Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Since the beginning of the Transition Period in 2003, international partners have invested considerable resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)'s justice, police and defence sectors under the banner of Security Sector Reform (SSR). Nonetheless the consensus is that progress in SSR has been limited.

Author: Boshoff et. al. Source: Boshoff, H., Hendrickson, D., More, S., and Vircoulon, T., 2010, 'Supporting SSR in the DRC: Between a Rock and a Hard Place - An Analysis of the Donor Approach to Supporting Security Sector Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 46 pages (218 kB)
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How can the fragmented Afghan National Army (ANA) attain the unified national character required? This paper finds that ethnic frictions and political factionalism at high levels in the Ministry of Defence and general staff have stunted the army's growth, and structural flaws have undermined the military's ability to operate independently. Military aid currently empowers patronage networks. Emphasis on rapid expansion of the army may outpace the capacity of an inherently unwieldy system. It is important to strengthen civilian input into military development, to confront corruption and factionalism, and to prioritise sustainability of the armed forces.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting the Afghan National Army', Asia Report No. 190, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 42 pages (1.32 MB)
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What are citizens' perceptions of the security sector in Bangladesh? What are the lessons for security sector reform? This paper reports results of a public perceptions survey on the police, army, the Rapid Action Battalion, defence parties and border guards. While citizens of Bangladesh feel safer today and crime has declined slightly, a large number of challenges remain that all security providers must address. The Bangladesh police and criminal justice system are in most need of reform; greater links between formal and informal security and justice mechanisms would improve security provision.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Security Provision in Bangladesh: A Public Perceptions Survey', Saferworld, London Size: 18 pages (210 KB)
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Why are the outcomes of small arms control initiatives in Africa not more successful? How can they be improved? Arms availability is usually understood in terms of the supply-side. However, interventions focusing on regulation and containment have achieved fewer dividends than expected. A broader concept of arms availability is required, which accounts for both supply and demand dimensions - including factors shaping acquisition and the ways in which arms are used. Promising 'second generation' approaches involve more sophisticated diagnosis of the problems, data-driven responses, bottom-up engagement and activities targeting key risk factors.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah, R., 2010, 'Rethinking small arms control in Africa: it is time to set an armed violence reduction agenda', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 217-238 Size: 22 pages ()
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What role may ill-conceived, externally driven stabilisation efforts play in prolonging the Somali conflict? What can be learned from disarmament and demobilisation efforts in southern Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland? This article finds that externally driven initiatives have been viewed with suspicion and alarm, while Somali-led, locally owned initiatives have achieved some success. Conventional international approaches to state-building in Somalia must be reassessed. Security sector issues must be treated not as purely technical, but as integral to the political process.

Author: Matt Bryden | Jeremy Brickhill Source: Bryden, M. and Brickhill J., 2010, 'Disarming Somalia: Lessons in Stabilisation from a Collapsed State', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 239-262 Size: 24 pages (200 kB)
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What role does civil society play in security sector governance in Ukraine? This Almanac examines: the development of the National Security and Defence Council; Ukraine's place in the regional and global security structure; public debate on NATO in Ukraine; judicial reforms; the armed forces and law enforcement. Chapter three, summarised here, considers civilian control of defence and law enforcement agencies. Ukranian legislation assigns an important role to civil society organisations in this area. While some of these organisations make useful contributions, their activities sometimes display unwarranted intrusion, conflicting approaches, politicisation and unprofessionalism. Greater influence over personnel policy is needed, and the oversight of intelligence agencies must be addressed.

Author: Merle Maigre | Philipp Fluri Source: Maigre, M., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 234 pages (4.77 MB)
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How can governments and international actors develop effective border controls to implement the 2001 UN SALW Programme of Action and other agreements? Efforts to prevent the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their trafficking across borders must be undertaken within a comprehensive framework which recognises: the breadth and complexity of SALW proliferation and misuse; the wide range of measures that need to be combined to achieve effective controls; and the need to involve and secure the support of all stakeholders, including those affected by SALW-related violence. The most effective approaches are those undertaken co-operatively among neighbouring states.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E., 2010, 'Preventing Diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Border Management under the UN Programme of Action', Biting the Bullet Report, Saferworld and the University of Bradford Size: 28 pages (1.04 MB)
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What are the challenges and risks involved in the reintegration of insurgents in Afghanistan? This paper argues that reintegration is more complex and difficult to accomplish than is commonly appreciated. Obstacles include lack of trust, insurgent cohesion and revenge attacks. A well-executed reintegration scheme could have social and economic benefits and reduce insurgency. But if mishandled, it could do the reverse. Without intelligent design, effective delivery and political resolve, reintegration has the potential to exacerbate security problems, undermine high-level talks and even increase insurgent recruitment.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2010, 'Golden Surrender: The Risks, Challenges, and Implications of Reintegration in Afghanistan', Discussion Paper 03/2010, Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul Size: 12 pages (277 KB)
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What could aid effectiveness mean in the context of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? How could existing frameworks and processes best be used to improve SALW assistance? States need to build longer-term and strategic approaches at the international and regional levels, and to take more immediate steps to improve the management, evaluation and measurement of SALW assistance.

Author: Kerry Maze Source: Maze, K., 2010, 'Searching for Aid Effectiveness in Small Arms Assistance', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 86 pages (1.92 MB)
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What are the links between disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This research paper argues that there is a complementary relationship between DDR and SSR. Few attempts have been made to link the two interventions at conceptual and policy levels in Africa. But DDR and SSR share the same objectives of contributing to peace and stability and have major impacts on each other in demobilisation and reintegration phases. DDR cannot be implemented in isolation of broader processes of post-conflict peace building. It must be integrated with SSR from the inception phase of the peace process.

Author: W. Andy Knight Source: Knight, W. A., 2010, 'Linking DDR and SSR in Post Conflict Peace-building in Africa: An Overview', in African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 29-54 Size: 26 pages (1.2 MB)
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What have the consequences been of the Philippine military's longstanding focus on low-intensity conflict (LIC)? The Armed Forces of the Philippines' (AFP) continuous campaign against communist and secessionist insurgents (together with its inability to modernise and the post-1992 disruption in US military assistance) have adversely affected its structure and combat efficiency. Its focus on LIC has made it one of the most poorly equipped armed forces in Southeast Asia, yet has also enabled it to gain experience that is valuable for contemporary counter-insurgency operations. The AFP could in fact be the Southeast Asian military force that is best prepared for twenty-first century warfare.

Author: Renato Cruz De Castro Source: De Castro, R. C., 2010, 'The Twenty-First Century Armed Forces of the Philippines: Orphan of Counter-Insurgency or Military Geared for the Long War of the Century?', Contemporary Politics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.153-171 Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the status of security sector reform in Liberia five years after the end of the conflict? This report from the International Crisis Group assesses current progress and finds programmes long on ambition but short on results. While army reform has made significant strides since the end of the war, police reform and efforts in other areas have proved far less successful. The report warns that unless Liberia is quickly made more secure and stable, the efforts and investment made so far may prove to be in vain.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Liberia: Uneven Progress in Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Brussels Size: 45 pages (2.3 MB)
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How can armed violence be reduced in post-conflict situations? Are disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and small arms control programmes the most effective approach? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that the effectiveness of DDR and small arms control programmes is unproven. Reducing armed violence in the aftermath of conflict requires a broader approach, which responds to the heterogeneous character of such violence.

Author: Robert Muggah | Keith Krause Source: Muggah R., Krause K., 2009, 'Closing the Gap Between Peace Operations and Post-Conflict Insecurity:Towards a Violence Reduction Agenda', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 136-150 Size: 16 pages ()
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What effect has a legacy of impunity for human rights violations had on the security sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How can the EU incorporate justice-sensitive reform initiatives within security system reform (SSR) programmes? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding examines the need for justice-sensitive SSR in the DRC. It argues that strengthening accountability and integrity in the security system is a priority for SSR which has yet to be addressed in the DRC.

Author: Laura Davis Source: Davis L., 2009, 'Justice-Sensitive Security System Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', International Center for Transitional Justice, Initiative for Peacebuilding, International Alert Size: 36 pages (361 kB)
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How have peace negotiations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) addressed issues of accountability? What impact have justice initiatives had following the conclusion of each agreement? This report from the International Center for Transitional Justice examines peace negotiations in the DRC since 1999, focusing on justice and accountability. It argues that while significant efforts have been made to advance accountability in negotiations, peacemaking in the DRC has resulted in very limited justice.

Author: Laura Davis | Priscilla Hayner Source: Davis L., Hayner P., 2009, 'Difficult Peace, Limited Justice: Ten Years of Peacemaking in the DRC', International Center for Transitional Justice Size: 44 pages (235 kB)
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Armed forces support transition from authoritarian rule when losers in an intra-military conflict enter into a pact with domestic opposition and garner foreign support. This paper, published by Comparative Political Studies, explains why and under what conditions militaries in authoritarian regimes faced with popular demonstrations will support political liberalisation. While regime collapse in the Philippines, Indonesia and other countries support the military conflict argument, further research is needed to assess its wider application.

Author: Terrence Lee Source: Lee T., 2009, 'Armed Forces and Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Explaining the Role of the Military in 1986 Philippines and 1998 Indonesia', Comparative Political Studies, Volume 42 (5), pp. 640-669 Size: 31 pages ()
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Post-conflict environments can attract huge numbers of external actors that create management and coordination problems and often apply short-term approaches that can lead to resumption of conflict. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. SSR success can be assessed by measuring the reduction of violence, economic growth, improved security professionalism and the degree of local ownership.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Peacebuilding', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.50 MB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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Why does children's security matter? How can civil society, security providers, democratic institutions and the international community effectively engage children and youth on security issues? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the links between children, youth and security. It argues that the concerns of children and youth are often overlooked on the security agenda. However, children and youth can have a positive contribution to make in addressing security concerns.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy D., 2009, 'Seen, but Not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 336 pages (1.76 MB)
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Despite Nepal's 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) targeting rehabilitation of children from armed group associations, the government has failed to implement satisfactory reintegration. This paper, published by the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, reviews the current status of the reintegration of Children Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups (CAAFAG). State failure to tackle deep-rooted inequality and structural problems continues to allow armed movements to recruit marginalised groups, including children, and consequently flourish.

Author: O. Housden | Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) Source: Housden, O., 2009, 'In a Weak State: Status and Reintegration of Children Associated with Armed forces and Armed Groups (CAAFAG) in Nepal', IPCS Research Paper, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi Size: 19 pages (183kB)
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What is the extent and impact of the sexual violence perpetrated by government troops in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? Why have efforts to stop sexual violence committed by soldiers failed so far? This report from Human Rights Watch looks at sexual violence committed by the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC). It finds that sexual violence by the FARDC continues despite the efforts of the government, the international community and Congolese civil society. The DRC's military justice system is a weak institution and has done little to bring perpetrators of sexual violence to justice.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Human Rights Watch Size: 62 pages (778 kB)
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What types of military equipment should be covered by an International Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This report from Saferworld examines the national lists of military equipment that are currently controlled by a number of national governments. It reveals that more than 98.8 per cent of military equipment subject to international transfer is currently sourced from jurisdictions that use comprehensive national lists, and argues that these national lists - in effect a def facto international standard - should therefore form the basis for the scope of an ATT.

Author: Joseph Farha | Roy Isbister Source: Farha J., Isbister R., 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty and Military Equipment: The case for a comprehensive scope', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 18 pages (426 kB)
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Does Ghana's Parliament have the necessary powers, capacity and political will to provide effective oversight of the security sector? What role can civil society organisations and regional cooperation and security architecture play in relation to parliamentary oversight of the security sector? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines the functionality and effectiveness of parliamentary oversight of the security sector in Ghana. It finds that while security sector oversight has improved since the return to democratic rule in 1992, the legacy of military control still remains.

Author: Kwesi Aning | Ernest Lartey Source: Aning K., Lartey E., 2009, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Lessons from Ghana', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 33 pages (250 kB)
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How have African states responded to proposals to establish common international standards to regulate the legal arms trade? What concerns do they have about an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies discusses the views of African countries on an ATT. It argues that African states have for the most part shown considerable support for an ATT. However, a number of African states have reservations about an ATT, which need to be addressed.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Africa and an arms trade treaty', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria), Pretoria Size: 12 pages (240 kB)
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What progress have the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa made in implementing the Nairobi Protocol on small arms and light weapons (SALW)? What challenges do states in the region face in controlling the flow of SALW? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies examines the control of SALW in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa. It finds that states in the region have made significant efforts towards cooperating to combat the proliferation of SALW. However, measurable concrete implementation of the Nairobi Protocol has yet to take place at the national level.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Arms control in a rough neighbourhood: The case of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria) Size: 16 pages (1.19 MB)
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How can the global security industry (GSI) best be regulated? This study from the International Peace Institute looks at how to improve international regulation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) by combining governmental initiatives with industry self-regulation. It argues that collaborative regulatory action is needed to secure the future of the industry. Such collaborative regulatory action is in the interests of not only those affected by the conduct of the industry, but also those with financial, political, or personal stakes in it.

Author: James Cockayne (et al) Source: Cockayne J. (et al), 2009, 'Beyond Market Forces: Regulating the Global Security Industry', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 2.5MB pages (356)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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Is India's Defence spending affordable? How much can a country spend on its Defence? Written for the Journal of Defence Studies this article examines the affordability of India's defence spending, concluding that the burden of defence has reduced significantly as GDP and Government revenues have increased.

Author: Laxman Kumar Behera Source: Behera L.K., 2009, 'India's Defence Budget 2009-10: An Assessment', IDSA Strategic Comments, Institute for Defence Studies & Analysis, New Dehli Size: 4 pages (37553)
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Questions about peace and security remain critical both to national decision-makers and to the lives of ordinary people in Nepal. This report, by Interdisciplinary Analysts and Saferworld, analyses changing public attitudes to community safety and human security in the country. It is the second in a series of surveys that will track public perceptions of security over time. It concludes that most Nepalis still feel safer than before the protests in 2006 that led to the end of the country's long-running civil conflict. Nepalis see security both in terms of crime and violence and also in terms of socio-economic development.

Author: Interdisciplinary Analysts | Saferworld Source: Analysts I., Saferworld S., 2009, 'On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal', Saferworld Size: 66 pages (1.7 MB)
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What progress has recently been made in Nepal's peace process? This report, by the United Nations Secretary General, reviews progress since January 2009 and gives specific consideration to the implementation of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN). It highlights the progress made on the constitution drafting process and the reintegration of Maoist army personnel. However, it notes with concern the continued culture of impunity with regards to human rights abuses committed during and since the end of the conflict.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UN Secretary General, 2009, 'Report of the Secretary-General on the request of Nepal for United Nations assistance in support of its peace process', United Nations, S/2009/221 Size: 15 pages (208kB)
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Despite successful elections and a lasting military ceasefire, Nepal's peace process is facing its most severe tests yet. This report, published by International Crisis Group, argues that a number of major issues remain unresolved. There is little unity of effort amongst the governing coalition led by the Maoists, but the democratic alternatives are alarmingly weak. The parties need to rebuild consensus on the way forward or face a public backlash. International supporters of Nepal must target assistance and political pressure to encourage the parties to face the threats to peace.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group , 2009, 'Nepal's Faltering Peace Process', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 163 Size: 45 pages (964 kB)
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Are civil-military relations nearing a crisis point in post conflict Nepal? This insight piece published by the Institute of South Asian Studies explores this question by considering the recent disagreements between the Maoist government and the nepal army leaders. The Maoist government's poor handling of their decision to sack defiant Nepal Army leader, General Katawal reveals a weak and politically immature leadership. By allowing the Nepal Army to disregard the mandate of the civilian authority, the major political powers in Nepal risk permanently damaging the peace and democratisation processes.

Author: SD Muni Source: Muni S., 2009, 'Nepal in Crisis', Institute of South Asian Studies, ISAS Insights No. 67, Singapore Size: 7 pages ()
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The United States sees Pakistani cooperation in defeating militants in the northwest of the country as crucial to winning the war in neighbouring Afghanistan. The Obama administration has focused on strengthening Pakistan's counterinsurgency capabilities, and is pushing for increased assistance for equipment and training for Pakistani forces. This article, by the Council on Foreign Relations, outlines the forms this assistance has taken and examines some of the major debates surrounding it. It highlights the suggestion that Pakistan may not be fully committed to refocusing its army on counterinsurgency as it still sees India as its biggest security threat.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2009, 'Realigning Pakistan's Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC, US Size: 4 pages (76 kB)
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How does China's military and security relationship with Pakistan effect regional stability? The Heritage Foundation's article explores these issues in her testimony to the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission of 20 May 2009. Until recently, China and Pakistan have cultivated a strong military and security relationship. However, recent events between the two countries mean that US policymakers may find more opportunities to work with China to increase regional stability in South Asia.

Author: Lisa Curtis Source: Curtis L., 2009, 'China's military and security relationship with Pakistan', The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC Size: pages ()
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The connection between community security and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), is largely omitted in current policy and is unexplored in both academic and policy literature. This report, by the Peace Security and Development Network, reviews the existing literature on this link and identifies a number of weaknesses in DDR processes that stem from a lack of focus on community security. Local actors have limited influence on donors and national governments, which limits the possibilities for DDR programmes to reinforce community security arrangements, and vice versa.

Author: Rens Willems | Willemijn Verkoren Source: Willems R., Verkoren W., Derks M., Kleingeld J., Frerks G., Rouw H., 2009, 'Security Promotion in Fragile States: Can Local Meet National?', Peace, Security & Development (PSD) Network Size: 142 pages (1.1 MB)
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Where does the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) obtain its forces? What elements contribute to the ongoing powerful existence of the LTTE despite losing many of its senior cadres and strategic hideouts to the Sri Lankan military? This Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict article outlines a brief history of the conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE before outlining important elements of the LTTE which make it an effective and strong militant group. The author concludes with a warning to the Sri Lankan government as to what is necessary if the issue of ethnically-based militant groups such as the LTTE is to be tackled and real peace restored to the island.

Author: Manohari Velamati Source: Velamati M., 2009, 'End(uring) of Militancy in Sri Lanka: The Rudiments of Striking Back', Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict (SSPC), Article No. 161, New Dehli, India Size: pages ()
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How was Sri Lanka able to secure a military victory that is proving so elusive to the coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq? But will the recent 'Iron-fisted' approach of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces (SLAF) which successfully defeated the insurgencies in Sri Lanka translate to an enduring resolution? This article provides a brief discussion of the use of military action to defeat insurgencies, followed by an outline of the reasons why Sri Lanka was able to dominate the battle-space. The article concludes by raising questions as to the sustainability of the victory of the Sri Lankan government and the renouncement of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of armed struggle in favour of anti-violent activism.

Author: Ong Weichong Source: Weichong O., 2009, 'Military Defeat of the Tamil Tigers: From Velvet Glove to Iron Fist', Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore, RSIS Commentaries Size: 3 pages (48KB)
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Why do 'disappearances' and abductions in Sri Lanka remain an unpunished crime? How can these 'disappearances' be stopped and justice be given to the victims? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the situation of disappearances and abductions in Sri Lanka and the lack of justice for the victims and their relatives, and the response of the government. The report concludes that the government has failed to make any effort to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators. Finally, specific recommendations are listed for the government, the LTTE and the donor community as to what they should do to bring justice and end these 'disappearances'.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka', Human Rights Watch, New York, Volume 20, No. 2(C) Size: 241 pages (14.3MB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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How do armed groups develop? This article from Contemporary Security Policy investigates the formation of armed groups using the concept of figuration, which emphasises the interdependence of individuals. There are three main ways by which armed groups come into being: in response to violent repression, through exclusion from the ruling class and when government-created informal armed forces become free from state control. These mechanisms provide insights into the conditions under which armed groups are likely to form and whether they become institutionalised.

Author: Klaus Schlichte Source: Schlichte, K., 2009, 'With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups ', Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 246 - 264 Size: 20 pages (176 KB)
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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Despite renewed demands for diplomacy and negotiation, recent developments in many countries call to question the usefulness of dialogue in resolving some of today's conflicts. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses the 2009 Oslo Mediators' Retreat, which explored how mediation and diplomacy can adapt to the ever-changing environment of conflict resolution. Serious debate is needed to establish basic criteria on when it is appropriate to use which conflict resolution tools, including when it is legitimate to use force.

Author: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2009, 'Meeting Report: Oslo Forum 2009 Mediators' Retreat - Reasserting Diplomacy and Mediation in a Fragmented World', 16-18 June 2009, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 40 pages (350 KB)
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Where do warlord regimes emerge from, what are their actions and the impact of their existence on politics? What is the general nature of warlord politics? This article offers an initial framework for future theory of warlord politics using a simple game-theoretic approach. Through case-studies and empirical research, clear explanations as to the strategic decision of warlords are offered. These decisions affect their actions and their opportunities to form coalitions.

Author: Gordon Mccormick | Lindsay Fritz Source: Mccormick G., Fritz L., 2009, 'The Logic of Warlord Politics', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 81 - 112 Size: 33 pages ()
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What is an autochthony discourse? Why is this discourse a popular explanation for current global political conflicts? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the use of autochthony discourse is an attractive way to respond to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. It examines why these autochthony discourses are commonly associated with violence. The article firstly investigates the reasons why the current postmodern/postcolonial condition is characterised by an increasing degree of ontological uncertainty. It then follows with an analysis as to why autochthony discourses are often linked to violence.

Author: Kevin Dunn Source: Dunn K., 2009, ''Sons of the Soil' and Contemporary State Making: Autochthony, Uncertainty and Political Violence in Africa', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 113 - 127 Size: 16 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Africa has produced many able mediators in the past fifty years; it is time to refine, improve and assert this homegrown peacemaking capacity. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reports on the African Mediators' Retreat 2009, held to assess mediation efforts in various African states. Future discussions of the role of African mediators should address whether crisis response mediation undermines longer-term mediation objectives of social transformation and durable peace.

Author: HD Centre Source: Centre H., 2009, 'Meeting Report - African Mediators' Retreat 2009', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (564 kB)
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Despite the fact that negotiating security issues is a political endeavour, security concerns must be given high priority in peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper presents a collection of voices and experiences on security issues in recent peace processes in Colombia, Uganda-Sudan and Azerbaijan-Armenia. Rather than limiting their role to post-agreement implementation, development agencies should facilitate more appreciation of security arrangements and options for parties to peace processes.

Author: Cate Buchanan (ed.) Source: Buchanen C. (ed.), 2009, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland: Viewpoints, vol. 2 - Negotiating Disarmament Size: 34 pages ()
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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What are the components of the national Afghan forces? What are the US and NATO doing to improve the Afghan national forces and with what aim? This Council on Foreign Relations article discusses this issue and provides some answers to these questions. The article firstly provides a background to the mission of the US military and NATO in Afghanistan. It follows with a breakdown of each security component and its current state of effectiveness. Finally, key issues are highlighted that are affecting the success of US military and NATO missions

Author: Greg Bruno Source: Bruno G., 2009, 'Afghanistan's National Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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This document, published by Saferworld, seeks to dispel some of the myths and misperceptions that have been raised in discussions on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). These range from the suggestion that differences in interpretation would undermine any agreement to the contention that, without the support of major arms-exporting states, any agreement would be worthless. It is hoped that this will contribute to an informed debate and increase the prospects of a successful conclusion to the current UN process.

Author: Elizabeth Kirkham Source: 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty: Countering myths and misperceptions', Amnesty International Instituto Sou da Paz, Oxfam, Project Ploughshares. Saferworld and Albert Schweitzer Institute Size: 14 pages (460 kB)
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Virtually all states are committed to having effective national regulations in place to combat the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW). Unfortunately, implementation of these commitments remains patchy and inadequate. This report, published by Saferworld, examines issues and priorities for improving national controls and regional and international cooperation to prevent and reduce diversion. It highlights the need for governments to adopt more precautionary approaches in assessing diversion risks and to implement controls on SALW brokering based on a system of licensing individual transactions.

Author: Dr Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Saferworld, 2009, 'Preventing diversion of small arms and light weapons: Issues and priorities for strengthened controls', Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 88 pages (844 kB)
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Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Africa is generating appropriate global concern. How is it being implemented? Is it leading to development and good governance? Is it sustainable and does it safeguard democracy? This article, by African Law Publishing, Nigeria, analyses SSR in Africa. It offers a variety of definitions of SSR and the security sector. It notes successful cases of SSR in Africa and highlights countries where effective SSR is gravely needed. It advocates enshrining provisions on SSR in both constitutions and law.

Author: Samuel Amaechi Ojeah Source: Ojeah S.A., 2009, 'African Security Reforms and Law', African Law Publishing Co., Lagos Size: 58 pages (696 kB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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What lessons can be learned from the process of democratising Nepal's security sector and what are the challenges ahead? This edited volume examines the Nepali security sector in relation to: the legislature-parliament; the executive; security providers; security-related actors; and civil society and the media. It argues that security sector reform should be based on a holistic approach that incorporates all relevant security structures, institutions and actors. Security sector transformation (SST) is an important element of democratisation, peace-building, institutional reform and political legitimacy.

Author: Bishnu Sapkota Source: Sapkota B., (Ed.), 2009, 'The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 363 pages (2 MB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What are the links between politics and security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)? This chapter argues that SSR should be understood as a political process, rather than as a purely technical issue. Obstacles to reform include the absence of effective oversight mechanisms and donor fragmentation. SSR efforts (encompassing the army, police, military, and civil and criminal justice) need to be scaled up in the DRC to foster long-term peace and security.

Author: Caty Clément Source: Clément, C., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in the DRC: Forward to the Past', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp89-117 Size: 29 pages (220 KB)
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Can the concept of Security Sector Reform (SSR) be applied to Colombia? How should such reforms be implemented? This chapter outlines the limited SSR process in Colombia, which has concentrated on increasing the effectiveness of the state in fighting internal conflict, not necessarily on improving democratic governance. The need to extend and complete SSR in Colombia is indicated by: the absence of parliamentary oversight; limited space for civil society involvement; government and security actors' limited acceptance of the rule of law; and a lack of provision for the treatment of non-statutory security forces.

Author: Wolf Grabendorff Source: Grabendorff, W., 2009, 'Limited Security Sector Reform in Colombia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Münster, pp 69-86 Size: 19 pages (2.65 MB)
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How has the changing political role of Indonesian National Army (TNI) impacted the military's ability to deal with domestic conflict? This paper examines the impact of the recent reduction of the TNI's role in politics on its ability to handle ethnic identity problems and violent conflicts. While the TNI has undergone reform since the late 1990s, it still claims a role as a social and political force. TNI presence and influence in politics remains fluid: inadequate state funding of the military and ongoing democratic consolidation issues could provide the army with incentives to force its way back into politics.

Author: Ikrar Nusa Bhakti | Sri Yanuarti Source: Bhakti, I. N., Yanuarti, S., Nurhasim, M., 2009, 'Military Politics, Ethnicity and Conflict in Indonesia', CRISE Working Paper No. 62, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) Size: 37 pages (319 kB)
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What security challenges face South Asian states, and how can security sector governance (SSG) be improved to facilitate effective responses? What is the potential for security cooperation in the region? The principal security challenges to all states in South Asia are terrorism and insurgency. In terms of SSG, it is important to increase transparency and accountability. South Asia's governments need to share knowledge of SSG procedures and lessons learnt. Promising areas for regional cooperation are counter-terrorism and security coordination.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee Source: Banerjee, D., 2009, 'Security Sector Governance in South Asia: An Introduction', South Asian Survey, vol. 16, no. 2, pp171-185 Size: 15 pages (200 kB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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What is the state of the security sector in Afghanistan? Have recent reforms been successful? This article presents an overview of the Afghan National Army and police, the courts and judiciary, prisons and security intelligence elements. It argues that uneven distribution of international funding means uneven reform. International reform and Western security models are useful but limited; changes of culture, values and behaviour can be made only from within. Situating Afghanistan in the historical, cultural and religious context of South Asia and drawing on South Asian reform models might be more effective.

Author: Tonita Murray Source: Murray, T., 2009, 'The Security Sector in Afghanistan: Slow and Unsteady', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No. 2, pp.187-208 Size: 20 pages ()
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How is India reforming its security sector and what are the challenges facing security sector reform (SSR) in the country? There is no comprehensive single SSR process in India, but reforms are underway in all key security sectors. These reforms have their root in developments after India's nuclear tests in 1998. They are self-driven, reactive, and piecemeal. Integrated, comprehensive SSR based on a national strategic planning process is needed or the full benefits of reform will be lost.

Author: A. Mallika Joseph Source: Joseph A.M., 2009, 'Leading Ahead, Yet Far Behind: Governance of the Security Sector in India', South Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 231-251 Size: 20 pages (140 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so urgent for Nepal? What issues need particular attention in the proposed SSR? This paper examines the history, need for, and challenges facing SSR in Nepal following the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Ten years of civil war revealed serious shortcomings in Nepal's security apparatus. The CPA ended the Maoist insurgency, but other insurgencies and criminal violence have mushroomed. SSR is crucial for Nepal's stability and that of the wider South Asian region. A national security policy and a holistic approach to safeguarding the country's interests are essential.

Author: Nishchal N. Pandey Source: Pandey N. N., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Nepal: If Not Now, When?', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no. 2, pp. 253-271 Size: 19 pages (151 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so critical for Pakistan? What are its SSR challenges how can these be addressed? Pakistan has suffered recurrent political upheavals and security threats that have undermined attempts to build strong democratic institutions. SSR efforts have been hindered by poor governance, by a lack of governance reform and accountability and by civilian regimes' appeasement of the military. The unprecedented security pressures Pakistan now faces necessitate a more modern and broader approach to security sector governance. Political and economic stability needs to be established by developing and implementing an effective internal security strategy. This should involve ensuring the stringent accountability of Pakistan's intelligence services and police force and changing their image.

Author: Salma Malik Source: Malik, S., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Challenges, Remedies and Future Prospects', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp. 273-289 Size: 18 pages (132 kB)
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This chapter analyses Sri Lanka's security sector and the conflict's consequences for the security apparatus. It discusses security sector governance and highlights challenges and entry points for SSR. An attempt at holistic SSR in Sri Lanka in 2003 failed as a result of internal political rivalries and the politicisation of certain elements within the media. Operational reforms have since been undertaken, but have masked a crisis of accountability and left security sector governance problems unaddressed. These must be tackled if there is to be any realistic chance of an SSR-directed national security debate in a political environment where foreign views and interventions are unwelcome.

Author: Eleanor Pavey | Chris Smith Source: Pavey E. and Smith C., 2009, 'Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, pp. 189-210 Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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Sri Lanka's security sector is geared towards violence and offers stiff resistance to reform. Bodies set up to implement SSR have been afflicted by political interference, lack of powers and resources, and lack of seriousness about the reform process. Wide-ranging reforms of the Constitution, an active civil society, and continued external support are needed to achieve sustained SSR in Sri Lanka.

Author: Rosy Cave | N Manoharan Source: Cave, R. and Manoharan, N., 2009, 'Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp.291-314 Size: 24 pages (162 kB)
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How is post-conflict reintegration in Liberia affected by gender bias? How can such bias be overcome? This article argues that underlying the Liberian DDR process are gendered assumptions, such as that the idleness of male ex-combatants is a security threat, and that men's reintegration is more important than that of women. Reintegration programming has privileged male access to the formal economy, overlooking the high percentage of female ex-combatants, the shortage of formal employment, and the importance of the informal economy (particularly to women). Contested perceptions of women's roles and capabilities in war and peace must not be perpetuated.

Author: Kathleen M. Jennings Source: Jennings, K. M., 2009, 'The political economy of DDR in Liberia: a gendered critique', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol.9, No.4, pp.475-494. Size: 19 pages (170 kB)
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In 2006 the police and army in Timor-Leste fought each other in the streets in a crisis that left both institutions in ruins. This report from the International Crisis Group analyses the challenges of reforming Timor-Leste's security institutions, focusing on the army and the police. To reform the security sector successfully, Timor-Leste's government must ensure an inclusive process by consulting widely and resisting the temptation to take autocratic decisions. Unless there is a non-partisan commitment to the reform process, structural problems are likely to remain unresolved and the security forces politicised and volatile.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 143, Brussels, Belgium Size: 32 pages (354 kB)
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Corruption in the defence sector creates a more dangerous, less trustworthy security environment. This paper, published by Transparency International, examines the issue of corruption in defence establishments and recommends ways in which key defence players and civil society could become drivers for reform. Governments, defence companies and the public, now more aware of the financial, social and institutional costs of corruption, are expressing increasing interest in defence sector reform.

Author: | Transparency International Source: Transparency International, 2008, 'Addressing corruption and building integrity in defence establishments', TI Working Paper No. 02/2007, London, UK Size: 8 pages (210.83 kB)
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What progress has been made with the African Standby Force (ASF)? What are the challenges for the African Union (AU) and its international partners is achieving full ASF readiness by 2010? This review by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives an update on ASF progress. Training, doctrine, Standard Operating Procedures, and command and control concepts have been developed, but logistics remains hugely problematic. A more integrated concept of peace and security between the United Nations (UN) and the AU and more African ownership within the ASF are needed for African peacekeeping to be sustainable.

Author: Dr Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2008, 'The African Standby Force - An update on progress', ISS Paper 160, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 24 pages (452 kB)
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What are the major challenges in demilitarising militias in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? This paper for the African Security Review analyses the militias currently active in North and South Kivu (the Kivus), in the eastern DRC. The war in DRC officially ended in 2003 and a fragile peace has been established. However, the Kivu regions of the east are still plagued by endemic violence. New militias have appeared outside the original peace agreement. The international community must support the DRC in containing these militias, and be more proactive in preventing illegal arms trafficking into the DRC.

Author: Monika Thakur Source: Thakur, M., 2008, 'Demilitarising militias in the Kivus (eastern Democratic Republic of Congo)', African Security Review Vol 17 No 1, pp.52-67, Institute for Security Studies, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 16 pages (504 kB)
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What are the common problems in negotiating and implementing disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programmes during peace processes? What lessons can be learned from experience to strengthen practice? This book by the Centre for Human Dialogue (HD Centre) provides first-hand observations on the negotiation of security issues in the El Salvador peace process and mediation in Aceh, Indonesia.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan, C. (ed.), 2008, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Negotiating Disarmament Viewpoints Volume 1, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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What are the negative impacts of the illicit trade in small arms on security, human rights, and socio-economic development? How can governments and international agencies stem the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms? This report of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Security Council discusses these issues. Small arms and light weapons are the primary weapons used in contemporary conflicts. More human rights abuses are committed with them than any other weapon. Measurable goals for reducing armed conflict, better cooperation among national authorities and between international agencies, and the destruction of surplus ammunition are among the report's recommendations.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UNSG (2008) 'Report of the United Nations Secretary General on Small Arms' (S/2008/258), New York Size: 19 pages (104 kB)
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Is the strategy of integrating former rebels into a new national army the way to sustain peace agreements? This study, by Yale University, provides the first systematic study of rebel-military integration agreements. It analyses the conditions under which such agreements can be reached and implemented, and considers if and how such agreements can help build peace. It suggests that rebel-military integration has not been an effective peacebuilding mechanism, but this is often due to poor implementation of the agreements.

Author: Katherine Glassmyer | Nicholas Sambanis Source: Sambanis, N. and Glassmyer, K., 2008, 'Rebel-Military Integration and Civil War Termination', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 365-384 Size: 21 pages ()
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To what extent do military duties and requirements justifiably limit armed forces personnel from expressing their human rights? What examples of best practice can be found among Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) member states of integrating human rights into their armed forces? This handbook, by the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at successful best practice from member countries.

Author: Professor Ian Leigh | Dr Hans Born Source: Born, H. and Leigh, I., 2008, 'Handbook on Human Rights of Armed Forces Personnel', OSCE/ODIHR, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 256 pages (1.9 MB)
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What lessons can be drawn from US engagement with failed states in Africa? This Refugees International report examines US operations in Africa and argues that military and other security concerns have effectively reshaped US international priorities. US global engagement is often determined by the military's capabilities and requirements. There is clearly an urgent need for elevating development on a par with diplomacy and defence.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M., 2008, 'U.S. Civil Military Imbalance for Global Engagement: Lessons from the Operational Level in Africa', Refugees International, Washington DC Size: 56 pages (1.2 MB)
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How does Colombia's Justice and Peace Law balance the needs for peace and justice? To what extent does the paramilitary demobilisation process meet international standards for justice, truth and reparations? This paper from the Fundación para les Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior examines Colombia's Justice and Peace Law in relation to justice, truth and reparation. It argues that while the law uses the language of human rights and justice, it is lacking in mechanisms to put these principles into practice.

Author: Felipe Gómez Isa Source: Gómez Isa, F., 2008, 'Paramilitary Demobilisation in Colombia: Between Peace and Justice', FRIDE Working Paper 57, Madrid, Spain Size: 28 pages (387 kB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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What is meant by democratic control of armed forces and why is it important? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) background paper argues that democratic control of armed forces is essential for ensuring democracy and the rule of law in fragile and failed states. The paper provides a concise introduction to the topic and outlines the key debates.

Author: David Law, DCAF Backgrounder Series Editor Source: DCAF, 2008, 'Democratic Control of Armed Forces', DCAF Backgrounder, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 8 pages (1.62MB)
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How have integrated approaches to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) been applied in the case of Sudan? Despite significant recent progress, DDR cannot be described as a total success. This Saferworld report reviews the design and implementation of the first phase of DDR programming in Sudan from 2005 until the end of 2007. Much further thought and practical guidance is required on DDR if further programmes are to demonstrate more positive results.

Author: Sarah Preston | Henry Smith Source: Kefford, S., Preston, S. & Smith, H., 2008, 'Developing integrated approaches to post-conflict security and recovery: A case study of integrated DDR in Sudan', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 36 pages (455kB)
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How much progress has been made with security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? This Strategic Studies Institute paper examines SSR in Liberia and argues that while the United Nations (UN) and the United States (US) have made a start with police and military reform, they have not done nearly enough. The UN, US, as well as other significant donor partners, need to stay the course with Liberia. SSR is a long-term process, not an ephemeral happening.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Mixed Results from Humble Beginnings', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 101 pages (375 kB)
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What is the humanitarian impact of cluster munitions on civilian populations? How does cluster munition contamination affect local economies? This report from United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research highlights how post-conflict recovery and development processes can be impeded by cluster munition contamination. It shows how different groups in a population are affected physically and psychologically. The problems caused by the contamination vary according to prevailing socio-economic conditions. Poverty adds to the difficulty of trying to address the threat of the contamination effectively.

Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Source: UNIDR, 2008, 'The Humanitarian Impact of Cluster Munitions', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 81 pages (364KB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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What effect has the proliferation of small arms and light weapons had on development in Latin America? This article, published in the NACLA Report on the Americas, reviews the multifaceted social consequences of the small arms trade. The trend of accelerating levels of crime and violence suggests that a broad-based and concerted gun control effort is needed. Gun violence is now holding back development in much of the region; fresh initiatives and the continued allocation of resources to tackling the trade will be needed to safeguard Latin America's future prosperity.

Author: Rachel Stohl | Doug Tuttle Source: Stohl, R. and Tuttle, D., 2008, 'The Small Arms Trade in Latin America', NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 41 No.2, March/April 2008 Size: 7 pages (576 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Haiti be improved? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), deployed in 2004. SSR is crucial to Haiti's stability and security, and while MINUSTAH's success in SSR has been limited, UN agencies have a key role to play. Areas for improvement include coordination and evaluation. Basic stability, government willingness and local ownership are essential for SSR in Haiti.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MINUSTAH and the Need for a Context-Specific Strategy: The Case of Haiti', in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 53 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) be improved? What SSR lessons can be learned from the DRC's United Nations Mission (MONUC)? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) finds that the UN has been slow to address SSR comprehensively in the DRC, but has been hampered by the complex political and security context and the virtual collapse of the state. SSR must take place at different levels simultaneously, together with other reform processes.

Author: Nicola Dahrendorf Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MONUC and the Relevance of Coherent Mandates: The Case of the DRC' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 38 pages ()
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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What is security sector reform (SSR) and how can it be successfully achieved? This report from the United States Army explains that SSR is the set of policies, plans, programmes and activities that a government undertakes to improve the way it provides safety, security and justice. It is important in order to contribute to a world of legitimate, effectively governed states that provide for the needs of their citizens and conduct activities responsibly within the international system.

Author: US Army Source: US Department of the Army, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform', chapter 6 in 'FM 3-07 Stability Operations', US Department of the Army Size: 208 pages (13.4 MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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What is needed for Guinea-Bissau to achieve its goals of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This briefing report, published by Observatoire de l'Afrique, highlights promising circumstances for SSR in the country, as well as difficult challenges. As Guinea-Bissau's most powerful actor, the armed forces must in effect reform themselves and take ownership of certain SSR efforts. In addition, the recent spurt of activity by international donors, and the plans to send foreign experts, must be followed up and effectively coordinated.

Author: Koen Vlassenroot (chair) Source: Observatoire de l'Afrique, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Africa Briefing Report, Egmont Palace, Brussels - 28 January 2008, Observatoire de l'Afrique, Brussels Size: 9 pages (218 kB)
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Why was democracy never successfully established in Guinea-Bissau's post-colonial era? What obstacles has it encountered? This International Crisis Group report offers a brief but detailed outline of the history and development of Guinea-Bissau. Ethnic tensions and individual motives have played a crucial role in the struggle of Guinea-Bissau to become a functioning democratic country. The report reflects on what should be done in order to establish an efficient democratic state after four decades of failure. Problems lie both in the inexistence of a functioning institutional system, as well as the more explicit issues of drug trafficking and political instability. An effective institutional system needs to be established in order for Guinea-Bissau to progress from liberation to an efficient democracy.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, Guinea-Bissau: In need of a state', International Crisis Group, Africa Report Number 142, Bruxelles, Belgium Size: 34 pages (1.4 MB)
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What are the key challenges facing the post-conflict reconstruction process in Liberia? This situation report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, demonstrates the progress towards peace and stability achieved since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2003. By articulating an appropriate response to the country's basic socio-economic needs, Liberian authorities are in a position to promote peaceful, sustainable development. Finally, four possible future scenarios for Liberia are projected and described, ranging from a consolidation of the peace process to renewed violence.

Author: David Zounmenou Source: Zounmenou, D., 2008, Managing Post-War Liberia: An Update, ISS Situation Report, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (185 kB)
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What are the key obstacles to successful reintegration programmes in post-conflict countries? How can these obstacles be overcome? This report from the United States Institute of Peace makes broad recommendations based on an assessment of Colombia's 2003 disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programme for a major paramilitary group. It argues that reintegration programmes should be characterised by a justice mechanism seen as fair by all parties, and a flexible approach which allows adaption to local needs.

Author: Jonathan Morgenstein Source: Morgenstein, J., 2008, 'Consolidating Disarmament: Lessons from Colombia's Reintegration Program for Demobilized Paramilitaries', USIP, Special Report 217, Washington DC, USA Size: 16 pages (575 kB)
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To what extent has Armenia realised democratic governance of its security sector since its independence in 1991? This article, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), describes the country's current and historical constitutional framework for security policy. It outlines the roles played by parliamentary oversight, the expert community, the media, non-governmental organisations and the international community. It concludes by arguing that a system of democratic control has yet to be established in Armenia due to a number of reasons, though primarily because of the delay of the general democratisation process and the unresolved Karabakh conflict.

Author: Aghasi Yenokyan Source: Yenokyan, A., 2008, 'Country Study - Armenia', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 9-29 Size: 134 pages (1004 kB)
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How has Azerbaijan dealt with the challenge of democratising its defence institutions over the past few years? What progress has it made towards compliance with the principles of democratic governance of the security sector? This report from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the building of democratic defence institutions in Azerbaijan. It argues that despite an official commitment to integration into Euro-Atlantic security structures, Azerbaijan has failed to make significant progress towards democratising its defence system.

Author: Tamara Pataraia | Tata Makhatadze Source: Pataraia, T. and Makhatadze, T., 2008, 'Defence Institution Building in Azerbaijan', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 30-48 Size: 19 pages ()
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What progress has Georgia made towards building effective and efficient national defence institutions under civilian and democratic control? This report from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) examines Georgia's defence sector reforms since 2004. It finds that NATO-Georgia cooperation has played a crucial role in encouraging Georgian efforts to build effective defence institutions under civilian and democratic control. Nevertheless, a number of shortfalls remain in Georgian legislation and management of the defence sector.

Author: Tamara Pataraia | Philipp Fluri (ed.) Source: Pataraia, T., 2008, 'Defence Institution Building in Georgia', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 49-73 Size: 25 pages (970 kB)
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What is the situation regarding reform of the defence sector in Moldova? What impact does NATO and EU enlargement have on security sector reform (SSR) in Moldova? This report from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) examines defence reform in Moldova. It finds that SSR is becoming ever more important for Moldova due to the rapid enlargement of the EU and NATO.

Author: Viorel Cibotaru Source: Cibotaru, V., 2008, 'Defence Reform in Moldova', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 74-92 Size: 19 pages ()
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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How can the threat of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA ) in northern Uganda and the surrounding region be brought to an end? This paper by ENOUGH suggests the peace strategy must enable northern Uganda to consolidate its relative peace and address the threat that Kony - the leader of the LRA - poses to the region. It must develop leverage through military planning, press Kony to make a choice about his future and create a development and security strategy for displaced northern Ugandans to return, even in the absence of a peace deal.

Author: Julia Spiegel | John Prendergast Source: Spiegel, J. and Prendergast, J., 2008, A new peace strategy for Northern Uganda and the LRA: Advancing peace in northern Uganda, ENOUGH strategy paper, ENOUGH Project, International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress Size: 9 pages (147.85KB)
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The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended Sudan's civil war is at risk in the state of Southern Kordofan. This International Crisis Group paper analyses growing frustrations among Arab and African tribes about CPA implementation and unresolved ethnic and administrative issues. Concrete ethnic integration and reform progress by the National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), Southern Kordofan Government, United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and donors is essential in order to avoid another Darfur conflict.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sudan's Southern Kordofan Problem: The Next Darfur?', International Crisis Group, Africa Report No.145, Brussels Size: 27 pages (1.20 MB)
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) needs to address past human rights atrocities in order to establish peace, security and respect for human rights in the future. This study, published by the University of California, Berkeley, reports results of a population survey in areas most affected by recent conflict in eastern DRC. The Congolese government and other national and international actors need to consult the population in order to set priorities for planning the future of the DRC.

Author: Patrick Vinck | Phuong Pham Source: Vinck P., Pham P., Shigekane S.B., 2008, 'Living with Fear: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo', University of California - Berkeley, California, USA Size: 72 pages (713.28 KB)
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The contributions of South Sudanese women associated with armed forces during the 22-year Sudanese civil war (1983-2005) remain unrecognised and undocumented. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, reviews women's involvement in the conflict and the lack of official recognition of women in post-conflict programmes. The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and United Nations' agencies need to give women priority Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) treatment and full access to employment opportunities.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'No standing, few prospects: How peace is failing South Sudanese female combatants and WAAFG', Small Arms Survey, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 13, Geneva Size: 8 pages (329 kB)
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Implementing Sudan's Joint Integrated Units (JIUs) mandated by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) has proved to be an obstacle to the broader implementation of the CPA. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, discusses the current status of JIUs, challenges to their deployment and functionality and consequences to CPA implementation. Active and immediate international assistance and Sudanese government cooperation are required to improve the JIUs in the interest of improving adherence to the CPA.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'Neither 'joint' nor 'integrated': The Joint Integrated Units and the future of the CPA', The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 10, Geneva Size: 8 pages (260 kB)
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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How effective are outside efforts to bring security to African countries, particularly through the use of peacekeeping troops? This study from the German Institute of Global and Area Studies argues that a realistic assessment must include local perspectives on peacekeepers and their relations to other (state and non-state) actors in the security arena. Peacekeepers do harm, just as they do good; and they would profit from a more systematic evaluation of the local perception of their actions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler A., 2008, 'Positive, ambiguous or negative? Peacekeeping in the local security fabric', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 40-64, No.5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 25 pages (1.04MB)
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What role did the 2007 general elections in Sierra Leone play in the country's post-war recovery? This research from the Nordic Africa Institute and Copenhagen University shows how political parties strategically remobilised ex-combatants into security squads, both to protect themselves and to gather votes. It looks at the tactical motives behind ex-combatants' choice to join political campaigning. The 2007 elections strengthened the democratic process in Sierra Leone. However, democracy is still extremely fragile.

Author: Maya M. Christensen | Mats Utas Source: Christensen M.M. and Mats U., 2008, 'Mercenaries of democracy: The 'Politricks' of remobilized combatants in the 2007 general elections, Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue 429, pp. 515-539 Size: 25 pages ()
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How successful has the United States (US) been in achieving political reintegration in Iraq? This study from Conflict, Security and Development examines US approaches to the political reintegration of irregular armed groups, from its initial policy vacuum to the informal reintegration seen during 2007 and 2008. It shows that the best attempt at reintegration has been the arrangements between US military units and Sunni groups since 2006. Yet, since these arrangements emerged without support from the central government, they cannot be considered reconciliation or even reintegration.

Author: David Ucko Source: Ucko D., 2008, 'Militias, tribes and insurgents: The challenge of political reintegration in Iraq', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 341-373 Size: 34 pages ()
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Why did the façade of Afghan disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) develop? How did the reality on the ground diverge from the bureaucratic process? What are the implications of such an approach? This Conflict, Security & Development paper examines the contradictions at the heart of DDR and successive Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups in Afghanistan DIAG processes in Afghanistan, analysing the conflicts of interest and limited impacts.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi A., 2008, 'Bureaucratic façade and political realities of disarmament and demobilisation in Afghanistan', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169 - 192 Size: 25 pages ()
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How should children who participate in political violence be seen in terms of agency and competence? How do the experiences of young people in displacement camps contribute to their involvement in political violence? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the mobilisation of children for political violence in terms of the dynamics of displacement camps. It argues that curtailing children's involvement in political violence may require greater consideration of the political-economic processes that shape the lives of displaced young people.

Author: Jason Hart Source: Hart J., 2008, 'Displaced children's participation in political violence: Towards greater understanding of mobilisation', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 277 - 293 Size: 17 pages ()
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How can long-term peaceful political transformation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone be achieved? This study from King's College London argues that successful political reintegration does not simply mean political participation per se, but requires specific forms of political participation that reinforce the primacy of peaceful political interaction for affecting change. The study concludes that despite progress in many key areas, former fighters of the RUF have yet to be fully politically reintegrated.

Author: Kieran Mitton Source: Mitton K., 2008, 'Engaging disengagement: The political reintegration of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-222 Size: 31 pages ()
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Recent developments of Taiwan's civil-military relations are the result of civilians using increasingly robust strategies to enhance their influence over the military. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses factors that have strengthened the power of Taiwan's civilian elites and weakened the military's bargaining power. While exploitation of civilian control instruments could generatecivil-military conflict in the future, civil-military relations will most likely remain supportive of further consolidation of Taiwan's democracy.

Author: David Kuehn Source: Kuehn D., 2008, 'Democratization and Civilian Control of the Military in Taiwan', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 870 - 890 Size: 22 pages ()
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What are the limitations of the civil-military relations (CMR) concept? How can the CMR concept be adapted to better reflect the actual roles of security forces and the relationships between security forces and democratic governments? This article from Democratization sets out a new conceptualisation and framework for understanding what security forces actually do and how they interact with democratic governments. It argues that the focus on civilian control in the CMR literature hinders an understanding of the more complex relationships between democracy and security forces. We therefore need to extend the conceptual breadth of the CMR concept to include not only democratic civilian control, but also effectiveness and efficiency.

Author: Thomas C. Bruneau | Florina Cristiana Matei Source: Bruneau T.C. and Matei F.C., 2008, 'Towards a New Conceptualization of Democratization and Civil-Military Relations ', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 5,pp. 909 - 929 Size: 21 pages ()
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How have the government and the international community conducted security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? Why has so little progress been made in reforming the DRC's security sector? This report from the Institute for Security Studies examines SSR in the DRC and its impact on security in the Kivu provinces. It finds that the lack of progress on SSR reveals a fundamental problem in international peacebuilding strategies, and a lack of coordination among donors. The lack of progress also both stems from and contributes to continuing violence in the eastern provinces.

Author: Hans Hoebeke | Henri Boshoff Source: Hoebeke H., Boshoff H., Vlassenroot K., 2008, 'Assessing Security Sector Reform and its Impact on the Kivu Provinces', Situation Report, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 11 pages (137 kB)
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How can mediators help to manage the impact of violence on peace processes? What steps must armed groups be prepared to take if they are serious about peaceful resolution of conflict? This publication from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue presents insights on security issues from individuals involved in peace negotiations in Colombia, Nagorno-Karabakh and northern Uganda.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 2, November 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (929 kB)
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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How were security issues managed in the Burundi Peace Talks? What lessons are there for international mediators of other conflicts? Drawing on interviews with negotiators and advisors, this Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report concludes that it is vital to balance political and technical expertise when addressing security issues and that the interconnectedness of security issues should be recognised.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in the Burundi Peace Talks', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 54 pages (1.6 MB)
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How did Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) deal with security issues? What lessons are there for international mediators assisting other peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report finds that in Sudan the parties' lack of trust led to a deliberate avoidance of commitments related to security and weapons control. In this context, there were few opportunities for international mediators to broaden the scope of the negotiations.

Author: Richard Barltrop | Centre for Human Dialogue Source: Barltrop R., 2008, 'The Negotiation of Security Issues in Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Negotiating Disarmament, Country Study, Number 2, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1.2 MB)
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What is the most effective way of tackling violence and weapons issues in peace processes? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue report consists of four articles which put forward recommendations on how to deal with such issues when negotiating a peace agreement. The importance of understanding the local context, ensuring sustainable reintegration and dealing with arms in civilian hands is stressed in several articles.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Strategies for Tackling Weapons and Violence in Peace Process', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 1, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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Scientific methods and theories have been applied to warfare since the beginning of the modern era, argues this article from the Journal of International Affairs. As a result, military thinking has evolved in tandem with scientific thinking. Currently, scientific theories of chaos and complexity, or chaoplexity, are most influential in military affairs. These stress the role of networks and the unpredictability of war.

Author: Antoine Bousquet Source: Bousquet A., 2008, 'Chaoplexic warfare or the future of military organization', International Affairs, Volume 84, Issue 5, pp. 915-929 Size: 15 pages ()
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What are the objectives of reintegration and how are they achieved? How does the conceptualisation of reintegration translate into practice in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? This article from Global Governance draws on the case of Liberia to examine the concept and practice of reintegration in post-war societies. It argues that the meaning and use of reintegration, both as a concept and a practice, is overloaded and unclear. This contributes to problematic policy responses and impedes accountability.

Author: Kathleen M. Jennings Source: Jennings K.M., 2008, 'Unclear Ends, Unclear Means: Reintegration in Postwar Societies - The Case of Liberia', Global Governance, Volume 14, Issue 3, pp. 327-345 Size: 19 pages ()
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How should non-state armed groups (NSAGs) be engaged in disarmament as part of peace negotiations? How should disarmament be introduced, addressed and ultimately achieved? This article from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) sets out how disarmament should be dealt with in the different phases of negotiation with NSAGs. Disarmament is a particularly sensitive topic for NSAGs as giving up their weapons amounts to giving up their power. As a result, disarmament is often most effectively addressed through other topics or in parts.

Author: Julian Thomas Hottinger | UNIDIR Source: Hottinger J.T., 2008, 'Engaging non-state armed groups in disarmament', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum, Number 1, pp. 27-36 Size: 10 pages (132 kB)
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What factors facilitate and contribute to the transfer of different types of weapons, small arms and light weapons (SALW) in particular, to non-state armed groups (NSAGs)? How can the international community attempt to control these transfers? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the transfer of weapons to NSAGs. It describes how the post-Cold War security landscape and globalisation have enabled the transfer of arms to NSAGs.

Author: Chris Smith | UNIDIR Source: Smith C., 2008, 'Weapon transfers to non-state armed groups', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: Engaging non-state armed groups, Number 1, pp. 45 - 52 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What lessons can be learnt from West African initiatives to control small arms? How can these lessons be applied to the current international debate on an arms trade treaty? This United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) paper argues that the West African experience shows that an international arms trade treaty should address arms imports as well as exports and prohibit arms transfers to non-state actors.

Author: Cyriaque Pawoumotom Agnekethom Source: Agnekethom C.P., 2008, 'Political and institutional dynamics of the control of small arms and light weapons in West Africa', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum - The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 13 - 20 Size: 8 pages (104 kB)
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What is the scale of small arms proliferation in West Africa? How do small arms and light weapons (SALW) arrive and circulate and what impact do they have on the sub-region? This article from Disarmament Forum looks at the transfer of SALW in West Africa. It argues that the uncontrolled movement of SALW in West Africa has exacerbated conflict, created a climate of insecurity and undermined development.

Author: Francis Langumba Keili | UNIDIR Source: Keili F.L., 2008, 'Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa: a stock-taking', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 5 - 12 Size: 7 pages (105 kB)
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Is there a generally accepted way of managing the institutional relationship between a society and its military in the European Union (EU)? Is there something characteristically European about the relationship? This study from the Centre for European Security Studies looks at the common norms and good practices of civil-military relations in the countries of the EU. It argues that although there has been much talk of a common European approach and common values, actual mechanisms vary significantly from country to country.

Author: Anne Aldis (ed.) | Margriet Drent (ed.) Source: Aldis, A. & Drent, M. (eds.), 2008, 'Common Norms and Goof Practices of Civil-Military Relations in the EU', Centre for European Security Studies (CESS), The Netherlands Size: 184 pages (1.17MB)
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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Although military organisations in Asia still play a key role in state and nation building and maintaining internal and external security, the theoretical study of civil-military relations in this region has not commanded much attention. This paper, published by the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, uses a case study of Indonesia to expand the traditional analysis of subordinate-insubordinate military political behaviour to a more complex model of civil-military relations. This more nuanced model could help inform future research in order to better understand civil-military political behaviour.

Author: Evan Laksmana Source: Laksmana E., 2008, 'Spoilers, Partners and Pawns: Military Organizational Behavior and Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia', RSIS Working Paper, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore Size: 41 pages (258.07 kB)
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The difference in donor approaches to security sector reform (SSR) and its actual practice in Africa is immense. This paper, published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, reviews SSR projects in Africa with significant input from external donors. The review reveals considerable variations of approach, while a comparative analysis of SSR in Sierra Leone and Liberia contrasts the differing application of core principles of SSR in these two cases. Generally, donor SSR projects do not substantially differ from the previous piecemeal and uncoordinated approach they have traditionally adopted towards defence, policing and justice reform.

Author: Daniel Bendix | Ruth Stanley Source: Bendix D., Stanley R., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Africa: The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach', African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Occasional Paper Series, Volume 3(2) Size: 58 pages (512 kB)
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What challenges do West African parliaments face in carrying out effective oversight of the security sector? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines challenges and opportunities for parliamentary oversight of the security sector in West Africa. It argues that, despite some progress, West African states have a long way to go to establish adequate parliamentary oversight of the security sector.

Author: Adedeji Eboe (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Ebo, A. (ed.), N'Diayem B., (ed.), 2008, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 278 pages (2.79)
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What are the causes and problems of militarised law enforcement in peace operations? How can these be addressed? This paper from International Peacekeeping examines the role of the European Union Force (EUFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). While the military can contribute to law enforcement, such involvement is generally hindered by fear of 'mission creep' and lack of preparedness. Preferable alternatives to military involvement (such as international civil police forces collaborating with local officials) are obstructed by lack of political will. Law enforcement should be addressed early and systematically by the deployment of robust forces that avoid excessive use of force.

Author: Cornelius Friesendorf | Susan E. Penksa Source: Friesendorf, C. and Penksa, S., 2008, 'Militarized Law Enforcement in Peace Operations: EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-694 Size: 18 pages (135 KB)
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Why do some refugees, upon return to their countries of origin, engage in violent action? This paper from George Mason University assumes that in some refugee situations a significant share of returnees engage in militant action. It examines three sets of explanatory factors (enabling environment, ideology and organisation) in order to contribute to an expanding analytical framework for refugee warrior phenomena, and to identify an agenda for future research.

Author: Kristian Berg Harpviken Source: Harpviken, K. B., 2008, 'From "Refugee Warriors" to "Returnee Warriors": Militant Homecoming in Afghanistan and Beyond', Global Migration and Transnational Politics, Working Paper, no. 5, George Mason University, Fairfax County, Virginia Size: 17 pages ()
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How can the prevalence of weapons in Kosovo be reduced without further damaging fragile feelings of security among the population? This report by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld looks at changing perceptions of civilian possession and prevalence of weapons. Because of sensitivities surrounding weapons possession, any initiatives to control or collect weapons should be tailored to specific community needs to maximise opportunities for peace and minimise potential drivers of conflict.

Author: Forum for Civic Initiatives | Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives, Saferworld, 2008, 'Through the cross-hairs: A survey of changing attitudes towards small arms in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo) Size: 19 pages (682KB)
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How successful has Uganda been in implementing its commitments to the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UN PoA)? This study from Saferworld suggests that the Government of Uganda (GoU) has improved its controls on the international transfer of small arms and light weapons (SALW). The GoU has fulfilled some of its commitments under the UN PoA. Nonetheless, its enforcement of controls on the international transfer of SALW could be strengthened.

Author: Jacqueline Macalesher | Angus Urquhart Source: Macalesher J., Urquhart A., 2008, 'Uganda and international small arms transfers: Implementing UN PoA commitments', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 58 pages (383KB)
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What progress has the military installed caretaker government (CTG) in Bangladesh made towards holding credible elections? This report from the International Crisis Group examines developments in Bangladesh since the military coup in 2007. It argues that while the military's desire to reform the political parties and tackle corruption is understandable, the CTG's measures undermine the country's democratic institutions.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Restoring Democracy in Bangladesh', Asia Report No. 151, International Crisis Group Size: 47 pages (652 kB)
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Emerging global and regional complexities require India to match its military capabilities with its growing economic and technological status in order to ensure a stable and peaceful environment. This paper, published by the Journal of Defence Studies, discusses the current global and regional security environment and its impact on India and its army. While India's democratic credentials are strong and its economy resilient, its army must be modernised to meet today's needs and future challenges.

Author: Deepak Kapoor | Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Source: Kapoor D., 2008, 'Changing Global Security Environment with Specific Reference to our Region and its Impact on the Indian Army', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (2), Winter 2008, New Dehli Size: 18 pages (70 kB)
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Is the Indian Military structurally, technologically and organisationally modern enough to meet the challenges of the 21st Century? How should current capabilities be enhanced? Written for the Institute of Defence Studies, this paper seeks to examine the factors affecting global and regional security. National aspirations and the changing security environment are analysed, with the need to set up joint military structures highlighted alongside resources availability and improved decision making.

Author: Vijay Oberoi Source: Oberoi V., 2008, 'Need for Holistic Restructuring of the Indian Military', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (1), New Dehli Size: 19 pages (78662 bytes)
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How successful has the opening up of the Indian defence industry to private and foreign companies been in revitalising the sector? This Indian Defence Review article argues that the Indian defence industry, in the context of the country's growing economic development, is now reaping the benefits. The industry has acquired a new found confidence. However, further direction from the Government is required to ensure a sizeable, vibrant and sophisticated defence industry in the next two decades.

Author: Vinay Shankar | Indian Defence Review Source: Shankar V., 2008, 'Defence Industry', Indian Defence Review, Vol. 23.1 Size: n/a pages (n/a)
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What is the current state of human rights in the Maldives? This report, by the US Department of State, attempts to answer this question with respect to six key areas. These are respect for the integrity of the person, respect for civil liberties, respect for political rights, governmental attitude regarding investigation of alleged violations of human rights, discrimination, and workers' rights. The report notes that there were no reports of arbitrary or unlawful killings but the law continues to significantly restrict freedom of religion.

Author: US Department of State Source: US Department of State, '2008 Human Rights Report: Maldives', United States Department of State Size: 12 pages (104 kB)
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In April 2006, protests in Nepal led to the end of direct rule by the King and the ending of the so-called 'People's War', fought by the Maoists against the state since 1996. This report, published by Saferworld, attempts to highlight the important issues surrounding policing in Nepal in this context. It identifies a sense of optimism following the end of the civil conflict, and changing expectations of the police force. It argues that a balance needs to be struck between providing basic security during a period of transition, and preparing to reform Nepal's security system in the long term.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2008, 'Public safety and policing in Nepal: An analysis of public attitudes towards community safety and policing across Nepal', Saferworld Size: 62 pages (1.2 MB)
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In 1971 the Pakistan Army surrendered to Indian and Bangladeshi Forces, marking the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh. This article, published in Terrorism Monitor, compares the situation in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to that which prevailed in erstwhile East Pakistan over three decades ago. It exposes several worrying similarities between the two, and proposes recommendations to prevent the further breakup of Pakistan.

Author: Tariq Ashraf Source: Ashraf T., 2008, 'Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?', Terrorism Monitor, Volume 6, Issue 12, Washington, DC Size: 7 pages (48 kB)
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While Singapore's security governance is distinct from those of its Southeast Asian counterparts, it shares regional traits of technocratic primary and relative lack of democratic controls. This paper, published by Contemporary Southeast Asia, discusses the evolution of and current challenges facing Singapore's security sector in light of current security sector governance theory. While Singapore governs its security sector better than most Southeast Asian countries, its technocratic manner and illiberal approach justify the need for some level of reform.

Author: See Sen Tang | Alvin Chew Source: Tang S.S., Chew A., 2008, 'Governing Singapore's Security Sector: Problems, Prospects, and Paradox', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 30 (2): 241-263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How true are negative perceptions of relations among security and law enforcement institutions in Indonesia? This Contemporary Southeast Asia article outlines relations between the three primary law enforcement and security actors in three district case studies in Yogyakarta. It finds that coordination and an effective division of labour does exist among government security agencies. Negative perceptions stem in part from studies of the security forces in Indonesia's conflict, as opposed to stable, areas.

Author: David Jansen Source: Jansen D., 2008, 'Relations Among Security and Law Enforcement Institutions in Indonesia', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Vol. 30:3, pp. 429-54 Size: 27 pages (429 kB)
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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What led people in Liberia to join militias and become in involved conflict during the country's terrible civil war? How can an understanding of the factors that got people 'into' violence help policymakers design more effective disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration and rehabilitation (DDRR) programmes to get them 'out'? This study, conducted with 491 ex-combatants using respondent-driven sampling, finds that assumptions of combatants' marginalisation before joining militias were inaccurate. Rather, it was mainly security concerns that caused the Liberian youth to fight. DDRR approaches are in need of re-thinking to link them more directly to social cohesion and societal security.

Author: Morten Bøås | Anne Hatløy Source: Bøås, M. and Hatløy, A., 2008, ''Getting in, Getting out': Militia Membership and Prospects for Re-integration in Post-war Liberia', Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.46. no.1, pp.33-55. Size: 23 pages (127 kB)
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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The globalisation of the private security sector (PSS) and its impact on conflict and human security has no better example than Africa. This paper, authored by Sabelo Gumedze, discusses the dynamics of the private security industry, its proliferation and relative lack of regulation, and identifies forces that drive its growth. The issue of the PSS, as it exists in Africa today, must be addressed by effective regulatory mechanisms.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S., 2007, 'The private security sector in Africa: The 21st century's major cause for concern?', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Paper 133, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (22.5 KB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) continues to undermine development, the security of citizens and good governance in Africa. Author Nelson Alusala reports on the status of SALWs and disarmament in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad. The monograph includes historical, political and cultural context for each country's struggles to control SALWs, and recommends actions to control SALWs and arms trafficking.

Author: Nelson Alusala Source: Alusala, N., 2007, 'Armed Conflict and Disarmament: Selected Central African Case Studies', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Monograph No 129, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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While each phase of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) contains challenges, the most delicate and urgent component is disarmament. Written by Peter Swarbrick, this operational manual aims to educate donors, managers and practitioners about some of the most important obstacles to successful DDR operations. Using examples from the DDR programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the manual identifies common problems and practical solutions that can be applied to a variety of apparently dissimilar disarmament processes.

Author: Peter Swarbrick Source: Swarbrick, P., 2007, 'Avoiding disarmament failure: the critical link in DDR. An operational manual for donors, managers, and practitioners', Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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How have Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes improved and what lessons remain to be learned? This study from Barcelona Autonomous University's Peace Culture School is an update to the one carried out last year. Its aim is to analyse current DDR programmes in 22 countries. Current programmes have a general profile that is quite novel, in terms of the quantity of experiences existing and the number of beneficiaries and the international context in which they are produced.

Author: Albert Caramés | Vicenç Fisas Source: Caramés, A., Fisas, V., Sanz, E., 2007, 'Analysis of the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) Programs existing in the World during 2006', School for a Culture of Peace, Barcelona Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain Size: 39 pages (575 kB)
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While the Labour Government of the United Kingdom (UK) has introduced positive arms export policy changes in the past 10 years, these policies have been undermined by poor implementation and decisions that appear to contradict stated criteria. This paper, authored by Mark Curtis, Helen Close, Vanessa Dury and Roy Isbister, examines the Labour Government's arms export policy and identifies a number of "good" policy developments, "bad" policy implementation and "ugly" practices.

Author: Mark Curtis | Helen Close Source: Close,H., Curtis,M., Dury,V. & Isbister,R., 2007, 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - a decade of Labour's arms exports', Saferworld, London Size: 2 pages (35.0 kB)
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Up to 400,000 people have died since February 2003 as a result of the war that broke out in the Darfur region of Sudan. This paper, by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), examines the problems of civilian protection created by this war. It argues for the strengthening of the African Union (AU) force in the context of United Nations (UN) support and the fast-tracking of the peace process within Darfur between Khartoum and its neighbours.

Author: Peter Kagwanja | Patrick Mutahi Source: Kagwanja,P. & Mutahi,P., 2007, 'Protection of civilians in African peace missions: The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur', ISS Paper 139, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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Should Armed Non-State Actors be engaged in development dialogue? Would this be tantamount to negotiating with terrorists? Armed Non-State Actors are now an important feature of violent conflict within and between states. This paper from the German Development Institute (DIE) identifies opportunities and challenges for engaging Armed Non-State Actors from a development perspective. It refutes the idea that this engagement legitimises violence and suggests there is widespread support for such work.

Author: Noel Stott Source: Stott, N., 2007, 'Negotiating in Practice what is Non-Negotiable in Principle: Development Policy and Armed Non-State Actors', Discussion Paper, no. 8/2007, German Development Institute, Bonn, January. Size: 43 pages (35 KB)
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Why do some peace processes create conditions for effective protection of civilians while others don't? This paper, authored by Jeremy Brickhill, uses lessons learned from the Darfur Peace Agreement to argue that inadequate attention to security aspects of peace processes leads to failure of peace agreements and civilians left at risk. Security arrangement negotiations and transitional strategies which link short-term stabilisation with long-term security sector transformation are essential requirements for peacebuilding in Africa.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill,J., 2007, 'Protecting Civilians Through Peace Agreements: Challenges and Lessons of the Darfur Peace Agreement', ISS Paper 138, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa. Size: 2 pages (31.5 kB)
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Ethnically representative armed forces in post-conflict countries can encourage a sense of commonality across ethnic boundaries and help secure a fragile peace. This paper, authored by Sven Gunnar Simonsen, cites recent efforts to establish ethnically representative armies and security forces in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Iraq, Bosnia and East Timor. While serious limitations to ethnic integration of the military exist, ethnically integrated national armies can help reduce ethnic violence and contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Sven Gunnar Simonsen Source: Simonsen,SG., 2007, 'Building "National" Armies - Building Nations? Determinants of Success for Post-intervention Integration Efforts', International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Norway Size: 20 pages ()
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Liberia's national security sector operates under old structures that are unworkable, wasteful and do not engender the support of the people. This paper, authored by Gompert, Oliker, Stearns, Crane and Riley, recommends the organisation of a new sector architecture of both force structure and security institutions. Liberia must create a new security structure capable of meeting the country's internal and external challenges.

Author: David C. Gompert | Olga Oliker Source: Crane,K., Gompert,D., Oliker,O., Riley,K. & Stearns,B., 2007, 'Making Liberia Safe - Transformation of the National Security Sector', Monograph, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA Size: 118 pages (561kb)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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What are the key linkages between Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? How can these inform the development of policy frameworks in post-conflict contexts? This paper developed on behalf of the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa presents some of the key challenges to achieving better synergies in practice between DDR and SSR. Supporting security sector governance institutions provides an important under-acknowledged means to link SSR and DDR concerns.

Author: Alan Bryden Source: Bryden, A., 2007, 'Linkage between DDR and SSR - Understanding the DDR-SSR Nexus: Building Sustainable Peace in Africa', Issue Paper at the Second International Conference on DDR and Stability in Africa, 12-14 June, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Size: 28 pages (260 KB)
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Should external actors intervene to trigger or force a transition in extreme cases of autocratic or failed governance? This article considers the case of Burma. It explores the country's deprivations under military rule, identifies means to make its institutions adequate to the task of democratic governance, and proposes limitations on assistance under various scenarios for political transition. It argues that some degree of political transition will have to occur before assistance can be delivered, and that Burma's Asian neighbours will be crucial to any breakthrough.

Author: PRISCILLA CLAPP Source: Clapp,P., 2007, 'Building Democracy in Burma', Working Paper 02, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA Size: 77 pages (820 kB)
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Between 2002 and 2004 the Ugandan Government carried out a defence review with the assistance of the UK Government. What lessons from this experience can be applied to similar reviews around the world? This report, produced by the Conflict, Security and Development Group at King's College London in partnership with Makerere University, examines the experience of the Uganda Defence Review (UDR) and highlights achievements and challenges that may help others to navigate security reviews, particularly where external assistance is involved. The report emphasises the importance of national ownership of security reviews and that methodology employed may affect whether political decision-makers accept a review's findings.

Author: Dylan Hendrickson Source: Hendrickson,D. (ed.), 2007, 'Uganda Defence Review: Learning From Experience', Kings College, London, UK Size: 74 pages ()
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Which factors determine whether former combatants can be successfully integrated into social and political spheres at the end of a conflict? This article published in Conflict, Security and Development compares the political reintegration of the Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) in Colombia in the early 1990s with the reintegration of the paramilitary a decade later. It argues that successful reintegration depends on the acceptance of relevant audiences and the capacity of former combatants to perform as social and political interlocutors.

Author: Alexandra Guáqueta Source: Guáqueta, A., 2007, 'The Way Back In: Reintegrating Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia Then and Now' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 417-456 Size: 41 pages (270 KB)
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Casualties from antipersonnel landmines in Colombia have increased dramatically in recent years. The use of antipersonnel landmines by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) kills and injures hundreds of civilians every year. This report from Human Rights Watch documents the impact on civilian victims of antipersonnel landmines and the assistance the government provides to survivors.

Author: Daniel Wilkinson | HRW Americas Division Source: Human Rights Watch, 2007, 'Maiming the People: Guerrilla Use of Antipersonnel Landmines and Other Indiscriminate Weapons in Colombia', Human Rights Watch, Volume 19, No. 1(B), New York, USA Size: 38 pages (1.03 MB)
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How successful has security sector reform (SSR) been in Indonesia since 1998 and what challenges remain to be overcome? This Almanac, by the Indonesia Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies (LESPERSSI) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps out the institutional and societal actors in the Indonesian security sector. It then assesses the level of effective democratic parliamentary and civil society oversight of the security sector and identifies SSR needs in the short and long term.

Author: Beni Sukadis Source: Sukadis,B.(ed.), 2007, 'Almanac on Indonesian Security Sector Reform 2007', DCAF-Lesperssi, Bern. Size: 221 pages (4.43 MB)
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While most states in Central Asia have conducted varying degrees of defence and security sector institutional reform, practical application of reform varies from country to country. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the status of defence and security reform in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Weak economies, lack of democratic governance and intractable security issues such as drug smuggling are major hindrances to reform.

Author: Eden Cole (editor) | Philipp Fluri (editor) Source: Cole,E. & Fluri,P., 2007, 'Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States', DCAF, Bern Size: 112 pages (563.90 kB)
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While there is emerging recognition in the Ukraine of the benefits of security sector reform (SSR), significant reforms to date are limited to the defence sector. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the current status of SSR in the Ukraine and recent security policy statements of Ukrainian authorities. Substantial reform efforts need to be applied to internal security institutions, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary.

Author: Vladimir P. Horbulin, Editor | Philipp H. Fluri, Editor Source: Horbulin,V.P., Fluri,P.H. & Pirozhkov,S.I., 2007, 'Perspectives on Ukrainian Security Sector Reform', DCAF & Valentin Ramirovich Suvaldo, Bern Size: 173 pages (557.97 kB)
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What security threats and challenges confront the European Union (EU)? How is the EU to deal with these threats and challenges? The 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) set out the principles, priorities and procedures of how the EU intends to protect and promote its security. This article from European Security Review suggests that the ESS should be revised in light of the changing threats and challenges facing Europe. To become a genuine strategy the ESS should contain clear targets and objectives, and detailed action plans for their achievement.

Author: Stephen Pullinger Source: Pullinger,S., 2007, 'Revising the European Security Strategy: Building a secure Europe in a better world', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (92 KB)
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The conflict in Darfur has killed an estimated 200,000 people and displaced 2.5 million. Although Sudan has accepted a hybrid African Union-United Nations Mission, caveats and resistance from the Sudanese government and other actors make it difficult to restore stability. How should the European Union (EU) engage in fragile situations such as that of Sudan? This article from European Security Review summarises a European Security Contact Group meeting on international and EU engagement in Sudan. It finds that achieving 'good international engagement' in fragile situations like Sudan is greatly complex for the EU.

Author: Giji Gya Source: Gya,G., 2007, 'Engaging Fragile Situations: Sudan', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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The peacekeeping operation in Darfur needs substantive involvement from the UN and a robust mandate that addresses the humanitarian emergency and protection of civilians. The proposed African Union-United Nations (AU-UN) hybrid mission raises fundamental questions regarding authority. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) examines the challenges of hybrid command and control arrangements in regard to the peacekeeping operation in Darfur. It argues that difficulties confronting the AU-UN operation result in part from the attempt to portray a conventional joint multinational operation as a hybrid mission.

Author: Festus Aboagye Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'The Hybrid Operation for Darfur: A Critical Review of the Concept of the Mechanism', ISS Africa, Occasional Paper 149, South Africa Size: 24 pages (1.31 MB)
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Has the African Union (AU) embraced the responsibility to protect (R2P) in its Constitutive Act? Has it been successful in implementing R2P? This study, by the Institute for Security Studies, assesses its efforts to promote peace in Africa and to deal with emerging crises. It concludes that the AU is committed to R2P, although it is too early for a definitive judgment, since the institutions that the AU has developed to change attitudes need to be given an opportunity to work.

Author: Dr Tim Murithi Source: Murithi,T., 2007, 'The Responsibility to Protect, as Enshrined in Article 4 of the Constitutive Act of the African Union', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 11 pages (131KB)
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In light of the United Nations' (UN) failure to act in the 1990s, are Africa's experiments in cooperative security the future of peacekeeping? How do new approaches to peacekeeping affect the legitimacy of global multilateral security architecture? This article from African Security Review analyses hybrid missions and security collaboration in Africa. These approaches are responses to Africa's political, financial and operational constraints and should not be regarded as alternatives for UN-led peacekeeping.

Author: Timothy Othieno | Nhamo Samasuwo Source: Othieno,T. and Samasuwo,N., 2007, 'A Critical Analysis of Africa's Experiments with Hybrid Missions and Security Collaboration', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (153 kB)
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What is the impact of democratic governance on national security in Southern Africa? How does it affect collaboration in regional security? This study, by the Southern African Defence and Security Management Network (SADSEM), looks at the countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) - South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland and Tanzania. Taking both an historical and comparative perspective, it suggests that the relationship between democratisation, national security and security cooperation in the region is still not clear. The relationship depends on the stability of a country, the nature of its democratic transition and the degree of institutionalisation of its democratic governance.

Author: Gavin Cawthra (ed.) | Abillah Omari (ed.) Source: Cawthra,G., du Pisani,A. and Omari,A. (eds.), 2007, 'Security and Democracy in Southern Africa', The Wits P&DM Governance Series, Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa Size: 340 pages ()
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What is the cost of armed violence? IANSA, Saferworld and Oxfam's investigation into the cost of armed violence to Africa looks at where the weapons come from which feed this violence, and then highlights an important area where progress is urgently required at both African and international levels. Armed conflict alone has cost Africa around US$300bn since 1990. This is a massive waste of resources - roughly equivalent to all international aid to Africa from major donors during the same period.

Author: Oxfam | IANSA Source: Hillier,D., 2007, 'Africa's missing billions: International arms flows and the cost of conflict', Oxfam International, IANSA and Saferworld, Briefing Paper 107, UK Size: 38 pages (427 kB)
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General Laurent Nkunda has recently re-emerged as a threat to prospects for peace and stability in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). How can the situation best be defused? This report, by the Institute for Security Studies, suggests that the Congolese government should prioritise a political solution to the impasse rather than pursuing a military option, which can lead only to further suffering among the civilian population and further aggravate ethnic tensions.

Author: Stephanie Wolters Source: Wolters, S. 2007. 'Trouble in Eastern DRC: The Nkunda Factor', Situation Report, September 2007, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 11 pages (161KB)
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The emergence in the last decade of the human security concept has allowed security debate to refocus on the security of the individual, and to acknowledge the wider role that a range of actors play in security, including non-state actors. Children, however, remain largely invisible in the discussion. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) links child protection imperatives to post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Greater recognition of specific security issues affecting children can best be achieved through strengthening existing security governance frameworks and the human rights perspective of security.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D. 2007. 'Children's security in post-conflict peace building', Discussion Paper, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 20 pages (107 kB)
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How has Uganda attempted to reintegrate abductees and former combatants from the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) back into civilian life? This article from Conflict, Security and Development analyses disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) in northern Uganda and the challenges facing attempts to reintegrate former LRA combatants. It finds that the impact of Uganda's informal DDR process is limited by the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis. DDR will only succeed if it is part of a wider peacebuilding process.

Author: Anna Borzello Source: Borzello, A. 2007. 'The challenge of DDR in Northern Uganda: The Lord's Resistance Army', Conflict, Security & Development, 7(3), pp.387 - 415, Routledge, Oxford Size: 29 pages ()
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What determines the ability of ex-combatants to reintegrate into society? What impact do international disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) efforts have on reintegration? This article from the Journal of Conflict Resolution uses data on ex-combatants in Sierra Leone to analyse individual-level determinants of demobilisation and reintegration. It finds little evidence at the micro level to suggest that internationally funded DDR programmes facilitate demobilisation and reintegration.

Author: Macartan Humphreys | Jeremy M. Weinstein Source: Humphreys, M. and Weinstein, J. M. 2007. 'Demobilization and Reintegration', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4), pp.531-567, Yale University, New Haven Size: 38 pages (243 kB)
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To what extent has the United States developed a coherent and effective response to the challenge of precarious states? This article from the Center for Global Development (CGD) examines the US response to precarious states, evaluating progress made and highlighting remaining challenges. It finds that the US has yet to embrace an integrated, whole of government approach to the challenges posed by fragile, failing and war-torn countries.

Author: Stewart Patrick Source: Patrick, S. 2007. 'The U.S. Response to Precarious States: Tentative Progress and Remaining Obstacles to Coherence', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 32 pages (403 KB)
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Preventing and reducing the unauthorised diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) transfers is widely acknowledged to be a critical issue. The UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW includes strong commitments on this matter. This report, by Biting the Bullet, identifies processes by which SALW transfers are diverted to unauthorised recipients, outlines aspects of transfers that pose particular risks, and proposes measures to mitigate such risks. It also specifically considers existing and potential good practice with regard to end-user certificates (EUCs), preventing unauthorised re-export, and controlling transit of SALW.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E. 2007. 'Small arms and light weapons transfer controls to prevent diversion: Developing and implementing key programme of action commitments', Briefing: Biting the Bullet, Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 30 pages (1.08 MB)
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Can Ukraine create an effective navy to protect its interests in the Black Sea? This paper from European Security notes the progress that Ukraine has made since the 'Orange Revolution' in developing a balanced, flexible and deployable coastal navy able to engage in a full spectrum of defence activities. Continued progress is likely to be hampered, however, by the high cost of naval transformation, the challenges of democratic consolidation and friction between Russia and Ukraine in the Black Sea.

Author: Dr Deborah Sanders Source: Sanders, D. (2007). 'Rhetoric and Reality: Can Ukraine Create an Effective Navy to Protect its Interests in the Black Sea?', European Security, 16(2), pp. 143-161, Routledge Size: 20 pages ()
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Why is the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faltering? Why have the demobilisation programmes been unsuccessful? This paper, from the School of Oriental and African Studies, analyses these problems against the background of the DRC's culture of violence, its informal politics and economy and the crises faced by ordinary people. Demobilisation programmes do not address fighters' motivations and the peace process has led to immediate gains by some parties while institutionalising destructive systems and long-term losses for the population.

Author: Zoë Marriage Source: Marriage, Z, 2007, 'Flip-flop rebel, dollar soldier: demobilisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 281-309, Routledge Size: 30 pages ()
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What is the key to the success of Tajikistan's post-war stabilisation? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development assesses demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in Tajikistan. It argues Tajikistan's post-war stability is in part attributable to how the country ignored conventional emphases on political liberalisation, demobilisation and disarmament. President Rakhmonov found a way to move Tajikistan forward that matched the local context. This highlights dangers of applying universal DDR strategies in highly specific local conditions.

Author: Stina Torjesen | S. Neil MacFarlane Source: Torjesen, S. and MacFarlane, S.N. (2007). 'R before D: the case of post conflict reintegration in Tajikistan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 311-332, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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How can the presence of 'other armed groups' (OAGs) be dealt with in building stability in post-conflict environments? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development looks at the 'White Army' militias in Sudan, who maintained an armed presence after Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It provides an analysis of both the forcible and voluntary disarmament strategies that were implemented by the Sudanese Government. It argues that organisations such as the UN, local government and NGOs played an important role in successful disarmament. But challenges remain in building sustainable conditions for peace.

Author: Matthew B. Arnold | Chris Alden Source: Arnold, M.B.; Alden, C. (2007). ''This gun is our food': Disarming the White Army militias of South Sudan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(3), pp. 361-385, Routledge. Size: 26 pages ()
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What are the Integrated Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration standards (IDDRS)? This paper acts as a guideline to IDDRS. In a peacekeeping context there has been a trend towards complex operations that seek to deal with a wide variety of issues rather than traditional peacekeeping. The IDDRS provide the UN system with a set of policies, guidelines and procedures for the planning, implementation and monitoring of DDR programmes in a peacekeeping context.

Author: UNDDR Source: United Nations. 2007. Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Standards (IDDRS). New York. Size: 1 pages (26.5kb)
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How effective is the Russian approach to arms brokering in light of its role in the maintenance of international peace and security? This Saferworld report argues that although the Russian system of brokering controls is very strong in some areas, loopholes remain. The report provides an overview of the way in which brokering is controlled in Russia, and seeks to promote debate within Russia and internationally about how arms brokering controls can be strengthened.

Author: Duncun Hiscock | Saferworld Source: Hiscock, D., 2007, 'Beyond the reach of state monopoly controls: A comparative overview of Russian controls on arms brokering', Saferworld, Briefing, UK Size: 23 pages (185KB)
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How accountable are nuclear weapons controls? This policy paper adopts a broad, governance focussed perspective and examines the spectrum of political oversight and control mechanisms that may apply within and between nuclear weapon states. It explores the roles and requirements of the state executive, the military, specialised civilian institutions, parliamentary institutions and civil society. It draws on notions of civilian control and democratic accountability, which have been established in the context of efforts for security sector reform.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H. (2007). 'National Governance of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities and Constraints', Policy Paper 15, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 25 pages (242kb)
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The powerful 'guardian' role played by the Turkish military poses considerable challenges to the country's commitment to adopt European Union (EU) security sector standards. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses Turkey's security sector reform (SSR) and the need to build civil capacity to establish a civil-military security sector relationship. SSR in Turkey can occur only if priority is given to establishing military accountability to constitutionally-elected civilian bodies and civil society.

Author: Ümit Cizre | DCAF Source: Cizre, Ü. (2007). 'Prime Movers, Specific Features and Challenges of Security Sector Reform in a "Guardian State": The Case of Turkey', Policy Paper 17, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 22 pages (262.54 kB)
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In order to institutionalise democratically-based security sectors and achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, Western Balkan countries need to change their value systems substantially. This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence and the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) in cooperation with the Partnership for Peace Consortium, is an assessment of the status of security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans. Despite legislative progress, all security institutions in the region need to be more transparent and accountable, and improve their policy formulation and implementation capacities.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Fluri, P.H. and Jurekovic, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Size: 492 pages (2.72 MB)
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The UN requires all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect people from sexual violence. However, this report by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces suggests that there has been little sharing of experiences between states regarding the measures required, or on good practice in addressing crimes of sexual violence. There needs to be a coordinated effort on strategies within the security sector to prevent and respond to sexual violence in armed conflict and in post-conflict security sector reform.

Author: Megan Bastick | Karen Grimm Source: Bastick, M., Grimm, K. and Kunz, R. (2007). 'Sexual violence in armed conflict - global overview and implications for the security sector', Geneva: DCAF. Size: 216 pages ()
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Highly politicised and unaccountabe security sectors in fragile states fuel the demand for small arms and light weapons (SALW).This paper, published by Project Ploughshares, analyses the cyclical nature of security sectors and violent conflict, and suggests measures to improve accountability and reduce the demand for SALW. While SSR can be the driving force in establishing secuirty sector accountability, increased public participation would also reduce the demand for SALW and increase the chances for sustainable reform.

Author: Dominick Donald | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Donald, D. and Olonisakin, F. (2007). 'Security sector reform and the demand for small arms and light weapons', Project Ploughshares briefing 01/07. Size: 3 pages (27 kB)
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Girls within armed groups have generally been neglected by scholars, governments and policymakers. This Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) paper traces the experiences of girls in armed conflict in Angola, Sierra Leone, Mozambique and Uganda. It finds that girls in fighting forces are rendered invisible and marginalised during and after conflict, although they are fundamentally important to armed groups. They experience victimisation, perpetration and insecurity, but are also active agents and resisters.

Author: Myriam Denov Source: Denov, M., 2007, 'Girls in Fighting Forces: Moving Beyond Victimhood', Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Size: 41 pages (680 kB)
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Are weak states victims of global forces or accomplices in the expansion of private security industry? This study, on behalf of Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, looks at the reasons for the proliferation of the private military contractors (PMCs) in Africa and focuses on the role of rulers of weak states. It looks at how states have become commercial intermediaries for western businesses and ignore the welfare of their citizens. African leaders need to understand that the existence of weak states constitutes a security threat to Africa.

Author: Sabelo J Ndlovu-Gatsheni Source: Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2007). 'Weak states and the growth of the private security sector in Africa: Whither the African state?', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 17-38. Size: 22 pages (968KB)
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Many people believe that private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs) operate in a legal vacuum in conflict zones. This is not true, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. In all armed conflict, international humanitarian law (IHL) applies. It provides a legal framework to protect civilians from the effects of the hostilities. As many PSCs and PMCs come into contact with people protected by IHL, it is essential for them to know and respect this body of law.

Author: Jamie Williamson | Sabelo Gumedze (ed.) Source: Williamson, J. (2007). 'Private security companies and private military companies under international humanitarian law', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 89-96. Size: 7 pages (968KB)
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Does international humanitarian law (IHL) define private security contractors as civilians or combatants in armed conflict? This study, from the Institute of Security Studies, shows that the distinction between civilian and combatant hinges on the notion of 'direct participation in hostilities'. This principle is poorly defined in the law and there are few judicial decisions to clarify it. Nevertheless, private security contractors must know their rights and responsibilities under IHL otherwise they could lose their legal protection or be liable to criminal prosecution.

Author: Katherine Fallah Source: Fallah, K. (2007). 'Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 97-123. Size: 26 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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Underlying drivers of conflict, including the decision on future status, must be addressed in order to move Kosovo towards a more prosperous and stable future. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a conflict analysis conducted throughout Kosovo. International and local administrations need to clarify the division of security sector competencies and engage the public in discussions of nation building and security issues.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, 2007, 'Kosovo at the crossroads: Perceptions of conflict, access to justice and opportunities for peace in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, Size: 32 pages (506 kB)
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How are drug abuse, psychological distress, and expectations of assistance among war-affected Somalis' likely to affect reintegration programmes? This study by the University of Konstanz, Germany, which accompanied a large preparatory assessment for a future DDR programme in Somalia in 2003, identifies micro level factors that are likely to affect the success or failure of a future disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programme.

Author: Michael Odenwald | Harald Hinkel Source: Odenwald, M., et al., 2007, 'Challenges for a future demobilization and reintegration program in Somalia: Outcomes of an assessment on drug abuse, psychological distress and preferences for reintegration assistance', Intervention, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 109-123 Size: 15 pages (720 kB)
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Why do cluster munitions pose a particular hazard to civilians during hostilities and post-conflict reconstruction? How can the international community deal with these hazards? This guide by the Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining provides practical information on addressing the impact of unexploded cluster munitions on civilians. Cluster munitions, by design, deliver submunitions over a wide area and are a specific post-conflict hazard to settled and returnee populations. The Oslo Declaration commits states to prohibiting cluster weapons, providing adequate assistance to victims, and decontaminating affected areas.

Author: Davide Orifici Source: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2007, 'A Guide to Cluster Munitions', GICHD, Geneva Size: 93 pages (4.2 MB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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How is Burundi's security sector reform progressing? How well are international partners helping to create a sustainable peace and protect civilians through effective security sector reform? This paper, by The North-South Institute and the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits, assesses international contributions to police reform, transformation of the military and civilian disarmament in Burundi. The paper draws on the results of a population survey on perceptions of security and priorities for reform of the security sector. On the basis of these survey results and extensive interviews, the paper argues that the range of international initiatives designed to support national efforts to reform the police and the military and to disarm the population could make an important contribution if a number of keys gaps in the areas of training and enforcement, consultation, coordination and oversight are addressed.

Author: Kristiana Powell Source: Powell, K., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Protection of Civilians in Burundi: Accomplishments, Dilemmas and Ideas for International Engagement', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, The North-South Institute, Ottawa Size: 52 pages (523KB)
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How is security sector reform progressing in Burundi? Are the principles of the Arusha peace agreement being applied? This paper, by the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits (CENAP) and the North-South Institute, looks at how the principles of the Arusha Agreement and the other agreements governing Burundi's peace process are being applied. It suggests that despite significant progress in security sector reform, many challenges remain in terms of operational weaknesses, lack of training and lack of logistical and material resources.

Author: Willy Nindorera Source: Nindorera, W, 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Burundi: Issues and Challenges for Improving Civilian Protection', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflicts (CENAP), Bujumbura, and The North-South Institute, Ottawa. Size: 49 pages (480KB)
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What are the experiences in regional approaches to security sector governance in Africa, the Americas and Europe? What lessons can be drawn for promoting good and democratic governance of security sector institutions in these and other regions? This book by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) compares and assesses regional security sector governance approaches. The model of the Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the most advanced of its kind and has inspired African and American approaches. Emphasis must be placed on civilian participation and democratic objectives as opposed to military solutions implicit in the war-on-terrorism agenda

Author: Victor-Yves Ghebali | Alexandre Lambert Source: Ghebali, V. & Lambert, A. (eds.), 2007, 'Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area : Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 323 pages (1.35MB)
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What is the nature of the new armed groups emerging in Colombia? How effective is the Colombian government's strategy of treating them simply as criminal gangs? This report from the International Crisis Group examines Colombia's new armed groups. It argues that some of these groups are acting as the next generation of paramilitaries. They require a more urgent and comprehensive response from the government, linking military action and law enforcement to improved reintegration.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Colombia's New Armed Groups', Latin America Report N°20, 10 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 38 pages (542 kB)
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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How can drug trafficking between the US and Mexico be reduced? This Washington Office of Latin America and Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme brief examines current and past drug policies implemented by the Mexican government and argues that government responses dominated by law enforcement and militarisation do little to address the issue in the long-term. The most effective way to address drug trafficking is through increased efforts to curb demand for illicit drugs in the United States and Mexico.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Coletta Youngers Source: Meyer, M., et al., 2007, 'At a Crossroads: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State', WOLA & Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, Washington DC Size: 12 pages (946 kB)
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the costs and benefits of engagement in regional peacekeeping? Has Ghana been consistent in implementing its foreign policy objectives and the principles of ECOWAS security policies? This paper, for the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Ghana, analyses the factors which contribute to Ghana's engagement in regional peacekeeping. Ghana's participation in maintaining sub-regional peace and security has increased since the 1990s, but the country has been inconsistent in its promotion of regional security. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive security document and institutional reform that will incorporate defence, national security, and foreign policies.

Author: Emma Agyakoma Birikorang Source: Birikorang, E., 2007, 'Ghana's Regional Security Policy: Costs, Benefits and Consistency', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 16 pages (236 kB)
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What policies make for successes and for failures in security sector reform (SSR) in post-war reconstruction situations? This book chapter, published by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, critically examines the case of Sierra Leone, which undertook to rebuild state security with extensive international assistance. One of the principal arguments is that the process of SSR reform must be spearheaded and owned by Sierra Leoneans themselves in order to be sustainable.

Author: Osman Gibla Source: Gbla, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 13-36 Size: 24 pages (163 kB)
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What are the challenges of security sector (SSR) reform in West Africa? This Institute of Security Studies paper argues that challenges range from the concept of security to the freedom from dependency on the West in terms of strategic thinking and funding. The SSR agenda must concentrate on public safety, especially in urban areas. This will form a solid foundation for the internal stability that is needed for political, social and economic development.

Author: Ishola Williams Source: Williams, I., 2007, 'The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in West Africa', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 37-50 Size: 14 pages (107 kB)
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This Austrian Ministry of Defence report assesses the current functioning of the defence sector in Macedonia. Since 2001, Macedonia has enjoyed stable governments which have invested in the development of a reform process. However, economic and political constraints have made the reform process a lengthy affair. Preventing the influence of these constraints on the reform process in the future depends on the degree to which political stability can be sustained.

Author: Islam Yusufi Source: Yusufi, I., 2007, 'Republic of Macedonia: Defence Sector Assessment', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 137-160 Size: 27 pages (2784KB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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What assistance do East African states require to effectively address the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? What are the challenges facing such SALW assistance? Drawing on a case study of East Africa, this report from the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) discusses international assistance for implementing the UN Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in SALW. It finds that while East African states are acting against the illicit SALW trade, lack of capacity means that long-term success cannot be assured. A strong administrative and governing sector is essential to sustain the benefits of any initiative to address the illicit trade in SALW and to deter the types of SALW crime that flourish as a result of weak infrastructure. International assistance and improving the allocation and coordination of that assistance to address SALW is necessary to make sure that East African states' efforts are not in vain.

Author: Kerry Maze | Hyunjoo Rhee Source: Maze,K.,Rhee,H., 2007, 'International Assistance for Implementing the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects: Case Study of East Africa' , Report prepared for the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 44 pages (504 kB)
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What progress did Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro make in security sector reform at the political, organisational and international levels between 2000 and 2006? What lessons do the experiences of these states have for security sector reform in general? How does international policy interact with local circumstancs in this area? This book uses the examples of Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro to examine the theory and practice of security sector reform in transforming societies. It argues that the experiences of these countries demonstrate the utility of the security sector reform concept, as well as some of its limitations.

Author: Timothy Edmunds Source: Edmunds, T., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Transforming Societies: Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro', Manchester University Press, Manchester Size: 11 pages ()
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How can sustainable peace be achieved in the Horn of Africa? This paper by the Institute for Security Studies argues that Security Sector Reform (SSR) is central to stability in the Horn. But any SSR strategy must be based on a thorough understanding of the regional and national contexts. This will require all stakeholders to work in a participative manner. Crude, incomplete analyses are unproductive and can undermine the whole process of reform.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M., 2007, 'Overcoming Challenges for Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', in Len le Roux and Yemane Kidane (eds) Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Monograph No 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (100KB)
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The Government of Uganda, in partnership with civil society, has developed a National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons (NAP). This report by the Ugandan Government charts the history of NAP's development as well as the National Assessment of the proliferation of small arms in Uganda, which provided the research that underpinned it. It reveals the background to Uganda's fight against small arms and provides a model for other nations in a similar situation.

Author: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2007, 'Mapping the small arms problem in Uganda: The development of Uganda's National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Saferworld Size: 77 pages (1.2MB)
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The pastoral Karamoja region of Uganda today is marked by a culture of guns, under-development, little government presence and a nearly complete lack of law and order. This report, published by Tufts University, examines the region's pattern of guns and violence and the failure of recent attempts to disarm the Karamoja people. Governments and the international community must stop proposingsolutions based on ignorance of the ecology, livelihoods and culture of the Karamoja.

Author: Darlington Akabwai | Priscillar E. Ateyo Source: Akabwai, D. and Atevo, P.E., 2007, The scramble for cattle, power and guns in Karamoja: How can stability be established in the Karamoja region, Uganda?, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Size: 49 pages (1.55 KB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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The totalitarian dictatorship that prevails in Eritrea does not permit a direct entry point for the implementation of security sector reform (SSR). This paper, published by the Institute for Security Studies, discusses current country conditions that impede SSR, regional security issues and examines Eritrean opposition as a possible SSR entry point. The best method for laying the groundwork for SSR in Eritrea is to advance democratic change internally, accompanied by international pressure for democratic elections.

Author: Herui T Bairu | Institute for Security Studies Source: Bairu, H., 2007, 'The security situation in Eritrea: Its implications for the region and its challenges to security sector reform', in L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane (eds), Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Institute for Security Studies, Monograph Series, No. 135, Pretoria, pp. 53-74 Size: 96 pages (470.6 kB)
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What factors contributed to the successful depoliticisation of Panama's security forces in the 1990s? This article from the Journal of Latin American Studies examines the public security reform process undertaken in Panama following the US invasion in 1989. It argues that explanations for the success or failure of reform are unlikely to be found solely in the design and implementation of the reforms. Broader political processes must be analysed in order to understand the dynamic that underpins public security reforms.

Author: Corinne Caumartin Source: Caumartin C., 2007, ''Depoliticisation' in the Reform of the Panamanian Security Apparatus', Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 107-132 Size: 26 pages ()
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What factors have influenced the reintegration into society of ex-combatants from the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies assesses the reintegration of ex-UNITA combatants in three of the most contested provinces in Angola's civil war. It examines the relationship between reintegration, on the one had, and vulnerability, identity, social capital, sustainable livelihoods and political participation, on the other.

Author: J Gomes Porto | Imogen Parsons Source: Porto J.G., Parsons I., Alden C., 2007, 'From Soldiers to Citizens - The Social, Economic and Political Integration of UNITA Ex-Combatants', Monograph 130, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 171 pages (1.21 MB)
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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This book examines the case of Pakistan's military economy and the consequences of merging the military and corporate sectors. It argues that: (1) military capital used for the personal gain of military personnel perpetuates the military's predatory political style; (2) predatory economic military behaviour increases in totalitarian systems; and (3) such behaviour is both a cause and effect of a feudal authoritarian political system. Strengthening democracy in Pakistan will require a strong mass-based domestic political movement aiming to end authoritarianism, and such a movement will need external support. It is also important to investigate potential links between increased in religious conservatism and military predation.

Author: Ayesha Siddiqa Source: Siddiqa A., 2007, 'Military Inc. - Inside Pakistan's Military Economy', Pluto Press, London Size: 292 pages ()
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What political, financial and logistical considerations are key to ensuring the success of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes? This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies reviews the lessons learnt from the recent DDR process in Afghanistan. It argues that the programme was a relative success, supported by a unified control structure, flexible funding and strong national ownership. However, the programme also suffered from undue politicisation, unrealistic targets and an inadequate public information campaign.

Author: Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Thrueson, P. D., 2006, 'From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration in Afghanistan', DIIS Report 2006, no. 7, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. Size: 60 pages (607 kB)
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What is the most effective form of aid for countries undergoing the immediate transition from war to peace? Can direct cash transfers to ex-combatants be successfully employed as part of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages? This Overseas Development Institute paper examines empirical evidence of cash transfer programmes in West Africa. It argues that cash transfers can indeed be a successful tool when used in the immediate 'reinsertion', or post-demobilisation stage of the transition process. However, success depends on appropriate choices on how to implement the cash transfer package. Inappropriate implementation can have negative implications for local, national and regional security and development.

Author: Sigrid Willibald Source: Willibald, S., 2006, 'Does Money Work? Cash Transfers to Ex-combatants in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Processes', Disasters, vol. 30 pp. 316-339, September Size: pages (1.7 MB)
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Why has reliance on private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) become so extensive in Africa in the past decade? What implications does the privatisation of security and military functions have for the state and the state system? This paper from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) argues that military functions should not be delegated to private agents. Examining the dangers and advantages of using PSCs and PMCs, it argues that they undermine state legitimacy and authority. It is therefore dangerous and short-sighted for states and international organisations to use them without considering their impact on states and the state system.

Author: Michelle Small Source: Small, M., 2006, 'Privatisation of Security and Military Functions and the Demise of the Modern Nation-State in Africa', Occasional Paper Series: vol. 1, no. 2, The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Durban Size: 44 pages (256 KB)
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes play a critical role in transitions from war to peace and are integral to peacekeeping operations and post-conflict reconstruction. Implementation of DDR programs, however, remains problematic. This briefing note from the Netherlands Institute of International Relations (Clingendael Institute) addresses some problems that practitioners will encounter with DDR program design and implementation. Providing guidance questions and an overview of lessons learned from recent experience, it recommends that DDR be seen as part of a broader political process. DDR should be tailored to local political and economic situations and be embedded within a comprehensive framework for enhancing security, peace consolidation and economic recovery.

Author: Nicole Ball | Luc van de Goor Source: Ball, N. and Goor, L. van de, 2006, 'Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas and Guiding Principles', Clingendael Security and Conflict Programme, August Size: 28 pages (107 KB)
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The link between transitional justice and security sector reform (SSR), although acknowledged, has not been sufficiently explored. This article by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) attempts to establish that they can mutually affect each other in numerous ways. This can have both positive and negative impacts upon long-term reform and sustainable peace. It also evaluates the merits and challenges faced by transitional justice mechanisms and argues for a complimentary approach to transitional justice.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobbek, E., 2006, 'Transitional Justice and Security Sector Reform: Enabling Sustainable Peace', DCAF, Geneva Size: 99 pages (1166 kB)
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What effect have attempts to alter the Security Sector Reform (SSR) agenda to meet immediate security challenges had on the overall state-building project in Afghanistan? This article by Mark Sedra provides an interim assessment of the SSR process and evaluates the strength of the foundations that it has set for the sector. The country's precarious political balance, depressed national economy and volatile security situation have created a difficult environment in which to implement SSR.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The Slide Towards Expediency', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 13, No.1, pp.94-110. Size: 18 pages (139kb)
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What challenges are faced by the European Union (EU) in terms of its future engagements in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)? This concept from the EU is based on lessons learned in the International Community. It aims at ensuring a common understanding with potential partners and includes clear principles for EU support and measures for strengthening the Union's work in this area.

Author: Source: European Union, 2006, 'EU Concept for support to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)', European Commission and Council of the European Union, Brussels Size: 27 pages (116 kB)
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Divisions, rivalries and fragmentation of authority in the international community constitute as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as division and incoherence in war-torn nation states. Authored by Barnett R Rubin, this paper examines attempts to rebuild the Afghan state that illustrate the deficiencies of aid and assistance programmes as currently practiced by international institutions. Peacebuilding mechanisms proposed by the United Nations (UN) Secretary General's High-level Panel would bring order to the array of actors currently involved in international peacebuilding.

Author: Barnett R Rubin Source: Rubin, B. R., 2006, 'Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 175 - 185, London Size: 2 pages (33.5 kB)
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What does cooperation between peacekeeping forces and aid agencies entail in practice? This report from Cordaid considers civil-military relations, with a focus on Afghanistan and Liberia. It aims to assist policymakers and practitioners in developing adequate strategies. Closer interaction between military and civil actors is a logical consequence of current developments in the international arena and humanitarian and development sector. Aid agencies, donors and the military need to remain aware of these contextual developments and to reflect on their implications.

Author: Stefan van Laar | Bart Klem Source: Ferks, G., Klem, B., van Laar, S. & van Klingeren, M., 2006, 'Principles and Pragmatism: Civil-Military Action in Afghanistan and Liberia', Cordaid, Den Haag, Netherlands Size: pages ()
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Civilian democratic control of security institutions in the 21st century will require a dual approach that includes both institution building and support of civil society organisations (CSOs). This paper by Johanna Mendelson Forman argues that donor security sector reform (SSR) programmes need to involve non-traditional actors who can support and translate concepts of security to the local level. Long-term development of democratic states will be impossible unless reformed security sectors improve the economic, political and social well-being of the people.

Author: Johanna Mendelson Forman Source: Forman, J., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform - What Role for Civil Society?', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.2. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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Given increasing insurgency and intractable political discontent along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, there is growing concern about the rationale and tactics of international stabilisation efforts in the region. This paper, by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller, discusses the political history of the Afghan-Pakistan border region and current international stabilisation initiatives. Without a border settlement plan and reconciliation of border factions, international operations will not create a stable axis of political, military and economic consensus among Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Author: Peter J Middlebrook | Sharon M Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'All Along the Watch Tower: Bringing Peace to the Afghanistan Pakistan Border', Middlebrook & Miller, NY, Foreign Policy Futures (FPF), Washington DC, USA Size: 9 pages (391 kB)
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Development planners regularly use participatory approaches in the design, implementation and evaluation of their projects. Disarmament specialists, however, have tended to underestimate the potential importance of participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and arms reduction. This report from the United Nation Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) summarises the findings of a UNIDIR research project on PM&E and DDR and arms reduction. Carried out in Mali, Cambodia and Albania, the project generated a number of findings, with far-reaching implications for those supporting DDR and arms reduction.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah,R., 2006, 'Listening for Change: Participatory Evaluations of DDR and Arms Reduction in Mali, Cambodia and Albania', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/23, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 50 pages ()
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No issue is more important than security sector reform (SSR) in determining the prospects for peace and development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, examines the status of SSR in the DRC at time of publication and pays particular attention to the role of the international community. Achieving SSR will require commitment by both the DRC and donors to create solid strategic planning to address fragmentation, corruption, political obstructionism and the dilapidated state of the armed services.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: Crisis Group, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Congo', International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°104, Brussels, Belgium Size: 41 pages (959.61 kB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka? What capacity does the state have to control illegal weapons more effectively? This report from the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA) and Saferworld outlines the findings and recommendations of a pilot SALW survey carried out in Hambantota. It examines the distribution of SALW and their impact on safety, security, development and governance, and the capacity of the state to control them.

Author: Saferworld | NCAPISA Source: NCAPISA. 2006. 'Hambantota: Illegal small arms and light weapons pilot survey', National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA), Sri Lanka Size: 62 pages (933 KB)
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In May 2006, the Government of Kenya (GoK) launched a large-scale military operation to disarm communities in northern Kenya. What are the major concerns, challenges and opportunities associated with the GoK's approach to disarmament? This report from Saferworld and the Great Lakes Parliamentary Forum on Peace - AMANI Forum, summarises the issues discussed at a meeting on the GoK's disarmament programme in northern Kenya. Discussions highlighted concerns about the GoK's method for implementing disarmament, its impact on communities and the need for a multi-faceted approach to gun ownership.

Author: Joseph Hongo | Alex Nyago Source: Saferworld and AMANI Forum. 2006. 'Developing a strategy to respond to the Government of Kenya's disarmament programme', Report of a round-table meeting in Nairobi, Saferworld and The Great Lakes Parliamentary Forum on Peace - AMANI Forum Size: 10 pages (138 kB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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How can Afghanistan's private sector contribute to peacebuilding? Why has the peacebuilding potential of the Afghan business community not been realised? This case study from the International Alert publication Local Business, Local Peace examines the peacebuilding efforts and potential of the domestic private sector in Afghanistan. It argues that uncertainties about laws, access to land, power supplies and security have prevented Afghanistan's private sector from fulfilling its peacebuilding potential. In addition, the actions of international NGOs have sometimes hindered the involvement of the Afghan business community in peacebuilding.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi, A. (2006). 'Afghanistan: exploring the peacebuilding potential of the private sector', in International Alert (2006) 'Local Business, Local Peace: the Peacebuilding Potential of the Domestic Private Sector', International Alert, pp. 208-233 Size: 27 pages (117 kB)
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How has the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security contributed to democratic control of armed forces? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the Code of Conduct's contribution to democratic control of armed forces. The OSCE Code of Conduct is the most coherent regional instrument to promote democratic control in a multilateral regional framework. The implementation process, however, reveals that there remain significant challenges for the Code with regard to internal security and terrorism.

Author: Alexandre Lambert Source: Lambert, A. (2006). 'Implementation of Democratic Control of Armed Forces in the OSCE Region: Lessons Learned from the OSCE Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security', Occasional Paper No. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 69 pages (417 kB)
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What measures have Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states agreed to take to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons? In this convention, ECOWAS member states agree to control, regulate and/or prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to take measures to promote transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states.

Author: ECOWAS Source: ECOWAS (2006). 'ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their ammunition and other associated material', Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Size: 23 pages (241 kB)
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How are disarmament and development connected at the field level? What are the challenges facing efforts to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the two fields on the ground? Between 2002 and 2004, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) conducted studies of weapons for development programmes in Albania, Cambodia and Mali. Based on these studies, this paper from UNIDIR examines the interplay between development and disarmament at the community level. It demonstrates a clear link between disarmament and development, as well as the importance of strengthening this link to promote sustainable human development.

Author: Shukuko Koyama Source: Koyama, S. (2006). 'Disarmament, development and the Programme of Action. Experiences and challenges on the ground', Disarmament Forum, 2006(1), pp.75-82, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 8 pages (95 kB)
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How was disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants carried out in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa? What lessons do the experiences of DDR processes in those three countries hold for those undertaking DDR in future? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies reviews DDR processes and their outcomes in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa. It finds that the reintegration component of DDR was inadequately addressed in all three countries, with negative consequences for security.

Author: Gwinyayi Albert Dzinesa Source: Dzinesa, G.A. (2006). 'Swords into ploughshares: Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa', ISS Paper 120, Institute for Security Studies Size: 12 pages (251 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Sierra Leone? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Sierra Leone and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that arms transfers have fuelled atrocities in Sierra Leone and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Anthea Lawson | Oxfam Source: Lawson, A. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Sierra Leone', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (612 kB)
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What impact has irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to the DRC and its effect on individual lives and communities. It argues that arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in the DRC and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks, J. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from the Democratic Republic of the Congo', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International Size: 22 pages (581 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Haiti? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Haiti and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that irresponsible arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in Haiti. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Amnesty International | International Action Network on Small Arms Source: Control Arms (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Haiti', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (394 kB)
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This War on Want report examines the rapid expansion of private military and security companies (PMSCs). It argues that increased PMSC involvement in conflict zones raises numerous concerns, ranging from inherent problems of transparency and accountability to concerns about war profiteering. There is now an urgent need for the UK government to bring PMSC activities within the compass of both legal and democratic control.

Author: Fabien Mathieu | Nick Dearden Source: Mathieu, F. and Dearden, N. (2006). 'Corporate Mercenaries: The threat of private military and security companies', War on Want, London. Size: 1.65MB pages (28)
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This book aims to be a sourcebook on 'defence institution building', drawing on established practices in Western Europe, but also on recent experiences from among new NATO members. All contributions focus on ongoing defence reform. The picture presented is not universal; North and South, and rich and poor states tend to view security challenges in very different ways. Working together on common problems is the best way to build mutual understanding and trust, these being the essential elements for stability and security.

Author: Wim F Van Eekelen | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Van Eekelen, W.F. and Fluri, P.H. (Eds.) (2006). 'Defence Institution Building : A Sourcebook in Support of the Partnership Action Plan (PAP-DIB)', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 2 pages (29.5kb)
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Why do democracies differ as regards the level of parliamentary control over military missions? Since the end of the Cold War, governments of Western democracies have frequently been asked to contribute troops to multilateral military missions. Governments have responded to these calls in different ways. Whilst different decision-making procedures have been treated as an explanatory factor of policy, this paper is interested in explaining why decision-making procedures and parliamentary involvement have been so diverse in the first place.

Author: Wolfgang Wagner Source: Wagner, W. (2006). 'Parliamentary Control of Military Missions: Accounting for Pluralism', Occasional Paper 12, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 75 pages (540kb)
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While security has been traditionally understood as an exclusive function of the state, private and other non-state actors are assuming an increasingly central role in the provision of security. This book, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, discusses security privatisation and its implications for security governance. Both international and national law and policy need to adjust to the privatisation transformation of security, while governments ensure that private security is performed according to core democratic values.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Marina Caparini (ed.) Source: Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 314 pages (1.23 MB)
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The international community has yet to develop a coherent strategy for the execution of security sector reform (SSR) in peace operations. This paper, published by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNDPKO), examines SSR in both UN and non-UN peace operations. SSR in peace operations is as much about processes, policies, institutions, legislation and political will as it is about training and equipping police officers, customs officials and soldiers.

Author: Edward Rees Source: Rees, E. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Peace Operations: Improvisation and Confusion From the Field', United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Size: 28 pages (316.22 kB)
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In Georgia, security sector reform is one priority amongst many challenges. How can a state undertake security sector reform in circumstances of transformation, when under-financing is chronic, renewed conflict is a constant possibility and it doesn't have control over all its territory? This book, from Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), analyses the problems of security sector governance in Georgia from 1992. It argues that the Saakashvili government should pick the right battles to sustain popular support. These are stability, welfare, education and healthcare. Territorial control will be easier when Georgia is able to stand on its own.

Author: Phillip Fluri | Shorena Lortkipanidze Source: Fluri, P and Darchiashvili, D. (eds.), 2006, 'After Shevardnadze: Georgian Security Sector Governance after the Rose Revolution', DCAF, Geneva Size: 185 pages (1 MB)
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What are the issues in reforming Turkey's security sector in line with EU accession requirements? This almanac by the Turkish Economics and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) offers a comprehensive review of Turkey's security sector from a human security perspective. Turkey confronted internal security threats in the 1990s. These led to the adoption of a more militarised strategy and the sidelining of elected bodies, civil society, and the media. After gaining EU candidate status in 1999 and the financial crisis of 2001 serious efforts have been made to democratise the security sector. Despite positive steps, military policies persist behind the formalities of democratic government.

Author: Umit Cizre Source: Cizre, Ü, 2006, 'Almanac Turkey 2005 - Security Sector and Democratic Oversight', DCAF and TESEV Size: 285 pages (3.3 MB)
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What were the motives of girls who fought in the Liberian civil war and how can the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process address their needs better? This International Labour Office study argues that there are a number of misconceptions surrounding the enlistment of girl combatants. The study examines the motives of Liberian girls for taking up arms and highlights the key issues for improving gender sensitive prevention and reintegration policies.

Author: Irma Specht Source: Specht, I., 2006, 'Red Shoes: Experiences of girl-combatants in Liberia', International Labour Office, Geneva Size: 133 pages (1.27MB)
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How realistic is the process of defence reform and conversion planning and how efficient are the institutional frameworks for reform in Albania, Macedonia and Croatia? What is the role of external support and are sufficient resources available for defence reform in these countries? This briefing from the Bonn International Center for Conversion analyses the development, achievements and shortcomings of defence reform and conversion in Albania, Macedonia and Croatia. It finds that they have achieved differing degrees of success in restructuring their armed forces, reintegrating ex-military personnel and converting military sites for civilian purposes.

Author: Tobias Pietz Source: Bonn International Centre for Conversion, 2006, 'Defense Reform and Conversion in Albania, Macedonia and Croatia', Brief 34, BICC, Bonn Size: 78 pages (649 kB)
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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How effective was the reform transformation of the Peruvian police between 2001 -2004? This article from Civil Wars journal argues that Peru's police reform process suffered from fluctuating political interest and support. Consequently, although achievements were significant, they were much less than initially hoped. The article examines the host of difficulties faced in achieving reform and concludes that additional resources and consistent political and institutional backing are necessary to foster and sustain transformation.

Author: Gino Costa Source: Costa, Gino, 2006, 'Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru, 2001-2004', Civil Wars, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 215-230 Size: 17 pages (114 kB)
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In contrast to other security sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean, the defence and public security sectors of Barbados are remarkably stable. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile (FLACSO), discusses the organisational and institutional settings and civilian oversight of both security sectors. Both sectors acknowledge the need for reforms; the police have begun to address concerns about excessive use of force by creating public complaints' procedure and outreach.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Barbados', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 20 pages (200 kB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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How successfully has Guatemala's military and democratic transformation been since 1986? This Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad article examines civil-military relations in Guatemala since the large scale processes of pacification and democratisation began in that year. Guatemala has advanced significantly towards the de-militarisation of society and subordination of the military to legitimate political authority. However, limitations in the nature of the country's democratic institutions and political culture have, as yet, prevented these goals from being reached.

Author: Bernardo Areválo de León Source: Areválo de León, Bernardo, 2006, 'Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict in Guatemala', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, vol. 20 no.1, pp. 63-108. Size: 46 pages (259KB)
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Since the country's return to democracy in 1990, Chile has implemented a broad programme of judicial reform. However, this University of Florida paper argues that Chilean judicial transformation is incomplete with reforms not addressing existing military jurisdiction over the country's police, the Carabineros. Under the current arrangement, Chilean security forces continue to act with impunity at the expense of citizen security, not as effective guardians of it.

Author: | Meredith Fensom Source: Fensom, M, 2006, 'Judicial Reform, Military Justice, and the Case of Chile's Carabineros', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006 Size: 18 pages (234 kB)
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Despite multilateral attempts in the 1990s to institute security sector reform (SSR) in Haiti, lack of elite support, insufficient judicial sector capacity and persistent corruption has led to the current resurgence of violence. This study, published by International Peacekeeping, examines recent international interventions to institute SSR in Haiti. National dialogue with local elites and long-term donor involvement are necessary to ensure that justice, security, development and governance sectors are developed simultaneously to prevent the country from becoming a failed state.

Author: Johanna Mendelson-Forman Source: Mendelson-Forman, J, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Haiti', International Peacekeeping, vol.13, no.1, pp.14-27 Size: 27 pages (84.62 kB)
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Why do civilian politicians in Latin America show little interest in investing resources and expertise in defence institutions? Why has there been a drop in scholarly attention to Latin American militaries as democracies consolidate in the region? This research, from the University of California and the Graduate Naval School, argues that there are historical, structural and rational reasons for these attitudes.

Author: David Pion-Berlin | Harold Trinkunas Source: Pion-Berlin, D. and Trinkunas, H., 2006, 'Attention Deficits: Why Politicians Ignore Defense Policy in Latin America', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico March 15-18, 2006. Size: 25 pages (141 kB)
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Despite past problems, the Mexican armed forces have made significant progress towards becoming professional institutions. This study, from Queens University, examines the history and structure of the Mexican armed forces and suggests areas of possible military cooperation between Canada and Mexico. It looks at the process of political change and the effects this has had on civil-military relations. The armed forces are well-trained and dynamic organisations that are respected by Mexicans and, although they could liberalise further, they are adapting well to democratic change.

Author: Jordi Díez | Ian Nicholls Source: Diez, J. and Nicholls, I., 2006, 'The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition', Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 56 pages (418 kB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the status of and prospects for security sector reform (SSR) in the Gulf? This report from the Stimson Center summarises a workshop discussion on SSR in the Gulf. While SSR is not a priority for Gulf leaders, concerns about Iran, Iraq and terrorism provide incentives for change in the Gulf states' security sectors. This provides an opportunity for external actors to encourage and support SSR.

Author: Ellen Laipson | Emile El-Hokayem Source: Laipson, E, (ed) El-Hokayem, Buenning Sturm, A, and Alzayat, W, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Gulf', The Stimson Center, Washington DC Size: 36 pages (454 kB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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What is the current situation regarding the use of child soldiers in West Africa? How can Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes reach all children who need them? This report by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers surveys DDR projects carried out in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. West Africa is one of the regions of the world worst affected by the practice of child soldier recruitment. Many children are left outside official DDR programmes through access difficulties facing certain vulnerable groups or because agencies limit their definition of 'child soldier' to those who bear arms. DDR processes must adopt the Cape Town Principles in defining beneficiaries and pay special attention to girls, adolescents, young adults, foreign children, refugees, and those who 'informally' demobilise.

Author: Guillaume Landry Source: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2006, 'Child Soldiers and Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration in West Africa', Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Dakar Size: 31 pages (227 kB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Sierra Leone, particularly of the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Since multiparty democracy was reintroduced in 1996, the situation has significantly improved, especially with the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for budget formulation. Overall, ongoing reforms have made the budgeting process more open, more consultative and, most crucially, driven by clear goals.

Author: Osman Gbla Source: Gbla, O., 2006, 'Sierra Leone', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 180-196 Size: 17 pages (107 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Nigeria, particularly of the Nigerian Armed Forces, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. After civilian rule resumed in 1999, the new government pledged military reform and anti-corruption measures, but progress on some issues has been slow. Individual corruption remains an endemic problem for all financial management initiatives. Due process in military budgeting remains a remote prospect given poor oversight, unclear policies and the absence of many key stakeholders.

Author: Wuyi Omitoogun | Tunde Oduntan Source: Omitoogun, W. and Oduntan, T., 2006, 'Nigeria', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 154-179 Size: 26 pages (154 kB)
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How are burgeoning and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budget process in Ghana, focussing on the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Recent years have witnessed modest improvements on the issues of budgetary process and budget size. The return of parliamentary rule has resulted in somewhat more transparency about military expenditures and made some politicians and military leaders more accountable.

Author: Eboe Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E., 2006, 'Ghana', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 72-99 Size: 28 pages (170 kB)
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Small arms proliferation and misuse has had a dramatic and painful impact on Georgia since 1991. This Saferworld report presents the findings of research conducted on small arms and light weapons (SALW) and human security issues in Georgia. It finds that while significant and commendable progress has been made, much still needs to be done to minimise the risks presented by illegal arms proliferation and misuse.

Author: David Wood Source: Wood, D., 2006, 'Taking Stock: Small Arms and Human Security in Georgia', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi, and Saferworld, London Size: 135 pages (1268KB)
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Is Albania ready for membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)? This Journal of Slavic Military Studies article assesses Ablania's military reforms in the light of NATO's 'open-door' policy, which promotes membership expansion. While Albania has a long way to go, NATO's policy has nevertheless served as an important catalyst for encouraging Albania's military transformation.

Author: Ryan C. Hendrickson | Jonathan Campbell Source: Hendrickson, R. C., Campbell, J. and Mullikin, N., 2006, 'Albania and NATO's "Open Door" Policy: Alliance Enlargement and Military Transformation', The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 243-257 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the main sources of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Kenya-Uganda border area? What is driving the demand for arms in the region? This article from African Affairs argues that demand for SALW is driven by both lack of security and lack of livelihoods. Sources of SALW include paramilitary groups created by the Ugandan and Kenyan governments.

Author: Kennedy Agade Mkutu Source: Mkutu, K. ,2006, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons among Pastoral Groups in the Kenya-Uganda Border Area', African Affairs , Vol.106, no. 422, pp.47-70 Size: pages ()
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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Rebuilding a post-conflict country is more than restoring buildings and institutions; it involves restoring trust and confidence, fostering relationships and giving people hope. This report, published by Interpeace, reviews its Somali Dialogue for Peace programme, a consultative process that brought officials, ex-combatants and citizens together to plan a collective, peaceful future. Dialogue with civil society and citizens is critical to the establishment of a stable and long-term security structure in Somalia.

Author: Interpeace | Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia, 2006, 'Dialogue not Guns: Promoting Security and Stabilisation among the Communities of South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia Size: 43 pages (1.43 MB)
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Global democracy promotion efforts by leading powers have propagated an understanding of civil-military relations which privileges civilian control over defence efficiency and military effectiveness. This paper, published by Democratization, explains the impact of the emphasis on civil-military relations on emerging democracies in the past 25 years. Two current global trends - peacekeeping in hostile environments and counter-terrorism - may contribute to renewed attention to the importance of defence efficiency and effectiveness.

Author: Thomas Bruneau | Harold Trinkunas Source: Bruneau T., Trinkunas H., Matei C., 2006, 'Democratization as a Global Phenomenon and its Impact on Civil-Military Relations ', Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 776-790 Size: 16 pages (142 kB)
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What impact did the African National Congress's military, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), have on the creation of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in 1994? How does this compare with the impact of the Boer Commandos on the creation of the Union of South Africa Defence Force (UDF) in 1912? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies compares the differing impacts of the Boer Commandos and MK on South Africa's armed forces. It finds that the Boer Commandos had a greater impact on the creation of the UDF than MK had on the SANDF.

Author: Rocklyn Williams | www.issafrica.org Source: Williams R., 2006, 'South African Guerilla Armies - The Impact of South African Guerilla Armies on the Creation of South Africa's Armed Forces', Monograph 127, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 33 pages (303 kB)
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What are the comparative advantages, and limitations, of civil society in contributing to peace-building? This paper from the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management discusses definitions of civil society (CS); outlines examples of CS peace-building activities; and discusses the positive contribution and potential limitations of CS involvement, with particular reference to Bosnia-Herzegovina. Civil society can play a key role in peacebuilding, but cannot compensate for state-building deficits: the strengthening of the state, economy and society must proceed simultaneously.

Author: Martina Fischer Source: Fischer, M., 2006, 'Civil Society in Conflict Transformation: Ambivalence, Potentials and Challenges', Special Reproduction for the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, and the Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies, Sri Lanka Office, Colombo. Size: 32 pages (393 KB)
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How has Bhutan been combating insurgents within its territory and what impact has this had on relations with its powerful neighbours? This American Political Science Association publication examines Bhutanese actions against insurgents and its cooperation with India. It argues that insurgency problems stem from South Asian nations' inability to forge united states with assimilated minorities. For small and landlocked states like Bhutan, it is imperative that regional unity is fostered with a bolstering of its diplomatic capacity.

Author: Rajesh Kharat Source: Kharat R., 2006, 'Countering Insurgencies in South Asia: The case of Indo-Bhutan Cooperation', American Political Science Association Size: 24 pages (n/a)
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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Recent studies show the increasing extent that women operate as combatants in (ir)regular armies in conflict. How can disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes become more gender-sensitised? This study by the Clingendael Institute examines men and women's active involvement in warfare, their gender-specific roles and gender relations within armies and discusses the challenges for DDR programmes in targeting female ex-combatants.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, "Clingendael", The Hague Size: 37 pages (128KB)
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Has the Ituri Disarmament and Community Reinsertion (DCR) programme stabilised the North-eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo? What policy considerations should be taken into account to strengthen the programme? This report by the Clingendael Institute of the Netherlands and the Africa Initiative Programme analyses the current situation of the DCR programme and describes the challenges it faces. In particular, it discusses the difficult decision of moving from voluntary to forced disarmament and demobilisation.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, 'Assessment of the Ituri Disarmament and Community Reinsertion Programme (DCR)', Clingendael Institute Conflict Research Unit, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 33 pages (108 KB)
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Policy analysts have debated the organisational factors that contribute to successful disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes, but little is known about the factors that account for success at the micro level. What are the individual level determinants of successful demobilisation and reintegration? This research from the Centre for Global Development finds that an individuals' prospects of gaining acceptance depends largely on the abusiveness of the unit in which he or she fought. There is no evidence that participation in internationally funded DDR programs improves an individual's chance of acceptance by their families or communities.

Author: Jeremy Weinstein | Macartan Humphreys Source: Weinstein, J., and Humphreys, M., 2005, 'Disentangling the Determinants of Successful Demobilization and Reintegration,' Center for Global Development Working Paper Number 69, United States Size: 30 pages (220kB)
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How can peacebuilding missions more effectively address security threats in post-conflict societies? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that a security governance approach to post-conflict states provides a more comprehensive peacebuilding strategy. By acknowledging the diversity of actors and issues involved in the insecurity of war-torn societies, this perspective offers a better chance of assuring the accountability, legitimacy and local ownership of peacebuilding operations.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed | Timothy Donais Source: Bryden, A., Donais, T. and Hanggi, H., 2005, 'Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', Policy Paper no. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 36 pages (421kB)
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How effectively have disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes and weapons reduction initiatives managed the transition from war to peace in post-conflict societies? How can future interventions maximise the chances of securing peace? This chapter from a work published by the Small Arms Survey examines the history of DDR and weapons reduction programmes to identify lessons learnt during past interventions. It argues that future programmes need to exhibit clearer objectives, better co-ordination and improved integration into broader political and developmental reforms.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Small Arms Survey, 2005, 'Managing 'Post-Conflict' Zones: DDR and Weapons Reduction', Chapter 10 in 'Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2005: Weapons at War', Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 36 pages (1.31MB)
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What are the opportunities and risks associated with the increasing use of private military companies (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs)? How might national and international institutions mitigate the hazards presented by these privatised activities? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces surveys the legal, governance and policy implications of military and security contracting. It argues that, while private companies can offer important support to national armies, their inadequate accountability creates significant security risks, which should be offset by improved regulation.

Author: Fred Schreier | Marina Caparini Source: Schreier, F., and Caparini, M., 2005, 'Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies', Occasional Paper no. 6, DCAF, Geneva Size: 184 pages (910 kB)
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What are the roles of national security decision-making structures in developing and developed countries? How could these structures benefit from reform? This paper from RAND Europe surveys case studies of national security architectures worldwide to evaluate the effectiveness of their organisation and operations. It argues that, since developed and developing countries face different security threats and logistical challenges, their emphases in security reform will vary, but transparency, accountability, coordination and broad-based information gathering are key.

Author: Kevin O'Brien | Andrew Rathmell Source: Bearne, S., O'Brien, K., Oliker, O. & Rathmell, A., 2005 'National Security Decision-Making Structures and Security Sector Reform', Security Sector Development Advisory Team, London Size: 38 pages (128 kb)
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This 2004 survey from Saferworld and the UNDP Small Arms Control in Serbia and Montenegro Project (SACISCG) examines the small arms situation in Serbia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on government capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a nation-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of available data.

Author: Saferworld | Charlotte Phillips, Zachary Taylor, Srdjan Bogosavljevic Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Living with the Legacy - SALW Survey of the Republic of Serbia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 78 pages (2.82 MB)
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What is the 2005 status and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in Bulgaria? This paper, authored by Simon Rynn, Philip Gounev and Thomas Jackson, reports on a survey of the distribution, impacts and public perceptions of SALWs. It also reviews the capacity of the state to apply SALW controls. It is intended for use by those involved in SALW research and programmes and Bulgaria's progress towards membership in the European Union (EU).

Author: Simon Rynn | Philip Gounev Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Taming the Arsenal - Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bulgaria', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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What are the necessary steps in conducting a small arms and light weapon (SALW) awareness programme? How can programmers avoid inappropriate messages and materials, lack of sensitivity and other features of poorly designed SALW awareness programmes? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) sets out principles and procedures for safe and effective SALW awareness programming.

Author: Laurence Desvignes | Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'SASP 2 SALW Awareness Support Pack', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 148 pages (1.9 MB)
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Multitudes of problems are associated with the utilisation of private military firms (PMFs). This paper, by Maik Müller, highlights some of the problems, effects and implications of the use of PMFs in American military assistance. The United States (US) and other states that use PMFs should establish effective laws and regulations to address issues of control and accountability and the legal implications of outsourcing military tasks to the private sector.

Author: Maik Müller Source: Muller,M., 2005, 'Problems, Effects and Implications of the Use of Private Military Firms (PMFs) in U.S. Military Assistance', Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Working Draft, Bonn, Germany Size: 12 pages (85.1 KB)
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In the first decade of Georgia's independence, a contradictory mixture of liberal democratic and ethno-nationalist projects characterised President Eduard Shevardnadze's regime. The failure of these contributed to Shevardnadze's downfall in the so-called Rose Revolution at the end of 2003. This chapter, in Statehood and Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution, analyses the failure of Georgia's defence and security policies and the challenges confronting the new Presidency of Mikheil Saakashvilli. It proposes that in the future, Georgia needs a light regular force to patrol its borders and control organised crime.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2005, 'Georgian Defense Policy and Military Reform', in Bruno Coppieters and Robert Legvold (eds), Statehood and Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution, Cambridge/Mass., MIT Press, pp.117-151. Size: 36 pages (106 kB)
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Violence against women is rooted in discrimination. It occurs across borders, religions and class. This is because it has been condoned through cultural practices. This paper, by Amnesty International, International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that violence against women in the family and violence through state repression or conflict are similar. The latter is an extreme manifestation of the discrimination and abuse that women face in the family. Furthermore, the presence of guns means more danger for women.

Author: Amnesty International | Oxfam Source: Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, 2005, 'The impact of guns on women's lives', Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, Oxford, UK Size: 76 pages (557KB)
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What is the role of the military in post-conflict peacebuidling activities? What are the challenges and problems confronting the military with regard to security sector reform? This chapter from Security Sector Reform and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding examines the role of military forces in meeting the challenges of post-conflict security sector reform. It argues that military forces have a critical role to play in the short- and long-term success of post-conflict peacebuilding. In order to be effective, however, they must be integrated into overall peace processes.

Author: Albrecht Schnabel | Hans-Georg Ehrhart Source: Schnabel, A. and Ehrhart, H-G., 2005, 'Post-conflict societies and the military: Challenges and problems of security sector reform' in Security Sector Reform and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, United Nations University Press: New York Size: 23 pages (344 kB)
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Post-conflict peacebuilding has become a primary concern of international politics. This book, produced by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, applies a security governance perspective to a number of key issues that must be addressed by both post-conflict societies and the international community in the task of rebuilding after armed conflict. These include security sector reform (SSR), disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR), and the rule of law and transitional justice. Integrated, holistic and long-term approaches to security governance in post-conflict peacebuilding are emphasised as critical.

Author: Alan Bryden | Heiner Hänggi Source: Bryden, A. and Hänggi, H. (eds). (2005). 'Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', DCAF Yearbook 3, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 300 pages (812kB)
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What progress did the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) make in building Iraqi security forces and institutions? This report from the RAND Corporation examines the CPA's efforts to reconstruct and reform the Iraqi security sector. It finds that the CPA's security sector capacity-building and reform programme, while behind on many of its targets, was moving in the right direction.

Author: Andrew Rathmell | Olga Oliker Source: Rathmell, A., Oliker, O., Kelly, T.K., Brannan, D. and Crane, K. (2005). 'Developing Iraq's Security Sector: The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience', Report prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, RAND National Defense Research Institute, RAND Corporation Size: 123 pages (387 kB)
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What steps has the government of Colombia taken to demobilise right-wing paramilitaries and individual fighters and reintegrate them into society? What are the problems and risks involved in Colombia's disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion examines the DDR process in Colombia. While DDR could have a significant positive impact on the conflict in Colombia, failure is still possible and could have significant negative repercussions.

Author: Markus Koth Source: Koth, M. (2005). 'To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia', Paper 43, Bonn International Center for Conversion Size: 62 pages (263 kB)
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Under the UN Programme of Action (PoA) to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, states agreed to implement strict transfer controls. What progress has been made in developing international principles for SALW transfer controls in the context of the PoA? What should be the next steps in ensuring effective transfer controls? In November 2005 the Geneva Forum organised a conference to discuss transfer controls in the context of the PoA. This report summarises the proceedings of the conference.

Author: Geneva Forum Source: Geneva Forum (2005). 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: Transfer Controls', Summary Report of the conference of 17 November 2005, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 44 pages (231 kB)
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In many African countries civil-military relations are reversed. The military takes control of the population and the machinery of state. This study, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), documents the evolution of the 2002 draft Code of Conduct for Armed and Security Forces in Africa (CoC). It argues that the democratic control of armed and security forces depends on the military becoming more developmental and humanitarian. It must respond directly to the contemporary security needs of the populace.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2005). 'Towards a Code of Conduct for Armed and Security Forces in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges', Policy Paper 05, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 26 pages (754KB)
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What support has the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided to countries attempting to address small arms issues? How has UNDP's support evolved as a result of experience gained and lessons learned from its projects? This report from UNDP provides an overview of UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues. UNDP has provided support to small arms control, armed violence reduction and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in over 40 countries. Lessons learned have enabled UNDP to refine its support to address more effectively the needs of countries affected by small arms issues.

Author: Peter Batchelor | Spyros Demetriou Source: Batchelor, P. and Demetriou, S. (2005). 'Securing Development: UNDP's support for addressing small arms issues', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 41 pages (699 kB)
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What progress have states in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa made towards implementing small arms and light weapons (SALW) control mechanisms? What factors have helped or hindered the implementation of SALW controls in these regions? This report from International Alert examines the implementation of SALW controls in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa. While each region has had different experiences implementing SALW controls, a number of cross-regional issues can be identified.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | William Godnick Source: von Tangen Page, M., Godnick, W. and Vivekananda, J. (2005). 'Implementing International Small Arms Controls: Some Lessons from Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa', International Alert. Size: 43 pages (686 kB)
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What impact have small arms and light weapons (SALW) had on public health and human security in Albania? What steps has the Albanian government taken to control SALW and combat SALW proliferation? This report from the Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld examines the impact and distribution of SALW and SALW control measures in Albania.

Author: Paul Holtom | Henry Smith Source: Holtom, P., Smith, H., Mariani, B., Rynn, S., Attree, L. and Sokolová, J. (2005). 'Turning the Page: Small Arms and Light Weapons in Albania', Report on Small arms and security in South Eastern Europe, Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld. Size: 149 pages (2.2 MB)
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What challenges do south-eastern European countries face in terms of security sector reform (SSR)? In 2002 the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) conducted a special programme on the progress of SSR in South East Europe (SEE). The overall objective of the programme was to assess progress to date, review lessons learned, and identify requirements for reform programmes implemented in each country as well as those leading to enhanced regional cooperation.

Author: Eden Cole | Timothy Donais Source: Cole, E., Donais, T. and Fluri, P. (2005). 'Defence and Security Sector Governance and Reform in South East Europe Self-Assessment Studies: Regional Perspectives', Nomos. Size: pages ()
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What next for defence reform in the Western Balkans? This paper aims to present and analyse defence reform processes in the European sub-region of the Western Balkans. It evaluates how far the defence reform process has come and what still has to be done. The realistic approach to reform still seems to be difficult everywhere, hence there are often delays in adopting basic strategic documents and implementing tasks according to plan.

Author: Milan Jazbec | DCAF Source: Jazbec, M. (2005). 'Defence Reform in the Western Balkans: The Way Ahead', Policy Paper 06, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 32 pages (241kb)
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How do countries in Central Asia approach security sector reform? To what extent is this in cooperation with regional and international actors? Almost every Central Asian state is engaged in a discourse on security sector reform, democratic oversight of the security sector and civil-military relations. However, it would be wrong to assume that the joint efforts of European, transatlantic, regional and national actors (including the media, civil society and academia) have led to homogenous or at least sustainable progress.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Malek, M. (Eds.) (2005). 'Facing the Terrorist Challenge: Central Asia's Role in Regional and International Co-operation', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 2 pages (32kb)
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Former communist countries in particular are confronted with security sector institutions which lack the capacity to ensure the safety and security of both their citizens and the state. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Institute for Defence Studies of Mongolia, is a summary of the status of security sector reform (SSR) and unresolved reform issues in Mongolia. Despite security sector framework's progress, Mongolia faces difficulties implementing defence sector, police and border protection services reform.

Author: Gerel Myagmarjav (ed.) | DCAF Source: Myagmarjav, G. (Ed.) (2005). 'Reform, Modernisation and Perspective of the Security Organization of Mongolia', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / The Institute for Defence Studies of Mongolia. Size: 45 pages (4.23 MB)
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What is the way forward for peace and stability in Liberia? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at Liberian post-conflict reconstruction, particularly at security sector reform (SSR). It argues that SSR needs to focus not only the efficacy of security institutions, but also on ensuring that they are consistent with the democratic norms of transparency, accountability and responsiveness.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2005). 'The Challenges and Opportunities of Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Liberia', Occasional Paper 09, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 88 pages (624KB)
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Every year thousands of children are recruited to be child soldiers. Those who recruit them are not brought to justice. This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, argues that the international community needs to move from law making, programme development and training, to law enforcement, implementation, monitoring and reporting.

Author: Lilian Peters Source: Peters, L. (2005). 'War is no Child's Play: Child Soldiers from Battlefield to Playground', Occasional Paper 08, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 60 pages (852KB)
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Has Guatemala's 1996 Peace Accord achieved its goal of combating crime and violence? Have reforms of the intelligence and security services ensured that security demands do not threaten human rights? This report, from the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), describes the current state of intelligence system reform and argues that the process of reforming the old intelligence structures has produced mixed results.

Author: Iduvina Hernández Source: Hernández, I., 2005, 'A Long Road: Progress and Challenges in Guatemala's Intelligence Reform', WOLA, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (322 kB)
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How has Colombia reoriented its approach towards the country's principal security challenge - a lengthy insurgency closely linked to criminal activity? Published by the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, this paper assesses the sustainability of the counterinsurgency waged by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe against FARC rebels. Although not yet complete, this multifaceted campaign is likely to result in a Colombia that is more integrated, prosperous and democratic than at any time in the past 40 years.

Author: Thomas Marks Source: Marks, T., 2005, ' Sustainability of Colombian Military/Strategic Support for '"Democratic Security"', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 45 pages (241 kB)
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Chile is considered a democratic success story with a particularly effective rule of law. Furthermore, recent judicial reforms are said to have been very thorough. This study from Tulane University, however, argues that such a positive view overlooks the presence of military justice, which affects many citizens. The military justice system remains unreformed and is a barrier to the creation of the democratic rule of law, which damages the prospects for deepening democracy in Chile.

Author: Anthony W. Pereira Source: Pereira, S. and Zaverucha, J, 2005, 'The Neglected Stepchild: Military Justice and Democratic Transition in Chile', Social Justice, vol. 32, no.2, pp.115-131 Size: 17 pages (284KB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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What is the extent of craft small-arms production in Ghana? Why have existing legislation and government policies largely failed to contain the problem? This chapter of a book on armed groups and small arms in ECOWAS states documents the extent, nature, and effects of Ghanaian craft small-arms production and discusses existing and potential responses. Ghanaian craft guns are known regionally for their effectiveness, competitive prices, and accessibility. Legal prohibition and a coercive approach adopted by previous and current governments has not stemmed gun production and trade but driven it underground. Effective and sustainable solutions will involve persuading local communities to include in their traditional codes of conduct condemnation of gun sales for criminal use or armed conflict.

Author: Emmanuel Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, EK., 2005, 'The Anatomy of Ghana's Secret Arms Industry ', in Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, eds. N.Florquin and EG Berman, pp.78-106, Small Arms Survey Size: 30 pages (1.1MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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While Kenya has instituted widespread defence, police, judicial and constitutional reforms, the probability of successful security sector reform (SSR) remains highly questionable. This paper, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, reviews recent attempts by Kenya to make its security sector more effective and accountable and less corrupt. Notwithstanding reform efforts, Kenya's SSR is largely ineffective; the country lacks a constitutional reference point grounded in democratic values.

Author: Bonn International Center for Conversion Source: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Kenya', Inventory of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in partner countries of German development assistance, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 16 pages (72.7 KB)
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How have the independent states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) responded to the challenges presented by defence and security threats in the post-colonial era? How have they established, financed, controlled, equipped, commanded, reinforced and maintained their militaries? This book from the Institute for Security Studies describes how the 13 states of the SADC developed their military institutions following independence.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | www.issafrica.org Source: Rupiya,M., 2005, 'Evolutions and Revolutions - A contemporary history of militaries in Southern Africa', Instutute for Security Studies Size: 408 pages (2.83 MB)
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How can African practitioners and their international partners improve the design, operation and implementation of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? In June 2005, the UN Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA) and the Government of Sierra Leone organised a conference on DDR in Africa. This report sets out the deliberations of the conference and the resulting recommendations.

Author: United Nations Source: 2005, 'Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) and Stability in Africa: Conference Report ', Freetown, 21-23 July 2005, United Nations Office of the Special Advisor on Africa Size: 39 pages (182 kB)
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Is there a transformation of the strategic landscape underway in Southeast Asia? What are the impacts of the recent force modernisation programmes in this region? Written for the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, this article examines the implications of uneven military modernisation on the regional strategic landscape of Southeast Asia. It concludes that the transformation is a result of a traditional period of change affecting the military, as a result of respective geopolitical and geological conditions.

Author: Bernard Fook Weng Loo Source: Loo B.F., 2005, 'Transforming the Strategic Landscape of Southeast Asia', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 27 (3), pp. 388-405. Size: 165 kb pages ()
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Can UN civil-military coordination (CIMIC) policies that have been developed to manage the relationship between humanitarian actors and military forces during the humanitarian emergency phase of conflict, be applied to manage the relationship between all civilian actors and UN military units during peacebuilding? This research from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) suggests that UN CIMIC actions can make a positive contribution to the overall peacebuilding process if the military components' resources, energy and goodwill can be positively channelled in support of the overall mission objectives.

Author: Cedric de Coning Source: de Coning, C., 2005, 'Civil-Military Coordination and UN Peacebuilding Operations', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.89-118 Size: 29 pages (913KB)
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Security Sector reform in Nepal is crucial to peace negotiations with the rebel CPN (Maoist) but has seldom been raised as an issue outside it. This paper, published by Friends For Peace, explores the difficulties of implementing Security Sector Reform in Nepal, and makes recommendations as to how these can be overcome. It concludes that mapping SSR in Nepal is a delicate and complex issue, and the loyalty of the security sector to democratic government is still under dispute. It recommends that demobilization of the army and guerillas should be accompanied by the provision of economic opportunities to allow them to reintegrate into society.

Author: Dhruba Kumar | Hari Sharma Source: Kumar D., Sharma H., 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities', Friends for Peace, FFP Publications, Nepal Size: 110 pages (771 kB)
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Pakistan's mix of military might, western allegiance and thriving Islamic fundamentalism is often confusing and contradictory to the outside observer. This article, published in Economic Review, reviews 'Pakistan - Between Mosque and Military Review', by Husain Haqqani. The book analyses the role of religion, the seemingly omnipotent military and intelligence services that control much of the country's foreign and domestic policy making, the factors behind failed civilian governments, and the country's tense but close relationship with the United States. It delivers a clear and concise account of why Pakistan is still under military rule more than 50 years after gaining independence from the United Kingdom.

Author: Keri Geiger | Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Source: Geiger K., 2005, 'Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military Review', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Size: 2 pages (32 kB)
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What are the reasons behind the problem of policing in Sri Lanka? How was the current policing situation made this possible? This Asian Human Rights Commission report offers an analysis of the nature and extent of the police's flaws and weaknesses. It sets the context of the current policing system and how it has reached its current condition. The report concludes with key solutions to an illness which is deemed curable - the inefficiency and corruption of the police system.

Author: Basil Fernando (ed.) | Shyamali Puvimanasinghe (ed.) Source: Fernando B. (ed.), Puvimanasinghe S. (ed.), 2005, 'An X-ray of the Sri Lankan policing system & torture of the poor', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 325 pages (952KB)
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How can the problem of poor governance of security sectors in Southeast Asia be remedied? What role can external actors play in security sector reform in the region? This article from The Journal of Security Sector Management looks at security sector governance and practices in Asia, with a focus on Southeast Asia. It argues that the plurality and diversity of Asia provides opportunities as well as challenges. External actors should seek to identify the sectors of domestic society that can build partnerships to improve security sector governance.

Author: Carolina G. Hernandez Source: Hernandez C.G., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance and Practices in Asia', Journal of Security Sector Management, Cheltenham, UK, Asian Special Issue, March Size: 8 pages (132 kB)
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How well have East Asian nations responded to the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the control of small arms and light weapons (SALW)? This Southeast Asia Forum on Armed Violence report reviews current activities by East Asian states. It argues that few programmes have developed in light of the PoA. A review of current measures is required as well an examination of why East Asian states have not felt compelled to comply with the PoA.

Author: Edgardo Legaspi | Small Arms Survey Source: Legaspi E., 2005, 'East Asia: In Action on Arms - Assessing Regional Compliance to the UN PoA on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Southeast Asia Forum on Armed Violence Size: 68 pages (414kb)
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Providing security and reconstructing internal security institutions is a key component of nation-building operations. This study, by the RAND Corporation, asks how successful have U.S. and allied efforts been in reconstructing internal security institutions, and what are the most important lessons for current and future operations? The authors examine data from efforts to reconstruct internal security in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. They then compare the results with data from six other cases in which the United States has helped reconstruct security institutions during nation-building missions. These are Panama, El Salvador, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and East Timor.

Author: Seth G. Jones | Jeremy M. Wilson Source: Jones S.G., Wilson J.M., Rathmell A., Riley K.J., 2005, 'Establishing Law and Order After Conflict', RAND Corporation, London Size: 293 pages (1.4 MB)
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What are the best ways to promote security sector governance in Africa? What are the roles of government, the military and civil society in the process? This paper comes from a workshop with the theme Security Sector Governance. It was held in Ghana and organised by Africa Dialogue and Security Research (ASDR) and Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). The workshop included presentations by practitioners and academics and case studies from African countries and other regions in transition to democracy for example Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Author: Anicia Lala | Riefqi Muna Source: Lalá, A. and Muna, R., 2004, Workshop on Security Sector Governance in Africa', in Elmina, Ghana, 24-26 November 2003, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform Paper 33 Size: pages ()
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There is a need for more comprehensive solutions to wider security sector challenges in conflict resolution. This report, from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, provides an overview of the security reforms that were implemented in Sierra Leone. It serves as a set of guidelines for practitioners supporting similar programmes in the future. It argues that the different elements of a Security Sector Reform programme should be sequenced strategically.

Author: Ann M. Fitz-Gerald Source: Fitz-Gerald, A.M., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector reform (GFN-SSR), Shrivenham Size: 24 pages (297 KB)
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Successful programmes for the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of former combatants are essential for sustainable peace and development. There are a variety of specific instruments and approaches that can support DDR programmes when adapted to the implementation conditions of particular countries. This training book aims to support effective planning by providing a comprehensive overview of all aspects of DDR operations. It is a product of the partnership between the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC), the Norwegian Defence International Centre (FOKIV), the Pearson Peacekeeping Centre (PPC), and the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ).

Author: Colin Gleichmann | Michael Odenwald Source: Douglas, I. et al, 2004, 'Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration: A Practical Field and Classroom Guide', GTZ, NODEFIC, PPC and SNDC Size: 152 pages (1.43 MB)
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How can performance indicators (PI) contribute to the management of Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) control programmes? This paper from the South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the concept of PI, their applicability to SALW control programmes and the impact they can have on their successful management. While quantitative PI should not be the only measure of programme performance, they do provide important indicators of success or failure.

Author: Adrian Wilkinson Source: SEESAC, 2004, 'Performance Indicators for the Monitoring and Evaluation of SALW Control Programmes Discussion Paper', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 29 pages (1.1MB)
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International assistance operations still neglect the needs of women and girls in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes. This handbook by Sarah Douglas, Vanessa Farr, Felicity Hill and Wenny Kasuma presents lessons learned and case studies to improve the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on women, peace and security, particularly its call to make DDR processes more inclusive of women. The handbook includes some suggestions for how to develop standard operating procedures on gender and DDR. Intended for DDR practitioners, it recommends integrating women's needs and perspectives into all phases of DDR.

Author: Sarah Douglas | Vanessa Farr Source: Douglas,S., Farr,V., Hill,F. and Kasuma,W., 2004, 'Getting it Right, Doing it Right: Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration', UNIFEM, New York, USA Size: 2 pages (29.5kB)
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The brisk business of private military firms (PMFs) currently operating in Iraq is not only significant to the defence community, but has wider ramifications for global politics and warfare. This paper by Peter W Singer analyses the private military industry, its origins and current role in Iraq, and suggests policy responses for an industry that appears to be here to stay. Advantages and disadvantages of PMFs must be weighed from the perspectives of both public policy and smart business sense.

Author: Peter W Singer Source: Singer,P., 2004, 'The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What have we learned and where to next?', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 2 pages (28.0 kB)
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Growing attention is being paid to private military companies (PMCs) that began operating in Iraq in the aftermath of the US-led invasion in 2003. This report by David Isenberg assesses PMCs in Iraq, analyses issues of concern and recommends improved regulatory oversight both in the US and internationally. The biggest obstacle to increased regulation of PMCs is a lack of political will.

Author: David Isenberg Source: Isenberg,D., 2004, 'A Fistful of Contractors: The Case for a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq', Research Report 2004.4, British American Security Information Council, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents the lessons learned from participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) of weapon collection programmes in Mali. It finds that use of participatory procedures, processes and policies give confidence to communities and can lead to greater ease in retrieving illegally held weapons.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2004, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Mali: Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/16, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 175 pages ()
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The widespread availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a major source of insecurity and poverty worldwide. This Department for International Development (DfID) paper summarises the United Kingdom's policies and strategies on SALW. The British Government's objectives regarding limiting the availability and misuse of SALW focus on three areas: strengthening controls on supply; reducing availability; and addressing demand. It recognises that these issues are complex and inter-related, requiring action between states, intergovernmental organisations and civil society.

Author: Source: DfID, 2004. 'UK Policy and Strategic Priorities on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2004-2006', London: Department for International Development Size: 8 pages (180 KB)
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How are small arms and light weapons (SALW) issues and armed violence relevant to governance, security sector reform (SSR) and safety, security and access to justice (SSAJ)? How can governance, SSR and SSAJ programmes integrate SALW issues? This briefing from the Centre for International Cooperation and Security aims to highlight the importance of SALW availability to governance, SSR and SSAJ programming. It shows how such programmes can be developed to contribute more to the reduction of SALW-related armed violence.

Author: Mike Bourne | Owen Greene Source: Bourne, M. & Green, O., 2004, 'Armed Violence, Governance, Security Sector Reform and Safety Security and access to justice', Briefing Paper, September 2004, Centre for International Cooperation and Security, University of Bradford Size: 12 pages (125 kB)
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Could small arms and light weapons (SALW) reduction programmes help address some of the shortfalls of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes? How can SALW and DDR programming be better phased and integrated? This briefing from the Centre for International Cooperation and Security examines how SALW programmes can contribute to the effectiveness of DDR in post-conflict reconstruction (PCR).

Author: Jeremy Ginifer | Mike Bourne Source: Ginifer, J. with Bourne, M. and Greene, O., 2004, 'Considering armed violence in the post-conflict transition: DDR and small arms and light weapons reduction initiatives,' a CICS Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative Briefing Paper, September 2004, University of Bradford Size: 13 pages (139 kB)
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What measures have states in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa agreed to take to counter small arms and light weapons proliferation? In this protocol, States Parties agree to control and regulate the transfer, possession, storage, disposal and destruction of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to adopt legislative measures, facilitate information exchange and improve operational capacity to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons.

Author: Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: 'Nairobi Protocol on the Problem of the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons In the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Agreement signed by the representatives of the states of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, 21st April 2004. Size: 14 pages (35 kB)
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What can we learn from the experience of military reform in Baltic States? This publication contains reports of the Baltic States defence agencies' experts presented during a conference held in 2003. The aim of the meeting was to take an inventory of the experience that has been accumulated during the 12 years that independent armed forces and defence ministries have existed in the Baltic States. An acceptable level of stability and maturity has been reached in the Baltic region.

Author: Yury Korobovsky | Jason Powers Source: Korobovsky, Y. and Powers, J. (Eds.) (2004). 'Defence Reform in the Baltic States: 12 Years of Experience', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / Latvian Ministry of Defence Size: 60 pages (499kb)
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What role can the media play in governance of the security sector? What obstacles hinder the media's ability to provide effective oversight of security institutions? This book from the Bonn International Center for Conversion and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the role of the media in governance and oversight of the security sector. It argues that the media have a vital role to play in monitoring security institutions and helping citizens make informed decisions regarding the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M. (Ed.) (2004). 'Media in Security and Governance: The Role of the News Media in Security', Nomos / Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: pages ()
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How can intelligence reform assist in asserting civilian supremacy over the military? This article, published in the journal Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, argues that the work of three successive Chilean governments has had only limited success in expanding civilian authority over intelligence. A new model for understanding the dynamics of intelligence reform is offered, involving the number of institutions involved, presidential control and civilian oversight.

Author: | Gregory Weeks Source: Weeks, G., 2004, 'The Military and Intelligence Reform in Chile', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad', vol.18, no.3-4, pp.253-263 Size: 14 pages (55 kB)
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What impact has the security sector reform (SSR) concept had in the Arab Middle East? This chapter from Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector examines the discourse of SSR in the Arab Middle East. It argues that SSR has as yet played no significant part in either the discourse or practice of political reform in the Middle East. However, the need for wider reforms as a result of domestic and international pressures could enable the emergence of an SSR discourse in the region.

Author: Arnold Luethold Source: Luethold, A., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in the Arab Middle East: A Nascent Debate', DCAF, Geneva Size: 26 pages (135 kB)
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What challenges and difficulties have coalition forces faced in the attempt to create security forces capable of enforcing order in Iraq? This article from the Middle East Review of International Affairs examines the emergence of the various security forces created by the US-led coalition since 2003. It argues that flaws in the recruitment, training and equipping of Iraqi security forces render them unprepared to contribute measurably to the country's security.

Author: | Barak A. Salmoni Source: Salmoni, Barak A, 2004. 'Iraq's Unready Security Forces: An Interim Assessment', Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 8, no.3, pp 11-28. Size: 18 pages (90 kB)
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What unique challenges does the security situation in Iraq pose for reform efforts? This chapter from Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector outlines the strategy for reform in Iraq during the 2004 transition to interim sovereign government. It argues that security sector reform in Iraq is uniquely challenging, since it faces conditions of daily violence and determined campaigns to undermine security.

Author: Walter B. Slocombe Source: locombe, WB., 2004, 'Iraq's Special Challenge: Security Sector Reform 'Under Fire'. in Alan Bryden and Heiner Hänggi, Reform and Reconstruction of the Security Sector. Münster, LIT Verlag, pp. 231-255. Size: 26 pages (93 kB)
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of Security Sector Governance (SSG) in Ghana? To what degree is the sector subject to democratic control? This paper for the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre analyses the evolution of Ghana's institutions and legal frameworks underpinning the security sector. Ghana has reversed endemic militarization and evolved a stable SSG that has contributed to democratisation. However there is little consistency in SSG structures and the sector suffers from male gender bias. Affirmative action in recruitment, freedom of information legislation, and research to underpin public participation are recommended to deepen democratisation of the sector.

Author: Emmanuel Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, EK., 2004, 'A Comparative Analysis of Security Sector Governance in West Africa: The Ghana Case' , Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), Bonn Size: 30 pages (518 kB)
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How do mercenaries contribute to instability in West Africa? Do they pose a specific threat to Ghana's democratic consolidation? This paper for the Kofi Annan International Peace Training Centre (KAIPTC) analyses the security threat to Ghana posed by possible mercenary action in the context of a period of pre-election tension. The recycling of combatants from one civil war to another poses security threats in West Africa in terms of outbreak or recurrence of civil war. These threats 'spill over' to countries like Ghana which are relatively peaceful and are consolidating democracy and good governance. Early and appropriate response to these threats by Ghana or within the ECOWAS sub-regional framework would enhance both state and human security.

Author: Prosper Addo Source: Addo, P., 2004, 'Mercenarism in West Africa: A Threat to Ghana's Democracy?', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra Size: 14 pages (135 kB)
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The proliferation of small arms is one of the greatest humanitarian challenges of our time. To address it, a united approach is required from governments and civil society. This study by SaferAfrica and Saferworld identifies some of the gaps in regional and international small arms agreements to which the countries of the Horn of Africa (HoA) and Great Lakes Region (GLR) are party and the legislation governing small arms in these states. It argues that thorough reviews of legislation will need to take place to ensure that these gaps are adequately filled.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, 'Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms control legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa', SaferAfrica and Saferworld, Size: 63 pages (3.1MB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons is a critical humanitarian development and governance challenge; governments need to address the issue in a united and holistic approach. This paper, published by SaferAfrica and Saferworld, summarises their audit of arms control legislation in Sudan and its conformity to regional and international arms control agreements. While Sudan's current legislation conforms to many regional and international requirements, some regulatory gaps still need to be addressed. This report is intended to assist lawmakers and other actors in developing new legislation which will address these gaps.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms control legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa: Sudan, Saferworld Size: 56 pages (351.59 KB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a critical humanitarian, development and governance challenge; governments need to address the issue in a united and holistic approach. This paper, published by SaferAfrica and Saferworld, focused on Eritrea and is one of a series of reports auditing SALW control legislation in different countries accross the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa region. It summarises their audit of SALW control legislation in Eritrea vis-à-vis its conformity to regional and international SALW agreements. While some Great Lakes region and Horn of Africa states have enacted SALW legislation, there are serious regulatory gaps that need to be addressed. This report is intended to assist lawmakers and other actors in developing new legislation which will address these gaps.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa: Eritrea, Saferworld Size: 35 pages (263 KB)
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There has been no accurate validation to date of the argument that small arms and light weapons (SALW) are an obstacle to sustainable peace in southern Africa. This monograph, published jointly by the Centre for Conflict Resolution, Gun Free South Africa and The Institute for Security Studies, reports results of a comprehensive study of SALW proliferation in the region. Only through an understanding of the trade, use and control of SALWs can sustainable strategies be identified to manage proliferation and limit SALW misuse.

Author: Chandre Gould | Guy Lamb Source: Gould C., Lamb G., (eds.), 2004, 'Hide and Seek - Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa', Instutute for Security Studies, Centre for Conflict Resolution, Gun Free SA Size: 159 pages (1.9 MB)
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How has the Botswana Defence Force (BDF) evolved and developed since its creation in 1977? What is its current state in terms of professionalism, capabilities and reputation? This article from African Security Review describes the evolution, role and key characteristics of Botswana's military establishment. It argues that Botswana has created and developed a small but highly professional military establishment.

Author: Dan Henk | www.issafrica.org Source: Henk D., 2004, 'The Botswana Defence Force - Evolution of a professional African military', African Security Review Vol. 13 No. 4, Institute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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What is the state of civil-military relations in Zambia? In April 2004, the Institute for Security Studies held a workshop on civil-military relations and disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) in Zambia. This book is the product of that workshop. It highlights the need for Zambia to promote good civil-military relations in order to deal with internal economic and political pressures.

Author: Gilbert Chileshe | Margaret Chimanse Source: Chileshe G., Chimanse M., Ngoma N., Lwando P., Mbewe T., 2004, 'Civil Military Relations in Zambia - A Review of Zambia's Contemporary CMR History and Challenges of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration', Instutute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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What impact have disarmament programmes had on security and perceptions of security in Mozambique? What steps must Mozambique take to implement the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and other Related Materials? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies looks at Mozambique's efforts to curb the availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in southern Africa.

Author: Ana Leao | www.issafrica.org Source: Leao A., 2004, 'Weapons in Mozambique: Reducing Availability and Demand', Monograph 94, Instutute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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This Institute for Security Studies article provides an overview of the security sector reform processes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The DRC's transitional government faces significant challenges, most notably in the area of security. In particular, the formation of a unified Congolese national army and the necessary disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes for the various armed groups are currently the biggest threats to the transitional government.

Author: Henri Boshoff Source: Boshoff H., 2004, 'Overview of Security Sector Reform Processes in the DRC', African Security Review Vol. 13 No. 4, Institute for Security Studies Size: 5 pages (87.3KB)
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The availability of weapons for use by rebels, militias, warlords and insurgents threatens the national security of states and the security of millions of people. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses armed groups' participation in the arms trade and the consequences of small arms misuse. While international measures address controlling arms supply, strategies are needed that deal directly with armed groups in order to reduce violations of humanitarian law and human rights norms.

Author: David Capie Source: Capie D., 2004, 'Armed Groups, Weapons Availability and Misuse: An Overview of these and Options for Action', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Briefing Paper Size: 14 pages (206 kB)
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How much progress have Southeast Asian states made in limiting the proliferation and misuse of small arms? This Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies article examines the human costs of small arms in Southeast Asia and regional and government initiatives. It argues that governments have shown limited progress in controlling the high demand for both legal and illegal weapons. Nevertheless, countries can still demonstrate their commitment to global action by urgently implementing serious initiatives designed to abate the human costs of easy access to weapons.

Author: Gina Rivas Pattugalan | Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies Source: Pattugalan G.R., 2004, 'Small Arms Proliferation and Misuse: Human Security Impact and Policy Actions in Southeast Asia', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 19 (1): 62-91. Size: 30 pages (114 kB)
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What is the state of the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programme in Angola? What recommendations can be given for the current and future re-integration of post-conflict Angola? This paper written for the Institute of Security Studies looks at the DDR process in Angola, its evolution over decades of civil war, and the lessons which can be drawn from the Angolan experience.

Author: Joao Porto and Imogen Parsons Source: Porto, J. and Parsons, I., 2003, Sustaining the Peace in Angola. An Overview of Current Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration, Instutute for Security Studies, Pretoria. Size: pages ()
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It is widely recognised that illicit exploitation of natural resources and the criminalisation of economic life play a significant role in conflicts. But there is less understanding of how these factors create distinctive obstacles for designing peace processes and building peace. This report synthesises the main themes from an International Peace Academy conference on the challenges war economies pose to peace.

Author: Heiko Nitzschke Source: Nitzschke, H., 2003, 27-29 October, Transforming War Economies: Challenges for Peacemaking and Peacebuilding, Report of the 725th Wilton Park Conference in Association with the International Peace Academy, Wiston House, Steyning. Size: pages ()
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The high insecurity that characterises post-conflict and transitional societies often calls for a prominent role for the military in maintaining law and order and a 'security first' approach to police reform. However, is there a risk associated with the potential overlap between police and military functions? This concept paper, presented at the Whitehall Policy Seminar, highlights the dangers of blurring the boundaries between police and military functions in post-conflict situations. The key challenge for police reform is to re-establish the clear boundaries between police and military roles, whilst simultaneously meeting the pressing need to restore security in the aftermath of violent conflict.

Author: Rama Mani Source: Mani, R., 2003, 'Policing in Post-Conflict Situations', Concept Paper for Whitehall Policy Seminar, London Size: 14 pages (296kB)
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What effect does small arms violence have on development? How have development agencies and governments sought to tackle small arms use? This chapter from a work published by the Small Arms Survey analyses the social, economic and human cost of small arms use around the world. It argues that such violence causes widespread damage to developing societies, and outlines developmental responses aimed at cutting demand for small arms, regulating their use and destroying surplus stocks.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2003, 'Obstructing Development: The Effects of Small Arms on Human Development', Chapter Four in 'Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2003: Development Denied', Oxford University Press, UK Size: 43 pages (573 kB)
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How is the Global Conflict Prevention Pool (GCPP) facilitating cross-departmental coordination to realise a more strategic and cost-effective UK approach to conflict prevention and reduction? This report from the Department for International Development (DFID), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) examines the initial two years of GCPP's work. It highlights programmes supported through geographical, thematic and international strategies.

Author: FCO Source: DFID, FCO and MOD, 2003, 'The Global Conflict Prevention Pool: A Joint UK Government Approach to Reducing Conflict', DFID, FCO and MOD, London Size: 44 pages (1.3 MB)
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Security policy is widely believed to be the task of the executive. Parliaments are regarded as less suitable for making security decisions. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that parliamentary oversight of the security sector and its reform is in the interest of democracy and security. Security sector reform creates systematic accountability and transparency on the premise of increased democratic control, placing it within the context of the good governance agenda.

Author: Hans Born | Phillip Fluri Source: Born, H., Fluri, P. and Lunn, S. (eds.), 2003 'Oversight and Guidance: The Relevance of Parliamentary Oversight for the Security Sector and its Reform', DCAF, Brussels/Geneva Size: 263 pages (935kB)
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Women play essential roles in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes, yet are rarely included in their planning or implementation. This article, by UNIFEM, provides a checklist to assist in designing and realising gender-sensitive short-term DDR goals and envisioning long-term peace support measures. It focuses on how women can be included, recognised and supported in the their roles in DDR processes.

Author: Stephanie Ziebell | Anne Marie Goetz Source: UNIFEM, 2003, 'Gender-aware Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR): A Checklist', UNIFEM, New York Size: 13 pages (147 kB)
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The degree of media coverage of a nation's security and military is a good indicator of the level of democratisation of that country. This paper by Pero Jurisin recounts the history of media coverage of security issues in Croatia. Throughout Croatia's history, freedom to openly discuss military issues has been marked with recurring attempts by the media to publicise security issues, and ongoing official suspicion of a free media. While public discussion of security has increased recently, it is still plagued by lack of transparency.

Author: Pero Jurisin Source: Jurisin, P. 2003, 'Security and Media', Paper presented at Security Sector Reform and Media: A regional conference on defence and the freedom of information, 14-15 November 2003, Belgrade. Size: 2 pages (30.0 kB)
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What provisions exist in the constitutions of the south-eastern European countries for the democratic control of armed forces? This document, compiled by the Security Sector Reform Documentation Centre, provides select excerpts from the constitutions of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia and Romania.

Author: Islam Yusufi Source: Yusufi, I. (2003). 'The Southeast European Countries and their Constitutional Provisions on Democratic Control of Armed Forces', Security Sector Reform Documentation Center, International Policy Fellowships Size: 12 pages (184kB)
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What are the barriers preventing effective cooperation between NGOs and military forces? What steps can organisations of both types take to promote effective cooperation and coordination in peace operations? This paper from the Centre for Security and Defence Studies examines factors impeding effective NGO-military cooperation and offers suggestions for improving the relationship. It argues that only a well-planned and coordinated combination of civilian and military measures can create the conditions for sustainable peace in divided societies.

Author: Francis Kofi Abiew Source: Kofi Abiew, F. (2003). 'From Civil Strife to Civil Society: NGO-Military Cooperation in Peace Operations', Occasional Paper No.39, The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University Size: 27 pages (157 kB)
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What progress has Mongolia made towards democratisation? In this volume, seven Mongolian authors assess the achievements made in the process toward fully democratising civil-military relations and defence reform. Contributors set out to address one of the most pressing problems of new and reconstituted democracies: the democratic oversight and reform of the security sector. Mongolians have a long history of civil-military relations and numerous measures have been consistently used over time to regulate these relations.

Author: Sh. Palamdorj | Philipp Fluri Source: Palamdorj, S. and Fluri, P. (2003). 'Democratic Oversight and Reform of Civil Military Relations in Mongolia : A Self-Assessment', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and National University of Mongolia Size: 2 pages (30.5kb)
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What is the status of security sector governance in Guinea-Bissau and what reforms are most urgently necessary? This article, published by the Conflict Research Unit at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael', analyses the full spectrum of security sector institutions and actors in Guinea-Bissau. A flagrant disregard for the rule of law on the part of the executive and the security sector continues to lead to abuses. A pressing need for funding has meant that oversight capabilities, unable to leverage prestige, are consistently marginalised.

Author: Ross Herbert Source: Herbert, R., 2003, 'Security Sector Governance: An Analysis of Guinea-Bissau', Working Paper 8, Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael', The Hague Size: 50 pages (388 kB)
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Violent conflict has increased in Nigeria since the end of military rule in 1999. Despite commitment to military reform, militarism remains a major problem. This chapter from 'Governing Insecurity' (Zed Books) argues that security sector reform (SSR) in Nigeria must be part of a broader national restructuring. A consensus-based security sector review is needed. This can contribute to the political process of recapturing the culture of compromise and dialogue that was lost during three decades of authoritarian military rule and social exclusion.

Author: Kayode Fayemi Source: Fayemi, J K, 2003, 'Governing the Security Sector in a Democratising Polity: Nigeria', in Governing Insecurity, Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, Cawthra, G. and Luckham, R. (eds), Zed Books, London. Size: 20 pages ()
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Despite increasing awareness about the role women play in fighting forces, there are still few gender-based analyses of the differences between the needs of men and women ex-combatants. This Institute for Security Studies paper presents study findings on Ethiopian women ex-fighters' demobilisation and reintegration experiences and the impact of militarisation and politicisation on their lives. The empowerment of these women challenges commonly-held assumptions about child soldiers as victims who are unable to participate fully in their post-conflict societies.

Author: Angela Veale | ISS Source: Veale, A., 2003, From Child Soldier to Ex-Fighter: Female Fighters, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Ethiopia, Institute for Security Studies. Monograph No. 85, Pretoria Size: pages ()
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What is the state of the security sector in Ethiopia? This Global Facilitation Network (GFN) paper provides an overview of the security sector in Ethiopia. It argues that post-military Ethiopia has come a long way on the path to national reconstruction and transformation. With the growing favourable international environment of donor assistance and good will, the Ethiopian government has a rare opportunity to accelerate the pace of democratic transition.

Author: Jeff Isima Source: Isima, J., 2003, Report on the current position with regard to the security sector in Ethiopia, GFN Paper No. 6, Cranfield University, Shrivenham Size: 17 pages (247KB)
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Does military business matter? What economic, political and military impact does the existence of military business operations have? This book examines the reasons for and impact of military business operations in both peace and war. It argues that military business is important because of its impact on national economies, civil-military relations and the overall defence capabilities of armed forces.

Author: Dr. Jörn Brömmelhörster | Wolf-Christian Paes Source: Brömmelhörster D.J., Paes W., 2003, 'The Military as an Economic Actor: Soldiers in Business', Palgrave Macmillan Size: 30 pages ()
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Who are Namibia's main security actors and what are their respective roles and functions in security governance? How effective is Namibia's security governance in terms of democratic norms? This paper from the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung explores the relationship between security actors and the state in Namibia. It argues that the character of Namibia's security sector signifies that the country is still in a transition phase towards consolidating its democracy.

Author: Andre du Pisani Source: du Pisani, A., 2003, 'The Security Sector and the State in Namibia - An Exploration', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Study Size: 36 pages (295 kB)
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How can donors assess the effectiveness of assistance to security sector reform (SSR) and ensure a comprehensive approach? This joint paper from Clingendael, International Alert and Saferworld suggests a better practice framework for analysing lessons learned from experience in SSR processes. SSR is the transformation of security institutions so they play an effective, legitimate and democratically accountable role in providing security for their citizens. It includes the goals of strengthening civilian oversight and control; professionalisation of security forces; demilitarisation and peacebuilding; and strengthening the rule of law.

Author: Clingendael | International Alert Source: International Alert, Saferworld and Clingendael, 2002, 'Towards a Better Practice Framework in Security Sector Reform: Broadening the Debate', International Alert, Saferworld and Clingendael, The Hague Size: 33 pages (144 kB)
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Why is security important in human development? How can the security sector be held accountable? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) discusses the need to keep the security sector accountable and under democratic, civil control. It argues for civil oversight, transparency, respect between civil authorities and security forces, and commitment from country leadership.

Author: Nicole Ball | Michael Brzoska Source: Ball, N. and Brzoska, M. with Kingma, K. and Wulf, H., 2002, 'Voice and Accountability in the Security Sector', Paper 21, BICC, Bonn, http://www.bicc.de/publications/papers/paper21/paper21.pdf Size: 2 pages (564 KB)
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Since the end of the Cold War, the attitude of development organisations towards the security sector has changed and personal security is now recognised as a key concern of the poor in weak states. In addition, repressive or corrupt security structures can undermine the stability crucial to maximising the benefits of aid programmes. Consequently, a number of agencies have engaged with the issue of security sector reform and the idea is now largely accepted as something broader than solely the military.

Author: N Cooper | M Pugh Source: Cooper, N. and Pugh, M. 2002, 'Security-sector Transformation in Post-conflict Societies', Working Paper no. 5, Centre for Defence Studies, London. Size: 68 pages (530 kB)
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While there is a growing tradition of civil society activism in Zambia, the role of civil society in civil-military relations remains unclear. This paper, authored by Lee M Habasonda, examines the opportunities that exist for civil society to help strengthen civil-military relations as part of the country's current democratisation process. The most important task that faces Zambia's civil society is the building of partnerships with the government and military that help ensure the subordination of the military to civilian control.

Author: Lee M Habasonda Source: Habasonda, L., 2002, 'The military, civil society and democracy in Zambia: Prospects for the future', in Ourselves To Know: Civil-Military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa, eds.Williams,R., Cawthra,G. & Abrahams,D., Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 227-238. Size: 2 pages (24.5 KB)
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The British Government's Green Paper on Private Military Companies (PMCs) provides a comprehensive overview of the PMC debate and outlines six regulatory options. Due to the range of activities carried out by PMCs, it is unlikely that one response alone would be adequate. This paper thus proposes a multidimensional approach to regulating British PMCs that matches the appropriate kind of response to the variety of activities that PMCs might undertake.

Author: Damian Lilly | International Alert Source: Lilly,D., 2002, 'Regulating Private Military Companies: The Need for a Multidimensional Approach', International Alert, London, UK Size: 10 pages (39 kB)
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Despite the fact that Chile entered a new democratic era almost two decades ago, security sector reform (SSR) still faces enormous institutional and political resistance. This report, published by Conflict, Security and Development, examines the cautious steps that Chile's current governing coalition is taking to institute SSR. Even in highly restricted political and institutional environments, civilians can lead SSR initiatives when they have political support and the technical capacity to do so.

Author: Claudio A Fuentes Source: Fuentes, C., 2002, 'Resisting Change: Security Sector Reform in Chile', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 2, no. 1 April 2002, pp. 121 - 131 Size: 11 pages ()
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What role have political armies played in nation building? What is the future of political armies? This book examines military involvement in politics and nation building. It suggests three ideal type scenarios for the fate of political armies: withering away, institutionalised modification, or perversion and corruption. It argues that ultimately only competent civilian state institutions and civil society organisations can bring an end to military involvement in the political arena.

Author: Kees Koonings (ed.) | Dirk Kruijt (ed.) Source: Koonings, K. (ed.), Kruijt, D. (ed.), 2002, 'Political Armies: The Military and Nation Building in the Age of Democracy', Zed Books, London, United Kingdom Size: 398 pages ()
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Small arms and light weapons are an enormous problem. They kill over 300,000 people every year, cause injury to over 900,000 people and affect millions indirectly through the dislocation of communities and destruction of livelihoods. This official UK policy briefing summarises the damage caused by small arms and light weapons and outlines current UK initiatives to combat the problem. There are an estimated 550 million small arms and light weapons: One for every 10 people on the planet. Small arms and light weapons are also cheap, durable, robust, easy to manufacture and copy and have a long lifespan. It is difficult to achieve effective controls: The manufacture and trade of small arms and light weapons is decentralised, and illicit transfers are believed to account for a significant proportion of the global trade - a market which is thought to be worth over one billion dollars annually. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons also has serious development costs: Post-conflict reconstruction and political, social and economic development are undermined, as are the security and stability of the country or region.

Author: Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, DFID Source: DFID 2001, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: A UK Policy Briefing', Department for International Development, FCO, and Ministry of Defence, London Size: 10 pages (195 kB)
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Are private military companies (PMCs) conducting support, training and combat activities a legitimate application of force for the modern state? This paper, authored by S Goddard, analyses the post-Cold War evolution of PMCs, their international legal status and the effects and ramifications of their use. The legitimacy of PMCs is both de facto and amoral, since they operate within a vacuum of regulation and accountability at both national and international levels.

Author: S Goddard Source: Goddard,S., 2001, 'The Private Military Company: A Legitimate International Entity Within Modern Conflict', A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA Size: 2 pages (34.0 kB)
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In 1998 Sandline International, a British private military company (PMC), signed a contract with the then exiled President of Sierra Leone to supply arms in contravention of a United Nations embargo. The fallout from this affair demonstrated the serious implications PMC activities can have on UK foreign policy. This report argues that the UK government should control the activities of mercenaries and private military companies operating out of the UK. It also proposes options for prospective legislation.

Author: Chaloka Beyani | Damian Lilly Source: Beyani,C. and Lilly,D., 2001, 'Regulating Private Military Companies: options for the UK Government', International Alert, London, UK Size: 42 pages (175 kB)
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How can the international community combat mercenarism and regulate the activities of private military and security companies? This briefing, by the British American Security Information Council and the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches sur la Paix et d'Ètudes Stratégiques, shows how the activities of the private security sector can contribute to small arms proliferation and misuse. The international community needs to implement existing legislation, uphold embargoes and introduce national laws to tackle the issue effectively.

Author: Sami Makki | Abdel-Fatau Musah Source: Makki, S., Meek, S. Musah, A.-F., Crowley, M. and Lilly, D. (2001). 'Private Military Companies and the Proliferation of Small Arms: Regulating the Actors', Biting the Bullet Briefing 10, BASIC, International Alert and Saferworld. Size: 9 pages (122KB)
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Civil-military relations (CMR) refers to the structural position of military institutions within government, as well as the informal influence of military groups within politics and society at large. What is the impact of different leadership approaches to the military? How significant is harmonious CMR for effective democratic government? This article from the Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies assesses the different relationships between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and political leadership from President Marcos through to the Macapagal-Arroyo administration.

Author: Raymund Jose Quilop Source: Quilop R.J., 2001, 'Waltzing with the Army: from Marcos to Arroyo', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 16 (2): 91-104. Size: 14 pages (984 kB)
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Has globalisation improved democratic development in Thailand since the 1990s? This Contemporary Southeast Asia article studies three of the main actors in the Thai political economy: the military, the private sector and civil society. All have undergone marked changes, and in particular the private sector has been reinvigorated. A new and more sophisticated conjunction has emerged between politics and business. Has the rise of 'money politics' become too forceful an opposition for true democratisation?

Author: Ukrist Pathmanand Source: Pathmanand U., 2001, 'Globalisation and Democratic Development in Thailand: The New Path of the Military, Private Sector, and Civil Society', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 23 (1): pp. 24 - 42. Size: 18 pages ()
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Africa experiences extremely high levels of violence and conflict. Although the end of the Cold War has seen democratisation and peace agreements in Africa, it has also led to new types of violence and the rise of private military companies. This has called for new measures to promote security in the area.

Author: E Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E. 2000, 'Understanding the African Security Crisis' in Musah and Fayemi (eds), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, Pluto Press, London. Size: 22 pages ()
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The issue of security sector management since Nigeria's independence has been tied to the politics of governance and to the activities of civil society. It encompasses both military and human security and involves questions of development and conflict management. What constitutes security sector reform and how should it be approached?

Author: A Abiodun Source: Abiodun, A. 2000, 'Security Reform in Democratic Nigeria', Conflict, Security and Development Group Working Paper, Centre for Defence Studies, Kings College, University of London Size: 52 pages (55 kB)
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Security is critical for the success of development and development is critical for security. This double proposition was widely supported by the participants of the London Symposium on Security Sector Reform and Military Expenditure (February 2000). Drawing on examples in particular from Sub-Saharan Africa, this UK Department for International Development report examines the questions of how military spending and civil/military relations can be improved and how the reform of the military can take place in light of development policies.

Author: Department for International Development Source: Department for International Development 2000, 'Security-sector Reform and the Management of Defence Expenditure: A Conceptual Framework', Discussion Paper no. 1, Annex 3, pp. 41-57, Security-Sector Size: 16 pages (1.1 MB)
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How have nations adapted their defence policies to the post-Cold War world? What is required to manage armed forces effectively in a democracy? This Institute for Security Studies (ISS) paper provides a practical guide to defence transformation, beginning with fundamental questions about the role and place of the military in civil society. It argues that defence transformation is not a single process with a generic blueprint; rather it must be an organic process that grows out of each country's particular circumstances.

Author: David Chuter Source: Chuter, D., 2000, 'Defence Transformation: a short guide to the issues', ISS Monograph no. 49, Pretoria Size: pages ()
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The security sector reform debate is still in its embryonic stage. Considerable political, practical, conceptual and strategic work still needs to be done on security sector reform before a flexible approach can be developed to most situations. There has been a shift in thinking from donor countries, international financial institutions and development agencies towards security sector reform.

Author: Williams, R. Source: Williams, R. 2000, 'Africa and the Challenges of Security-sector Reform', in Cilliers, J. and Hilding-Norberg, A. (eds), Building Stability in Africa: Challenges for the New Millenium, ISS Monograph Series, No 46, Pretoria. Size: 10 pages (50 KB)
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A comprehensive approach to security sector reform (SSR) includes not only improved use of resources and civilian control, but more competent forces capable of providing genuine security. This brief, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, examines SSR from the development perspective and discusses good development practices and obstacles to SSR. Local ownership is critical; top-down development processes that do not incorporate local contexts are unlikely to produce responsive, responsible political institutions.

Author: Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf, Herbert (Ed.) (2000). 'Security Sector Reform', Brief No. 15. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion. Size: 48 pages (637.65 kB)
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The international community increasingly recognises that security sector reform is fundamentally a governance issue. Development practitioners must therefore be centrally involved in this process, alongside a wide range of other actors. Since the 1990s development actors have begun to engage in efforts to strengthen security sector governance. However, this altered approach to security sector reform is very much a work in progress and key questions remain unresolved. In particular, how can the experience that has been gained be translated into good programming?

Author: N Ball Source: Ball, N. 1998 'Spreading Good Practices in Security Sector Reform: Policy Options for the British Government', Saferworld, London. Size: 59 pages ()
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Though civilian control of the military as an aspect of democracy has attracted the attention of policymakers around the globe, it is difficult to achieve and maintain. Countries with a recent history of authoritarian rule or those emerging from civil wars face particular problems in terms of the relative distribution of power between government and the armed forces. There is increasing acknowledgment by development practitioners of the connection between security and development policy, but what does this mean in practical terms? What kind of assessment should be carried out to determine the areas where involvement by donors will bear fruit?

Author: C Welch and J Mendelson Forman Source: Welch, C. and Mendelson Forman, J. 1998, 'Civil-Military Relations: USAID's Role', Centre for Democracy and Governance, US Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Size: 51 pages (216 kB)
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Why is demilitarisation important? Have South African policy changes on military reform been effective? What is the impact of demilitarisation on society and the environment? South Africa is among a number of countries that have changed from authoritarian to democratic rule over the past twenty years. Restructuring a country's military is essential to a successful transition and it is debatable whether South Africa has been able to achieve this thus far.

Author: J Cock | P McKenzie Source: Cock, J. and McKenzie, P., 1998, From Defence to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa, International Development Research Centre, Canada. Size: 246 pages ()
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This study, embarked upon under the auspices of Conciliation Resources, chronicles the cycles of conflict and dialogue in post-colonial Sri Lanka. Focusing on the endemic resistance activities of militant Tamil nationalism (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - 'LTTE') and the government's reciprocal policy of 'war for peace', the papers stimulate reflection on some key lessons to be drawn from the conflict experience in the region and highlights the failure of previous policies and approaches at achieving peace.

Author: Jeremy Armon | Liz Philipson Source: Armon, J. and Philipson, L. (eds.) 1998, 'Demanding Sacrifice: War and Negotiation in Sri Lanka,' Accord Issue 4, Conciliation Resources, London. Size: 81 pages ()
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Mali's resolution of its severe ethnic conflict involving the Tuareg nomads in the 1990s may provide useful insights into conflict resolution in Africa as a whole. This Strategic Studies Institute study describes the nature of the Malian solution and indicates the reasons for its success to date. A key reason for success being that instead of using military repression the Malian government pursued a process of reconciliation, which involved integrating Tuareg rebels into the Malian army.

Author: Colonel Kalifa Keita Source: Keita, K., 1998, 'Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg Insurgency in Mali', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 48 pages (307 kB)
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Is national security defined solely by domestic issues? With a policy emphasis on social welfare and national unity, can the stability of the State be retained at the cost of limited freedom and regulation for its citizens? This Stanford University article tracks the changing approach of the Indonesian government and resultant impact on its people, the region, and the wider international community.

Author: Dewi Fortuna Anwar Source: Anwar D.F., 1998, 'Indonesia: Domestic Priorities Define National Security', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 477- 512 Size: 19 pages ()
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What is Singapore's conception of its national security? This book chapter analyses Singapore's national security policies, emphasising the longstanding dominance exercised by an elite group of politicians and bureaucrats. It concludes that, while the state and its values remain firmly entrenched due to little internal opposition, Singapore's realist world view and conception of national security are liberalising as a result of international political and economic trends.

Author: Narayanan Ganesan Source: Ganesan N., 1998, 'Singapore: Realist cum Trading State', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 579-607 Size: 15 pages ()
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What has prompted Ghanaian military reform through the 1980s and 1990s? What have been the major steps in the depolitisation of the military? What have been the major limitations of the reforms? It was the wave of discontent with the politicised military hierarchy that brought the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) to power, and in the subsequent years, different phases of military policy can be identified that have changed the way the military and government interact.

Author: E Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E. 1997, 'Military Policy and Reform in Ghana', Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 35, no.2, pp. 251-78 Size: 27 pages ()
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The Vietnam People's Army (VPA) was founded in 1944, comprising thirty-four people and rudimentary weapons; over the next four decades it grew and modernised to become world's fifth largest military force. The withdrawal of massive Soviet funding in the early nineties meant that the VPA could no longer keep pace with its regional rivals, and defence capability was drastically reduced. What happened to force modernisation in the face of this change? This article from Contemporary Southeast Asia, Volume 19, focuses on development between 1992-1997, and details Vietnam's commitment to industrialisation and modernisation.

Author: Carlye A. Thayer Source: Thayer C.A., 1997, 'Force Modernization: The Case of the Vietnam People's Army', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 19 (1), pp. 1-28 Size: 15 pages ()
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How has modernisation changed the Malaysian Armed Forces? This article discusses the development of the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) in the context of a nascent inter-service rivalry between the army and the navy. It argues that the army has felt increasingly sidelined in the defence policy of the country and that the incipient rivalry will ensure that the army will seek to remain relevant by emphasising its conventional and mechanised capabilities.

Author: J.N. Mak Source: Mak J., 1997, 'The Modernization of the Malaysian Armed Forces', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 19 (1), pp. 29-51 Size: 12 pages ()
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Which programmes can assist states undergoing the transition from war to peace? How can external assistance support this process? For the past three decades, internal strife has wrought havoc on civil society and economic potential throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Demilitarisation is a precondition for reviving civil society, reducing poverty and sustaining development in the many SSA countries now undergoing the transition from war to peace.

Author: Nat J Colletta | Markus Kostner Source: Colletta, N.J, Kostner, M and Wiederhofer, I. 1996, 'The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa', Directions in Development, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Size: 80 pages (3.72 MB)
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A successful demobilization and reintegration program (DRP) for ex-combatants is the key to an effective transition from war to peace. How can this best be achieved? This World Bank study looks at DRP in several countries including Ethiopia. It suggests that its success signals the end to organized conflict and thereby provides the security necessary for people affected by war to reinvest in their lives and their country.

Author: Nat J Colletta Source: Colletta, A., Kostner, M. and Wiederhofer, I. 1996, 'Case Studies of War-to-peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda', World Bank Discussion Paper no. 331, Africa Technical Department series, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Size: 376 pages (26.32)
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How do countries deal with armies after war? What is the best way of integrating ex-soldiers into peace-time societies? This World Bank discussion paper assesses demobilisation and reintegration programmes (DRP) in several countries including Namibia. It asks how successful the Namibian government has been in restructuring its public expenditure in favour of poverty-oriented programmes and peace efforts.

Author: Nat J Colletta | M Kostner and I Wiederhofer Source: Colletta, A., Kostner, M. and Wiederhofer, I. 1996, 'Case Studies of War-to-peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda', World Bank Discussion Paper no. 331, Africa Technical Department series, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Size: 376 pages (26.32)
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Fifteen years of civil strife and guerrilla warfare left Uganda with a war-torn economy and society. How successful has its government been in demobilising the army? Has it been able to encourage development? This paper looks at the process by which the Ugandan government has shifted the burden of its public expenditure away from defence and security to social and economic development.

Author: Nat J Colletta | Kostner, M. and Wiederhofer, I Source: Colletta, A., Kostner, M. and Wiederhofer, I. 1996, 'Case Studies of War-to-peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda', World Bank Discussion Paper no. 331, Africa Technical Department Series, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Size: 376 pages (26.32)
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What does a country do with its armed forces after conflict? What are the key issues that need to be addressed to ensure the sustainability of disarmament programmes? How can donors make their assistance more effective? Demilitarisation and disarmament is often part of a wider challenge involving the reconstruction of states that in certain crucial respects can be said to have 'collapsed' or 'failed'.

Author: M R Berdal Source: Berdal, M. R. 1996, 'Disarmament and Demobilisation After Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts', Adelphi Paper 303, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Size: 88 pages ()
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Studies of African military establishments following early decolonisation in the late 1960s, though very much of their era, are nonetheless particularly relevant now because many of the features of that period are repeating themselves: The reassertion of Western hegemony; return to free market orthodoxy; transitions to democracy. Three overlapping debates dominated these studies: the conditions of democracy and civilian control, the role of the military in modernisation or development, and the political order itself.

Author: R Luckham Source: Luckham, R. 1994, 'The Military, Militarization and Democratization in Africa: A Survey of Literature and Issues,' African Studies Review, vol. 37 no. 2, pp. 13-75 Size: 63 pages (52 kB)
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What is the role of children in the process of reintegration and reconciliation in Sierra Leone, after the decade-long armed conflict? What procedures must be used in the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in order to safeguard the rights of children and make sure that their account of the events is properly recorded? This report contains recommendations for the TRC in dealing with children.

Author: Bert Theuermann and Natalee Mann Source: Mann, N. & Theuermann, B., 2001, 'Children and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Sierra Leone: Recommendations for Policies and Procedures for Addressing and Involving Children in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission', UNICEF National Forum for Human Rights and UNAMSIL/Human Rights Size: pages ()
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This harrowing account from UNICEF documents the reality of 69 children interviewed in six countries in the region, with an average recruitment age of 13. While individual experiences are varied, the conflicts have some common features. They are often geographically localised, of low intensity, rooted in ethnic or religious identities and directly affect only a small proportion of the population. A common strategy of deliberate terror against civilians is employed and the use of child soldiers is widespread.

Author: UNICEF | Karen Emmons Source: Emmons, K., 2002, 'Adult Wars, Child Soldiers: Voices of Children Involved in Armed Conflict in the East Asia and Pacific Region', UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Region Office (EAPRO) report Size: pages ()
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Is defense budgeting different from budgeting for other sectors? What constitutes good practice in defense budgeting? How can inadequate defense budgets be addressed? This paper from a staff member at the Center for International Policy, Washington DC looks at defense budgeting in Africa and suggests that sound fiscal management of the entire security sector is essential if a country is to have effective, efficient and professional security forces.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2003, March, Managing the Defense Budgeting Process, Paper presented at Lancaster House, London. Size: pages ()
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In recent years, security sector reform has become an important feature of the international development agenda. Yet there are almost no tools to help governments assess the quality of democratic security sector governance, and plan and implement sector reforms. This framework, from the Clingendael Institute, aims to fill that gap by identifying security sector governance needs and developing a strategy to address them.

Author: Nicole Ball | Tsjeard Bouta Source: Ball, N., Bouta, T. and van de Goor, L., 2003, Enhancing Democratic Governance of the Security Sector: An Institutional Assessment Framework, The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague. Size: pages ()
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