Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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How can civil society and the media help build integrity and reduce the risk of corruption in the defence and security sectors? This chapter argues that civil society and the media can play a key oversight role in the defence sector and build public support for more accountable democratic governance. Efforts are needed to promote an enabling environment for civil society and the media. Initiatives should include ongoing dialogue to foster cooperation and trust between the government, civil society (broadly defined) and the media.

Author: Ian Davis Source: Davis, I., 2010, 'The Role of Civil Society and the Media', in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280 Size: 20 pages (1.95 MB)
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What role does civil society play in security sector governance in Ukraine? This Almanac examines: the development of the National Security and Defence Council; Ukraine's place in the regional and global security structure; public debate on NATO in Ukraine; judicial reforms; the armed forces and law enforcement. Chapter three, summarised here, considers civilian control of defence and law enforcement agencies. Ukranian legislation assigns an important role to civil society organisations in this area. While some of these organisations make useful contributions, their activities sometimes display unwarranted intrusion, conflicting approaches, politicisation and unprofessionalism. Greater influence over personnel policy is needed, and the oversight of intelligence agencies must be addressed.

Author: Merle Maigre | Philipp Fluri Source: Maigre, M., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 234 pages (4.77 MB)
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How does Security Sector Reform (SSR) affect children? What are the roles of children and youth in supporting improved security and post conflict peace building? This paper analyses these questions from the perspectives of rights obligations, protecting social capital, demographics, and breaking the cycle of violence. Children and youth - the two groups especially affected by armed conflict - rarely receive consideration in SSR and Transitional Justice programmes. These programmes need to be more relevant to the concerns for young people if hard-won peace is to be durable. Focusing on the governance aspects of public security places children firmly on the justice and security agenda.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D., 2010, 'Children and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Peace-Building', Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-9, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence Size: 30 pages (451 kB)
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How do Palestinians assess Palestinian ownership in security sector reform? How could such ownership be improved? This report outlines the findings of working groups of local stakeholders. While perceiving donor support as critical for the success of security sector reform, participants expressed dissatisfaction with donor control of the planning and implementation of reform projects, noting discrepancies between donor and local priorities. They concluded that Palestinians should take the lead in SSR through improved coordination, development of a coherent strategy, and improved aid monitoring.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Source: DCAF, 2010, 'Building Ownership in Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF Spotlight no. 6, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Ramallah Size: 4 pages (459 KB)
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Integrated, comprehensive and inclusive armed violence reduction (AVR) programmes are an emerging and growing area of development practice around the world. This paper, published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, discusses the components of a multi-level AVR approach. Adopting integrated AVR programmes requires understanding of the multi-faceted, multi-level nature of armed violence, application of rigorous diagnostics of local situations and incorporation of local ownership at all levels of programme design and implementation.

Author: OECD-DAC Source: OECD-DAC, 2009, 'Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), Paris Size: 140 pages (1.7 MB)
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Why does children's security matter? How can civil society, security providers, democratic institutions and the international community effectively engage children and youth on security issues? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the links between children, youth and security. It argues that the concerns of children and youth are often overlooked on the security agenda. However, children and youth can have a positive contribution to make in addressing security concerns.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy D., 2009, 'Seen, but Not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 336 pages (1.76 MB)
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How can civil society most effectively work for peacebuilding? This report presents the findings of a comparative research project which analysed the performance of civil society in regards to protection, monitoring, advocacy, socialisation, social cohesion, facilitation, and service delivery in situations of war and armed conflict. It concludes civil society can play an important supportive role, but the effectiveness of its activities varied substantially. Contextual factors may limit or strengthen its ability to contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Civil Society and Peacebuilding', Working Paper, The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding, Geneva Size: 32 pages (364 KB)
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To what extent does Liberia's legislature have the necessary authority, ability and attitude to provide effective security sector oversight? What effect has international involvement had on security sector reform in Liberia? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines internationalised SSR and legislative oversight of the security sector in Liberia. It finds that while international support has helped to deliver critical reforms, it has also led to a top-down decision-making process lacking local consultation. The legislature and civil society are therefore important avenues for Liberians to shape the direction of security discourse.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye T., 2009, 'Liberia: Parliamentary Oversight and Lessons Learned from Internationalized Security Sector Reform', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 19 pages (147 kB)
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While a normative framework for security sector reform (SSR) has been well established, it has not been fully applied in practice and translated into effective programming. This report, published by the Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), summarises the main findings of an e-Conference discussion of unresolved SSR challenges. A new SSR research agenda needs to be launched in order to create an implementation framework more attuned to contemporary issues and challenges.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M., 2009, 'The Future of Security Sector Reform', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (648 kB)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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Africa has produced many able mediators in the past fifty years; it is time to refine, improve and assert this homegrown peacemaking capacity. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reports on the African Mediators' Retreat 2009, held to assess mediation efforts in various African states. Future discussions of the role of African mediators should address whether crisis response mediation undermines longer-term mediation objectives of social transformation and durable peace.

Author: HD Centre Source: Centre H., 2009, 'Meeting Report - African Mediators' Retreat 2009', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (564 kB)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What lessons can be learned from the process of democratising Nepal's security sector and what are the challenges ahead? This edited volume examines the Nepali security sector in relation to: the legislature-parliament; the executive; security providers; security-related actors; and civil society and the media. It argues that security sector reform should be based on a holistic approach that incorporates all relevant security structures, institutions and actors. Security sector transformation (SST) is an important element of democratisation, peace-building, institutional reform and political legitimacy.

Author: Bishnu Sapkota Source: Sapkota B., (Ed.), 2009, 'The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 363 pages (2 MB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What policy challenges and opportunities do donors face in seeking to strengthen the effectiveness of non-state/local justice and security networks? This paper recommends an approach of pragmatic realism that acknowledges the multi-layered pluralism of the post-colonial state and accommodates the flexibility and nuances of non-state/local networks. Donors must make a significant shift from mentoring state employees to supporting local civil society and NGOs, largely by assisting in community organisation. While fragile states require long-term statebuilding, a policy of pragmatic realism is the most viable means of reaching that goal.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 64 pages (430 kB)
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How can the Afghan government and international supporters engage most effectively with non-state actors in community-based policing? The distinct characteristics and context of the Arbakai is an example of the diversity of armed non-state actors (ANSA) in Afghanistan. This diversity necessitates nuanced thinking about the role of and engagement with ANSA. There is a move to create or reinvent ANSA to help overcome Afghanistan's security deficit. While a carefully considered plurality of security provision facilitated by the state is advisable, cooperation with ANSA should be limited to those which fill gaps in state provision rather than those which replace and challenge the state.

Author: Susanne Schmeidl | Masood Karokhail Source: Schmeidl S. and Karokhail M., 2009, 'The Role of Non-State Actors in 'Community-Based Policing' - An Exploration of the Arbakai (Tribal Police) in South-Eastern Afghanistan', Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 30, No.2, pp.318-342 Size: 25 pages (200 kB)
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What is the present state of Bangladesh's security sector and its oversight mechanisms? What are the obstacles to reform? This paper focuses on the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), the Bangladesh Police and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). It finds that the security sector, especially the police, is not accountable, transparent or efficient. The development of an effective and accountable security sector in Bangladesh is hindered by an ineffective parliament, intolerance between ruling and opposition parties, corruption and bureaucratic malpractice, lack of judicial independence, lack of long-term vision, and partisanship in civil society. A non-biased, people-centric security policy must be established, and this requires radical change in the attitude of politicians and bureaucrats.

Author: M. Jashim Uddin Source: Uddin, M. J., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Bangladesh', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 209-230 Size: 22 pages ()
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so critical for Pakistan? What are its SSR challenges how can these be addressed? Pakistan has suffered recurrent political upheavals and security threats that have undermined attempts to build strong democratic institutions. SSR efforts have been hindered by poor governance, by a lack of governance reform and accountability and by civilian regimes' appeasement of the military. The unprecedented security pressures Pakistan now faces necessitate a more modern and broader approach to security sector governance. Political and economic stability needs to be established by developing and implementing an effective internal security strategy. This should involve ensuring the stringent accountability of Pakistan's intelligence services and police force and changing their image.

Author: Salma Malik Source: Malik, S., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Challenges, Remedies and Future Prospects', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp. 273-289 Size: 18 pages (132 kB)
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Sri Lanka's security sector is geared towards violence and offers stiff resistance to reform. Bodies set up to implement SSR have been afflicted by political interference, lack of powers and resources, and lack of seriousness about the reform process. Wide-ranging reforms of the Constitution, an active civil society, and continued external support are needed to achieve sustained SSR in Sri Lanka.

Author: Rosy Cave | N Manoharan Source: Cave, R. and Manoharan, N., 2009, 'Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp.291-314 Size: 24 pages (162 kB)
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Why and how has West Africa's approach to security become less focused on the state and more focused on human security? This article explains the transformation in this sub-region's security agenda and examines the evolving relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and civil society movements. It finds that civil society engages effectively with ECOWAS and has an active role in West Africa's security decision-making processes. There are challenges ahead for this relationship, however, and civil society's capacity for high-level advocacy needs to be enhanced. Clarity of vision within ECOWAS and a dynamic civil society are required to prevent external agencies from hijacking the sub-region's security agenda.

Author: 'Funmi Olonisakin Source: Olonisakin. F., 2009, 'ECOWAS and Civil Society Movements in West Africa', IDS Bulletin, Vol.40, No.2, pp.105-112 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Saferworld | Claire Hickson Source: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), 2008, 'Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya', Saferworld, London. Size: 32 pages (1.02 MB)
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Kyrgyzstan's judiciary is biased in its arbitration of political and economic disputes. This research from International Crisis Group suggests that if the judiciary is to become an independent branch of government and gain public trust it needs to reform. Reform is essential for a pluralistic and stable political system in the long term. Reform would also reduce corruption and encourage development. Unless the government allows greater self-governance for lawyers and independence for judges, no amount of training will create an effective system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Kyrgyzstan: The Challenge of Judicial Reform', Asia Report N°150, 10 April 2008, Brussels Size: 30 pages (614 kB)
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What role will the EU play in Kosovo's security sector reform (SSR)? What challenges does the EU-led presence face? This paper from the European Security Review takes Kosovo as a test case for the EU in striving for a comprehensive approach to SSR. A complex history and political background, ethnic divides and widespread corruption all pose challenges. In learning from experience and continuing present efforts, the EU must take up its responsibilities as a global actor in crisis management.

Author: Sophie Dagand Source: Dagand, S., 2008, 'The Prospects for a Future Kosovo: The Role of Security Sector Reform', European Security Review no.38, ISIS-Europe, Brussels Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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How can Liberians, following an extended period of civil war, regain effective oversight of their elected representatives and avoid further violent conflict? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) report argues that such an outcome can only derive from the rule of law. It is essential that legislators and other stakeholders are aware of the legal framework for security provision and governance in Liberia. This compendium provides a comprehensive list of the existing security legislation.

Author: Thomas Jaye | DCAF Source: Jaye, T., 2008, 'Liberia's Security Sector Legislation', DCAF Size: 188 pages (169KB)
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Why are measures to promote peace in Afghanistan not succeeding? A significant reason is that in a fractured, impoverished society, there is no effective strategy to help Afghans deal with disputes peacefully. This Oxfam International Research Report calls for greater donor support for NGOs engaged in community peacebuilding and for the development of a national strategy. This could be realised by convening a national conference, attended by NGOs and experts from Afghanistan and overseas, government officials, religious leaders and United Nations (UN) representatives.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2008, 'Community Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: The Case for a National Strategy', Oxfam, Oxford Size: 2 pages ()
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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What is meant by democratic control of armed forces and why is it important? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) background paper argues that democratic control of armed forces is essential for ensuring democracy and the rule of law in fragile and failed states. The paper provides a concise introduction to the topic and outlines the key debates.

Author: David Law, DCAF Backgrounder Series Editor Source: DCAF, 2008, 'Democratic Control of Armed Forces', DCAF Backgrounder, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 8 pages (1.62MB)
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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Mexico's official human rights organ, Comision Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH), is failing to promote reforms to improve Mexico's dismal human rights record. What has gone wrong? This research, by Human Rights Watch, argues that the CNDH could play a far more active role but it has been limited by its own policies and practices. For such an institution to be a catalyst for change, rather than a chronicler of the status quo, it must be proactive and persistent in promoting solutions.

Author: www.hrw.org Source: Human Rights Watch, 2008, 'Mexico's National Human Rights Commission: A Critical Assessment', Human Rights Watch, New York Size: 130 pages (586 kB)
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How successful has Georgia been in its security sector reforms? This paper from the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development argues that a lot remains to be done to eliminate legislative flaws and the shortcomings of management. However, in such a fragile state, attempts to introduce best democratic practices immediately, without taking into account Georgia's particular circumstances, could threaten the state. NATO and the EU should assist Georgia and make it a test site for mutual cooperation.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Georgia 2004-2007', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi Size: 68 pages (543KB)
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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What impact have land tenure issues had on violent conflict in Kenya? This conference report, published by the African Centre for Technology Studies, argues that the status quo of land tenure in Kenya inevitably leads to violent outcomes. However, no single meta-narrative can explain the shifting nature of land conflicts in Kenya, or in Africa generally, with greed, grievances and other factors at play. Issues of ownership, access and use all feature in land tenure conflicts in Kenya, causing not only violence but also poverty and economic instability.

Author: Judi Wakhungu | Elvin Nyukuri Source: Wakhungu, J., Nyukuri, E. & Huggins, C., 2008, 'Land Tenure and Violent Conflict in Kenya', African Centre for Technology Studies, Consultative Conference Proceedings, Nairobi Size: 34 pages (2.1 MB)
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To what extent can traditional practices be used to end conflict in Uganda? This study suggests that the Acholi people of Uganda maintain their sophisticated cultural beliefs about the spirit world and their social order. These shape their perceptions of truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation, and they would like to use them for conflict resolution. There is a wealth of knowledge inherent in the traditional practices and culture of the Acholi, which offers credible principles for conflict management and harmonious living within the wider global society.

Author: James Ojera Latigo | International IDEA Source: Latigo, J.O., 2008, 'Northern Uganda: tradition-based practices in the Acholi region', in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, pp. 85-122 Size: 27 pages (1MB)
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What role can civil society and businesses play in rebuilding countries emerging from conflict? This report, by the Centre for Research and Dialogue, considers this question with regard to south-central Somalia. It argues that civil society, despite being marginalised by armed factions, can play an important part in peacebuilding and should engage in collective action so as to maximise its impact. It also argues that businesses should be involved in peace negotiations and are crucial to the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of ex-combatants.

Author: Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue, 2008, 'A Force for Change: Promoting the Roles of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Peace-Building and Reconciliation in South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Size: 54 pages (1.3 MB)
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How can civil society organisations (CSOs) ensure accountability and transparency in the security sector? Whilst CSOs have facilitated security sector reform in transition and post-conflict states, much of their potential remains untapped. This UNDP handbook provides guidance on how CSOs can plan, structure and implement activities to support public oversight of the security sector. Areas of focus include monitoring, budget analysis, legal assistance, legal reform and work with the media and others to improve access to information on security issues.

Author: Eden Cole (ed.) | Kerstin Eppert (ed.) Source: Cole E., Eppert K., Kinzelbach K. (eds.), 2008, 'Public Oversight of the Security Sector: A Handbook for Civil Society Organizations', UNDP, Bratislava Size: 355 pages (3.5 MB)
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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How has Kup Women for Peace (KWP), a community organisation in Papua New Guinea, contributed to reducing violence and ensuring free and fair elections? What progress has KWP made in changing attitudes about women and their roles in society in the Kup sub-district? This article from Gender & Development describes the work of KWP. It shows how in seven short years, KWP has gone from tribal peacebuilding to ensuring a free, fair and violence-free election in Kup.

Author: Rachael Hinton et al. | Yanny Guman Source: Hinton, R. et al, 2008, 'The Kup Women for Peace approach to peacebuilding: taking the lead in the Papua New Guinea national elections', Gender and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 523 - 533 Size: 11 pages ()
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What role have civil society organisations (CSOs) played in conflict prevention in West Africa? What challenges do they face in playing a more effective role? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the various contributions that CSOs have made to conflict prevention in West Africa. It argues that effective conflict prevention requires effective partnerships between CSOs and national governments.

Author: Thelma Ekiyor | UNIDIR Source: Ekiyor T., 2008, 'The role of civil society in conflict prevention: West African experiences', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 27-34 pp. 27 - 34 Size: 8 pages (113 kB)
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Is there a generally accepted way of managing the institutional relationship between a society and its military in the European Union (EU)? Is there something characteristically European about the relationship? This study from the Centre for European Security Studies looks at the common norms and good practices of civil-military relations in the countries of the EU. It argues that although there has been much talk of a common European approach and common values, actual mechanisms vary significantly from country to country.

Author: Anne Aldis (ed.) | Margriet Drent (ed.) Source: Aldis, A. & Drent, M. (eds.), 2008, 'Common Norms and Goof Practices of Civil-Military Relations in the EU', Centre for European Security Studies (CESS), The Netherlands Size: 184 pages (1.17MB)
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How do civil society organisations (CSOs) impact upon conflict dynamics and conflict resolution efforts? This Institute of Development Studies (IDS) paper provides critical assessments of local CSO contributions in five conflict cases - Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Western Sahara and Israel/Palestine. It finds civil society facing similar problems across these five intractable conflicts. CSOs could develop this sector further through a number of measures, including actively promoting the values of democracy to be learnt and experienced on the ground.

Author: Nona Mikhelidze | Nicoletta Pirozzi Source: Mikhelidze, N. and Pirozzi, N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in Abkhazia, Israel/Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Western Sahara', Policy Working Paper, no. 3, MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton Size: 86 pages (721KB)
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Who are the key players in Pakistan's power dynamics? What role is given to the judicial system and civil society? This report by Jayshree Bajoria offers a brief outline of the political power dynamics in Pakistan's including the traditional role of the military and intelligence agency. It follows by providing a detailed explanation as to other key players which have emerged as dominant stakeholders in Pakistan's power dynamics.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2008, 'Pakistan's Institutions and Civil Society', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York, USA Size: pages ()
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Despite eight years of security sector reform (SSR) advocacy in Indonesia, basic democracy policy objectives and professional, accountable military and police services have yet to be achieved. This paper, published by the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, examines civil society organisations' (CSO) efforts to promote SSR in Indonesia from 1998-2006. While CSOs need to re-formulate their SSR advocacy strategies, the government should comprehensively evaluate SSR laws, policies and implementation in order to improve security sector accountability.

Author: Nancy Slamet Source: Slamet N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Security Sector Reform in Indonesia: 1998-2006', International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, and Institute for Defense Security and Peace Studies, Montreal, Canada Size: 34 pages (546 KB)
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While Singapore's security governance is distinct from those of its Southeast Asian counterparts, it shares regional traits of technocratic primary and relative lack of democratic controls. This paper, published by Contemporary Southeast Asia, discusses the evolution of and current challenges facing Singapore's security sector in light of current security sector governance theory. While Singapore governs its security sector better than most Southeast Asian countries, its technocratic manner and illiberal approach justify the need for some level of reform.

Author: See Sen Tang | Alvin Chew Source: Tang S.S., Chew A., 2008, 'Governing Singapore's Security Sector: Problems, Prospects, and Paradox', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 30 (2): 241-263 Size: 24 pages ()
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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How are distinctions between public and private and between global and local security governance in Africa being redrawn? This article surveys the breadth of private security activity on the continent, and the political and economic factors driving its growth. It argues that analysis of private security in Africa must be situated within the significant power shifts taking place in international political economy. Contemporary security involves complex, fluid structures in which public and private agents interact, cooperate and compete. Issues of public scrutiny and accountability have important implications for democratic control and oversight.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C., 2008, 'Public/Private, Global/Local: The Changing Contours of Africa's Security Governance', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp 539-553 Size: 15 pages ()
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How can democratic policing be developed in Bangladesh? This chapter reviews policing and police reform, highlighting the challenges of corruption, misconduct and politicisation. Despite promising initiatives by the Police Reform Programme, achieving reform implementation and embedding respect for human rights in police culture remain challenging. Reforms will only succeed in practice if politicians demonstrate the political will for change.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Bangladesh' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp16-31 Size: 15 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter finds that despite Pakistan's progressive Police Order of 2002, effective implementation of police reform has been blocked by a culture of political interference in police matters and by opposition from vested interests among the bureaucracy, by elements of the policing community and by alienated provincial governments. A failure to appreciate the impact that inadequate and oppressive policing can have on politics and governance risks repeating the mistakes that have plagued Pakistan since Independence. The regressive amendments to the Police Order since 2002 must be repealed and the successful reform of the National Highways and Motorway Police should be emulated.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Pakistan' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 54-75 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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The effort to implement better policing in Sri Lanka has stalled, and international pressure on the government has produced only the appearance of respect for human rights. This chapter finds that police reform will not work while the civil war is ongoing or while politicians are unwilling to end their patronage of the police. In order to begin to democratise the police, the government must scale back the military offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and pursue a long-term political solution that involves devolution to the provinces. To end the culture of impunity, police human rights abuses must be impartially investigated and prosecuted.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Sri Lanka', in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 76-90 Size: 14 pages (2.9 MB)
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There is currently little guidance available for ombudsman institutions on how they should structure their work to improve human and public security. This publication, by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), aims to close this gap. It focuses on the role of Ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the security sector. It argues that independent ombudsman institutions can play an important role in strengthening democratic oversight and furthering human and public security.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E. (eds.), 2007, 'Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector: Recommendations for Ombudsman Institutions to Promote and Protect Human Rights for Public Security', UNDP / DCAF. Size: 92 pages (1076 kB)
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This is the only comprehensive and regularly published account of the global conflict-induced internal displacement situation. In addition to an analysis of developments at the global level, the report also provides overviews of regional and thematic trends. It aims to raise awareness of the still often-overlooked plight of some 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and to draw attention to existing gaps in response at both the national and international level.

Author: Jens-Hagen Eschenbächer Source: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2007 ,'Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2006', Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 103 pages (3.63 MB)
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How useful have the OECD's Principles of Good International Engagement in Fragile States been in the context of Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) concentrates on the conflict between the North and the South and on three key elements of the Principles: Donor coordination, state-building and peacebuilding. On the basis of this experience, it finds the OECD Principles to be very relevant for guiding international engagement.

Author: Anita Haslie | Axel Borchgrevink Source: Haslie, A. and Borchgrevink, A., 2007, 'International Engagement in Sudan after the CPA: Report on the Piloting of OECD/DAC's 'Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States' for the Case of Sudan', Paper no. 714, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Size: 46 pages (403 KB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Liberia's national security sector operates under old structures that are unworkable, wasteful and do not engender the support of the people. This paper, authored by Gompert, Oliker, Stearns, Crane and Riley, recommends the organisation of a new sector architecture of both force structure and security institutions. Liberia must create a new security structure capable of meeting the country's internal and external challenges.

Author: David C. Gompert | Olga Oliker Source: Crane,K., Gompert,D., Oliker,O., Riley,K. & Stearns,B., 2007, 'Making Liberia Safe - Transformation of the National Security Sector', Monograph, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA Size: 118 pages (561kb)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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To what extent have religious leaders in Afghanistan been involved in the reconstruction of the country? How do they view the Afghans and foreigners who are driving it? This paper, by the Cooperation for Peace and Unity, analyses the debates surrounding religious groups in the country and assesses their potential role as civil society actors. The paper argues that most religious leaders have a positive view of development. The government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should make greater efforts to forge links with them.

Author: Kanishka Nawabi | Mirwais Wardak Source: Wardak, M., Zaman, I., and Nawabi, K., 2007, 'The Role and Functions of Religious Civil Society in Afghanistan: Case Studies from Sayedabad and Kunduz', Cooperation for Peace and Unity, Kabul Size: 53 pages (380 KB)
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Experts agree that police reform involving the community is critical for peace and development. Yet to date there has not been a study on what international practitioners are doing in community-based policing (CBP) initiatives across Southeastern Europe. This document, by the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme, looks at project activities that address the issue of community involvement in police reform in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. It argues that the SSSR Programme is contributing to increased security in Albania and is a model worthy of replication.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'The Critical Link: Community Policing Practices in Southeastern Europe', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 36 pages (339 kB)
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How successful have Community Problem Solving Groups (CPSGs) been at representing their communities and identifying and solving problems? How supportive of their efforts are local government officials? This study from the United Nations Development Programme assesses the Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme's CPSGs in Albania. In general, local governments are interested in supporting the CPSGs, local police officers are dedicated to community-based policing, and there are active CPSG members. The CPSGs thus have a lot of potential, which the SSSR Programme should help to realise.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'Representation, Relevance and Interest: An Assessment of the SSSR Programme's Community Problem Solving Groups', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 29 pages (336 kB)
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Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. The Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006 considered the cases of Guatamala and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the peace agreements that ended the conflicts in these countries a decade after they were signed and a number of related issues. The introductory article from the conference outlines the factors that lead to establishing truth commissions in one context and judicial tribunals in another, considering how a society can learn to live with the memory of human rights violations, and how external actors can contribute to the process of reconciliation.

Author: Jonathan Sisson Source: Sisson,J.(ed.), 2007, 'Dealing with the Past in Post-Conflict Societies: Ten Years after the Peace Accords in Guatemala and Bosnia-Herzegovina', Introduction at the Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006, Bern Size: 80 pages (871 kB)
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How successful has security sector reform (SSR) been in Indonesia since 1998 and what challenges remain to be overcome? This Almanac, by the Indonesia Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies (LESPERSSI) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps out the institutional and societal actors in the Indonesian security sector. It then assesses the level of effective democratic parliamentary and civil society oversight of the security sector and identifies SSR needs in the short and long term.

Author: Beni Sukadis Source: Sukadis,B.(ed.), 2007, 'Almanac on Indonesian Security Sector Reform 2007', DCAF-Lesperssi, Bern. Size: 221 pages (4.43 MB)
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While most states in Central Asia have conducted varying degrees of defence and security sector institutional reform, practical application of reform varies from country to country. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the status of defence and security reform in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Weak economies, lack of democratic governance and intractable security issues such as drug smuggling are major hindrances to reform.

Author: Eden Cole (editor) | Philipp Fluri (editor) Source: Cole,E. & Fluri,P., 2007, 'Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States', DCAF, Bern Size: 112 pages (563.90 kB)
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How influential are civil society organisations (CSOs) in South Africa and Uganda? This article examines the extent to which CSOs influence government policy and legislation and extend citizen participation in public affairs. It also considers how far external funding influences policy engagement and outcomes. The capacity of CSOs to offer citizens a say in decisions and to enhance pluralism may be as important as their ability to influence policy and demand accountability from state actors.

Author: Mark Robinson | Steve Friedman Source: Robinson, M. and Friedman, S., 2007, 'Civil Society, Democratization, and Foreign Aid: Civic Engagement and Public Policy in South Africa and Uganda', Democratization, Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 643-668 Size: 27 pages (160 KB)
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What security threats and challenges confront the European Union (EU)? How is the EU to deal with these threats and challenges? The 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) set out the principles, priorities and procedures of how the EU intends to protect and promote its security. This article from European Security Review suggests that the ESS should be revised in light of the changing threats and challenges facing Europe. To become a genuine strategy the ESS should contain clear targets and objectives, and detailed action plans for their achievement.

Author: Stephen Pullinger Source: Pullinger,S., 2007, 'Revising the European Security Strategy: Building a secure Europe in a better world', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (92 KB)
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Is the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) an effective instrument for promoting peace and stability in Africa? How successfully does it address the links between peace, governance and development? This article from The African Security Review critically examines how the APRM self-assessment questionnaire covers conflict detection and prevention. Reviewing the first three APRM country reports, from Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda, it questions whether the APRM is an effective instrument for promoting peace. While the APRM could be useful in describing sources of conflict and tension, Africa should not rely on the APRM alone to prevent conflict.

Author: Steve Gruzd Source: Gruzd,S., 2007, 'Peace, Security and the African Peer Review Mechanism: Are the Tools up to the Task?', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 13 pages (152 kB)
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What challenges confront the peacebuilding agenda in Africa? To what extent have peacebuilding measures been undertaken in conflict-ridden African states? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges, extent and achievement of peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace. The experience of Sierra Leone demonstrates growing international recognition that peacebuilding should be an essential part of any multinational peacekeeping operation in Africa. While many positive developments have strengthened the prospects for long-term peace in Sierra Leone, several problems still need to be urgently addressed.

Author: Theo Neethling Source: Neethling,T., 2007, 'Pursuing Sustainable Peace Through Post-conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Sierra Leone', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (148 kB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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What are the key challenges for justice sector reform in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) highlights both improvements and issues yet to be addressed in the country's administration of law and justice. Whilst it has seen many positive developments since the restoration of civilian rule in 1993, including an increased institutional respect for the rule of law, justice reform remains piecemeal and uncoordinated.

Author: To whom it may concern | To whom it may concern Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and the Institute for Democratic Governance, Size: 23 pages (100 KB)
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What are the key challenges to the promotion of democracy and political participation.in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) reviews the status of institutional reforms and the role of the media, civil society and citizens in the country's movement towards full democracy. While much progress has been made since the return to civilian rule in 1993, there is a need to address outstanding issues, including an incomplete reform processes, inefficiency, lack of funding and continued non-democratic practices.

Author: AfriMAP | OSIWA Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Democracy and Political Participation', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and Institute for Democratic Governance. Size: 23 pages (95 KB)
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Minority issues lie at the heart of many of the world's conflicts. Yet minority rights are often marginalised in peace processes and conflict prevention programmes. This study, by the Minority Rights Group, looks at Chechnya, Darfur, Kashmir, Kosovo and Sri Lanka. Understanding the warning signs provided by minority rights violations could prevent conflicts. Groups should not be separated along ethnic, religious or linguistic lines as a way of creating peace, as such divisions can entrench old hatreds and wounds in the long term.

Author: Clive Baldwin | Chris Chapman Source: Baldwin, C., Chapman, C. and Gray, Z., 2007, 'Minority Rights: The Key to Conflict Prevention'. Minority Rights Group International (MRG), Minority Rights Report, UK Size: 44 pages (435 KB)
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What is the impact of democratic governance on national security in Southern Africa? How does it affect collaboration in regional security? This study, by the Southern African Defence and Security Management Network (SADSEM), looks at the countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) - South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland and Tanzania. Taking both an historical and comparative perspective, it suggests that the relationship between democratisation, national security and security cooperation in the region is still not clear. The relationship depends on the stability of a country, the nature of its democratic transition and the degree of institutionalisation of its democratic governance.

Author: Gavin Cawthra (ed.) | Abillah Omari (ed.) Source: Cawthra,G., du Pisani,A. and Omari,A. (eds.), 2007, 'Security and Democracy in Southern Africa', The Wits P&DM Governance Series, Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa Size: 340 pages ()
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What are the key features of Nigeria's governance crisis and how can these be addressed? This paper from Human Rights Watch documents the most important human rights abuses of Nigeria's political process. Only determined action to reform key institutions will achieve meaningful change in the way Nigeria conducts its political business.

Author: Chris Albin-Lackey | Ben Rawlence Source: Albin-Lackey, C., and Rawlence, B., 2007, pp. 1-51 and 103-112 in 'Criminal Politics: Violence, "Godfathers" and Corruption in Nigeria', vol. 19, no. 16(A), Human Rights Watch, Africa Division Size: 123 pages (1 MB)
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How can the concept of human security be used as a practical device to address armed violence? This paper from the Centre for Policy Studies presents the example of a Brazilian non-governmental organisation (NGO) that uses the human security concept as a tool to formulate policies and execute projects on the ground. The human security concept can be a powerful point of departure to orient governments, international and regional organisations and NGOs towards initiatives that increase personal safety.

Author: Ilona Szabó de Carvalho | Raphael M.C. Corrêa Source: De Carvalho, I. S. and Corrêa, R. M. C., 2007, 'Brazilian Perspectives on Human Security', Policy: Issues and Actors, vol. 20, no. 8, Centre for Policy Studies, Johannesburg Size: 20 pages (250 KB)
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In 2007 Sierra Leone held fair elections for the president and parliament. Will these lead to increased development and democracy? This essay by the Center for Global Development assesses the elections from the perspective of the country's troubled history and post-conflict state building. The long-term impact of the elections will depend on the government's ability to tackle endemic corruption, rebuild infrastructure and encourage investment. It also depends on the emergence of a constituency that has the knowledge, power and commitment to demand democratic governance from its leaders.

Author: Carol J. Lancaster Source: Lancaster, C. 2007. 'We Fall Down and Get Up: State Failure, Democracy and Development in Sierra Leone', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 10 pages (296KB)
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How should donor countries cooperate with partner countries in conditions of poor government performance and fragile statehood? How should they engage with multilateral organisations in regard to development policy? This strategy paper from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) outlines a framework for development cooperation in countries with fragile governance conditions. If development cooperation is to be more effective in difficult settings it must be adapted to the political and social conditions in partner countries.

Author: Dr Eduard Westreicher | Dr Ludgera Klemp Source: BMZ 2007. 'Development-Oriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance', Strategies 153, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn Size: 44 pages (354 kB)
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In the aftermath of the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War in Lebanon, the Gulf States and Jihad Al Bina, Hezbollah's reconstruction wing, undertook significant post-war reconstruction activities. This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the extent to which these reconstruction activities constitute an alternative to the liberal peace. While they do not have the critical mass or ambition to constitute a fully-fledged alternative, they reveal limitations in the liberal peace approach to reconstruction.

Author: Roger MacGinty Source: MacGinty, R. 2007. 'Reconstructing Post-War Lebanon: A Challenge to the Liberal Peace?', Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.457 - 482 Size: 27 pages (184 KB)
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What do the Burundi peace negotiations reveal about the neo-liberal conception of peace that informs conflict resolution in Africa? Using the Burundi peace negotiations as an example, this article from Review of African Political Economy examines neo-liberal conflict resolution in Africa. Peace negotiations should be seen as political struggles, beyond that between the belligerents, due to the involvement of supporting actors promoting vested interests. Resulting peace agreements are not necessarily consensual or compromises for the sake of peace, but rather temporary stalemates between international, regional and local actors.

Author: Patricia Daley Source: Daley, P., 2007, 'The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace-making', Review of African Political Economy, 34(112) , pp.333 - 352 Size: 20 pages ()
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Serbia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Serbia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. The legislation currently in force in Serbia represents an encouraging level of commitment to EU norms in arms transfer controls. There are also welcome signs of growing capacity to better enforce the legislation. There is still more to be done, however, and challenges remain.

Author: Roy Isbister | Anna Richards Source: Isbister R., et al., 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Serbia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 30 pages (233 KB)
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The European Commission's Eurobarometer survey reveals high levels of public support for European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). However, this paper from European Security argues that public support for ESDP is much more ambiguous than it seems. Although Europe's security and defence policy has progressed rapidly, there is a disconnection between ESDP as a European (elite) project and the European people. This is significant because the preferences of Europeans could enable or impede the further development of ESDP.

Author: Klaus Brummer Source: Brummer, K. (2007). 'Superficial, not Substantial: The Ambiguity of Public Support for Europe's Security and Defence Policy', European Security, 16(2), pp. 183-201, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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What are the links between youth, security and development? How can security and development initiatives improve the lives of youths in developing countries? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines how youths feature in global security and development initiatives. It concludes that meeting youths' needs requires close collaboration among stakeholders, with financial assistance from development agencies helping bring together local, national and regional actors.

Author: Olawale Ismail | Abiodun Alao Source: Ismail, O. and Alao, A. (2007). 'Youths in the interface of development and security', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 3-25, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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Can civil society organisations play a role in building citizenship and confronting violent actors and acts of violence? This Institute of Development Studies Working Paper argues that they can, and explores civil society participation in Colombia and Gutamela. Building citizenship in chronic violence contexts requires simultaneous attention to citizenship and to violence, and it is also important to clarify the relationship between power and violence.

Author: Jenny Pearce Source: Pearce, J. (2007). 'Violence, Power and Participation: Building Citizenship in Contexts of Chronic Violence', IDS Working Paper 274, Institute of Development Studies Size: 66 pages (560KB)
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How accountable are nuclear weapons controls? This policy paper adopts a broad, governance focussed perspective and examines the spectrum of political oversight and control mechanisms that may apply within and between nuclear weapon states. It explores the roles and requirements of the state executive, the military, specialised civilian institutions, parliamentary institutions and civil society. It draws on notions of civilian control and democratic accountability, which have been established in the context of efforts for security sector reform.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H. (2007). 'National Governance of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities and Constraints', Policy Paper 15, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 25 pages (242kb)
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How should local ownership be promoted as part of justice and security sector reform? This handbook, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, suggests ways of putting the principle of local ownership into practice. Transferring the responsibility for rule of law to local stakeholders is complicated but essential. It is important to build the capacity of local people to drive change and sustain efforts to strengthen the rule of law.

Author: Annika S. Hansen, Sharon Wiharta, Bjørn R. Claussen, Stian Kjeksrud Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S with Claussen, B. R. and Kjeksrud, S., 2007, 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Practitioners' Guide', Handbook Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 82 pages (1.2 MB)
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The rule of law must be addressed as part of any effort to prevent, manage or resolve conflict. This report, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, argues that local stakeholders should be given as much authority as possible in establishing the rule of law. Although the shape and pace of reform will vary in different areas of the justice and security sector, popular and political acceptance is indispensable to all stages of the transition in order for it to be consolidated.

Author: Annika S. Hansen | Sharon Wiharta Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S. (2007). 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Policy Report', Research Report Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 74 pages (343KB)
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Underlying drivers of conflict, including the decision on future status, must be addressed in order to move Kosovo towards a more prosperous and stable future. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a conflict analysis conducted throughout Kosovo. International and local administrations need to clarify the division of security sector competencies and engage the public in discussions of nation building and security issues.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, 2007, 'Kosovo at the crossroads: Perceptions of conflict, access to justice and opportunities for peace in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, Size: 32 pages (506 kB)
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In South Africa, the legacy of apartheid is still felt and transformation of society continues to be a central concern. But how does judicial independence relate to transformation? This study by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation analyses judicial independence and highlights the potential tensions with other aspects of transformation. It argues that the government and the public must understand the importance of judicial independence. They should resist weakening independence in the name of transformation and align other aspects of transformation with strengthening judicial independence.

Author: David Bruce | Amy Gordon Source: Gordon, A. and Bruce, D., 2007, Transformation and the Independence of the Judiciary in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 61 pages (598KB)
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What are the implications of multiple policing providers in Africa for government and donor security policies? This book from the Nordic Africa Institute examines 'multi-choice' policing in sub-Saharan Africa - the fragmented and overlapping pattern of public and private policing. It includes case studies of Uganda and Sierra Leone. Governments should act to maximise the benefits of non-state policing and minimise its hazards. They need a national strategy that integrates, regulates, mobilises and empowers all those willing to preserve law and order in an acceptable way.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Multi-Choice Policing in Africa', Nordic Africa Institute, Sweden Size: 227 pages ()
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What are the experiences in regional approaches to security sector governance in Africa, the Americas and Europe? What lessons can be drawn for promoting good and democratic governance of security sector institutions in these and other regions? This book by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) compares and assesses regional security sector governance approaches. The model of the Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the most advanced of its kind and has inspired African and American approaches. Emphasis must be placed on civilian participation and democratic objectives as opposed to military solutions implicit in the war-on-terrorism agenda

Author: Victor-Yves Ghebali | Alexandre Lambert Source: Ghebali, V. & Lambert, A. (eds.), 2007, 'Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area : Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 323 pages (1.35MB)
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Even in countries with well developed and trained police forces, human rights violations occur. Why is this and how can human rights advocates effectively intervene and engage with police? Answers will differ from country to country, and it is for this reason that interventions must be based on contextual analysis and assessment. This Amnesty International report aims to facilitate such assessments by helping understand the basic functions of policing in a society and with what minimal norms and principles they should comply.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Osse, A., 2007, 'Understanding Policing: A resource for human rights activists', Amnesty International Netherlands. Size: 326 pages (1.69MB)
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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What impact have reforms in the criminal justice system had on crime and violence in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica? This working paper from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government shows how the governments of the Dominican Republic and Jamaica can further strengthen their efforts to measure the impact of the justice system, and also how both countries might pursue better coordination among institutions that collectively produce justice and safety. Furthermore, it suggests how they might also link criminal justice reforms to a broader, multi-sector strategy of crime and violence prevention.

Author: Todd Foglesong | Christopher Stone Source: Foglesong, T and Stone, C., 2007, 'Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic', Harvard Kennedy School of Government, RWP07-019, April 2007 Size: 39 pages (454 kB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Why are the efforts of donors to promote reform for democratic policing often unsuccessful? This article, published by the journal Policing and Society, examines the efforts undertaken in Brazil from 1997 to 2003 to encourage institutional changes within the police force. Given the many political and administrative challenges in carrying out such reforms, external donor agencies must promote broader forms of intervention to ensure both enhanced public safety and respect for human rights.

Author: Elizabeth Leeds Source: Leeds, E., 2007, 'Serving States and Serving Citizens: Halting Steps toward Police Reform in Brazil and Implications for Donor Intervention', Policing and Society, vol. 17, no.1 March 2007 pp. 21-37 Size: 18 pages (123kB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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Why has statebuilding in Somalia failed so often? This research from Davidson College suggests that the problem lies in the type of state that both external and local actors have so far sought to construct. Somalia needs to develop a mediated state in which a central government with limited power and capacity relies on a range of local authorities to execute core functions of government and mediate between local communities and the state.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkahus, K., 2007, Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106 Size: 33 pages (361KB)
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How can statebuilding be improved? This paper from the University of California argues that successful statebuilding may be possible if the international community adopts a new framework. It presents a relational concept, using Somalia and Somaliland as case studies, and identifies alternative ways to rebuild state legitimacy.

Author: David Lake Source: Lake D., 2007, 'Building Legitimate States After Civil Wars: Order, Authority, and Institutions', University of California, San Diego Size: 95 pages (902KB)
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What efforts have outside actors made to promote democracy in Bangladesh? Do these efforts help and are they legitimate? This paper from the Asiatic Society surveys the state of knowledge on the efforts of external actors to promote democracy in Bangladesh. It argues that the experience of Bangladesh can offer vital lessons for bringing about democratic transitions and consolidating democracy in Muslim nations.

Author: John Barkdull Source: Barkdull J., 2007, 'Democracy promotion in Bangladesh: the role of outside actors', Asiatic Society Size: pages ()
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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What factors promote or hamper Security Sector Reform (SSR) planning and implementation in West Africa? Why has the donor-led focus on formal organisations proven ineffective? This study analyses the interaction between formal organisations and informal networks in the Mano River Basin (MRB). It finds that all socio-economic and social-political action in the MRB is carried out through informal networks. A comprehensive approach to security in the region needs to include a wide range of partners and actors, including 'Big Men' who have unofficial authority.

Author: Magnus Jörgel | Mats Utas Source: Jörgel, M. and Utas, M., 2007, 'The Mano River Basin Area: Formal and Informal Security Providers in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone', Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm Size: 113 pages (3.5 MB)
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The African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework, developed by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) aims to ensure that the peace, security, humanitarian and development dimensions of African post-conflict reconstruction systems should be directed towards a common objective. In this context, this paper published by the German Development Institute examines the challenges facing post-conflict reconstruction systems in Africa, focusing on the new interfaces between security and development. The paper finds that a more coherent post-conflict reconstruction strategy is required.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2006, 'New Interfaces between Security and Development', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S.,. Bonn, Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 13 pages (833 KB)
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How can a citizen-centred approach to development build effective states by improving relations between state and society? This paper from the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, gives an overview of current debates and analyses citizens' own views on these issues. It argues that a state's legitimacy is strengthened by civic participation, which often grows up around local issues, and can be empowered through donor support.

Author: Eyben, R. | Ladbury, S. Source: Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S., 2006, 'Building effective states: Taking a citizen's perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Size: 28 pages (558 kB)
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How effectively has the international community dealt with (re)construction of the security sector in countries facing international engagement following severe conflict? This paper, for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), evaluates (re)construction efforts in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste. It is argued that external actors have tended to take a limited approach to the security sector. They have focused on the efficiency of security institutions while neglecting managerial and governance capacity.

Author: David M Law Source: Law, D., 2006, 'The Post-Conflict Security Sector', Policy Paper 14, DCAF, Geneva Size: 17 pages (217KB)
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The link between transitional justice and security sector reform (SSR), although acknowledged, has not been sufficiently explored. This article by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) attempts to establish that they can mutually affect each other in numerous ways. This can have both positive and negative impacts upon long-term reform and sustainable peace. It also evaluates the merits and challenges faced by transitional justice mechanisms and argues for a complimentary approach to transitional justice.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobbek, E., 2006, 'Transitional Justice and Security Sector Reform: Enabling Sustainable Peace', DCAF, Geneva Size: 99 pages (1166 kB)
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Why has Security Sector Reform (SSR) emerged as a key area for research and policy? How has SSR research and practice evolved, particularly since the 9/11 attacks? What research efforts have been made in the area of SSR? This paper charts the emergence of the SSR policy agenda and examines how it has evolved over time. Critically, there is a disjuncture between SSR policy as articulated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), international security assistance programmes, and the needs of developing countries.

Author: Nicole Ball | Dylan Hendrickson Source: Ball, N. & Hendrickson, D., 2006, 'Trends in Security Sector Reform (SSR): Policy, Practice and Research', International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottowa Size: 43 pages (273 kB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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While donors and the academic community are paying increased attention to civil society, few studies examine security sector reform (SSR) and governance from a civil society perspective. This paper by Marina Caparini and Philipp Fluri is the first chapter of a book that explores the nexus between civil society and the security sector. Using conceptual perspectives and studies of central and east european countries (CEE), the book provides a detailed analysis of civil society actors in CEE and its current relationship with the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini | Philipp Fluri Source: Caparini,M. & Fluri,P., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini,M., Fluri,P. & Molnar,F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.1. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Civilian democratic control of security institutions in the 21st century will require a dual approach that includes both institution building and support of civil society organisations (CSOs). This paper by Johanna Mendelson Forman argues that donor security sector reform (SSR) programmes need to involve non-traditional actors who can support and translate concepts of security to the local level. Long-term development of democratic states will be impossible unless reformed security sectors improve the economic, political and social well-being of the people.

Author: Johanna Mendelson Forman Source: Forman, J., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform - What Role for Civil Society?', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.2. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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It is essential that governments include civil society as a full partner in the democratisation of security sector governance. This paper, authored by Nicole Ball, discusses the roles civil society can play in the democratisation of security. Despite the improved capacity of civil society to influence governments in general, there are significant challenges to the development of an integrated, effective civil-military relationship.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.4. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Various theories have been proposed for how security sector reform (SSR) leads to development, yet little attention has been given to how to measure SSR on the ground. This study, by the Cranfield Security Sector Management Team, tests indicators at two project sites of a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Community-based Policing (CBP) project in Albania. The results indicate that the best indicators for a police project's success on the road to democracy and economic development in a transitional state can be seen in public perceptions of police legitimacy.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2006, 'Social Capital, Fear and Police Legitimacy: Measuring Community Based Policing in Albania', Journal of Security Sector Reform Management, Vol.4, No.3 Size: 23 pages (370 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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This article examines policing in Sierra Leone four years after the civil war. It evaluates the achievements in the area of policing against the major policing challenges in African post-conflict societies. Sierra Leone still does not exert effective control over, nor is it able to deliver state policing services to, significant parts of its own territory. It may be that some community-led policing groups can be harnessed and if necessary reformed to assist the police in establishing the rule of law.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security & Development, 6, 1, 25-50. Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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What made the 2005 elections in Liberia unusual amongst post-conflict elections in Africa? What factors determined how Liberians voted in the elections? This article from the Journal of Modern African Studies analyses the 2005 presidential and legislative elections in Liberia. It finds that the virtual absence of transformed rebel forces or an overbearing incumbent gave the elections extraordinary features in an African setting. Another unusual feature in the context of African elections was the fragility of party loyalty.

Author: David Harris Source: Harris, D. 2006. 'Liberia 2005: an unusual African post-conflict election', The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), pp.375-395, Cambridge University Press Size: 21 pages (127 kB)
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Effectively addressing security issues requires partnership between those affected by insecurity and those responsible for maintaining the welfare and safety of the public. This publication outlines the approach to community safety developed in south eastern Europe by Saferworld, the Balkan Youth Union (BYU), the Centre for Security Studies - Bosnia-Herzegovina (CSS), CIVIL and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ). This approach has delivered real change to the situations of those it sought to support. Approaches such as this can bridge the gap between the policies of institutions and the concerns of the communities they serve.

Author: Juliana Sokolová | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld et al. 2006. 'Creating safer communities: Lessons from South Eastern Europe', Balkan Youth Union, Centre for Security Studies, CIVIL, Forum for Civic Initiatives, Saferworld Size: 45 pages (1.36 MB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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The European Union (EU) recognises SSR as an important part of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, democratisation and sustainable development. This paper, by the European Commission, sets out principles for the European Community's (EC) engagement in SSR. It aims to ensure a more coordinated approach across the various strands of EU external assistance relevant to SSR, and to improve complementarity between EC activities and those undertaken by the EU under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and by member states bilaterally.

Author: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2006, 'A Concept for European Community Support for Security Sector Reform', Communication from The Commission to The Council and The European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Size: 12 pages (54kB)
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To what extent can security sector reform (SSR) and development assistance counter radicalisation? This paper, by the Danish Institute for International Studies, explores this linkage. The paper outlines the concept of SSR and establishes its role in development assistance and in countering radicalism. It then explores the applicability of SSR in countering radicalism through case studies in Iraq, Afghanistan and Indonesia. It is argued that security is an essential prerequisite to sustainable development.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | Olivia Hamill Source: von Tangen Page, M. and Hamill, O. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform and its Role in Challenging of Radicalism', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/10, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 29 pages (101 kB)
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What do the Palestinian people think of the situation they live in? This report examines if, and to what extent, changes in the political and socio-economic environment have affected Palestinian public perceptions of security sector governance. It explores whether the change of government has altered the way Palestinians' perceive not only their security needs but also the peace process and their trust in political factions and the government. An increasing majority of Palestinians feel insecure.

Author: Riccardo Bocco | Roland Friedrich Source: Bocco, R., De Martino, L., Friedrich, R., Al Husseini, J. and Luethold, A. (2006). 'Politics, Security and the Barrier: Palestinian Public Perceptions', Institut universitaire d'études du développement (IUED) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 65 pages (1.88MB)
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What are the issues in reforming Turkey's security sector in line with EU accession requirements? This almanac by the Turkish Economics and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) offers a comprehensive review of Turkey's security sector from a human security perspective. Turkey confronted internal security threats in the 1990s. These led to the adoption of a more militarised strategy and the sidelining of elected bodies, civil society, and the media. After gaining EU candidate status in 1999 and the financial crisis of 2001 serious efforts have been made to democratise the security sector. Despite positive steps, military policies persist behind the formalities of democratic government.

Author: Umit Cizre Source: Cizre, Ü, 2006, 'Almanac Turkey 2005 - Security Sector and Democratic Oversight', DCAF and TESEV Size: 285 pages (3.3 MB)
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How effective was the reform transformation of the Peruvian police between 2001 -2004? This article from Civil Wars journal argues that Peru's police reform process suffered from fluctuating political interest and support. Consequently, although achievements were significant, they were much less than initially hoped. The article examines the host of difficulties faced in achieving reform and concludes that additional resources and consistent political and institutional backing are necessary to foster and sustain transformation.

Author: Gino Costa Source: Costa, Gino, 2006, 'Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru, 2001-2004', Civil Wars, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 215-230 Size: 17 pages (114 kB)
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How successfully has Guatemala's military and democratic transformation been since 1986? This Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad article examines civil-military relations in Guatemala since the large scale processes of pacification and democratisation began in that year. Guatemala has advanced significantly towards the de-militarisation of society and subordination of the military to legitimate political authority. However, limitations in the nature of the country's democratic institutions and political culture have, as yet, prevented these goals from being reached.

Author: Bernardo Areválo de León Source: Areválo de León, Bernardo, 2006, 'Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict in Guatemala', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, vol. 20 no.1, pp. 63-108. Size: 46 pages (259KB)
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Since the country's return to democracy in 1990, Chile has implemented a broad programme of judicial reform. However, this University of Florida paper argues that Chilean judicial transformation is incomplete with reforms not addressing existing military jurisdiction over the country's police, the Carabineros. Under the current arrangement, Chilean security forces continue to act with impunity at the expense of citizen security, not as effective guardians of it.

Author: | Meredith Fensom Source: Fensom, M, 2006, 'Judicial Reform, Military Justice, and the Case of Chile's Carabineros', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006 Size: 18 pages (234 kB)
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How can policymakers in Latin America reduce people's fear of crime? This study, by FLACSO, compares "zero tolerance" with community-based policing strategies in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile and it asks which is more successful. It assesses the links between fear of crime, the media and community participation. It finds that citizens' economic, political and social insecurities are the main determinants of how vulnerable they feel. Cities that employ community-based strategies to fight crime have lower levels of public fear of crime.

Author: | Lucia Dammert Source: Dammert, L. and Malone, M., 2006, 'Does It Take a Village? Policing Strategies and Fear of Crime in Latin America', Latin American Politics & Society, vol. 48, no. 4, Winter 2006, pp. 27-51 Size: 21 pages (104 kB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Sierra Leone, particularly of the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Since multiparty democracy was reintroduced in 1996, the situation has significantly improved, especially with the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for budget formulation. Overall, ongoing reforms have made the budgeting process more open, more consultative and, most crucially, driven by clear goals.

Author: Osman Gbla Source: Gbla, O., 2006, 'Sierra Leone', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 180-196 Size: 17 pages (107 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Nigeria, particularly of the Nigerian Armed Forces, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. After civilian rule resumed in 1999, the new government pledged military reform and anti-corruption measures, but progress on some issues has been slow. Individual corruption remains an endemic problem for all financial management initiatives. Due process in military budgeting remains a remote prospect given poor oversight, unclear policies and the absence of many key stakeholders.

Author: Wuyi Omitoogun | Tunde Oduntan Source: Omitoogun, W. and Oduntan, T., 2006, 'Nigeria', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 154-179 Size: 26 pages (154 kB)
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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Rebuilding a post-conflict country is more than restoring buildings and institutions; it involves restoring trust and confidence, fostering relationships and giving people hope. This report, published by Interpeace, reviews its Somali Dialogue for Peace programme, a consultative process that brought officials, ex-combatants and citizens together to plan a collective, peaceful future. Dialogue with civil society and citizens is critical to the establishment of a stable and long-term security structure in Somalia.

Author: Interpeace | Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia, 2006, 'Dialogue not Guns: Promoting Security and Stabilisation among the Communities of South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia Size: 43 pages (1.43 MB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector and civil society in Tanzania? What progress have Tanzania's security institutions made in terms of the transition to multi-party democracy? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies examines the relationship between the state, the security sector and civil society in Tanzania. It argues that the unique relationship between Tanzania's ruling party and the security sector was beneficial in consolidating the Tanzanian state. However, Tanzania must now gradually distance its security institutions from the ruling party and create appropriate, adequate, accountable and affordable security services.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | Jonathan Lwehabura (ed.) Source: Rupiya M., Lwehabura J., Roux L.l., (eds.), 2006, 'Civil Security Relations in Tanzania - Investigating the Relationship Between the State, Security Services and Civil Society', Monograph 128, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 45 pages (224 kB)
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Without democratising civil-military relations (CMR) and balancing power between civilian political authority and the officer corps, prospects for democratic consolidation in transition countries will remain problematic. This paper, published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, discusses CMR democratisation in the Philippines and reviews the reform efforts of the current administration. The future of democratic CMR in the Philippines depends upon reformers establishing new civil-military dynamics that are genuinely supportive of CMR.

Author: Carolina G. Hernandez Source: Hernandez C.G., 2006, 'Rebuilding Democratic Institutions: Civil-Military Relations in Philippine Democratic Governance', in Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao (ed.), 'Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared', Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, Taipei, pp. 39-56 Size: 308 pages (13 MB)
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Despite global trends towards military reform, militaries in Southeast Asia have continued to play prominent roles in domestic politics. This paper, published by The Pacific Review, investigates four Southeast Asian countries to determine why global military reform has not had as great an impact there as elsewhere. While the global security sector reform (SSR) agenda is informed by a predominantly North American civil-military approach, it could be modified to suit the Southeast Asian context.

Author: Mark Beeson | Alex J. Bellamy Source: Beeson M., Bellamy A.J., Hughes B., 2006, 'Taming the tigers? Reforming the Security Sector in Southeast Asia', The Pacific Review, Volume 19 (4), pp. 449-472 Size: 25 pages (144 kB)
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What are the comparative advantages, and limitations, of civil society in contributing to peace-building? This paper from the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management discusses definitions of civil society (CS); outlines examples of CS peace-building activities; and discusses the positive contribution and potential limitations of CS involvement, with particular reference to Bosnia-Herzegovina. Civil society can play a key role in peacebuilding, but cannot compensate for state-building deficits: the strengthening of the state, economy and society must proceed simultaneously.

Author: Martina Fischer Source: Fischer, M., 2006, 'Civil Society in Conflict Transformation: Ambivalence, Potentials and Challenges', Special Reproduction for the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, and the Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies, Sri Lanka Office, Colombo. Size: 32 pages (393 KB)
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A legitimate, representative and capacitated civil society is essential for effective state-building and a condition for sustainable peace in Nepal. This article, by International Alert, considers how donors should respond to the events of Jana Andolan II in terms of supporting civil society. It makes five specific recommendations and argues that donors should prioritise their support to civil society outside Kathmandu.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2006, 'Supporting Civil Society in Building Peace in Nepal', International Alert Size: 18 pages (136 kB)
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The Local Governance Project (LGP) in Iraq has achieved some success as part of the US-led reconstruction effort. This paper, compiled for Public Administration and Development, reveals how the LGP's focus on local governance and civil society is encouraging the development of the social capital necessary to foster effective democratic governance in Iraq. But how successful can such an initiative be in a country where violence prevails and the strength of old social and political structures endure?

Author: Derick W. Brinkerhoff | James B. Mayfield Source: Brinkerhoff, D. and Mayfield, J., 2005, 'Democratic governance in Iraq? Progress and peril in reforming state-society relations', Public Administration and Development, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 59-73 Size: 15 pages (132.8 kB)
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The UNICEF-sponsored Child-Friendly Community Initiative (CFCI) represents an integrated, multi-sectoral and community-driven approach for the delivery of basic services to poor and vulnerable people in Sudan. What are the main achievements of CFCI? How does it differ from other donor interventions aiming to enhance service delivery? Compiled for the Department for International Development, this case study examines the effectiveness of the CFCI approach in Sudan and attempts to draw lessons for donors on service delivery in other fragile states.

Author: Magüi Moreno-Torres Source: Moreno-Torres, M., 2005, 'Service Delivery in a Difficult Environment: the Child-friendly Community Initiative in Sudan', Department for International Development, UK. Size: 36 pages (278.9 kB)
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A safe, secure environment for people, communities and states is essential for sustainable development and conflict mitigation. This article in Public Administration and Development analyses the challenges confronting the achievement of democratic security sector governance after conflict. Addressing these challenges requires professional security forces, capable civil authorities, rule of law and regional approaches. Local stakeholders must make hard decisions about priorities on the availability of domestic resources and the costs and benefits of accepting external assistance.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2005, 'Strengthening Democratic Governance of the Security Sector in Conflict-affected countries', Public Administration and Development, vol. 25, no. 1 Size: 14 pages (123.1 kB)
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Has access to justice in Europe improved in recent years? This report, by Public Interest Law Initiative and the Open Society Institute, provides a narrative summary of the Second European Forum on Access to Justice. The forum brought together 200 legal professionals, rights advocates, representatives of international institutions and government officials from 40 countries to discuss strategies for improving legal aid. It included discussions of ongoing legal reforms, developments in international legal aid standards and civil society and government initiatives to put these standards into practice.

Author: PILI Source: Open Society Justice Initiative, 2005, 'Second European Forum on Access to Justice: Preliminary Forum Report', 24-25 February 2005, Budapest, Public Interest Law Initiative/Open Society Justice Initiative Size: 56 pages (1.7MB)
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How should international agencies work with local civil society during peacebuilding operations? This article from Security Dialogue analyses the relationship between aid agencies and local NGOs and communities to identify problems in the way the international community has traditionally undertaken peace operations. It argues that international bodies need to reform their understanding of local civil society in order to foster better local ownership of peacebuilding projects.

Author: Beatrice Pouligny Source: Pouligny, B., 2005, 'Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Ambiguities of International Programmes Aimed at Building 'New' Societies', Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 495-510 Size: 15 pages (117.4 kB)
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In West Africa, a combination of norm-setting at the sub-regional level and activism in the non-governmental sector is driving the move toward improved security sector governance (SSG). The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces has studied aspects of SSG in sixteen West African countries. This resulting analysis suggests that democratisation does not necessarily lead to democratic governance of the security sector.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, A., N'Diaye, B. and Olonisakin, F., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Turning Principles to Practice', Policy Paper no. 8, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 23 pages (395.82KB)
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Civil society organisations (CSOs), particularly non-governmental organisations (NGOs), play a prominent role in conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet there is poor understanding about CSOs and how to engage them more effectively. This World Bank working paper explores this issue using pilot assessment tools in Angola, Guinea Bissau and Togo. It argues that donors should move towards more sustained engagement with CSOs, focusing on institution building among CSO networks.

Author: Social Development Department, World Bank Source: Social Development Department, 2005, 'Engaging Civil Society Organisations in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States: Three African Country Case Studies', The World Bank Size: 57 pages (449 kB)
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Development cooperation has an increasingly important role to play in the areas of peace and security. This paper from the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) defines its approach to peace and security in development cooperation. It clarifies Sida's policy to create conflict-sensitive development programmes that integrate peace and security issues into implementation. Application of peace and security issues to development cooperation programmes not only promotes human security and empowerment of the poor, it also increases the likelihood of sustainable development.

Author: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Source: Sida, 2005, 'Promoting Peace and Security through Development Cooperation', Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (23.5 kb)
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Civil society is a primary source of local ownership, legitimacy and sustainability of post-conflict reconstruction. This paper, authored by Marina Caparini, examines the role of civil society in security sector reconstruction and uses a case study of post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina to analyse donor impact on civil society in post-conflict states. Donors need to address not only their short-term needs for civil society partnerships, but the recipient country's long-term need for a strong civil society that is responsive and accountable to citizens.

Author: Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M. 2005, 'Enabling Civil Society in Security Sector Reconstruction', in A. Bryden and H. Hänggi, eds, Security Governance in Post Conflict Peace Building, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Cambodia. The study confirms that inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence and allow local people to participate in determining the future of their communities. Weapon reduction measures using incentive schemes for communities in exchange for weapons cannot be successfully implemented without first introducing measures for local community engagement.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2005, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Cambodia: An Assessment of Different Weapon Collection Strategies by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/6, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 133 pages ()
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In Sri Lanka in 2004-2005, a civil society awareness process was initiated to allow civil society to participate in the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA). This document, by Saferworld and the South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka), represents a record and analysis of discussions that took place during the consultation process. The civil society consultation process was held in 23 districts covering nine provinces. It concludes that violence within different ethnic groups within the country has increased and democracy has declined due to violence around elections.

Author: Saferworld | South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka) Source: South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld, 2005, 'Small arms and light weapons challenges in Sri Lanka and options for the way forward: A civil society consultation process to support the establishment of the National Commission against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (NCAPISA)', South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld Size: 22 pages (266kB)
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What steps has the international administration in Kosovo taken to enable civilian management and oversight of the security sector? This report from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research (KIPRED) and Saferworld surveys the provision and oversight of security in Kosovo. It finds that Kosovo's security architecture cannot be said to be democratic. Kosovars continue to be on the receiving end of security services over which they have little ownership or control.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Lulzim Peci Source: Dugolli, I. and Peci L. 2005. 'Enhancing civilian management and oversight of the security sector in Kosovo', REPORT; Governance and security in South Eastern Europe, Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) and Saferworld Size: 37 pages (331 KB)
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What effect do small arms have on security in rural Pacific Islands communities and how successful have measures to combat these effects been? How can disarmament practitioners assess the impacts of small arms misuse in rural communities, given the difficulties of collecting quantitative data on armed violence? This report from the Small Arms Survey presents the views on small arms of rural communities in Papa New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands. Presenting results from a pilot study, it demonstrates the ability of participatory research to provide high-value, low-cost insights, offering an alternative to traditional quantitative research.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Robert Muggah Source: LeBrun, E & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2005, 'Silencing Guns: Local Perspectives on Small Arms and Armed Violence in Rural Pacific Islands Communities', Occasional Paper 15, Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 72 pages (788 KB)
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What effect are faith-based NGOs having on religion and society in Kosovo? What are the possible consequences of leaving the provision of services in rural Kosovo to Saudi-funded religious organisations? This paper from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) examines the activities of Saudi-funded faith-based organisations in Kosovo. It argues that the international community, by neglecting rural areas of Kosovo, is enabling these organisations to promote an intolerant and divisive brand of Islam.

Author: Isa Blumi Source: Blumi, I. (2005). 'Political Islam Among the Albanians: Are the Taliban coming to the Balkans? 2nd Edition', KIPRED: Prishtina. Size: 38 pages (309 kB)
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What challenges do south-eastern European countries face in terms of security sector reform (SSR)? In 2002 the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) conducted a special programme on the progress of SSR in South East Europe (SEE). The overall objective of the programme was to assess progress to date, review lessons learned, and identify requirements for reform programmes implemented in each country as well as those leading to enhanced regional cooperation.

Author: Eden Cole | Timothy Donais Source: Cole, E., Donais, T. and Fluri, P. (2005). 'Defence and Security Sector Governance and Reform in South East Europe Self-Assessment Studies: Regional Perspectives', Nomos. Size: pages ()
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How has security sector reform (SSR) progressed since the Rose Revolution? Georgia has been undergoing almost continual changes in its political system, which has effectively hindered the establishment of a consolidated security sector. The situation is characterised by fragmented and deeply under-funded power agencies, subjective forms of control over them, weak civilian oversight, intense corruption, no legitimacy in society at large, and the absence of a concept of overall reform. SSR in Georgia is in need of a reform.

Author: Philipp H. Fluri | Eden Cole Source: Fluri, P.H. and Cole, E. (Eds.) (2005). 'From Revolution to Reform : Georgia's Struggle with Democratic Institution Building and Security Sector Reform', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy) Size: 14 pages (73kb)
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What is the way forward for peace and stability in Liberia? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at Liberian post-conflict reconstruction, particularly at security sector reform (SSR). It argues that SSR needs to focus not only the efficacy of security institutions, but also on ensuring that they are consistent with the democratic norms of transparency, accountability and responsiveness.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2005). 'The Challenges and Opportunities of Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Liberia', Occasional Paper 09, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 88 pages (624KB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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There are signs that West Africa is beginning to waken fully to the need to tackle its security challenges. This Conflict, Security and Development article argues that while the relationship between democratisation and democratic governance of the security sector is unclear, norm setting at the sub-regional level, as well as activism in the non-governmental sector is driving moves towards improved governance. The major challenge remains to get individual states to live up to their security sector governance commitments.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, B. et al., 2005, 'Democratizing Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Trends and Challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 203-226 Size: 25 pages ()
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While Kenya has instituted widespread defence, police, judicial and constitutional reforms, the probability of successful security sector reform (SSR) remains highly questionable. This paper, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, reviews recent attempts by Kenya to make its security sector more effective and accountable and less corrupt. Notwithstanding reform efforts, Kenya's SSR is largely ineffective; the country lacks a constitutional reference point grounded in democratic values.

Author: Bonn International Center for Conversion Source: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Kenya', Inventory of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in partner countries of German development assistance, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 16 pages (72.7 KB)
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How do we understand the nature of armed groups? What is the importance of perceptions in regards to motivation and goals? This Conciliation Resource paper reflects on the questions of ideology, power and representation; examining the implications for conflict resolution strategies. It is found that the conflict resolution community tends to ignore certain issues that do not fit into current conceptualisations, while a deeper understanding of how to build relationships is required.

Author: Clem McCartney Source: McCartney, C., 2005, 'Engaging Armed Groups in Peace Processes: Reflections for Practice and Policy from Colombia and the Philippines', Accord, no. 16, Conciliation Resources, London Size: 20 pages (258kB)
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Can UN civil-military coordination (CIMIC) policies that have been developed to manage the relationship between humanitarian actors and military forces during the humanitarian emergency phase of conflict, be applied to manage the relationship between all civilian actors and UN military units during peacebuilding? This research from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) suggests that UN CIMIC actions can make a positive contribution to the overall peacebuilding process if the military components' resources, energy and goodwill can be positively channelled in support of the overall mission objectives.

Author: Cedric de Coning Source: de Coning, C., 2005, 'Civil-Military Coordination and UN Peacebuilding Operations', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.89-118 Size: 29 pages (913KB)
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What are the best ways to promote security sector governance in Africa? What are the roles of government, the military and civil society in the process? This paper comes from a workshop with the theme Security Sector Governance. It was held in Ghana and organised by Africa Dialogue and Security Research (ASDR) and Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). The workshop included presentations by practitioners and academics and case studies from African countries and other regions in transition to democracy for example Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Author: Anicia Lala | Riefqi Muna Source: Lalá, A. and Muna, R., 2004, Workshop on Security Sector Governance in Africa', in Elmina, Ghana, 24-26 November 2003, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform Paper 33 Size: pages ()
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In the wake of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, two key questions have confronted the Americans and Iraqis who now hold power. How can Iraq be stabilised? How can it be liberalised economically, politically and socially? This report by United States Institute of Peace suggests that although the requirements of stabilisation have so far overshadowed progress toward liberalisation, significant steps have been taken in transitioning from totalitarianism to free market democracy. Much more, however, remains to be accomplished.

Author: Faleh A. Jabar Source: Jabar, F., 2004, 'Postconflict Iraq : A Race for Stability, Reconstruction and Legitimacy', United States Institute for Peace Special Report No. 120 Size: 20 pages (210kB)
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What are the problems of state-reconstruction in war-torn societies? This paper from the Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, examines the role of international actors in the hugely ambitious project of rebuilding states after war. The study argues that the traditional linear model of conflict progression as pre-, during, and post-conflict, with attendant progression from relief to reconstruction and development, is too simplistic. Effective interventions must take account of individual contexts, have national "buy-in", and must be founded on good political and moral principles to gain legitimacy.

Author: Robert Luckham Source: Luckham, R., 2004, 'The International Community and State Reconstruction in War-torn Societies', Journal of Conflict, Security and Development Size: 28 pages (133.8 kB)
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After the 1991-2002 war, the international community invested heavily in setting up transitional justice mechanisms in Sierra Leone. However, fundamental issues like national reconciliation, a responsive and non-corrupt police and local access to justice remain elusive. What has gone wrong? This study by the Clingendael Conflict Research Unit (CRU) argues that in order for Sierra Leone to move from ephemeral transitional justice to sustainable rule of law, capacity-building of key domestic institutions needs to be taken more seriously.

Author: Pyt Douma Source: Douma, P. and de Zeeuw, J., 2004, 'From Transitional to Sustainable Justice: Human Rights Assistance to Sierra Leone', Clingendael Conflict Research Unit Policy Brief no. 1, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit Size: 4 pages (175 KB)
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What is the role of regional organisations in promoting security in Africa? Does the state remain the dominant actor or is there a role for non-state actors? In This book advances a conceptual framework for human security in Africa and examines the potential of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) to promote good governance standards. Despite the increasing participation of civil society, a viable alternative to the state has not yet emerged on the international security scene.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2004, 'Human Security in Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Review', African Human Security Initiative Size: 51 pages (227 KB)
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There is a need for more comprehensive solutions to wider security sector challenges in conflict resolution. This report, from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, provides an overview of the security reforms that were implemented in Sierra Leone. It serves as a set of guidelines for practitioners supporting similar programmes in the future. It argues that the different elements of a Security Sector Reform programme should be sequenced strategically.

Author: Ann M. Fitz-Gerald Source: Fitz-Gerald, A.M., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector reform (GFN-SSR), Shrivenham Size: 24 pages (297 KB)
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What are the linkages between security sector reform (SSR) and the reform of various rule of law institutions, such as the police, justice and intelligence services? This edited volume, published by Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, argues that the SSR activities that have been initiated in Africa, either by donor influence or by local decision, have been undertaken in a piecemeal fashion. Security sector reform can be enhanced through a coherent and inclusive framework that incorporates police, justice and intelligence reform as an essential aspect of the reform process.

Author: Jeffrey O Isima Source: Ferguson, C. and Isima, J., 2004, 'Providing Security for People: Enhancing Security through Police, Justice and Intelligence Reform in Africa', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, Shrivenham, UK Size: 86 pages (739kB)
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In recent years international organisations and development agencies have become aware that development and peace processes cannot be effective or take place in situations of threat, social disorder or violence. They have thus focussed on Security Sector Reform (SSR) as an integral part of third party intervention. This issue of the Berghof Dialogue Series contains contributions from six authors. It examines the arguments for engagement with the security sector and provides an analysis of the dilemmas that arise and suggestions for how they might be overcome.

Author: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management Source: McCartney, C., Fischer, M. & Wils, O. (eds.) 2004, 'Security Sector Reform - Potentials and Challenges for Conflict Transformation', Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series No. 2, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin Size: 77 pages (898 kB)
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There are a number of areas today where development policy needs to address the wider issue of Security Sector Reform (SSR). This article, written by Herbert Wulf, for the Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series considers the concept of SSR and how best it can be used to further development goals. It argues that support for civilian governments, elected parliaments, competent civil servants and monitors will generally advance SSR in a more sustainable manner than military or police assistance. Furthermore, by involving civil society, SSR will be better able to create an open, democratic security culture.

Author: Prof. Dr. Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf,H., 2004, 'Security-Sector Reform in Developing and Transitional Countries', Berghof Handbook Series, The Berghof Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, Germany. Size: 20 pages (336KB)
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Efforts to build sustainable peace require the participation of women in peace building at all levels of society. This toolkit, authored by International Alert and Women Waging Peace, is a comprehensive resource of conceptual, policy and practical information, and guidance for women peace builders and practitioners. Placing women at the centre of local, national and international peace building efforts will improve progress towards enduring peace.

Author: International Alert | The Initiative for Inclusive Security (formerly Women Waging Peace) Source: International Alert & Women Waging Peace, 2004, 'Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action', International Alert, London Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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The participation of South African women was a key component in the country's transition from conflict to democracy and security sector reform. This paper by Sanam Naraghi Anderlini documents the strategies women used to gain full participation in the transition, their influence in shaping security sector policies and institutions, and the impact it had particularly in terms of building legitimacy and credibility in the eyes of the public. South Africa's inclusion of women in its transition process is a model for countries seeking fundamental changes in society's views of and approaches to conflict, peace and security.

Author: Sanam Naraghi Anderlini Source: Naranghi Anderlini, S. 2004, 'Negotiating the Transition to Democracy and Reforming the Security Sector: The Vital Contributions of South African Women', Hunt Alternatives Fund, Washington DC. USA Size: 2 pages (32.5 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents the lessons learned from participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) of weapon collection programmes in Mali. It finds that use of participatory procedures, processes and policies give confidence to communities and can lead to greater ease in retrieving illegally held weapons.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2004, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Mali: Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/16, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 175 pages ()
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How should the problems associated with reforming the police in post-conflict situations be addressed? What alternatives are there to state-policing? This article from the Journal of Humanitarian Assistance presents lessons from post-conflict policing in Uganda. Uganda's experience with facilitating local community policing provides a positive lesson for post-conflict situations. Governments must respond to the reality of multiple-choice policing and consider how it can contribute to the provision of security.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2004, 'Post-conflict policing: lessons from Uganda 18 years on', The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, http://www.jha.ac/articles/a138.htm Size: pages ()
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Security sector reform (SSR) poses profound challenges to the Southern Caucasus (SC). This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence, the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Partnership for Peace Consortium, analyses obstacles to SSR in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. A lack of local engagement in both democratic principles and SSR contributes to doubts about the SC's commitment to building stable, democratic societies.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Gustav E. Gustenau Source: Ebnöther, A.H. and Gustenau, G.E. (Eds.) (2004) 'Security Sector Governance in Southern Caucasus: Challenges and Visions', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 209 pages (1.01 MB)
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The Government of Ethiopia is heavily dependent on international donors, without whom it cannot undertake development programmes, feed its population or even run its administrative machinery. This report, published by the Netherlands Institute of International Relations, analyses trends in international assistance to Ethiopia, including the delivery of humanitarian aid and support to elections and the media. Compared to its funding of humanitarian aid and relief, donor assistance to the democratisation process in Ethiopia has been relatively limited.

Author: Dessalegn Rahmato | Meheret Ayenew Source: Rahmato, D. and Ayenew, M., 2004, Democracy Assistance to Post-Conflict Ethiopia Building Local Institutions?, Conflict Research Unit Working Paper 27, The Hague, Clingendael Institute Size: 105 pages (461 KB)
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Can the security sector be governed in polities where citizens feel excluded from politics and armed conflict is endemic? Security sector reform in situations of national insecurity is a quixotic enterprise. This research from Sussex University and partner institutions in developing and former communist countries argues that while such situations are traumatic they may also open spaces in which certain kinds of change are more feasible.

Author: Robin Luckham Source: Luckham, R., 2003, Democratic Strategies for Security in Transition and Conflict, in Governing Insecurity, Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, Cawthra, G. and Luckham, R. (eds), Zed Books, London. Size: pages ()
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It is widely recognised that illicit exploitation of natural resources and the criminalisation of economic life play a significant role in conflicts. But there is less understanding of how these factors create distinctive obstacles for designing peace processes and building peace. This report synthesises the main themes from an International Peace Academy conference on the challenges war economies pose to peace.

Author: Heiko Nitzschke Source: Nitzschke, H., 2003, 27-29 October, Transforming War Economies: Challenges for Peacemaking and Peacebuilding, Report of the 725th Wilton Park Conference in Association with the International Peace Academy, Wiston House, Steyning. Size: pages ()
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Why is parliamentary oversight of the security sector necessary and what are the mechanisms and practices through which parliaments achieve this? This handbook by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that since security is central to people's wellbeing, it is essential that their elected representatives work closely with the government and the security sector. This handbook provides a comprehensive understanding of security issues and the role of parliamentary oversight.

Author: Hans Born Source: Fluri, P., Johnsson, A. and Born, H., 2003, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector, Principles Mechanisms and Practices', Inter-Parliamentary Union and Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Size: 250 pages (2.3MB)
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The uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of arms by government forces and armed groups takes a massive human toll in lost lives, lost livelihoods and lost opportunities to escape poverty. What action is required at international, national and local level to control arms proliferation? In this report, Amnesty International and Oxfam argue that governments can and must do more to control arms proliferation effectively. Better co-ordination between governments is needed to address both the trade in arms and safety at community level.

Author: Debbie Hillyer | Brian Wood Source: Hillier, D., and Wood, B., 2003, 'Shattered Lives: A Case for Tough International Arms Control', Amnesty International and Oxfam, UK Size: 95 pages (3.2mb)
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How is the Global Conflict Prevention Pool (GCPP) facilitating cross-departmental coordination to realise a more strategic and cost-effective UK approach to conflict prevention and reduction? This report from the Department for International Development (DFID), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) examines the initial two years of GCPP's work. It highlights programmes supported through geographical, thematic and international strategies.

Author: FCO Source: DFID, FCO and MOD, 2003, 'The Global Conflict Prevention Pool: A Joint UK Government Approach to Reducing Conflict', DFID, FCO and MOD, London Size: 44 pages (1.3 MB)
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Security policy is widely believed to be the task of the executive. Parliaments are regarded as less suitable for making security decisions. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that parliamentary oversight of the security sector and its reform is in the interest of democracy and security. Security sector reform creates systematic accountability and transparency on the premise of increased democratic control, placing it within the context of the good governance agenda.

Author: Hans Born | Phillip Fluri Source: Born, H., Fluri, P. and Lunn, S. (eds.), 2003 'Oversight and Guidance: The Relevance of Parliamentary Oversight for the Security Sector and its Reform', DCAF, Brussels/Geneva Size: 263 pages (935kB)
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of developmental approaches to security sector reform (SSR)? How is the concept of SSR changing, and how might it be developed to enable better implementation? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces traces the origins of the SSR debate and surveys the opportunities and challenges presented by reform. It argues that, while a comprehensive and developmental approach to SSR is important, donor governments' inadequate coordination and competing objectives and recipient countries' resistance have hampered SSR efforts.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, M., 2003, 'Development Donors and the Concept of Security Sector Reform', Occasional Paper no. 4, DCAF, Geneva Size: 61 pages (281 kB)
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What effects do small arms availability and misuse have on human security in south-east Asia? How have communities in the region responded to armed violence? The Small Arms Survey and Nonviolence International commissioned qualitative participatory research on the effects of small arms in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Aceh-Indonesia and the Philippines. This report presents the key findings of this research, highlighting the views of the affected populations. It reveals surprisingly common patterns of small arms misuse that undermine human security in communities in all five of the countries studied.

Author: Robert Muggah | Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan Source: Muggah, R. and Moser-Puangsuwan, Y. (eds.), 2003, 'Whose Security Counts: Participatory Research on Armed Violence and Human Insecurity in South-East Asia', Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 60 pages (1.99 MB)
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What progress has Mongolia made towards democratisation? In this volume, seven Mongolian authors assess the achievements made in the process toward fully democratising civil-military relations and defence reform. Contributors set out to address one of the most pressing problems of new and reconstituted democracies: the democratic oversight and reform of the security sector. Mongolians have a long history of civil-military relations and numerous measures have been consistently used over time to regulate these relations.

Author: Sh. Palamdorj | Philipp Fluri Source: Palamdorj, S. and Fluri, P. (2003). 'Democratic Oversight and Reform of Civil Military Relations in Mongolia : A Self-Assessment', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and National University of Mongolia Size: 2 pages (30.5kb)
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Who are Namibia's main security actors and what are their respective roles and functions in security governance? How effective is Namibia's security governance in terms of democratic norms? This paper from the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung explores the relationship between security actors and the state in Namibia. It argues that the character of Namibia's security sector signifies that the country is still in a transition phase towards consolidating its democracy.

Author: Andre du Pisani Source: du Pisani, A., 2003, 'The Security Sector and the State in Namibia - An Exploration', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Study Size: 36 pages (295 kB)
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It is widely agreed that a safe and secure environment is necessary for sustainable development. There is a growing appreciation that sound security sector governance is critical in achieving such an environment. This paper, prepared for UNDP's 'Learning from Experience for Afghanistan' workshop, outlines key concepts and issues for external actors promoting sound security sector governance. It encourages the development of a contextual approach to external assistance.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2002, 'Democratic Governance in the Security Sector', UNDP, New York Size: 2 pages (63 kB)
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Since the end of the Cold War, the attitude of development organisations towards the security sector has changed and personal security is now recognised as a key concern of the poor in weak states. In addition, repressive or corrupt security structures can undermine the stability crucial to maximising the benefits of aid programmes. Consequently, a number of agencies have engaged with the issue of security sector reform and the idea is now largely accepted as something broader than solely the military.

Author: N Cooper | M Pugh Source: Cooper, N. and Pugh, M. 2002, 'Security-sector Transformation in Post-conflict Societies', Working Paper no. 5, Centre for Defence Studies, London. Size: 68 pages (530 kB)
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While there is a growing tradition of civil society activism in Zambia, the role of civil society in civil-military relations remains unclear. This paper, authored by Lee M Habasonda, examines the opportunities that exist for civil society to help strengthen civil-military relations as part of the country's current democratisation process. The most important task that faces Zambia's civil society is the building of partnerships with the government and military that help ensure the subordination of the military to civilian control.

Author: Lee M Habasonda Source: Habasonda, L., 2002, 'The military, civil society and democracy in Zambia: Prospects for the future', in Ourselves To Know: Civil-Military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa, eds.Williams,R., Cawthra,G. & Abrahams,D., Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 227-238. Size: 2 pages (24.5 KB)
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Does participatory research provide added value in identifying qualitative aspects of small arms-related insecurity? What impacts have communities in South Asia experienced as a result of the availability and use of small arms? This report from the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) and the Small Arms Survey (SAS) presents findings from a project using participatory approaches to measure small arms' impacts in South Asia. Participatory approaches reveal that prolonged exposure to armed violence has affected livelihoods in South Asia in several short- and long-term ways.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee | Robert Muggah Source: Banerjee, D & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2002, 'Small Arms and Human Insecurity: Reviewing Participatory Research in South Asia', Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, Colombo. Size: 85 pages (2.2 MB)
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Despite the fact that Chile entered a new democratic era almost two decades ago, security sector reform (SSR) still faces enormous institutional and political resistance. This report, published by Conflict, Security and Development, examines the cautious steps that Chile's current governing coalition is taking to institute SSR. Even in highly restricted political and institutional environments, civilians can lead SSR initiatives when they have political support and the technical capacity to do so.

Author: Claudio A Fuentes Source: Fuentes, C., 2002, 'Resisting Change: Security Sector Reform in Chile', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 2, no. 1 April 2002, pp. 121 - 131 Size: 11 pages ()
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What lessons can be learned from the use of participatory action-research (PAR) in post-conflict situations? This article from the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management outlines the methodology and achievements of the War-Torn Societies Project (WSP). WSP's work demonstrates that local ownership, capacity-building, partnership and respect for the dignity and rights of beneficiary countries can be made a reality. This has crucial implications for the way in which external assistance actors plan and deliver assistance in post-conflict situations.

Author: Agneta Johannsen Source: Johannsen, A., 2001, 'Participatory Action-Research in Post-Conflict Situations: The Example of the War-Torn Societies Project', in Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin Size: 25 pages (613 KB)
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What steps have been taken to develop community policing in Malawi? Since the advent of democracy in 1994, the Malawi police, aided by the UK Department for International Development, have undertaken a programme of reform. Recognising the importance of cooperation between the public and police to tackling armed crime, a coalition of NGOs launched a project to promote community policing. This short article from Saferworld and the Institute for Security Studies provides a brief outline of the project.

Author: Institute for Security Studies | Saferworld Source: ISS, Saferworld, 2001, 'Community Policing in Malawi ', Action on Small Arms in Southern Africa Newsletter 3, Instutute for Security Studies, Saferworld Size: pages ()
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Civil-military relations (CMR) refers to the structural position of military institutions within government, as well as the informal influence of military groups within politics and society at large. What is the impact of different leadership approaches to the military? How significant is harmonious CMR for effective democratic government? This article from the Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies assesses the different relationships between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and political leadership from President Marcos through to the Macapagal-Arroyo administration.

Author: Raymund Jose Quilop Source: Quilop R.J., 2001, 'Waltzing with the Army: from Marcos to Arroyo', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 16 (2): 91-104. Size: 14 pages (984 kB)
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Has globalisation improved democratic development in Thailand since the 1990s? This Contemporary Southeast Asia article studies three of the main actors in the Thai political economy: the military, the private sector and civil society. All have undergone marked changes, and in particular the private sector has been reinvigorated. A new and more sophisticated conjunction has emerged between politics and business. Has the rise of 'money politics' become too forceful an opposition for true democratisation?

Author: Ukrist Pathmanand Source: Pathmanand U., 2001, 'Globalisation and Democratic Development in Thailand: The New Path of the Military, Private Sector, and Civil Society', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 23 (1): pp. 24 - 42. Size: 18 pages ()
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There are a number of areas today where development policy needs to address the wider issue of Security Sector Reform (SSR). This article, written by Herbert Wulf for the Deutsche Gessellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), considers the concept of SSR and how best it can be used to further development goals. It argues that support for civilian governments, elected parliaments, competent civil servants and monitors will generally advance SSR in a more sustainable manner than military or police assistance. Furthermore, by involving civil society, SSR will be better able to create an open, democratic security culture.

Author: Dr Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf, H., 2000, 'Security-Sector Reform in Developing Countries: An Analysis of the International Debate and Potentials for Implementing Reforms with Recommendations for Technical Cooperation', Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Size: 40 pages (371 KB)
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Africa experiences extremely high levels of violence and conflict. Although the end of the Cold War has seen democratisation and peace agreements in Africa, it has also led to new types of violence and the rise of private military companies. This has called for new measures to promote security in the area.

Author: E Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E. 2000, 'Understanding the African Security Crisis' in Musah and Fayemi (eds), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, Pluto Press, London. Size: 22 pages ()
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The issue of security sector management since Nigeria's independence has been tied to the politics of governance and to the activities of civil society. It encompasses both military and human security and involves questions of development and conflict management. What constitutes security sector reform and how should it be approached?

Author: A Abiodun Source: Abiodun, A. 2000, 'Security Reform in Democratic Nigeria', Conflict, Security and Development Group Working Paper, Centre for Defence Studies, Kings College, University of London Size: 52 pages (55 kB)
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The security sector reform debate is still in its embryonic stage. Considerable political, practical, conceptual and strategic work still needs to be done on security sector reform before a flexible approach can be developed to most situations. There has been a shift in thinking from donor countries, international financial institutions and development agencies towards security sector reform.

Author: Williams, R. Source: Williams, R. 2000, 'Africa and the Challenges of Security-sector Reform', in Cilliers, J. and Hilding-Norberg, A. (eds), Building Stability in Africa: Challenges for the New Millenium, ISS Monograph Series, No 46, Pretoria. Size: 10 pages (50 KB)
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A number of African countries adopted multiparty elections in the 1990s. However, critics have pointed out that, in reality, this did not alter the structure of power in these countries and the personalistic and clientelistic basis of political rule.This study, for Comparative Politics, suggests that as critical as elections are to democratisation, a more important locus of the struggle for political reform in Africa has been with associations that are seeking to establish and maintain their autonomy from the state.

Author: Aili Mari Tripp Source: Tripp, A., 2000, 'Political Reform in Tanzania: The Struggle for Associational Autonomy' Comparative Politics , Vol. 32, no. 2, pp 191-214 Size: 33 pages (582 kB)
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Western governments view the promotion of democracy as desirable both as an end in itself and because of the widespread belief that democracies do not wage war on one another, that they are less likely to repress their own citizens and that democracy promotes development and growth. Six of the ten worst performers in both the Human Development Index and by GNP per capita are countries which were recently, or are still, at war with themselves.

Author: Source: Stewart, F. and O'Sullivan, M. 1999, 'Democracy, Conflict and Development - Three Cases,' in Ranis, G. et al (eds.), The Political Economy of Comparative Development into the 21st Century, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham Size: 38 pages (103 KB)
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The international community increasingly recognises that security sector reform is fundamentally a governance issue. Development practitioners must therefore be centrally involved in this process, alongside a wide range of other actors. Since the 1990s development actors have begun to engage in efforts to strengthen security sector governance. However, this altered approach to security sector reform is very much a work in progress and key questions remain unresolved. In particular, how can the experience that has been gained be translated into good programming?

Author: N Ball Source: Ball, N. 1998 'Spreading Good Practices in Security Sector Reform: Policy Options for the British Government', Saferworld, London. Size: 59 pages ()
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Though civilian control of the military as an aspect of democracy has attracted the attention of policymakers around the globe, it is difficult to achieve and maintain. Countries with a recent history of authoritarian rule or those emerging from civil wars face particular problems in terms of the relative distribution of power between government and the armed forces. There is increasing acknowledgment by development practitioners of the connection between security and development policy, but what does this mean in practical terms? What kind of assessment should be carried out to determine the areas where involvement by donors will bear fruit?

Author: C Welch and J Mendelson Forman Source: Welch, C. and Mendelson Forman, J. 1998, 'Civil-Military Relations: USAID's Role', Centre for Democracy and Governance, US Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Size: 51 pages (216 kB)
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This study, embarked upon under the auspices of Conciliation Resources, chronicles the cycles of conflict and dialogue in post-colonial Sri Lanka. Focusing on the endemic resistance activities of militant Tamil nationalism (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - 'LTTE') and the government's reciprocal policy of 'war for peace', the papers stimulate reflection on some key lessons to be drawn from the conflict experience in the region and highlights the failure of previous policies and approaches at achieving peace.

Author: Jeremy Armon | Liz Philipson Source: Armon, J. and Philipson, L. (eds.) 1998, 'Demanding Sacrifice: War and Negotiation in Sri Lanka,' Accord Issue 4, Conciliation Resources, London. Size: 81 pages ()
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Is national security defined solely by domestic issues? With a policy emphasis on social welfare and national unity, can the stability of the State be retained at the cost of limited freedom and regulation for its citizens? This Stanford University article tracks the changing approach of the Indonesian government and resultant impact on its people, the region, and the wider international community.

Author: Dewi Fortuna Anwar Source: Anwar D.F., 1998, 'Indonesia: Domestic Priorities Define National Security', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 477- 512 Size: 19 pages ()
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What approaches should be employed in the promotion of peace, democracy and human rights in developing countries? This article, by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), outlines its policies for the promotion of peace, democracy and human rights. It argues that Swedish policy should establish a balance between clear principles and values on the one hand and flexible adaptation of approaches to the concrete situation and history of each country on the other. It also outlines a series of policy guidelines and a strategy for support to democratic development and respect for human rights in central and eastern Europe.

Author: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Source: SIDA, 1997, 'SIDA's Programme for Peace, Democracy and Human Rights. Part A', SIDA, Stockholm Size: 38 pages (209 kB)
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What lessons can be learnt from Swedish and international experience of promoting democracy, human rights and conflict management? This article, by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), compares its own experience of promoting democracy, human rights and conflict management with that of other international agencies in the same fields. It argues that Sweden is well placed in the trend towards supporting these issues due to the unique position its NGOs occupy. It describes the focus on education and the predominance of small projects with Swedish NGOs. It proposes better preparation before projects and a greater focus on capacity building when they are underway. It cautions against humanitarian assistance in conflict management situations. It argues for positive aid over negative aid and proposes means to avoid aid doing harm.

Author: SIDA Source: SIDA 1997, 'Justice and Peace: SIDA's Programme for Peace, Democracy and Human Rights. Part 2', SIDA, Stockholm Size: 14 pages (307kB)
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Which programmes can assist states undergoing the transition from war to peace? How can external assistance support this process? For the past three decades, internal strife has wrought havoc on civil society and economic potential throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Demilitarisation is a precondition for reviving civil society, reducing poverty and sustaining development in the many SSA countries now undergoing the transition from war to peace.

Author: Nat J Colletta | Markus Kostner Source: Colletta, N.J, Kostner, M and Wiederhofer, I. 1996, 'The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa', Directions in Development, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Size: 80 pages (3.72 MB)
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This article studies the background of and options for the Rwandan genocide of 1994. It looks at the roots of the hostilities between the Bahutu and Batutsi and how relations shifted from one of Batutsi domination to their massacre at the hands of the Bahutu.

Author: Source: Mamdani, M. 1996, 'From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation: Reflections on Rwanda,' New Left Review no. 216, pp 3-36 Size: 34 pages ()
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What causes ethnic conflict, and why does it escalate? An article in International Security argues that intense ethnic conflict is usually caused by collective fears for the future. It presents a framework for understanding the origins and management of ethnic conflict, and recommends how the international community can intervene more effectively.

Author: David A. Lake | Donald Rothchild Source: Lake, D. A. and Rothchild, D., 1996, 'Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict', International Security, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 41-75 Size: 34 pages (3,810kB)
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This report summarises the findings of a conference, 'Police Reform and the International Community: From Peace Processes to Democratic Governance'. Despite the political risks, the positive aspects of police reform have encouraged donors to participate. Police reform can support demilitarisation and democratisation, boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve respect for human rights. However, case studies from Central and South America and South Africa highlight the difficulty of achieving reform where violent crime is on the rise.

Author: Melissa Ziegler Source: Ziegler, M. & Neild, R., 2001, 'From Peace to Governance: Police Reform and the International Community', Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) Size: pages ()
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Non-state justice and security (NSJS) systems deal with the majority of disputes in developing countries and are an important complement to formal state justice. What is the best way for donors and governments to engage with them? What are the policy options that increase security and justice for the poor and marginalised? This study from the Department for International Development explores this issue drawing on examples from Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Author: Keith Mackiggan Source: Department for International Development (DFID), 2004, Non-state Justice and Security Systems: A Guidance Note, DFID, London Size: pages ()
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