Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Why are the outcomes of small arms control initiatives in Africa not more successful? How can they be improved? Arms availability is usually understood in terms of the supply-side. However, interventions focusing on regulation and containment have achieved fewer dividends than expected. A broader concept of arms availability is required, which accounts for both supply and demand dimensions - including factors shaping acquisition and the ways in which arms are used. Promising 'second generation' approaches involve more sophisticated diagnosis of the problems, data-driven responses, bottom-up engagement and activities targeting key risk factors.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah, R., 2010, 'Rethinking small arms control in Africa: it is time to set an armed violence reduction agenda', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 217-238 Size: 22 pages ()
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How can governments and international actors develop effective border controls to implement the 2001 UN SALW Programme of Action and other agreements? Efforts to prevent the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their trafficking across borders must be undertaken within a comprehensive framework which recognises: the breadth and complexity of SALW proliferation and misuse; the wide range of measures that need to be combined to achieve effective controls; and the need to involve and secure the support of all stakeholders, including those affected by SALW-related violence. The most effective approaches are those undertaken co-operatively among neighbouring states.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E., 2010, 'Preventing Diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Border Management under the UN Programme of Action', Biting the Bullet Report, Saferworld and the University of Bradford Size: 28 pages (1.04 MB)
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What could aid effectiveness mean in the context of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? How could existing frameworks and processes best be used to improve SALW assistance? States need to build longer-term and strategic approaches at the international and regional levels, and to take more immediate steps to improve the management, evaluation and measurement of SALW assistance.

Author: Kerry Maze Source: Maze, K., 2010, 'Searching for Aid Effectiveness in Small Arms Assistance', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 86 pages (1.92 MB)
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How can armed violence be reduced in post-conflict situations? Are disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and small arms control programmes the most effective approach? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that the effectiveness of DDR and small arms control programmes is unproven. Reducing armed violence in the aftermath of conflict requires a broader approach, which responds to the heterogeneous character of such violence.

Author: Robert Muggah | Keith Krause Source: Muggah R., Krause K., 2009, 'Closing the Gap Between Peace Operations and Post-Conflict Insecurity:Towards a Violence Reduction Agenda', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 136-150 Size: 16 pages ()
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What types of military equipment should be covered by an International Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This report from Saferworld examines the national lists of military equipment that are currently controlled by a number of national governments. It reveals that more than 98.8 per cent of military equipment subject to international transfer is currently sourced from jurisdictions that use comprehensive national lists, and argues that these national lists - in effect a def facto international standard - should therefore form the basis for the scope of an ATT.

Author: Joseph Farha | Roy Isbister Source: Farha J., Isbister R., 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty and Military Equipment: The case for a comprehensive scope', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 18 pages (426 kB)
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How have African states responded to proposals to establish common international standards to regulate the legal arms trade? What concerns do they have about an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies discusses the views of African countries on an ATT. It argues that African states have for the most part shown considerable support for an ATT. However, a number of African states have reservations about an ATT, which need to be addressed.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Africa and an arms trade treaty', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria), Pretoria Size: 12 pages (240 kB)
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What progress have the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa made in implementing the Nairobi Protocol on small arms and light weapons (SALW)? What challenges do states in the region face in controlling the flow of SALW? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies examines the control of SALW in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa. It finds that states in the region have made significant efforts towards cooperating to combat the proliferation of SALW. However, measurable concrete implementation of the Nairobi Protocol has yet to take place at the national level.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Arms control in a rough neighbourhood: The case of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria) Size: 16 pages (1.19 MB)
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How can the global security industry (GSI) best be regulated? This study from the International Peace Institute looks at how to improve international regulation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) by combining governmental initiatives with industry self-regulation. It argues that collaborative regulatory action is needed to secure the future of the industry. Such collaborative regulatory action is in the interests of not only those affected by the conduct of the industry, but also those with financial, political, or personal stakes in it.

Author: James Cockayne (et al) Source: Cockayne J. (et al), 2009, 'Beyond Market Forces: Regulating the Global Security Industry', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 2.5MB pages (356)
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Questions about peace and security remain critical both to national decision-makers and to the lives of ordinary people in Nepal. This report, by Interdisciplinary Analysts and Saferworld, analyses changing public attitudes to community safety and human security in the country. It is the second in a series of surveys that will track public perceptions of security over time. It concludes that most Nepalis still feel safer than before the protests in 2006 that led to the end of the country's long-running civil conflict. Nepalis see security both in terms of crime and violence and also in terms of socio-economic development.

Author: Interdisciplinary Analysts | Saferworld Source: Analysts I., Saferworld S., 2009, 'On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal', Saferworld Size: 66 pages (1.7 MB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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Despite the fact that negotiating security issues is a political endeavour, security concerns must be given high priority in peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper presents a collection of voices and experiences on security issues in recent peace processes in Colombia, Uganda-Sudan and Azerbaijan-Armenia. Rather than limiting their role to post-agreement implementation, development agencies should facilitate more appreciation of security arrangements and options for parties to peace processes.

Author: Cate Buchanan (ed.) Source: Buchanen C. (ed.), 2009, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland: Viewpoints, vol. 2 - Negotiating Disarmament Size: 34 pages ()
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This document, published by Saferworld, seeks to dispel some of the myths and misperceptions that have been raised in discussions on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). These range from the suggestion that differences in interpretation would undermine any agreement to the contention that, without the support of major arms-exporting states, any agreement would be worthless. It is hoped that this will contribute to an informed debate and increase the prospects of a successful conclusion to the current UN process.

Author: Elizabeth Kirkham Source: 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty: Countering myths and misperceptions', Amnesty International Instituto Sou da Paz, Oxfam, Project Ploughshares. Saferworld and Albert Schweitzer Institute Size: 14 pages (460 kB)
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Virtually all states are committed to having effective national regulations in place to combat the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW). Unfortunately, implementation of these commitments remains patchy and inadequate. This report, published by Saferworld, examines issues and priorities for improving national controls and regional and international cooperation to prevent and reduce diversion. It highlights the need for governments to adopt more precautionary approaches in assessing diversion risks and to implement controls on SALW brokering based on a system of licensing individual transactions.

Author: Dr Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Saferworld, 2009, 'Preventing diversion of small arms and light weapons: Issues and priorities for strengthened controls', Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 88 pages (844 kB)
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What are the negative impacts of the illicit trade in small arms on security, human rights, and socio-economic development? How can governments and international agencies stem the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms? This report of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Security Council discusses these issues. Small arms and light weapons are the primary weapons used in contemporary conflicts. More human rights abuses are committed with them than any other weapon. Measurable goals for reducing armed conflict, better cooperation among national authorities and between international agencies, and the destruction of surplus ammunition are among the report's recommendations.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UNSG (2008) 'Report of the United Nations Secretary General on Small Arms' (S/2008/258), New York Size: 19 pages (104 kB)
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What is the humanitarian impact of cluster munitions on civilian populations? How does cluster munition contamination affect local economies? This report from United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research highlights how post-conflict recovery and development processes can be impeded by cluster munition contamination. It shows how different groups in a population are affected physically and psychologically. The problems caused by the contamination vary according to prevailing socio-economic conditions. Poverty adds to the difficulty of trying to address the threat of the contamination effectively.

Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Source: UNIDR, 2008, 'The Humanitarian Impact of Cluster Munitions', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 81 pages (364KB)
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What effect has the proliferation of small arms and light weapons had on development in Latin America? This article, published in the NACLA Report on the Americas, reviews the multifaceted social consequences of the small arms trade. The trend of accelerating levels of crime and violence suggests that a broad-based and concerted gun control effort is needed. Gun violence is now holding back development in much of the region; fresh initiatives and the continued allocation of resources to tackling the trade will be needed to safeguard Latin America's future prosperity.

Author: Rachel Stohl | Doug Tuttle Source: Stohl, R. and Tuttle, D., 2008, 'The Small Arms Trade in Latin America', NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 41 No.2, March/April 2008 Size: 7 pages (576 kB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended Sudan's civil war is at risk in the state of Southern Kordofan. This International Crisis Group paper analyses growing frustrations among Arab and African tribes about CPA implementation and unresolved ethnic and administrative issues. Concrete ethnic integration and reform progress by the National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), Southern Kordofan Government, United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and donors is essential in order to avoid another Darfur conflict.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sudan's Southern Kordofan Problem: The Next Darfur?', International Crisis Group, Africa Report No.145, Brussels Size: 27 pages (1.20 MB)
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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Why did the façade of Afghan disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) develop? How did the reality on the ground diverge from the bureaucratic process? What are the implications of such an approach? This Conflict, Security & Development paper examines the contradictions at the heart of DDR and successive Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups in Afghanistan DIAG processes in Afghanistan, analysing the conflicts of interest and limited impacts.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi A., 2008, 'Bureaucratic façade and political realities of disarmament and demobilisation in Afghanistan', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169 - 192 Size: 25 pages ()
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How can long-term peaceful political transformation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone be achieved? This study from King's College London argues that successful political reintegration does not simply mean political participation per se, but requires specific forms of political participation that reinforce the primacy of peaceful political interaction for affecting change. The study concludes that despite progress in many key areas, former fighters of the RUF have yet to be fully politically reintegrated.

Author: Kieran Mitton Source: Mitton K., 2008, 'Engaging disengagement: The political reintegration of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-222 Size: 31 pages ()
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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How were security issues managed in the Burundi Peace Talks? What lessons are there for international mediators of other conflicts? Drawing on interviews with negotiators and advisors, this Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report concludes that it is vital to balance political and technical expertise when addressing security issues and that the interconnectedness of security issues should be recognised.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in the Burundi Peace Talks', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 54 pages (1.6 MB)
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How did Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) deal with security issues? What lessons are there for international mediators assisting other peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report finds that in Sudan the parties' lack of trust led to a deliberate avoidance of commitments related to security and weapons control. In this context, there were few opportunities for international mediators to broaden the scope of the negotiations.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Human Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Negotiating Disarmament, Country Study, Number 2, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1.2 MB)
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What is the most effective way of tackling violence and weapons issues in peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report consists of four articles which put forward recommendations on how to deal with such issues when negotiating a peace agreement. The importance of understanding the local context, ensuring sustainable reintegration and dealing with arms in civilian hands is stressed in several articles.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Strategies for Tackling Weapons and Violence in Peace Process', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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What factors facilitate and contribute to the transfer of different types of weapons, small arms and light weapons (SALW) in particular, to non-state armed groups (NSAGs)? How can the international community attempt to control these transfers? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the transfer of weapons to NSAGs. It describes how the post-Cold War security landscape and globalisation have enabled the transfer of arms to NSAGs.

Author: Chris Smith | UNIDIR Source: Smith C., 2008, 'Weapon transfers to non-state armed groups', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: Engaging non-state armed groups, Number 1, pp. 45 - 52 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What lessons can be learnt from West African initiatives to control small arms? How can these lessons be applied to the current international debate on an arms trade treaty? This United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) paper argues that the West African experience shows that an international arms trade treaty should address arms imports as well as exports and prohibit arms transfers to non-state actors.

Author: Cyriaque Pawoumotom Agnekethom Source: Agnekethom C.P., 2008, 'Political and institutional dynamics of the control of small arms and light weapons in West Africa', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum - The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 13 - 20 Size: 8 pages (104 kB)
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What is the scale of small arms proliferation in West Africa? How do small arms and light weapons (SALW) arrive and circulate and what impact do they have on the sub-region? This article from Disarmament Forum looks at the transfer of SALW in West Africa. It argues that the uncontrolled movement of SALW in West Africa has exacerbated conflict, created a climate of insecurity and undermined development.

Author: Francis Langumba Keili | UNIDIR Source: Keili F.L., 2008, 'Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa: a stock-taking', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 5 - 12 Size: 7 pages (105 kB)
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How can the prevalence of weapons in Kosovo be reduced without further damaging fragile feelings of security among the population? This report by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld looks at changing perceptions of civilian possession and prevalence of weapons. Because of sensitivities surrounding weapons possession, any initiatives to control or collect weapons should be tailored to specific community needs to maximise opportunities for peace and minimise potential drivers of conflict.

Author: Forum for Civic Initiatives | Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives, Saferworld, 2008, 'Through the cross-hairs: A survey of changing attitudes towards small arms in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo) Size: 19 pages (682KB)
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How successful has Uganda been in implementing its commitments to the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UN PoA)? This study from Saferworld suggests that the Government of Uganda (GoU) has improved its controls on the international transfer of small arms and light weapons (SALW). The GoU has fulfilled some of its commitments under the UN PoA. Nonetheless, its enforcement of controls on the international transfer of SALW could be strengthened.

Author: Jacqueline Macalesher | Angus Urquhart Source: Macalesher J., Urquhart A., 2008, 'Uganda and international small arms transfers: Implementing UN PoA commitments', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 58 pages (383KB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) continues to undermine development, the security of citizens and good governance in Africa. Author Nelson Alusala reports on the status of SALWs and disarmament in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad. The monograph includes historical, political and cultural context for each country's struggles to control SALWs, and recommends actions to control SALWs and arms trafficking.

Author: Nelson Alusala Source: Alusala, N., 2007, 'Armed Conflict and Disarmament: Selected Central African Case Studies', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Monograph No 129, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Should Armed Non-State Actors be engaged in development dialogue? Would this be tantamount to negotiating with terrorists? Armed Non-State Actors are now an important feature of violent conflict within and between states. This paper from the German Development Institute (DIE) identifies opportunities and challenges for engaging Armed Non-State Actors from a development perspective. It refutes the idea that this engagement legitimises violence and suggests there is widespread support for such work.

Author: Noel Stott Source: Stott, N., 2007, 'Negotiating in Practice what is Non-Negotiable in Principle: Development Policy and Armed Non-State Actors', Discussion Paper, no. 8/2007, German Development Institute, Bonn, January. Size: 43 pages (35 KB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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What is the cost of armed violence? IANSA, Saferworld and Oxfam's investigation into the cost of armed violence to Africa looks at where the weapons come from which feed this violence, and then highlights an important area where progress is urgently required at both African and international levels. Armed conflict alone has cost Africa around US$300bn since 1990. This is a massive waste of resources - roughly equivalent to all international aid to Africa from major donors during the same period.

Author: Oxfam | IANSA Source: Hillier,D., 2007, 'Africa's missing billions: International arms flows and the cost of conflict', Oxfam International, IANSA and Saferworld, Briefing Paper 107, UK Size: 38 pages (427 kB)
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In January 2005 the South African government launched a six month amnesty period for the surrender of illegal weapons. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) reviews the 2005 firearms amnesty, assessing its impact and the factors that contributed to its success. The amnesty was successful in achieving its dual objectives of removing illegal guns from circulation and supporting the implementation of the 2000 Firearms Control Act (FCA). It also had a significant effect in that it demonstrated that attitudes to firearms ownership were beginning to change.

Author: | Adèle Kirsten Source: Kirsten, A. 2007. 'Simpler, better, faster: Review of the 2005 firearms amnesty', Occasional Paper 134, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 16 pages (279 kB)
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What lessons do regional experiences in small arms transfer controls provide for the construction of universal principles for the authorisation of small arms transfers? This publication from Project Ploughshares presents papers from an international seminar on 'Regional Dimensions of Global Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfer Principles'. It shows that there is a growing global consensus, derived from international law, on the key principles that should govern arms transfers. The emerging challenge for the international community is to ensure coherence among initiatives addressing small arms transfer and initiatives addressing transfer of all conventional weapons.

Author: Kenneth Epps (editor) Source: Project Ploughshares. 2007. 'Towards Global Standards: Regional Experience in Small Arms Transfer Controls', Edited Papers from an International Seminar, Waterloo, Canada. Size: 111 pages (1.59 MB)
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How comprehensive is the Internal Security Sector Review (ISSR) analysis of security issues in Kosovo? What challenges confront the development of a new security architecture in Kosovo? The ISSR was published in February 2007, and in response, this briefing from Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives outlines the ISSR process and outcome and challenges for the future of Kosovo's security sector. The process and the conclusions of the ISSR fall short of what is needed to help secure Kosovo's future. Nevertheless, much now relies on the quality of implementation of the ISSR's proposals.

Author: Saferworld | The Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ) Source: Saferworld. 2007. 'The Internal Security Sector Review: the future of Kosovo's security sector?', Briefing Note, Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo), London Size: 5 pages (54 KB)
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Preventing and reducing the unauthorised diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) transfers is widely acknowledged to be a critical issue. The UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW includes strong commitments on this matter. This report, by Biting the Bullet, identifies processes by which SALW transfers are diverted to unauthorised recipients, outlines aspects of transfers that pose particular risks, and proposes measures to mitigate such risks. It also specifically considers existing and potential good practice with regard to end-user certificates (EUCs), preventing unauthorised re-export, and controlling transit of SALW.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E. 2007. 'Small arms and light weapons transfer controls to prevent diversion: Developing and implementing key programme of action commitments', Briefing: Biting the Bullet, Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 30 pages (1.08 MB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses BiH's legislative framework for arms transfer control. The BiH authorities have taken impressive steps to bring the arms transfer control system into line with EU standards. While the necessary legislation is in place and key personnel are committed to its enforcement, however, a number of challenges continue to hinder its implementation.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Olga Palinkase Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Bosnia and Herzegovina', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 26 pages (161 KB)
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To what extent do arms and military equipment (AME) and dual-use transfer controls in Croatia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Croatia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. Croatia has introduced legislation and regulations which constitute significant progress toward bringing its AME transfer control system into line with EU and US best practice. However, there is still some work to be done and considerable challenges to overcome.

Author: Roy Isbister | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Croatia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 28 pages (169 KB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Kosovo comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Kosovo's arms transfer control framework. While the international administration has introduced limited controls on the transfer of arms to and from Kosovo, the existing regulatory framework has many gaps. The ongoing Internal Security Sector Review and talks on Kosovo's final status nevertheless provide unique opportunities to address these issues.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Anna Richards; Simon Rynn Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Kosovo', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 20 pages (127)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Serbia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Serbia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. The legislation currently in force in Serbia represents an encouraging level of commitment to EU norms in arms transfer controls. There are also welcome signs of growing capacity to better enforce the legislation. There is still more to be done, however, and challenges remain.

Author: Roy Isbister | Anna Richards Source: Isbister R., et al., 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Serbia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 30 pages (233 KB)
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How effective is the Russian approach to arms brokering in light of its role in the maintenance of international peace and security? This Saferworld report argues that although the Russian system of brokering controls is very strong in some areas, loopholes remain. The report provides an overview of the way in which brokering is controlled in Russia, and seeks to promote debate within Russia and internationally about how arms brokering controls can be strengthened.

Author: Duncun Hiscock | Saferworld Source: Hiscock, D., 2007, 'Beyond the reach of state monopoly controls: A comparative overview of Russian controls on arms brokering', Saferworld, Briefing, UK Size: 23 pages (185KB)
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How is Latin America and the Caribbean coping with the non-traditional security challenges it faces? This paper examines the two key axes of security dynamics: weak governance and citizen insecurity, and trans-national organised crime. It explores their interlinkages and evaluates coping mechanisms. It identifies the most likely future security scenarios in the region and suggests a number of ways in which regional insecurity might be addressed more effectively. However, the development of a common security agenda remains an elusive goal.

Author: Arlene B. Tickner Source: Tickner, A.B. (2007). 'Latin America and the Caribbean: Domestic and Transnational Insecurity', Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series, International Peace Academy. Size: 20 pages (211 kb)
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Highly politicised and unaccountabe security sectors in fragile states fuel the demand for small arms and light weapons (SALW).This paper, published by Project Ploughshares, analyses the cyclical nature of security sectors and violent conflict, and suggests measures to improve accountability and reduce the demand for SALW. While SSR can be the driving force in establishing secuirty sector accountability, increased public participation would also reduce the demand for SALW and increase the chances for sustainable reform.

Author: Dominick Donald | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Donald, D. and Olonisakin, F. (2007). 'Security sector reform and the demand for small arms and light weapons', Project Ploughshares briefing 01/07. Size: 3 pages (27 kB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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Why do cluster munitions pose a particular hazard to civilians during hostilities and post-conflict reconstruction? How can the international community deal with these hazards? This guide by the Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining provides practical information on addressing the impact of unexploded cluster munitions on civilians. Cluster munitions, by design, deliver submunitions over a wide area and are a specific post-conflict hazard to settled and returnee populations. The Oslo Declaration commits states to prohibiting cluster weapons, providing adequate assistance to victims, and decontaminating affected areas.

Author: Davide Orifici Source: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2007, 'A Guide to Cluster Munitions', GICHD, Geneva Size: 93 pages (4.2 MB)
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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The Government of Uganda, in partnership with civil society, has developed a National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons (NAP). This report by the Ugandan Government charts the history of NAP's development as well as the National Assessment of the proliferation of small arms in Uganda, which provided the research that underpinned it. It reveals the background to Uganda's fight against small arms and provides a model for other nations in a similar situation.

Author: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2007, 'Mapping the small arms problem in Uganda: The development of Uganda's National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Saferworld Size: 77 pages (1.2MB)
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The pastoral Karamoja region of Uganda today is marked by a culture of guns, under-development, little government presence and a nearly complete lack of law and order. This report, published by Tufts University, examines the region's pattern of guns and violence and the failure of recent attempts to disarm the Karamoja people. Governments and the international community must stop proposingsolutions based on ignorance of the ecology, livelihoods and culture of the Karamoja.

Author: Darlington Akabwai | Priscillar E. Ateyo Source: Akabwai, D. and Atevo, P.E., 2007, The scramble for cattle, power and guns in Karamoja: How can stability be established in the Karamoja region, Uganda?, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Size: 49 pages (1.55 KB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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This paper from Groupe de recherché et d'information sur la paix et la securite (GRIP) considers how regulations on the brokering of Small Arms and Light Weapons can be made consistent and effective. It urges the UN General Assembly to establish a Group of Governmental Experts on Brokering mandated to consider an international instrument to regulate arms brokering, identify requirements for effective national brokering controls and consider controls on transportation and financial services related to brokering.

Author: Holger Anders | Silvia Cattaneo Source: Anders, H. and Cattaneo, S., 2006, 'Regulating Arms Brokering: Taking Stock and Moving Forwards the United Nations Process', GRIP, Brussels Size: 42 pages (364.80 kB)
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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Data collection systems that compile information on injuries caused by small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in south-eastern Europe (SEE) countries vary in quality and do not inform policy making processes. This report by Larry Attree for SEESAC discusses a survey of armed violence data collection systems currently used in SEE. It provides country-specific information and recommends systems improvements. All SEE countries need to improve the distribution of data collection and analysis of SALW injuries to the policy making community.

Author: Larry Attree Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Strategic overview of armed violence data collection and analysis mechanisms (South Eastern Europe)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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What role can parliaments play in small arms and light weapons (SALW) control? What instruments are available to parliamentarians to address SALW issues? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) provides guidance for parliamentarians on SALW issues. It suggests ways in which parliaments and parliamentarians can perform their representative, legislative and oversight roles to influence national SALW control policies. Annexes provide specific recommendations for parliamentarians and SALW country summaries for the Western Balkans, as well as summaries of international SALW instruments and frameworks.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Parliamentary Handbook', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 36 pages (1.65 MB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on society in Croatia? What measures has the Croatian government taken to address these problems? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Croatia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and government capacity for conducting SALW intervention.

Author: Tobias Pietz | Rebekka Edelman Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Croatia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 84 pages (2.72 MB)
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This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in the UN administered territory of Kosovo. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on institutional capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a Kosovo-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of media, research papers and official data.

Author: Saferworld | Juliana Sokolova, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Kosovo', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 101 pages (3.42 MB)
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How have internal conflicts affected the distribution and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Moldova? What effect does Moldova's constitutional arrangement have on its capacity to address SALW issues? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Moldova.

Author: David Wood Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Moldova', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 169 pages (5.79 MB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka? What capacity does the state have to control illegal weapons more effectively? This report from the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA) and Saferworld outlines the findings and recommendations of a pilot SALW survey carried out in Hambantota. It examines the distribution of SALW and their impact on safety, security, development and governance, and the capacity of the state to control them.

Author: Saferworld | NCAPISA Source: NCAPISA. 2006. 'Hambantota: Illegal small arms and light weapons pilot survey', National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA), Sri Lanka Size: 62 pages (933 KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on human and national security in Bangladesh? This report from the National Forum Against Small Arms (NFASA), South Asia Partnership-Bangladesh (SAP-Bangladesh) and Saferworld documents the findings and recommendations of community consultations on peace and security in Bangladesh. The consultations found that abuses of power, political rivalry, extremist elements and the availability of illegal firearms are all causes of human insecurity in Bangladesh. Unless action is taken to address the power of armed criminals and terrorists, SALW will continue to undermine national and local security.

Author: Nadira Mallik | Peter Cross Source: NFASA, SAP-Bangladesh and Saferworld, 2006, 'Challenges to peace and security: Consulting communities on small arms in Bangladesh', REPORT: Small arms and security in South Asia, National Forum Against Small Arms, South Asia Partnership - Bangladesh, Saferworld Size: 33 pages (454 kB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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What measures have Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states agreed to take to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons? In this convention, ECOWAS member states agree to control, regulate and/or prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to take measures to promote transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states.

Author: ECOWAS Source: ECOWAS (2006). 'ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their ammunition and other associated material', Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Size: 23 pages (241 kB)
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How are disarmament and development connected at the field level? What are the challenges facing efforts to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the two fields on the ground? Between 2002 and 2004, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) conducted studies of weapons for development programmes in Albania, Cambodia and Mali. Based on these studies, this paper from UNIDIR examines the interplay between development and disarmament at the community level. It demonstrates a clear link between disarmament and development, as well as the importance of strengthening this link to promote sustainable human development.

Author: Shukuko Koyama Source: Koyama, S. (2006). 'Disarmament, development and the Programme of Action. Experiences and challenges on the ground', Disarmament Forum, 2006(1), pp.75-82, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 8 pages (95 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Sierra Leone? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Sierra Leone and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that arms transfers have fuelled atrocities in Sierra Leone and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Anthea Lawson | Oxfam Source: Lawson, A. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Sierra Leone', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (612 kB)
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What impact has irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to the DRC and its effect on individual lives and communities. It argues that arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in the DRC and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks, J. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from the Democratic Republic of the Congo', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International Size: 22 pages (581 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Haiti? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Haiti and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that irresponsible arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in Haiti. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Amnesty International | International Action Network on Small Arms Source: Control Arms (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Haiti', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (394 kB)
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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Small arms proliferation and misuse has had a dramatic and painful impact on Georgia since 1991. This Saferworld report presents the findings of research conducted on small arms and light weapons (SALW) and human security issues in Georgia. It finds that while significant and commendable progress has been made, much still needs to be done to minimise the risks presented by illegal arms proliferation and misuse.

Author: David Wood Source: Wood, D., 2006, 'Taking Stock: Small Arms and Human Security in Georgia', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi, and Saferworld, London Size: 135 pages (1268KB)
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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While private security companies (PSCs) in the countries of south-eastern Europe (SEE) have recently improved the professionalism of the sector, there is a need for more state intervention to increase the regulation, oversight and professionalism of the industry. This survey by Michael Page, Simon Rynn, Zack Taylor and David Wood for SEESAC examines the PSC industry's key trends and regulatory issues and recommends country-specific reforms. While national regulatory legislation is critical, mutually reinforcing national, regional and international regulatory frameworks are also needed.

Author: Michael Page | Simon Rynn Source: Page, M., Rynn, S., Taylor, Z. and Wood, D., 2005, 'SALW and Private Security Companies in South Eastern Europe: A Cause or Effect of Security', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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This 2004 survey from Saferworld and the UNDP Small Arms Control in Serbia and Montenegro Project (SACISCG) examines the small arms situation in Serbia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on government capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a nation-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of available data.

Author: Saferworld | Charlotte Phillips, Zachary Taylor, Srdjan Bogosavljevic Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Living with the Legacy - SALW Survey of the Republic of Serbia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 78 pages (2.82 MB)
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What is the 2005 status and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in Bulgaria? This paper, authored by Simon Rynn, Philip Gounev and Thomas Jackson, reports on a survey of the distribution, impacts and public perceptions of SALWs. It also reviews the capacity of the state to apply SALW controls. It is intended for use by those involved in SALW research and programmes and Bulgaria's progress towards membership in the European Union (EU).

Author: Simon Rynn | Philip Gounev Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Taming the Arsenal - Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bulgaria', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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What are the necessary steps in conducting a small arms and light weapon (SALW) awareness programme? How can programmers avoid inappropriate messages and materials, lack of sensitivity and other features of poorly designed SALW awareness programmes? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) sets out principles and procedures for safe and effective SALW awareness programming.

Author: Laurence Desvignes | Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'SASP 2 SALW Awareness Support Pack', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 148 pages (1.9 MB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Cambodia. The study confirms that inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence and allow local people to participate in determining the future of their communities. Weapon reduction measures using incentive schemes for communities in exchange for weapons cannot be successfully implemented without first introducing measures for local community engagement.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2005, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Cambodia: An Assessment of Different Weapon Collection Strategies by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/6, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 133 pages ()
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Violence against women is rooted in discrimination. It occurs across borders, religions and class. This is because it has been condoned through cultural practices. This paper, by Amnesty International, International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that violence against women in the family and violence through state repression or conflict are similar. The latter is an extreme manifestation of the discrimination and abuse that women face in the family. Furthermore, the presence of guns means more danger for women.

Author: Amnesty International | Oxfam Source: Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, 2005, 'The impact of guns on women's lives', Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, Oxford, UK Size: 76 pages (557KB)
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In Sri Lanka in 2004-2005, a civil society awareness process was initiated to allow civil society to participate in the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA). This document, by Saferworld and the South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka), represents a record and analysis of discussions that took place during the consultation process. The civil society consultation process was held in 23 districts covering nine provinces. It concludes that violence within different ethnic groups within the country has increased and democracy has declined due to violence around elections.

Author: Saferworld | South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka) Source: South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld, 2005, 'Small arms and light weapons challenges in Sri Lanka and options for the way forward: A civil society consultation process to support the establishment of the National Commission against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (NCAPISA)', South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld Size: 22 pages (266kB)
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What effect do small arms have on security in rural Pacific Islands communities and how successful have measures to combat these effects been? How can disarmament practitioners assess the impacts of small arms misuse in rural communities, given the difficulties of collecting quantitative data on armed violence? This report from the Small Arms Survey presents the views on small arms of rural communities in Papa New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands. Presenting results from a pilot study, it demonstrates the ability of participatory research to provide high-value, low-cost insights, offering an alternative to traditional quantitative research.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Robert Muggah Source: LeBrun, E & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2005, 'Silencing Guns: Local Perspectives on Small Arms and Armed Violence in Rural Pacific Islands Communities', Occasional Paper 15, Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 72 pages (788 KB)
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What steps has the government of Colombia taken to demobilise right-wing paramilitaries and individual fighters and reintegrate them into society? What are the problems and risks involved in Colombia's disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion examines the DDR process in Colombia. While DDR could have a significant positive impact on the conflict in Colombia, failure is still possible and could have significant negative repercussions.

Author: Markus Koth Source: Koth, M. (2005). 'To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia', Paper 43, Bonn International Center for Conversion Size: 62 pages (263 kB)
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Under the UN Programme of Action (PoA) to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, states agreed to implement strict transfer controls. What progress has been made in developing international principles for SALW transfer controls in the context of the PoA? What should be the next steps in ensuring effective transfer controls? In November 2005 the Geneva Forum organised a conference to discuss transfer controls in the context of the PoA. This report summarises the proceedings of the conference.

Author: Geneva Forum Source: Geneva Forum (2005). 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: Transfer Controls', Summary Report of the conference of 17 November 2005, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 44 pages (231 kB)
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What support has the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided to countries attempting to address small arms issues? How has UNDP's support evolved as a result of experience gained and lessons learned from its projects? This report from UNDP provides an overview of UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues. UNDP has provided support to small arms control, armed violence reduction and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in over 40 countries. Lessons learned have enabled UNDP to refine its support to address more effectively the needs of countries affected by small arms issues.

Author: Peter Batchelor | Spyros Demetriou Source: Batchelor, P. and Demetriou, S. (2005). 'Securing Development: UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 41 pages (699 kB)
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What progress have states in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa made towards implementing small arms and light weapons (SALW) control mechanisms? What factors have helped or hindered the implementation of SALW controls in these regions? This report from International Alert examines the implementation of SALW controls in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa. While each region has had different experiences implementing SALW controls, a number of cross-regional issues can be identified.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | William Godnick Source: von Tangen Page, M., Godnick, W. and Vivekananda, J. (2005). 'Implementing International Small Arms Controls: Some Lessons from Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa', International Alert. Size: 43 pages (686 kB)
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What impact have small arms and light weapons (SALW) had on public health and human security in Albania? What steps has the Albanian government taken to control SALW and combat SALW proliferation? This report from the Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld examines the impact and distribution of SALW and SALW control measures in Albania.

Author: Paul Holtom | Henry Smith Source: Holtom, P., Smith, H., Mariani, B., Rynn, S., Attree, L. and Sokolová, J. (2005). 'Turning the Page: Small Arms and Light Weapons in Albania', Report on Small arms and security in South Eastern Europe, Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld. Size: 149 pages (2.2 MB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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What is the extent of craft small-arms production in Ghana? Why have existing legislation and government policies largely failed to contain the problem? This chapter of a book on armed groups and small arms in ECOWAS states documents the extent, nature, and effects of Ghanaian craft small-arms production and discusses existing and potential responses. Ghanaian craft guns are known regionally for their effectiveness, competitive prices, and accessibility. Legal prohibition and a coercive approach adopted by previous and current governments has not stemmed gun production and trade but driven it underground. Effective and sustainable solutions will involve persuading local communities to include in their traditional codes of conduct condemnation of gun sales for criminal use or armed conflict.

Author: Emmanuel Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, EK., 2005, 'The Anatomy of Ghana's Secret Arms Industry ', in Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, eds. N.Florquin and EG Berman, pp.78-106, Small Arms Survey Size: 30 pages (1.1MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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While Kenya has instituted widespread defence, police, judicial and constitutional reforms, the probability of successful security sector reform (SSR) remains highly questionable. This paper, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, reviews recent attempts by Kenya to make its security sector more effective and accountable and less corrupt. Notwithstanding reform efforts, Kenya's SSR is largely ineffective; the country lacks a constitutional reference point grounded in democratic values.

Author: Bonn International Center for Conversion Source: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Kenya', Inventory of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in partner countries of German development assistance, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 16 pages (72.7 KB)
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How well have East Asian nations responded to the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the control of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? This Southeast Asia Forum on Armed Violence report reviews current activities by East Asian states. It argues that few programmes have developed in light of the PoA. A review of current measures is required as well an examination of why East Asian states have not felt compelled to comply with the PoA.

Author: Edgardo Legaspi | Small Arms Survey Source: Legaspi E., 2005, 'East Asia: In Action on Arms - Assessing Regional Compliance to the UN PoA on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Southeast Asia Forum on Armed Violence Size: 68 pages (414kb)
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There is a need for more comprehensive solutions to wider security sector challenges in conflict resolution. This report, from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, provides an overview of the security reforms that were implemented in Sierra Leone. It serves as a set of guidelines for practitioners supporting similar programmes in the future. It argues that the different elements of a Security Sector Reform programme should be sequenced strategically.

Author: Ann M. Fitz-Gerald Source: Fitz-Gerald, A.M., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector reform (GFN-SSR), Shrivenham Size: 24 pages (297 KB)
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How can performance indicators (PI) contribute to the management of Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) control programmes? This paper from the South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the concept of PI, their applicability to SALW control programmes and the impact they can have on their successful management. While quantitative PI should not be the only measure of programme performance, they do provide important indicators of success or failure.

Author: Adrian Wilkinson Source: SEESAC, 2004, 'Performance Indicators for the Monitoring and Evaluation of SALW Control Programmes Discussion Paper', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 29 pages (1.1MB)
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"A house isn't a home without a gun" is a common sentiment in the Republic of Montenegro. This survey from the South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Montenegro. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms, and on government capacity for conducting SALW intervention. It finds that there is an abundance of small arms in Montenegro and that Montenegrins believe there are too many guns in society. However, traditions of gun ownership, perceptions that guns offer security from crime and mistrust of the police make Montenegrins reluctant to surrender their weapons.

Author: Nicolas Florquin | , Shelly O'Neill Stoneman Source: SEESAC, 2004, 'SALW Survey of Montenegro', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 59 pages (2.44 MB)
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The widespread availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a major source of insecurity and poverty worldwide. This Department for International Development (DfID) paper summarises the United Kingdom's policies and strategies on SALW. The British Government's objectives regarding limiting the availability and misuse of SALW focus on three areas: strengthening controls on supply; reducing availability; and addressing demand. It recognises that these issues are complex and inter-related, requiring action between states, intergovernmental organisations and civil society.

Author: Source: DfID, 2004. 'UK Policy and Strategic Priorities on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2004-2006', London: Department for International Development Size: 8 pages (180 KB)
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How are small arms and light weapons (SALW) issues and armed violence relevant to governance, security sector reform (SSR) and safety, security and access to justice (SSAJ)? How can governance, SSR and SSAJ programmes integrate SALW issues? This briefing from the Centre for International Cooperation and Security aims to highlight the importance of SALW availability to governance, SSR and SSAJ programming. It shows how such programmes can be developed to contribute more to the reduction of SALW-related armed violence.

Author: Mike Bourne | Owen Greene Source: Bourne, M. & Green, O., 2004, 'Armed Violence, Governance, Security Sector Reform and Safety Security and access to justice', Briefing Paper, September 2004, Centre for International Cooperation and Security, University of Bradford Size: 12 pages (125 kB)
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Could small arms and light weapons (SALW) reduction programmes help address some of the shortfalls of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? How can SALW and DDR programming be better phased and integrated? This briefing from the Centre for International Cooperation and Security examines how SALW programmes can contribute to the effectiveness of DDR in post-conflict reconstruction (PCR).

Author: Jeremy Ginifer | Mike Bourne Source: Ginifer, J. with Bourne, M. and Greene, O., 2004, 'Considering armed violence in the post-conflict transition: DDR and small arms and light weapons reduction initiatives,' a CICS Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative Briefing Paper, September 2004, University of Bradford Size: 13 pages (139 kB)
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What measures have states in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa agreed to take to counter small arms and light weapons proliferation? In this protocol, States Parties agree to control and regulate the transfer, possession, storage, disposal and destruction of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to adopt legislative measures, facilitate information exchange and improve operational capacity to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons.

Author: Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: 'Nairobi Protocol on the Problem of the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons In the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Agreement signed by the representatives of the states of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, 21st April 2004. Size: 14 pages (35 kB)
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The proliferation of small arms is one of the greatest humanitarian challenges of our time. To address it, a united approach is required from governments and civil society. This study by SaferAfrica and Saferworld identifies some of the gaps in regional and international small arms agreements to which the countries of the Horn of Africa (HoA) and Great Lakes Region (GLR) are party and the legislation governing small arms in these states. It argues that thorough reviews of legislation will need to take place to ensure that these gaps are adequately filled.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, 'Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms control legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa', SaferAfrica and Saferworld, Size: 63 pages (3.1MB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons is a critical humanitarian development and governance challenge; governments need to address the issue in a united and holistic approach. This paper, published by SaferAfrica and Saferworld, summarises their audit of arms control legislation in Sudan and its conformity to regional and international arms control agreements. While Sudan's current legislation conforms to many regional and international requirements, some regulatory gaps still need to be addressed. This report is intended to assist lawmakers and other actors in developing new legislation which will address these gaps.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms control legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa: Sudan, Saferworld Size: 56 pages (351.59 KB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a critical humanitarian, development and governance challenge; governments need to address the issue in a united and holistic approach. This paper, published by SaferAfrica and Saferworld, focused on Eritrea and is one of a series of reports auditing SALW control legislation in different countries accross the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa region. It summarises their audit of SALW control legislation in Eritrea vis-à-vis its conformity to regional and international SALW agreements. While some Great Lakes region and Horn of Africa states have enacted SALW legislation, there are serious regulatory gaps that need to be addressed. This report is intended to assist lawmakers and other actors in developing new legislation which will address these gaps.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa: Eritrea, Saferworld Size: 35 pages (263 KB)
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There has been no accurate validation to date of the argument that small arms and light weapons (SALW) are an obstacle to sustainable peace in southern Africa. This monograph, published jointly by the Centre for Conflict Resolution, Gun Free South Africa and The Institute for Security Studies, reports results of a comprehensive study of SALW proliferation in the region. Only through an understanding of the trade, use and control of SALWs can sustainable strategies be identified to manage proliferation and limit SALW misuse.

Author: Chandre Gould | Guy Lamb Source: Gould C., Lamb G., (eds.), 2004, 'Hide and Seek - Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa', Instutute for Security Studies, Centre for Conflict Resolution, Gun Free SA Size: 159 pages (1.9 MB)
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What impact have disarmament programmes had on security and perceptions of security in Mozambique? What steps must Mozambique take to implement the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and other Related Materials? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies looks at Mozambique's efforts to curb the availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in southern Africa.

Author: Ana Leao | www.issafrica.org Source: Leao A., 2004, 'Weapons in Mozambique: Reducing Availability and Demand', Monograph 94, Instutute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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The availability of weapons for use by rebels, militias, warlords and insurgents threatens the national security of states and the security of millions of people. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses armed groups' participation in the arms trade and the consequences of small arms misuse. While international measures address controlling arms supply, strategies are needed that deal directly with armed groups in order to reduce violations of humanitarian law and human rights norms.

Author: David Capie Source: Capie D., 2004, 'Armed Groups, Weapons Availability and Misuse: An Overview of these and Options for Action', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Briefing Paper Size: 14 pages (206 kB)
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How much progress have Southeast Asian states made in limiting the proliferation and misuse of small arms? This Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies article examines the human costs of small arms in Southeast Asia and regional and government initiatives. It argues that governments have shown limited progress in controlling the high demand for both legal and illegal weapons. Nevertheless, countries can still demonstrate their commitment to global action by urgently implementing serious initiatives designed to abate the human costs of easy access to weapons.

Author: Gina Rivas Pattugalan | Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies Source: Pattugalan G.R., 2004, 'Small Arms Proliferation and Misuse: Human Security Impact and Policy Actions in Southeast Asia', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 19 (1): 62-91. Size: 30 pages (114 kB)
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In Africa, the practice of pastoralism - herding domestic animals on open bushland - is under threat from violence tied to the proliferation of small arms. What action should governments and non-government groups take to restore peace to pastoral communities? This report for think-tank Saferworld examines the situation in the Kenya-Uganda border region and recommends measures that could be applied both here and further a-field.

Author: Kennedy Mkutu | - approved but waiting report publication Source: Mkutu, K., 2003, 'Pastoral Conflict and Small Arms: The Kenya-Uganda Border Region', Saferworld, London. Size: pages ()
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The uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of arms by government forces and armed groups takes a massive human toll in lost lives, lost livelihoods and lost opportunities to escape poverty. What action is required at international, national and local level to control arms proliferation? In this report, Amnesty International and Oxfam argue that governments can and must do more to control arms proliferation effectively. Better co-ordination between governments is needed to address both the trade in arms and safety at community level.

Author: Debbie Hillyer | Brian Wood Source: Hillier, D., and Wood, B., 2003, 'Shattered Lives: A Case for Tough International Arms Control', Amnesty International and Oxfam, UK Size: 95 pages (3.2mb)
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What effect does small arms violence have on development? How have development agencies and governments sought to tackle small arms use? This chapter from a work published by the Small Arms Survey analyses the social, economic and human cost of small arms use around the world. It argues that such violence causes widespread damage to developing societies, and outlines developmental responses aimed at cutting demand for small arms, regulating their use and destroying surplus stocks.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2003, 'Obstructing Development: The Effects of Small Arms on Human Development', Chapter Four in 'Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2003: Development Denied', Oxford University Press, UK Size: 43 pages (573 kB)
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What effects do small arms availability and misuse have on human security in south-east Asia? How have communities in the region responded to armed violence? The Small Arms Survey and Nonviolence International commissioned qualitative participatory research on the effects of small arms in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Aceh-Indonesia and the Philippines. This report presents the key findings of this research, highlighting the views of the affected populations. It reveals surprisingly common patterns of small arms misuse that undermine human security in communities in all five of the countries studied.

Author: Robert Muggah | Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan Source: Muggah, R. and Moser-Puangsuwan, Y. (eds.), 2003, 'Whose Security Counts: Participatory Research on Armed Violence and Human Insecurity in South-East Asia', Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 60 pages (1.99 MB)
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Does participatory research provide added value in identifying qualitative aspects of small arms-related insecurity? What impacts have communities in South Asia experienced as a result of the availability and use of small arms? This report from the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) and the Small Arms Survey (SAS) presents findings from a project using participatory approaches to measure small arms' impacts in South Asia. Participatory approaches reveal that prolonged exposure to armed violence has affected livelihoods in South Asia in several short- and long-term ways.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee | Robert Muggah Source: Banerjee, D & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2002, 'Small Arms and Human Insecurity: Reviewing Participatory Research in South Asia', Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, Colombo. Size: 85 pages (2.2 MB)
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Small arms and light weapons are an enormous problem. They kill over 300,000 people every year, cause injury to over 900,000 people and affect millions indirectly through the dislocation of communities and destruction of livelihoods. This official UK policy briefing summarises the damage caused by small arms and light weapons and outlines current UK initiatives to combat the problem. There are an estimated 550 million small arms and light weapons: One for every 10 people on the planet. Small arms and light weapons are also cheap, durable, robust, easy to manufacture and copy and have a long lifespan. It is difficult to achieve effective controls: The manufacture and trade of small arms and light weapons is decentralised, and illicit transfers are believed to account for a significant proportion of the global trade - a market which is thought to be worth over one billion dollars annually. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons also has serious development costs: Post-conflict reconstruction and political, social and economic development are undermined, as are the security and stability of the country or region.

Author: Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, DFID Source: DFID 2001, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: A UK Policy Briefing', Department for International Development, FCO, and Ministry of Defence, London Size: 10 pages (195 kB)
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How can the international community combat mercenarism and regulate the activities of private military and security companies? This briefing, by the British American Security Information Council and the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches sur la Paix et d'Ètudes Stratégiques, shows how the activities of the private security sector can contribute to small arms proliferation and misuse. The international community needs to implement existing legislation, uphold embargoes and introduce national laws to tackle the issue effectively.

Author: Sami Makki | Abdel-Fatau Musah Source: Makki, S., Meek, S. Musah, A.-F., Crowley, M. and Lilly, D. (2001). 'Private Military Companies and the Proliferation of Small Arms: Regulating the Actors', Biting the Bullet Briefing 10, BASIC, International Alert and Saferworld. Size: 9 pages (122KB)
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Africa experiences extremely high levels of violence and conflict. Although the end of the Cold War has seen democratisation and peace agreements in Africa, it has also led to new types of violence and the rise of private military companies. This has called for new measures to promote security in the area.

Author: E Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E. 2000, 'Understanding the African Security Crisis' in Musah and Fayemi (eds), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, Pluto Press, London. Size: 22 pages ()
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The Vietnam People's Army (VPA) was founded in 1944, comprising thirty-four people and rudimentary weapons; over the next four decades it grew and modernised to become world's fifth largest military force. The withdrawal of massive Soviet funding in the early nineties meant that the VPA could no longer keep pace with its regional rivals, and defence capability was drastically reduced. What happened to force modernisation in the face of this change? This article from Contemporary Southeast Asia, Volume 19, focuses on development between 1992-1997, and details Vietnam's commitment to industrialisation and modernisation.

Author: Carlye A. Thayer Source: Thayer C.A., 1997, 'Force Modernization: The Case of the Vietnam People's Army', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 19 (1), pp. 1-28 Size: 15 pages ()
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