326 pages (1.69MB)
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Is the holistic, person-centred model of Security Sector Reform unworkable in post-conflict situations in the wake of the 'war on terror' agenda? Whose security is international SSR assistance addressing? This Journal of Peacebuilding and Development article analyses experience in Afghanistan and Iraq and questions the feasibility of translating current SSR policy into effective post-conflict programmes. A new understanding of SSR and a new donor approach is needed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: exposing a concept in crisis', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.7-23. Size: 16 pages ()
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How do people protect themselves when the state does not? What can SSR learn from informal security mechanisms? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development examines informal community-based security systems in two fragile states, Colombia and Liberia. It finds that security services, whether state-sanctioned or not, must be viewed as legitimate by the communities they serve. Legitimacy is developed by involving community representatives in managing security oversight structures to ensure relevance to local needs.

Author: Richard Hill | Jon Temin Source: Hill, R., Temin, J., Pacholek, L., 2007, 'Building Security where there is no Security', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.38-52. Size: 14 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform in Africa be improved? How can the security problems posed by informal actors such as militias and vigilante groups best be addressed? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development argues that the creation of stronger states is key to these efforts. Case studies of Nigeria and South Africa illustrate that SSR in Africa could be enhanced by taking account of structural conditions that undermine the process of state-making. SSR therefore needs to help to enhance state capacity in order to improve the governance of non-state security actors.

Author: Jeffrey Isima Source: Isima, J., 2007, 'The Privatisation of Violence and Security Sector Reform in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa examined', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.24-37. Size: 13 pages ()
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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What impact have reforms in the criminal justice system had on crime and violence in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica? This working paper from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government shows how the governments of the Dominican Republic and Jamaica can further strengthen their efforts to measure the impact of the justice system, and also how both countries might pursue better coordination among institutions that collectively produce justice and safety. Furthermore, it suggests how they might also link criminal justice reforms to a broader, multi-sector strategy of crime and violence prevention.

Author: Todd Foglesong | Christopher Stone Source: Foglesong, T and Stone, C., 2007, 'Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic', Harvard Kennedy School of Government, RWP07-019, April 2007 Size: 39 pages (454 kB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Mexico's drug violence is increasing. Its police are ineffective and corrupt. The Calderón government has responded by calling out the army. But is this the right way forward? This paper by the Washington Office on Latin America argues that the government needs to restore public order, combat corruption and begin comprehensive reform of the police and criminal justice system. The American government should support reforms and do more to curb arms trafficking into Mexico as well as American demand for illicit drugs.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Roger Atwood Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2007, 'Reforming the Ranks: Drug Violence and Police Reform in Mexico', WOLA, Washington Size: 5 pages (41KB)
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Why are the efforts of donors to promote reform for democratic policing often unsuccessful? This article, published by the journal Policing and Society, examines the efforts undertaken in Brazil from 1997 to 2003 to encourage institutional changes within the police force. Given the many political and administrative challenges in carrying out such reforms, external donor agencies must promote broader forms of intervention to ensure both enhanced public safety and respect for human rights.

Author: Elizabeth Leeds Source: Leeds, E., 2007, 'Serving States and Serving Citizens: Halting Steps toward Police Reform in Brazil and Implications for Donor Intervention', Policing and Society, vol. 17, no.1 March 2007 pp. 21-37 Size: 18 pages (123kB)
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How successful has the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) been in its security reform (SSR) operational activities? This study, from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, looks at the OSCE's SSR-related operational activities in the fields of border management and policing, particularly in the former Soviet Republics. It suggests that OSCE has accumulated impressive experience in many areas of SSR. However, while its approach to security is global and cross dimensional, it continues to address security sector-related issues in a piecemeal manner, lacking even a coherent understanding of good governance.

Author: Viktor-Yves Ghebali Source: Ghebali, V., 2007, 'The OSCE's SSR Operational Activities: A Piecemeal Approach with Limited Results' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 123-136 Size: 13 pages (1.83MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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To what extent might security sector reform help prevent, contain or defeat terrorism? This paper by the Danish Institute for International Studies looks at various approaches to counterterrorism, distinguishing between prevention, active defence and passive defence. It also considers different settings of reform - in the West and in developing countries. It argues that whatever links there may be between SSR and counterterrorism these are likely to be concrete and context-specific. Particular elements of Security Sector Reform (SSR) may be useful against specific forms of terrorism under specific conditions.

Author: Bjorn Moller Source: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Fight Against Terrorism', DIIS Report 2007:12, DIIS, Copenhagen Size: 38 pages (999.5KB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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How do prison officer training and penal philosophy relate to everyday practice in the Nigerian Prisons Service (NPS)? What implications do contradictions in philosophy and practice have for the work of reform agencies? This article from the journal Punishment and Society examines prison officer training and the penal philosophy and practice of the NPS and argues that they are both contested and contradictory. Rather than attempting to impose standardised reform interventions, reform agencies may be able to bring about change by exploiting contradictions within penal institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Jefferson Source: Jefferson, A., 2007, 'Prison Officer Training and Practice in Nigeria', Punishment and Society, vol. 9, no.3, pp. 253-269 Size: 17 pages ()
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What policies make for successes and for failures in security sector reform (SSR) in post-war reconstruction situations? This book chapter, published by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, critically examines the case of Sierra Leone, which undertook to rebuild state security with extensive international assistance. One of the principal arguments is that the process of SSR reform must be spearheaded and owned by Sierra Leoneans themselves in order to be sustainable.

Author: Osman Gibla Source: Gbla, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 13-36 Size: 24 pages (163 kB)
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What progress on police reform has occurred in Macedonia since independence? This analysis, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence, argues that a period of intensive reforms is bringing progress within a longer-term programme of security sector reform (SSR). During the initial decade of independence, SSR seemed to some to represent mere security sector build-up. However, genuine, comprehensive reform has been apparent since 2001.

Author: Lidija Georgieva | DCAF Source: Georgieva, L., 2007, 'Police Reform in Macedonia', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 393-408 Size: 16 pages (2.7 MB)
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This Austrian Ministry of Defence article examines police reform in the Republic of Montenegro. It argues that police reform did not start properly until 2001 and has always been primarily a political issue. The political sphere, however, failed to support police reform through consistent reform policies. The political elite of today's independent Montenegro have no more excuses, but to undertake the four 'Ds' - de-politicisation, de-militarisation, decriminalisation and de-centralisation of the police.

Author: Novak Gajic Source: Gajic, N., 2007, 'Police Reform in the Republic of Montenegro', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 409-445 Size: 30 pages (2784KB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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Why has statebuilding in Somalia failed so often? This research from Davidson College suggests that the problem lies in the type of state that both external and local actors have so far sought to construct. Somalia needs to develop a mediated state in which a central government with limited power and capacity relies on a range of local authorities to execute core functions of government and mediate between local communities and the state.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkahus, K., 2007, Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106 Size: 33 pages (361KB)
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Despite legal provisions requiring respect for human rights and police reforms to entrench such respect, human rights violations by the police continue with impunity in Angola. This paper, published by Amnesty International, documents human rights violations by Angolan police between 2005 and 2007 and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice. Angolan authorities and international agencies should strengthen police accountability mechanisms and create an independent oversight agency in order to end Angola's culture of impunity.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: 2007, 'Above the law - Police Accountability in Angola', Amnesty International, AI Index: AFR12/005/2007 Size: 32 pages (178.25kB)
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What is the capacity of the South African Police Service (SAPS) to manage protest marches and the 2010 FIFA World Cup? What effect has restructuring had on South Africa's public order police units? This book from the Institute for Security Studies assesses the effectiveness of the SAPS Crime Combating Units (CCUs). It concludes that the restructuring of the CCUs in 2006 is responsible for the crisis in crowd management that the units are facing.

Author: Bilkis Omar Source: Omar B., 2007, 'SAPS' Costly Restructuring - A Review of Public Order Policing Capacity', Monograph 138, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 102 pages (261 kB)
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How have the Supreme Court directives of 22 September 2006 shaped police reform in India? What more needs to be done? This paper, by the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, explores these issues through the opinions of 11 police reform specialists. This compilation is the result of a seminar held after the announcement of the Supreme Court directives. Speakers and participants emphasised the necessity of these measures and their hopes for police reform in the future.

Author: Observer Research Foundation Source: ORF, 2007, 'Need of the Hour: Police Reforms', Observer Research Foundation, ORF Discourse Vol.2 No.1, New Dehli Size: 6 pages ()
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Although the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is the most competent, best- trained army in Southeast Asia, it suffers from serious ethnic, gender and training weaknesses. This Armed Forces & Society paper examines institutional issues that reduce SAF effectiveness and professionalism and prevent it from realising its full potential. The SAF should make better use of the minority Malay population, increase opportunities for women and institute major reforms of its promotion and training policies.

Author: Sean P. Walsh Source: Walsh S.P., 2007, 'The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 33 (2): 265-285. Size: 22 pages ()
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How should international actors contribute to the support of justice and security in fragile states? This paper from the OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation analyses the providers, processes and objectives of fragile states' justice and security services, and reviews lessons learnt by donors in this area. It argues that international actors should take a multi-layered, context-specific approach to fragile states, developing the capacity of the state, but also enabling it to engage with non-state justice and security providers.

Author: OECD-DAC | Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., and McLean, A., 2006, 'Enhancing the delivery of justice and security in fragile states', OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (CPDC) Size: 54 pages (358 kB)
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No issue is more important than security sector reform (SSR) in determining the prospects for peace and development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, examines the status of SSR in the DRC at time of publication and pays particular attention to the role of the international community. Achieving SSR will require commitment by both the DRC and donors to create solid strategic planning to address fragmentation, corruption, political obstructionism and the dilapidated state of the armed services.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: Crisis Group, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Congo', International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°104, Brussels, Belgium Size: 41 pages (959.61 kB)
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This article examines policing in Sierra Leone four years after the civil war. It evaluates the achievements in the area of policing against the major policing challenges in African post-conflict societies. Sierra Leone still does not exert effective control over, nor is it able to deliver state policing services to, significant parts of its own territory. It may be that some community-led policing groups can be harnessed and if necessary reformed to assist the police in establishing the rule of law.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security & Development, 6, 1, 25-50. Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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Private security provision has increased across the world during the last decade. However, national regulation of private security companies (PSCs) and their activities is often weak or entirely absent. This can result in low standards of professional behaviour and service delivery, and can ultimately have a negative impact on access to justice and security. This document developed by the non-governmental organisations Saferworld (UK) and the Center for Security Studies (BiH) for provides basic principles for voluntary adoption by PSCCs when national regulation is either weak or entirely absent It covers a wide range of areas, including recruitment, training, health and safety, non-discrimination and relations with clients the police and other security companies.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC. 2006. 'The Sarajevo Code of Conduct for Private Security Companies', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: 29 pages (580 KB)
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How can the Palestinian government square security sector reform (SSR) and transformation with fiscal stabilisation? This DFID report, written in 2005 just before Hamas won the PLC elections, argues that three competing priorities and intersecting processes - political, economic and security - must be addressed if the chasm between Palestinian SSR and transformation needs, and the Palestine government's current and projected economic deficits, is to be reduced.

Author: Nicole Ball | Peter Bartu Source: Ball, N., Bartu, P. and Verheul, A. (2006). 'Squaring the Circle: Security-Sector Reform and Transformation and Fiscal Stabilisation in Palestine', Report prepared for the UK Department for International Development. Size: 64 pages (513 kB)
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This book aims to be a sourcebook on 'defence institution building', drawing on established practices in Western Europe, but also on recent experiences from among new NATO members. All contributions focus on ongoing defence reform. The picture presented is not universal; North and South, and rich and poor states tend to view security challenges in very different ways. Working together on common problems is the best way to build mutual understanding and trust, these being the essential elements for stability and security.

Author: Wim F Van Eekelen | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Van Eekelen, W.F. and Fluri, P.H. (Eds.) (2006). 'Defence Institution Building : A Sourcebook in Support of the Partnership Action Plan (PAP-DIB)', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 2 pages (29.5kb)
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How effective was the reform transformation of the Peruvian police between 2001 -2004? This article from Civil Wars journal argues that Peru's police reform process suffered from fluctuating political interest and support. Consequently, although achievements were significant, they were much less than initially hoped. The article examines the host of difficulties faced in achieving reform and concludes that additional resources and consistent political and institutional backing are necessary to foster and sustain transformation.

Author: Gino Costa Source: Costa, Gino, 2006, 'Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru, 2001-2004', Civil Wars, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 215-230 Size: 17 pages (114 kB)
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In contrast to other security sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean, the defence and public security sectors of Barbados are remarkably stable. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile (FLACSO), discusses the organisational and institutional settings and civilian oversight of both security sectors. Both sectors acknowledge the need for reforms; the police have begun to address concerns about excessive use of force by creating public complaints' procedure and outreach.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Barbados', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 20 pages (200 kB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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How successfully has Guatemala's military and democratic transformation been since 1986? This Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad article examines civil-military relations in Guatemala since the large scale processes of pacification and democratisation began in that year. Guatemala has advanced significantly towards the de-militarisation of society and subordination of the military to legitimate political authority. However, limitations in the nature of the country's democratic institutions and political culture have, as yet, prevented these goals from being reached.

Author: Bernardo Areválo de León Source: Areválo de León, Bernardo, 2006, 'Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict in Guatemala', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, vol. 20 no.1, pp. 63-108. Size: 46 pages (259KB)
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Despite past problems, the Mexican armed forces have made significant progress towards becoming professional institutions. This study, from Queens University, examines the history and structure of the Mexican armed forces and suggests areas of possible military cooperation between Canada and Mexico. It looks at the process of political change and the effects this has had on civil-military relations. The armed forces are well-trained and dynamic organisations that are respected by Mexicans and, although they could liberalise further, they are adapting well to democratic change.

Author: Jordi Díez | Ian Nicholls Source: Diez, J. and Nicholls, I., 2006, 'The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition', Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 56 pages (418 kB)
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The reform of Serbia's police force and its transformation into a service accountable to the citizens was one of biggest challenges Serbia faced after the overthrow of Miloševiæ. How successful has it been? This paper by the Conflict Studies Research Centre assesses Serbian police reform between 2000 and 2006. It suggests that although the police are no longer seen as a negative force, they are still not perceived as an accountable citizens' service.

Author: Novak Gajic | Branka Bakic Source: Bakic, B. and Gajic, N., 2006, 'Police Reform in Serbia: Five Years Later', Conflict Studies Research Centre, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, UK Size: 49 pages (1.5 MB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Nigeria, particularly of the Nigerian Armed Forces, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. After civilian rule resumed in 1999, the new government pledged military reform and anti-corruption measures, but progress on some issues has been slow. Individual corruption remains an endemic problem for all financial management initiatives. Due process in military budgeting remains a remote prospect given poor oversight, unclear policies and the absence of many key stakeholders.

Author: Wuyi Omitoogun | Tunde Oduntan Source: Omitoogun, W. and Oduntan, T., 2006, 'Nigeria', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 154-179 Size: 26 pages (154 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) been undertaken since 2002? This International Peacekeeping article assesses the success and failure of SSR reforms as well as the contribution of external actors. International efforts have been the driving force. However, as the international community's role decreases, the onus will increasingly be on local authorities to complete SSR reforms. This will be essential if BiH is to succeed in drawing closer to Europe.

Author: Heinz Vetschera | Matthieu Damian Source: Vetschera, H. and Damian, M., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Role of the International Community', International Peacekeeping, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 28-42 Size: 16 pages (120 kB)
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To what extent has the War Crimes Chamber (WCC) brought justice and accountability to Bosnia and Herzegovina? This report, published by Human Rights Watch, argues that the WCC has made progress and is capable of effectively prosecuting war criminals. Continued fair trials and increased respect for rule of law in Bosnia can only come about with sustained and significant support from the government of Bosnia and the wider international community.

Author: Param-Preet Singh | Human Rights Watch Source: Singh, P. P., 2006, 'Looking for Justice: The War Crimes Chamber in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Human Rights Watch, vol. 18, no. 1 Size: 46 pages (304 kB)
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What has been the impact of policy shifts in US foreign assistance since the September 11 attacks? This article, published by Third World Quarterly, argues that deploying USAID to boost the counter-terrorism capabilities of Africa's police forces is a flawed strategy. Co-opting the development agenda for the Bush administration's national security agenda risks turning USAID into a quasi-security agency and hurting police reform initiatives. An analysis of recent aid for public policing in Kenya illustrates the pitfalls of so-called "transformational diplomacy".

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2006, 'Trojan horses? USAID, counter-terrorism and Africa's police', Third World Quarterly, Vol.27 , No. 4, pp.629-643 Size: 16 pages (144 kB)
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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Rebuilding a post-conflict country is more than restoring buildings and institutions; it involves restoring trust and confidence, fostering relationships and giving people hope. This report, published by Interpeace, reviews its Somali Dialogue for Peace programme, a consultative process that brought officials, ex-combatants and citizens together to plan a collective, peaceful future. Dialogue with civil society and citizens is critical to the establishment of a stable and long-term security structure in Somalia.

Author: Interpeace | Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia, 2006, 'Dialogue not Guns: Promoting Security and Stabilisation among the Communities of South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia Size: 43 pages (1.43 MB)
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Global democracy promotion efforts by leading powers have propagated an understanding of civil-military relations which privileges civilian control over defence efficiency and military effectiveness. This paper, published by Democratization, explains the impact of the emphasis on civil-military relations on emerging democracies in the past 25 years. Two current global trends - peacekeeping in hostile environments and counter-terrorism - may contribute to renewed attention to the importance of defence efficiency and effectiveness.

Author: Thomas Bruneau | Harold Trinkunas Source: Bruneau T., Trinkunas H., Matei C., 2006, 'Democratization as a Global Phenomenon and its Impact on Civil-Military Relations ', Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 776-790 Size: 16 pages (142 kB)
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The judicial system of Malawi is compromised because of archaic laws and systemic lack of legal representation for indigents. This paper, published by the International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, analyses Malawi's criminal justice system and examines the use of paralegals to redress the lack of legal representation. Use of paralegals to assist poor people provides benefits for the poor and helps countries' progress towards provision of fundamental human rights.

Author: Hillery Anderson Source: Anderson H., 2006, 'Justice Delayed in Malawi's Criminal Justice System: Paralegals vs. Lawyers', International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS) Vol. 1 Size: 11 pages (135 kB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector and civil society in Tanzania? What progress have Tanzania's security institutions made in terms of the transition to multi-party democracy? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies examines the relationship between the state, the security sector and civil society in Tanzania. It argues that the unique relationship between Tanzania's ruling party and the security sector was beneficial in consolidating the Tanzanian state. However, Tanzania must now gradually distance its security institutions from the ruling party and create appropriate, adequate, accountable and affordable security services.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | Jonathan Lwehabura (ed.) Source: Rupiya M., Lwehabura J., Roux L.l., (eds.), 2006, 'Civil Security Relations in Tanzania - Investigating the Relationship Between the State, Security Services and Civil Society', Monograph 128, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 45 pages (224 kB)
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What impact did the African National Congress's military, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), have on the creation of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in 1994? How does this compare with the impact of the Boer Commandos on the creation of the Union of South Africa Defence Force (UDF) in 1912? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies compares the differing impacts of the Boer Commandos and MK on South Africa's armed forces. It finds that the Boer Commandos had a greater impact on the creation of the UDF than MK had on the SANDF.

Author: Rocklyn Williams | www.issafrica.org Source: Williams R., 2006, 'South African Guerilla Armies - The Impact of South African Guerilla Armies on the Creation of South Africa's Armed Forces', Monograph 127, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 33 pages (303 kB)
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How are security problems being addressed in the Americas? What lessons can be learned from these experiences? This book from the University of Pittsburgh Press examines public security and police reform in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico and the United States. Public perception of increased crime and violence has led to public security policies that emphasise punishment and symbolism, such as highly publicised national plans and the importation of unadapted ideas from abroad. Procedural safeguards are needed to monitor human and civil rights in the region as security forces are strengthened.

Author: John Bailey (ed.) | Lucia Dammert (ed.) Source: Bailey J. & Dammert L., (eds.), 2006, 'Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas', University of Pittsburgh Size: 322 pages ()
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Without democratising civil-military relations (CMR) and balancing power between civilian political authority and the officer corps, prospects for democratic consolidation in transition countries will remain problematic. This paper, published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, discusses CMR democratisation in the Philippines and reviews the reform efforts of the current administration. The future of democratic CMR in the Philippines depends upon reformers establishing new civil-military dynamics that are genuinely supportive of CMR.

Author: Carolina G. Hernandez Source: Hernandez C.G., 2006, 'Rebuilding Democratic Institutions: Civil-Military Relations in Philippine Democratic Governance', in Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao (ed.), 'Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared', Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, Taipei, pp. 39-56 Size: 308 pages (13 MB)
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Despite global trends towards military reform, militaries in Southeast Asia have continued to play prominent roles in domestic politics. This paper, published by The Pacific Review, investigates four Southeast Asian countries to determine why global military reform has not had as great an impact there as elsewhere. While the global security sector reform (SSR) agenda is informed by a predominantly North American civil-military approach, it could be modified to suit the Southeast Asian context.

Author: Mark Beeson | Alex J. Bellamy Source: Beeson M., Bellamy A.J., Hughes B., 2006, 'Taming the tigers? Reforming the Security Sector in Southeast Asia', The Pacific Review, Volume 19 (4), pp. 449-472 Size: 25 pages (144 kB)
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Reforming the Maldives' legal and judicial system is an important part of the Government's agenda. This government document sets out the shortcomings of current arrangements and the role of the Criminal Justice Action Plan in overcoming them. Of particular note are proposals to redraft the penal code, to introduce legislation to define police powers and responsibilities, and to improve the investigative capacity of the authorities. The document concludes by outlining mechanisms for implementing the Action Plan, including strengthening the human resources of relevant government departments.

Author: Government of Maldives Source: Government of Maldives, 2006, 'Reform of the Criminal Justice System' Size: 6 pages (100 kB)
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The Local Governance Project (LGP) in Iraq has achieved some success as part of the US-led reconstruction effort. This paper, compiled for Public Administration and Development, reveals how the LGP's focus on local governance and civil society is encouraging the development of the social capital necessary to foster effective democratic governance in Iraq. But how successful can such an initiative be in a country where violence prevails and the strength of old social and political structures endure?

Author: Derick W. Brinkerhoff | James B. Mayfield Source: Brinkerhoff, D. and Mayfield, J., 2005, 'Democratic governance in Iraq? Progress and peril in reforming state-society relations', Public Administration and Development, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 59-73 Size: 15 pages (132.8 kB)
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How can the United Nations improve its civilian policing missions? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces reviews the experiences of UNPOL (United Nations Civilian Police) missions to identify problems in international policing, and suggest policy improvements. It argues for the integration of local police and judicial reform while remaining sensitive to existing justice mechanisms, and stresses the importance of training, accountability, institutional memory and co-ordination within international policing missions.

Author: Eirin Mobekk | Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Source: Mobekk, E., 2005, 'Identifying Lessons in United Nations International Policing Missions', Policy Paper no. 9, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 35 pages (391kB)
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How has the Asian Development Bank (ADB) helped its developing member countries (DMCs) in Asia and the Pacific to undertake legal reforms? This paper from the ADB outlines initiatives adopted to reform legislative, institutional and judicial structures, raise awareness of individuals' legal rights and strengthen government capacity. It argues that law reform is a central component in reducing poverty, promoting growth and empowering marginalised groups.

Author: Asian Development Bank Source: Asian Development Bank, 2005, 'Law and Policy Reform in Asia and the Pacific: Ensuring Voice, Opportunity and Justice', ADB, Manila Size: 16 pages (285 KB)
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What factors contribute to violent conflict? How should the US Agency for International Development (USAID) adapt to the risks and difficulties of its work in conflict zones? This paper from USAID explores the new conflict-related contexts in which development actors increasingly operate and outlines the changes that such actors need to effect in their responses to conflict. It argues that USAID should prioritise a different recruitment approach, new partnerships, cross-sectoral policy perspectives and context-specific research into - and action which addresses - the causes and consequences of conflict.

Author: USAID/Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation Source: USAID, 2005, 'Conflict Mitigation and Management Policy', USAID, Washington, D.C. Size: 16 pages (240 KB)
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What lessons can be learned for future peace and stability operations from the upheaval that occurred in Iraq following international intervention? This special report for the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) examines the Coalition Provisional Authority's (CPA's) experience in Iraq. It argues that intervening countries should anticipate and plan for large-scale breakdowns in public order, particularly in societies emerging from brutal oppression. Creating a safe and secure environment for law enforcement and police operations are paramount.

Author: Robert M Perito Source: Perito, R., 2005, 'The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience with Public Security in Iraq', United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (171KB)
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What steps has the Armenian government taken to reform the Armenian security sector? Are Western models of the security sector relevant to Armenia? This report from Saferworld analyses the Armenian security sector. It finds that the limited reforms that have taken place in Armenia cannot be understood as security sector reform (SSR) as it is usually defined. Implementing SSR would contribute greatly to reducing tensions in Armenia and creating a state that is more sustainable over the long term.

Author: Gagik Avagyan | Duncan Hiscock Source: Avagyan, G and Hiscock, D. 2005. 'Security sector reform in Armenia', REPORT:Small arms and security in the Caucasus, Saferworld, London Size: 50 pages (448 kB)
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What are the current capabilities of the Guatemalan National Civilian Police (PNC) and the Ministry of Governance with regard to community-based policing? How effective has international policing assistance to Guatemala been? This report from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) examines community-based policing programming in Guatemala. It finds that eight years of international police assistance has failed to strengthen appreciably the sustainable policing capacities of the Ministry or the PNC.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E. (2005). 'Reflections on Community Based Policing Operations in Guatemala', United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Size: 27 pages (120 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) progressed since the Rose Revolution? Georgia has been undergoing almost continual changes in its political system, which has effectively hindered the establishment of a consolidated security sector. The situation is characterised by fragmented and deeply under-funded power agencies, subjective forms of control over them, weak civilian oversight, intense corruption, no legitimacy in society at large, and the absence of a concept of overall reform. SSR in Georgia is in need of a reform.

Author: Philipp H. Fluri | Eden Cole Source: Fluri, P.H. and Cole, E. (Eds.) (2005). 'From Revolution to Reform : Georgia's Struggle with Democratic Institution Building and Security Sector Reform', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy) Size: 14 pages (73kb)
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What next for defence reform in the Western Balkans? This paper aims to present and analyse defence reform processes in the European sub-region of the Western Balkans. It evaluates how far the defence reform process has come and what still has to be done. The realistic approach to reform still seems to be difficult everywhere, hence there are often delays in adopting basic strategic documents and implementing tasks according to plan.

Author: Milan Jazbec | DCAF Source: Jazbec, M. (2005). 'Defence Reform in the Western Balkans: The Way Ahead', Policy Paper 06, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 32 pages (241kb)
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What lessons can be learned from international experience in judicial education? What are the essential elements in planning successful judicial training programmes? This article by the Centre for Judicial Studies, Australia, analyses case studies in Australia, Mongolia, Pakistan, the Philippines and the UK.

Author: Livingston Armytage Source: Armytage, L., 2005, 'Training of Judges: Reflections on Principle and International Practice', European Journal of Legal Education, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21-38 Size: 20 pages (2.2 MB)
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In 2001, Peru began to reform its police force. How successful has it been? This study, by the Open Society Justice Initiative and the Instituto de Defensa Legal, focuses on internal and external impediments to police reform in Peru. It argues that there has been considerable innovation in the process of reform, but also serious setbacks. There are many different ways to evaluate success in policing reform. However, it is clear that important advances have been achieved even though the short-term impacts are limited.

Author: Gino Costa | Rachel Neild Source: Costa, G & Neild, R, 2005, 'Police Reform in Peru', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 38, no. 2, August 2005 , pp. 216-229 Size: 14 pages (88 kB)
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Has Guatemala's 1996 Peace Accord achieved its goal of combating crime and violence? Have reforms of the intelligence and security services ensured that security demands do not threaten human rights? This report, from the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), describes the current state of intelligence system reform and argues that the process of reforming the old intelligence structures has produced mixed results.

Author: Iduvina Hernández Source: Hernández, I., 2005, 'A Long Road: Progress and Challenges in Guatemala's Intelligence Reform', WOLA, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (322 kB)
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Chile is considered a democratic success story with a particularly effective rule of law. Furthermore, recent judicial reforms are said to have been very thorough. This study from Tulane University, however, argues that such a positive view overlooks the presence of military justice, which affects many citizens. The military justice system remains unreformed and is a barrier to the creation of the democratic rule of law, which damages the prospects for deepening democracy in Chile.

Author: Anthony W. Pereira Source: Pereira, S. and Zaverucha, J, 2005, 'The Neglected Stepchild: Military Justice and Democratic Transition in Chile', Social Justice, vol. 32, no.2, pp.115-131 Size: 17 pages (284KB)
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What are the outcomes of US, Iraqi and other efforts to reconstruct Iraq's internal security sector? What lessons can be learned from security sector development in Iraq? This book chapter from the RAND Corporation examines the development of Iraq's internal security sector. It finds that lack of preparation and planning together with delayed mobilisation of resources and personnel have hampered efforts to reconstruct the Iraqi security sector. As a result, political violence and crime remain unacceptably high and fear of crime and violence among Iraqis and foreigners threatens political and economic reconstruction.

Author: Seth G. Jones | Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell, A., 2005, 'Iraq', in Establishing Law and Order After Conflict, Jones, S. et al., RAND, Washington, pp.105-176 Size: 71 pages (1.42 MB)
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To what extent does the European Union (EU) address security sector governance with its neighbours? How does it interact with other multilateral actors that promote democratic governance of the security sector? This study argues that the EU should position security sector governance within a framework of development cooperation, democracy and human rights promotion as well as conflict prevention, crisis management and peacebuilding. This should be applied in collaboration with other multinational organisations to the EU's relations with its southern and eastern neighbours.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Fred Tanner Source: Hänggi, H. and Tanner, F., 2005, 'Promoting Security Sector Governance in the EU's Neighbourhood', Chaillot Paper - n°80, July 2005, EU-ISS, Paris Size: 108 pages (618KB)
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How successful were US efforts to build effective Iraqi military and security forces in the first years of the occupation? This paper from the Center for Strategic and International Studies examines these efforts. It argues that the US failed to react to the insurgency and to recognise the need for effective Iraqi military, security and police forces. As a result, many Iraqi forces were sent out to die without adequate organisation, training, equipment or facilities. Nevertheless, progress since 2004 and changes in the way that the US is preparing Iraqi forces may be able to overcome the legacy of failure.

Author: Anthony H. Cordesman Source: Cordesman, A H., 2005, 'Strengthening Iraqi Military and Security Forces', Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington DC Size: 127 pages (1.33 MB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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What is the role of capacity-building in police reform? This Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) report argues that police reform programmes require a thoroughly systematic approach to capacity-building as a means to desirable organisational change. A systematic capacity-building programme must be firmly connected to the general framework of a reform process. The report offers a reform strategy based on the experience of police organisations in the former Yugoslavia and other European states.

Author: Frank Harris | OSCE Source: Harris, F., 2005, 'The Role of Capacity-Building in Police Reform', OSCE Mission in Kosovo, Department of Police Education and Development, Pristina Size: 264 pages (1190KB)
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While Kenya has instituted widespread defence, police, judicial and constitutional reforms, the probability of successful security sector reform (SSR) remains highly questionable. This paper, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, reviews recent attempts by Kenya to make its security sector more effective and accountable and less corrupt. Notwithstanding reform efforts, Kenya's SSR is largely ineffective; the country lacks a constitutional reference point grounded in democratic values.

Author: Bonn International Center for Conversion Source: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Kenya', Inventory of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in partner countries of German development assistance, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 16 pages (72.7 KB)
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How fertile a region is Kenya and Tanzania for Al Qaida? What is the potential for recruitment in these areas? This Studies in Conflict & Terrorism paper examines the 'soft underbelly' of global terrorism. Assessing the scope for terrorist activity, strategies are considered to prevent Kenya and Tanzania from becoming active recruiting grounds for the global Islamist jihadist movement.

Author: William Rosenau Source: Rosenau, W., 2005, Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 28, No. 1 Size: 10 pages ()
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Multiple, overlapping and contradictory sources of law create confusing and contentious dispensation of justice in Somalia. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, assesses how formal and informal justice systems function in the country's 'stateless' society. Harmonisation of these systems should include public dialogue and confidence building, capacity building, establishment of a stable political environment and a major increase in international technical assistance and funding.

Author: Andre Le Sage Source: Andre Le Sage, 2005, 'Stateless Justice in Somalia: Formal and Informal Rule of Law Initiatives', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 59 pages (288 kB)
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This University of Cape Town report provides a brief overview of the oversight mechanisms that hold the police accountable in ten Southern African Commonwealth countries. The report reviews mechanisms (such as laws, policies, structures and institutions) which have been created on paper to address police accountability. Making the police accountable in any developing country is a process. A culture of accountability and democratic process needs to be created to replace a police culture of impunity and violence.

Author: Julie Berg Source: Berg J., 2005, 'Police Accountability in Southern African Commonwealth Countries', Centre of Criminology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town Size: 28 pages (556 kB)
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Have decentralisation programmes strengthened the tendencies towards escalating crime rates in Indonesia? What are the impacts of separation of law-making and -enforcing systems in decentralisation reforms? This paper, published by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, reports results of a study in Indonesia of the impact of decentralisation reforms on district-level law enforcement and security systems. The trend to continuously and increasingly allow untrained and unaccountable local civilian groups to provide protection, fight crime and implement laws should be reversed.

Author: Stephen Kristiansen | Lambang Trijono Source: Kristiansen S., Trijono L., 2005, 'Authority and Law Enforcement: Local Government Reforms and Security Systems in Indonesia', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 27 (2) Size: See Notes pages (See Notes)
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Is there a transformation of the strategic landscape underway in Southeast Asia? What are the impacts of the recent force modernisation programmes in this region? Written for the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, this article examines the implications of uneven military modernisation on the regional strategic landscape of Southeast Asia. It concludes that the transformation is a result of a traditional period of change affecting the military, as a result of respective geopolitical and geological conditions.

Author: Bernard Fook Weng Loo Source: Loo B.F., 2005, 'Transforming the Strategic Landscape of Southeast Asia', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 27 (3), pp. 388-405. Size: 165 kb pages ()
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The current conservatism in the Philippines' strategic affairs reflects the influence of an entrenched political elite, which negatively affects the country's defence affairs. This paper, published by the Journal of Security Sector Management, analyses the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) modernisation programmme and how excessive civilian control can hamper military reform. Because of psychological dysfunction, miscalculations or inappropriate strategic beliefs, the political elite may pursue either overly cooperative or overly conflicting reform policies that can jeopardise the state's primary security interests.

Author: Renato Cruz De Castro Source: Castro R.C., 2005, 'The Dilemma Between Democratic Control and Military Reforms: The Case of the AFP Modernization Program, 1991-2004', Journal of Security Sector Management, Asian Special Issue Size: 24 pages (249.74 kB)
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Although Asian states generally agree on the need for peace and stability to achieve economic prosperity, structural drivers are pushing states to invest in military modernisation. This book, published by the National Bureau of Asian Research, reviews military modernisation in many states and forecasts strategic approaches they may adopt in the future. Because China will increasingly be the most important actor in Asia, many Asian powers are responding by developing military capabilities as a safeguard against China's rise.

Author: Ashley J. Tellis | Michael Wills Source: Tellis A.J., Wills M., 2005, 'Strategic Asia 2005-06: Military Modernization in an Era of Uncertainty', National Bureau of Asian Research, Washington DC and Seattle Size: pages ()
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Without strong and self-sustaining Afghan army and police forces, and concurrent progress in other security sector reform areas, Afghanistan could again become a haven for terrorists. This report, published by the United States (US) Government Accountability Office, reviews efforts to strengthen Afghanistan's army and police and the challenges of establishing long-term sustainability. In addition to current funding and training, the US should develop detailed plans, including clearly defined objectives, for completing and sustaining the Afghan army and police forces.

Author: United States Government Accountability Office Source: United States Government Accountability Office, 2005, 'Afghanistan Security: Efforts to Establish Army and Police Have Made Progress, but Future Plans Need to Be Better Defined', GAO-05-575, United States Government Accountability Office Size: 53 pages (2.96)
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What are the reasons behind the problem of policing in Sri Lanka? How was the current policing situation made this possible? This Asian Human Rights Commission report offers an analysis of the nature and extent of the police's flaws and weaknesses. It sets the context of the current policing system and how it has reached its current condition. The report concludes with key solutions to an illness which is deemed curable - the inefficiency and corruption of the police system.

Author: Basil Fernando (ed.) | Shyamali Puvimanasinghe (ed.) Source: Fernando B. (ed.), Puvimanasinghe S. (ed.), 2005, 'An X-ray of the Sri Lankan policing system & torture of the poor', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 325 pages (952KB)
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Providing security and reconstructing internal security institutions is a key component of nation-building operations. This study, by the RAND Corporation, asks how successful have U.S. and allied efforts been in reconstructing internal security institutions, and what are the most important lessons for current and future operations? The authors examine data from efforts to reconstruct internal security in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. They then compare the results with data from six other cases in which the United States has helped reconstruct security institutions during nation-building missions. These are Panama, El Salvador, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and East Timor.

Author: Seth G. Jones | Jeremy M. Wilson Source: Jones S.G., Wilson J.M., Rathmell A., Riley K.J., 2005, 'Establishing Law and Order After Conflict', RAND Corporation, London Size: 293 pages (1.4 MB)
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The actions of the police both reflect and affect societal changes and the legitimacy that society vests in state authority. What principles and practices of good policing have emerged through processes of reform, trans-national exchanges and the creation of international regimes? This introductory chapter by Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) summarises some of the lessons learned on police reform and examines what has been achieved in police reform in transitional societies.

Author: Otwin Source: Caparini, M. and Marenin, O., 2004, Introduction, in Caparini and Marenin (eds.) Transforming Police in Central and Eastern Europe. Process and Progress, Lit Verlag, Munster, 2004. Size: pages ()
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Police services that enjoy community support and improve security can have a positive impact on development. In this way, police reform has become a key element of conflict management. Drawing on a two-day workshop organised by the International Peace Academy and Saferworld, this report proposes an implementation framework for community-based policing. It emphasises the importance of a clear philosophy, a carefully thought-out plan and a well-managed process to achieve it.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Groenewald, H. and Peake, G., 2004, Police Reform Through Community-Based Policing: Philosophy and Guidelines for Implementation, International Peace Academy/Saferworld, New York Size: 27 pages (3.1 MB)
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Police reform is now recognised as an essential part of resolving conflicts and contributing to the sustainability of the peace. The huge task of designing and implementing police reform requires considerable international involvement and support. What lessons can the international community learn from the experience of police reform in Kosovo, Macedonia and Southern Serbia? This report for Saferworld analyses these cases to identify lessons for future programmes in post-conflict situations.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Peake, G., 2004, Policing the Peace: Police Reform Experiences in Kosovo, Southern Serbia and Macedonia, Saferworld, London Size: 46 pages (402 KB)
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Successful programmes for the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of former combatants are essential for sustainable peace and development. There are a variety of specific instruments and approaches that can support DDR programmes when adapted to the implementation conditions of particular countries. This training book aims to support effective planning by providing a comprehensive overview of all aspects of DDR operations. It is a product of the partnership between the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC), the Norwegian Defence International Centre (FOKIV), the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre (PPC), and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ).

Author: Colin Gleichmann | Michael Odenwald Source: Douglas, I. et al, 2004, 'Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration: A Practical Field and Classroom Guide', GTZ, NODEFIC, PPC and SNDC Size: 152 pages (1.43 MB)
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International assistance operations still neglect the needs of women and girls in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes. This handbook by Sarah Douglas, Vanessa Farr, Felicity Hill and Wenny Kasuma presents lessons learned and case studies to improve the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on women, peace and security, particularly its call to make DDR processes more inclusive of women. The handbook includes some suggestions for how to develop standard operating procedures on gender and DDR. Intended for DDR practitioners, it recommends integrating women's needs and perspectives into all phases of DDR.

Author: Sarah Douglas | Vanessa Farr Source: Douglas,S., Farr,V., Hill,F. and Kasuma,W., 2004, 'Getting it Right, Doing it Right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration', UNIFEM, New York, USA Size: 2 pages (29.5kB)
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What can we learn from the experience of military reform in Baltic States? This publication contains reports of the Baltic States defence agencies' experts presented during a conference held in 2003. The aim of the meeting was to take an inventory of the experience that has been accumulated during the 12 years that independent armed forces and defence ministries have existed in the Baltic States. An acceptable level of stability and maturity has been reached in the Baltic region.

Author: Yury Korobovsky | Jason Powers Source: Korobovsky, Y. and Powers, J. (Eds.) (2004). 'Defence Reform in the Baltic States: 12 Years of Experience', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / Latvian Ministry of Defence Size: 60 pages (499kb)
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What challenges and difficulties have coalition forces faced in the attempt to create security forces capable of enforcing order in Iraq? This article from the Middle East Review of International Affairs examines the emergence of the various security forces created by the US-led coalition since 2003. It argues that flaws in the recruitment, training and equipping of Iraqi security forces render them unprepared to contribute measurably to the country's security.

Author: | Barak A. Salmoni Source: Salmoni, Barak A, 2004. 'Iraq's Unready Security Forces: An Interim Assessment', Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 8, no.3, pp 11-28. Size: 18 pages (90 kB)
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What unique challenges does the security situation in Iraq pose for reform efforts? This chapter from Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector outlines the strategy for reform in Iraq during the 2004 transition to interim sovereign government. It argues that security sector reform in Iraq is uniquely challenging, since it faces conditions of daily violence and determined campaigns to undermine security.

Author: Walter B. Slocombe Source: locombe, WB., 2004, 'Iraq's Special Challenge: Security Sector Reform 'Under Fire'. in Alan Bryden and Heiner Hänggi, Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector. Münster, LIT Verlag, pp. 231-255. Size: 26 pages (93 kB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a critical humanitarian, development and governance challenge; governments need to address the issue in a united and holistic approach. This paper, published by SaferAfrica and Saferworld, focused on Eritrea and is one of a series of reports auditing SALW control legislation in different countries accross the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa region. It summarises their audit of SALW control legislation in Eritrea vis-à-vis its conformity to regional and international SALW agreements. While some Great Lakes region and Horn of Africa states have enacted SALW legislation, there are serious regulatory gaps that need to be addressed. This report is intended to assist lawmakers and other actors in developing new legislation which will address these gaps.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa: Eritrea, Saferworld Size: 35 pages (263 KB)
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Massive human rights violations continue in Eritrea, with thousands of government critics and political opponents detained for several years in secret without charges or trial. This Amnesty International report describes the country's political context of impunity, updates information about arbitrary detention, and reports new evidence of torture and persecution. The international community must press for an inquiry into human rights violations in Eritrea and assist the country in strengthening administration of justice.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2004, 'Eritrea: 'You have no right to ask' - Government resists scrutiny on human rights', Amnesty International Size: 51 pages (326.98)
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The Government of Ethiopia is heavily dependent on international donors, without whom it cannot undertake development programmes, feed its population or even run its administrative machinery. This report, published by the Netherlands Institute of International Relations, analyses trends in international assistance to Ethiopia, including the delivery of humanitarian aid and support to elections and the media. Compared to its funding of humanitarian aid and relief, donor assistance to the democratisation process in Ethiopia has been relatively limited.

Author: Dessalegn Rahmato | Meheret Ayenew Source: Rahmato, D. and Ayenew, M., 2004, Democracy Assistance to Post-Conflict Ethiopia Building Local Institutions?, Conflict Research Unit Working Paper 27, The Hague, Clingendael Institute Size: 105 pages (461 KB)
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How has the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) evolved and developed since its creation in 1977? What is its current state in terms of professionalism, capabilities and reputation? This article from African Security Review describes the evolution, role and key characteristics of Botswana's military establishment. It argues that Botswana has created and developed a small but highly professional military establishment.

Author: Dan Henk | www.issafrica.org Source: Henk D., 2004, 'The Botswana Defence Force - Evolution of a professional African military', African Security Review Vol. 13 No. 4, Institute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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Communal conflict in Indonesia can be seen as a symptom of poor performance of the security sector that has handicapped progress towards security sector reform (SSR). This paper, published by the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, examines conflict in the city of Ambon to illustrate the linkage between security sector reform and communal violence. Future violence could be used as a military justification to return to its old function as an internal security force, rather than a national defence institution.

Author: Muhammad Najib Azca | Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management Source: Azca M.N., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform, Democratic Transition, and Social Violence: The Case of Ambon, Indonesia', Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin Size: 11 pages (268.25 kB)
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How do stakeholders view the justice systems in Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Uganda? What can be done to address their concerns? This paper by the United Nations Global Programme Against Corruption, reviews the outcomes of the third meeting of the Judicial Group on Strengthening Judicial Integrity. Based on national surveys of court users and other stakeholders, it examines systemic weaknesses identified in the surveys and considers a draft code of conduct for judicial employees.

Author: Mr. Oliver Stolpe | Global Programme against Corruption Source: United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime, 2003, Report of the Third Meeting of the Judicial Group on Strengthening Judicial Integrity, Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention, United Nations Size: 15 pages (236KB)
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What is the status of security sector governance in Guinea-Bissau and what reforms are most urgently necessary? This article, published by the Conflict Research Unit at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael', analyses the full spectrum of security sector institutions and actors in Guinea-Bissau. A flagrant disregard for the rule of law on the part of the executive and the security sector continues to lead to abuses. A pressing need for funding has meant that oversight capabilities, unable to leverage prestige, are consistently marginalised.

Author: Ross Herbert Source: Herbert, R., 2003, 'Security Sector Governance: An Analysis of Guinea-Bissau', Working Paper 8, Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael', The Hague Size: 50 pages (388 kB)
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The challenge of regulating private military companies (PMCs) is to create an effective mechanism for the Government of the United Kingdom (UK) to oversee PMCs while maximising the benefits they can provide. This report, by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, presents PMC regulatory issues raised by the Foreign Affairs Committee (FAC) and the Government's responses to Committee recommendations. The key regulatory issue is the balance between the costs of regulation and the costs and benefits of PMCs.

Author: Her Majesty's Government Source: HMG, 2002, 'Ninth Report of the Foreign Affairs Committee: Private Military Companies - Session 2001-2002, Response of the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs', HMG, London, UK Size: 26 pages (305 kB)
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A badly-managed, irresponsible security sector contributes to unstable governments, excessive military expenditures, human rights abuses and intractable poverty. This document, published by the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), is a set of guidelines for DFID governance advisors and managers considering security sector reform (SSR). It may also assist those working on economic reform, social development and post-conflict reconstruction. SSR programmes should only be considered if they contribute to DFID's primary mission: the reduction of poverty.

Author: DFID Source: DFID, 2002, 'Understanding and supporting security sector reform', DFID, UK Size: 42 pages (232 kB)
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The public perception of human security in Bangladesh is one of widespread violations, especially against the poor and disadvantaged, and of an inefficient, complex and corrupt criminal justice system. This report reviews human security and provides recommendations for change. It finds that 'anti-poor' elements of Bangladesh's criminal justice system include the bail system, costly and cumbersome court procedures, and wide misuse of discretionary powers by the police. There is also a significant 'implementation gap' in the enforcement of existing laws due to police and court inefficiencies. Political leaders and the elite should ensure the implementation and monitoring of the whole criminal justice system, taking a multidisciplinary approach to address the multifaceted nature of human security.

Author: UNDP Source: UNDP, 2002, 'Human Security in Bangladesh', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Dhaka, Bangladesh Size: 125 pages (3.8 MB)
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What steps have been taken to develop community policing in Malawi? Since the advent of democracy in 1994, the Malawi police, aided by the UK Department for International Development, have undertaken a programme of reform. Recognising the importance of cooperation between the public and police to tackling armed crime, a coalition of NGOs launched a project to promote community policing. This short article from Saferworld and the Institute for Security Studies provides a brief outline of the project.

Author: Institute for Security Studies | Saferworld Source: ISS, Saferworld, 2001, 'Community Policing in Malawi ', Action on Small Arms in Southern Africa Newsletter 3, Instutute for Security Studies, Saferworld Size: pages ()
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Civil-military relations (CMR) refers to the structural position of military institutions within government, as well as the informal influence of military groups within politics and society at large. What is the impact of different leadership approaches to the military? How significant is harmonious CMR for effective democratic government? This article from the Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies assesses the different relationships between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and political leadership from President Marcos through to the Macapagal-Arroyo administration.

Author: Raymund Jose Quilop Source: Quilop R.J., 2001, 'Waltzing with the Army: from Marcos to Arroyo', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 16 (2): 91-104. Size: 14 pages (984 kB)
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Has globalisation improved democratic development in Thailand since the 1990s? This Contemporary Southeast Asia article studies three of the main actors in the Thai political economy: the military, the private sector and civil society. All have undergone marked changes, and in particular the private sector has been reinvigorated. A new and more sophisticated conjunction has emerged between politics and business. Has the rise of 'money politics' become too forceful an opposition for true democratisation?

Author: Ukrist Pathmanand Source: Pathmanand U., 2001, 'Globalisation and Democratic Development in Thailand: The New Path of the Military, Private Sector, and Civil Society', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 23 (1): pp. 24 - 42. Size: 18 pages ()
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The Transcend Method is based on the central thesis that to prevent violence and develop the creative potential of a conflict, there has to be transformation. This training manual from the United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP) gives an overview of the approach and explains how to put it into practice. Transforming a conflict requires transcending the goals of conflicting parties, defining other goals, disembedding the conflict from its original situation and embedding it in a more promising place. This is achieved through dialogue based on empathy, non-violence and joint creativity. Failure to transform conflicts leads to violence.

Author: Johan Galtung Source: Galtung, J., 2000, 'Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means (The Transcend Method)', participants' and trainers' manual, United Nations, New York Size: 178 pages (1.58 MB)
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Reform progress within the Indonesian armed forces, which have historically dominated domestic politics, can be seen as a litmus test of the country's progress towards democratisation. This paper from Contemporary Southeast Asia examines the reform trajectory of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) (the national military) and its impact on civil-military relations. Increased factionalism within the TNI has given greater strength to the armed forces reform movement and may contribute to the strengthening of democracy in Indonesia.

Author: Damien Kingsbury Source: Kingsbury D., 2000, 'The Reform of the Indonesian Armed Forces', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 22:2, pp.302-321 Size: 10 pages ()
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The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), one of the most formidable military machines among small nations, is one of the pillars underpinning Singapore's success as a nation-state. This Armed Forces & Society paper examines sociological factors of the SAF and their impact on both the military and Singapore society in general. The SAF's commitment to building a high-tech sophisticated military is matched equally by its determination to attract - and nurture - the country's most talented young people.

Author: Derek Da Cunha Source: Da Cunha D., 1999, 'Sociological Aspects of the Singapore Armed Forces', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 25 (3): 459-475. Size: 18 pages ()
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Mali's resolution of its severe ethnic conflict involving the Tuareg nomads in the 1990s may provide useful insights into conflict resolution in Africa as a whole. This Strategic Studies Institute study describes the nature of the Malian solution and indicates the reasons for its success to date. A key reason for success being that instead of using military repression the Malian government pursued a process of reconciliation, which involved integrating Tuareg rebels into the Malian army.

Author: Colonel Kalifa Keita Source: Keita, K., 1998, 'Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg Insurgency in Mali', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 48 pages (307 kB)
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Is national security defined solely by domestic issues? With a policy emphasis on social welfare and national unity, can the stability of the State be retained at the cost of limited freedom and regulation for its citizens? This Stanford University article tracks the changing approach of the Indonesian government and resultant impact on its people, the region, and the wider international community.

Author: Dewi Fortuna Anwar Source: Anwar D.F., 1998, 'Indonesia: Domestic Priorities Define National Security', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 477- 512 Size: 19 pages ()
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Since 1988, Myanmar's State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) have transformed the Myanmar Air Force (MAF) into a credible component of the country's security sector. This Contemporary Southeast Asia paper recounts changes in size, scope and infrastructure of the MAF since the initiation of its modernisation process. However, MAF improvements will not translate into improved capability unless the regime improves the direction, operation and maintenance of its new aircraft.

Author: Andrew Selth Source: Selth A., 1998, 'The Myanmar Air Force since 1988: Expansion and Modernization', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 19 (4), pp.388- 415 Size: 14 pages ()
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The Vietnam People's Army (VPA) was founded in 1944, comprising thirty-four people and rudimentary weapons; over the next four decades it grew and modernised to become world's fifth largest military force. The withdrawal of massive Soviet funding in the early nineties meant that the VPA could no longer keep pace with its regional rivals, and defence capability was drastically reduced. What happened to force modernisation in the face of this change? This article from Contemporary Southeast Asia, Volume 19, focuses on development between 1992-1997, and details Vietnam's commitment to industrialisation and modernisation.

Author: Carlye A. Thayer Source: Thayer C.A., 1997, 'Force Modernization: The Case of the Vietnam People's Army', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 19 (1), pp. 1-28 Size: 15 pages ()
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This harrowing account from UNICEF documents the reality of 69 children interviewed in six countries in the region, with an average recruitment age of 13. While individual experiences are varied, the conflicts have some common features. They are often geographically localised, of low intensity, rooted in ethnic or religious identities and directly affect only a small proportion of the population. A common strategy of deliberate terror against civilians is employed and the use of child soldiers is widespread.

Author: UNICEF | Karen Emmons Source: Emmons, K., 2002, 'Adult Wars, Child Soldiers: Voices of Children Involved in Armed Conflict in the East Asia and Pacific Region', UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Region Office (EAPRO) report Size: pages ()
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This report summarises the findings of a conference, 'Police Reform and the International Community: From Peace Processes to Democratic Governance'. Despite the political risks, the positive aspects of police reform have encouraged donors to participate. Police reform can support demilitarisation and democratisation, boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve respect for human rights. However, case studies from Central and South America and South Africa highlight the difficulty of achieving reform where violent crime is on the rise.

Author: Melissa Ziegler Source: Ziegler, M. & Neild, R., 2001, 'From Peace to Governance: Police Reform and the International Community', Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) Size: pages ()
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In recent years, security sector reform has become an important feature of the international development agenda. Yet there are almost no tools to help governments assess the quality of democratic security sector governance, and plan and implement sector reforms. This framework, from the Clingendael Institute, aims to fill that gap by identifying security sector governance needs and developing a strategy to address them.

Author: Nicole Ball | Tsjeard Bouta Source: Ball, N., Bouta, T. and van de Goor, L., 2003, Enhancing Democratic Governance of the Security Sector: An Institutional Assessment Framework, The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague. Size: pages ()
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How are international human rights standards relevant to the work of the police? How can these standards be translated into the development of skills, policies and practical behaviour and taught to law enforcement officials? This manual from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) should be used by police educators to train law enforcement officials.

Author: OHCHR Source: OHCHR, undated, Human Rights and Law Enforcement: A Manual on Human Rights Training for the Police, Human Rights Handbook Number 5, OHCHR Size: pages ()
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While Croatia might be perceived as another Eastern European country on the road towards a democratic society, its challenges and successes to date make its experience quite distinct and different. What are these? This study looks at the operation of the police force and asks how it has contributed to, and detracted from, the democratisation process. It suggests that a number of general lessons can be drawn from the Croatian experience of policing and corruption.

Author: DCAF Source: Ivkovic, S.K., 2004, 'Distinct and Different: The Transformation of the Croatian Police' in Caparini and Marenin (eds.) 'Transforming Police in Central and Eastern Europe. Process and Progress', Lit Verlag, Munster, 2004. Size: pages ()
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