Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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How can civil society and the media help build integrity and reduce the risk of corruption in the defence and security sectors? This chapter argues that civil society and the media can play a key oversight role in the defence sector and build public support for more accountable democratic governance. Efforts are needed to promote an enabling environment for civil society and the media. Initiatives should include ongoing dialogue to foster cooperation and trust between the government, civil society (broadly defined) and the media.

Author: Ian Davis Source: Davis, I., 2010, 'The Role of Civil Society and the Media', in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280 Size: 20 pages (1.95 MB)
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How can governments and international actors develop effective border controls to implement the 2001 UN SALW Programme of Action and other agreements? Efforts to prevent the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their trafficking across borders must be undertaken within a comprehensive framework which recognises: the breadth and complexity of SALW proliferation and misuse; the wide range of measures that need to be combined to achieve effective controls; and the need to involve and secure the support of all stakeholders, including those affected by SALW-related violence. The most effective approaches are those undertaken co-operatively among neighbouring states.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E., 2010, 'Preventing Diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Border Management under the UN Programme of Action', Biting the Bullet Report, Saferworld and the University of Bradford Size: 28 pages (1.04 MB)
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Failure to address the civil war's root causes and to dismantle clandestine security apparatus has weakened Guatemala's institutions and facilitated skyrocketing violent crime. The UN-sanctioned International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) has made some progress in addressing high-level corruption, but in June 2010 its director resigned, saying the government had not kept its promise to support CICIG's work and reform the justice system. The President needs to consolidate recent gains with institutional reform, anti-corruption measures, vetting mechanisms and a more inclusive political approach, including to indigenous peoples. Reform of the police and military as well as the corrections and justice systems are among the priorities.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Guatemala: Squeezed between Crime and Impunity', Latin America Report No. 33, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 31 pages (2.3 MB)
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What role does civil society play in security sector governance in Ukraine? This Almanac examines: the development of the National Security and Defence Council; Ukraine's place in the regional and global security structure; public debate on NATO in Ukraine; judicial reforms; the armed forces and law enforcement. Chapter three, summarised here, considers civilian control of defence and law enforcement agencies. Ukranian legislation assigns an important role to civil society organisations in this area. While some of these organisations make useful contributions, their activities sometimes display unwarranted intrusion, conflicting approaches, politicisation and unprofessionalism. Greater influence over personnel policy is needed, and the oversight of intelligence agencies must be addressed.

Author: Merle Maigre | Philipp Fluri Source: Maigre, M., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 234 pages (4.77 MB)
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Have government-backed initiatives supporting informal armed groups improved security in Afghanistan? This report analyses the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police (ANAP), the Afghan Public Protection Programme (AP3), and the Local Defence Initiative (LDI). These entail support to informal armed groups to provide security, particularly in areas where the Taleban is gaining ground. However, lessons from the earlier ANAP programme were not learned, and AP3 and LDI have reproduced its shortcomings.

Author: Mathieu Lefèvre Source: Lefèvre, M., 2010, 'Local Defence in Afghanistan: A Review of Government-backed Initiatives', Afghanistan Analysts Network, Kabul Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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What will be the core elements of national systems for the control of international transfers of arms under the proposed international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This guide sets out a framework for functional and effective national systems of control. Elements of a national control system must include licensing, enforcement, and external outreach (to industry, international partners, and the public). For each of these elements, consideration must be given to legal requirements, institutions and procedures, training, and proof of implementation.

Author: Oxfam Source: Oxfam, 2010, 'National Implementation of the Proposed Arms Trade Treaty: A Practical Guide', Oxfam GB, Oxford Size: 28 pages (385 kB)
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How should Security Sector Reform in Liberia take account of the role of non-state actors? This study finds that community-based actors and mechanisms have been filling the security gap as the state-centred reform of the security sector has been underway. However, non-state actors may become spoilers unless they are better integrated into the SSR process. The success of SSR in Liberia may thus depend on the effective management and inclusion of non-state actors and community-based approaches. In particular, ex-combatants, unemployed youth and women need to be permitted to contribute to local ownership of SSR

Author: Sarah Meharg | Aleisha Arnusch Source: Meharg, S., and Srnusch, A., 2010, 'Liberia: Nonstate Security Actors', in Security Sector Reform: A Case Study Approach to Transition and Capacity Building, Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, PA, pp. 46-72 Size: 28 pages (784.5 kB)
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How does Security Sector Reform (SSR) affect children? What are the roles of children and youth in supporting improved security and post conflict peace building? This paper analyses these questions from the perspectives of rights obligations, protecting social capital, demographics, and breaking the cycle of violence. Children and youth - the two groups especially affected by armed conflict - rarely receive consideration in SSR and Transitional Justice programmes. These programmes need to be more relevant to the concerns for young people if hard-won peace is to be durable. Focusing on the governance aspects of public security places children firmly on the justice and security agenda.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D., 2010, 'Children and Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Peace-Building', Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-9, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence Size: 30 pages (451 kB)
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How do Palestinians assess Palestinian ownership in security sector reform? How could such ownership be improved? This report outlines the findings of working groups of local stakeholders. While perceiving donor support as critical for the success of security sector reform, participants expressed dissatisfaction with donor control of the planning and implementation of reform projects, noting discrepancies between donor and local priorities. They concluded that Palestinians should take the lead in SSR through improved coordination, development of a coherent strategy, and improved aid monitoring.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Source: DCAF, 2010, 'Building Ownership in Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF Spotlight no. 6, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Ramallah Size: 4 pages (459 KB)
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What have been the effects of counter-narcotics policies in Afghanistan since 2001? Have eradication campaigns been successful? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that aggressive opium poppy eradication programmes have been premature and counterproductive. They have not increased stability or undermined the counter-insurgency. The most important role peacekeeping forces can play is providing security.

Author: Vanda Felbab-Brown Source: Felbab-Brown, V., 2009, 'Peacekeepers Among Poppies: Afghanistan, Illicit Economies and Intervention', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 100-114 Size: 16 pages ()
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A consensus among domestic security sector reform (SSR) actors in Haiti that the reform agenda is imposed from outside has led to limited local ownership of the process. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, reviews the current status of reform of Haiti's judiciary, police and penal systems. Until the suspicion of reform measures imposed by outsiders can be reversed and genuine political will for reform nurtured, SSR policy makers will be hard-pressed to succeed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M. (ed.), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Haiti', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Size: 12 pages (1.55 MB)
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Integrated, comprehensive and inclusive armed violence reduction (AVR) programmes are an emerging and growing area of development practice around the world. This paper, published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, discusses the components of a multi-level AVR approach. Adopting integrated AVR programmes requires understanding of the multi-faceted, multi-level nature of armed violence, application of rigorous diagnostics of local situations and incorporation of local ownership at all levels of programme design and implementation.

Author: OECD-DAC Source: OECD-DAC, 2009, 'Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), Paris Size: 140 pages (1.7 MB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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Why does children's security matter? How can civil society, security providers, democratic institutions and the international community effectively engage children and youth on security issues? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the links between children, youth and security. It argues that the concerns of children and youth are often overlooked on the security agenda. However, children and youth can have a positive contribution to make in addressing security concerns.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy D., 2009, 'Seen, but Not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 336 pages (1.76 MB)
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How can civil society most effectively work for peacebuilding? This report presents the findings of a comparative research project which analysed the performance of civil society in regards to protection, monitoring, advocacy, socialisation, social cohesion, facilitation, and service delivery in situations of war and armed conflict. It concludes civil society can play an important supportive role, but the effectiveness of its activities varied substantially. Contextual factors may limit or strengthen its ability to contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Civil Society and Peacebuilding', Working Paper, The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding, Geneva Size: 32 pages (364 KB)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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What types of military equipment should be covered by an International Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This report from Saferworld examines the national lists of military equipment that are currently controlled by a number of national governments. It reveals that more than 98.8 per cent of military equipment subject to international transfer is currently sourced from jurisdictions that use comprehensive national lists, and argues that these national lists - in effect a def facto international standard - should therefore form the basis for the scope of an ATT.

Author: Joseph Farha | Roy Isbister Source: Farha J., Isbister R., 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty and Military Equipment: The case for a comprehensive scope', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 18 pages (426 kB)
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To what extent does Liberia's legislature have the necessary authority, ability and attitude to provide effective security sector oversight? What effect has international involvement had on security sector reform in Liberia? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines internationalised SSR and legislative oversight of the security sector in Liberia. It finds that while international support has helped to deliver critical reforms, it has also led to a top-down decision-making process lacking local consultation. The legislature and civil society are therefore important avenues for Liberians to shape the direction of security discourse.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye T., 2009, 'Liberia: Parliamentary Oversight and Lessons Learned from Internationalized Security Sector Reform', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 19 pages (147 kB)
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How have African states responded to proposals to establish common international standards to regulate the legal arms trade? What concerns do they have about an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies discusses the views of African countries on an ATT. It argues that African states have for the most part shown considerable support for an ATT. However, a number of African states have reservations about an ATT, which need to be addressed.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Africa and an arms trade treaty', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria), Pretoria Size: 12 pages (240 kB)
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How can the global security industry (GSI) best be regulated? This study from the International Peace Institute looks at how to improve international regulation of private military and security companies (PMSCs) by combining governmental initiatives with industry self-regulation. It argues that collaborative regulatory action is needed to secure the future of the industry. Such collaborative regulatory action is in the interests of not only those affected by the conduct of the industry, but also those with financial, political, or personal stakes in it.

Author: James Cockayne (et al) Source: Cockayne J. (et al), 2009, 'Beyond Market Forces: Regulating the Global Security Industry', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 2.5MB pages (356)
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How can the states of South Asia cooperate more effectively on counterterrorism? What role can the United Nations play in facilitating such cooperation? Focusing on the role of the UN, this paper from the International Peace Institute explores ways to strengthen regional cooperation on counterterrorism in South Asia. It argues that South Asia lacks a meaningful regional framework to facilitate the cooperation necessary to respond to and prevent terrorist acts. The UN, however, is well-placed to stimulate greater regional cooperation.

Author: Eric Rosand | Naureen Chowdhury Fink Source: Rosand E., Fink N.C., Ipe J., 2009, 'Countering Terrorism in South Asia: Strengthening Multilateral Engagement', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 36 pages (546 kB)
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How can Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) be regulated? What is the best way to enforce international standards? This policy report from the International Peace Institute argues that domestic regulation is not enough, because the industry is increasingly global. What is needed is a roadmap toward effective international regulation. There are now adequate standards in place to develop a global framework to guide implementation and enforcement. By assessing the options available for implementing and enforcing existing standards, the paper identifies five blueprints for the development of a global framework.

Author: James Cockayne | Emily Speers Mears Source: Cockayne J., Mears E.S., 2009, 'Private Military and Security Companies: A Framework for Regulation', International Peace Institute, New York Size: 24 pages (340KB)
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While a normative framework for security sector reform (SSR) has been well established, it has not been fully applied in practice and translated into effective programming. This report, published by the Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), summarises the main findings of an e-Conference discussion of unresolved SSR challenges. A new SSR research agenda needs to be launched in order to create an implementation framework more attuned to contemporary issues and challenges.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M., 2009, 'The Future of Security Sector Reform', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (648 kB)
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There is an emerging consensus that United States (US) and international policies are wrong-headed and ineffective in delivering peace, stability and democratic governance to Afghanistan. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is part of a signature research project exploring Afghanistan. The US and partners must adopt a regional approach toAfghanistan's problems and foster the development of an appropriate governance system to replace the current dysfunctional system.

Author: M. Nazif Shahrani Source: Shahrani M.N., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Alternatives for Peace, Governance and Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens & Rulers to Civil Servants', The Afghanistan Papers, No. 2, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 18 pages (657 kB)
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The enduring presence of warlords and the influence of their international supporters are inadequately addressed by current post-conflict state building practices. This paper, published by The Round Table, discusses aspects of an east Congo rebel movement to illustrate some of the challenges warlordism poses to statebuilding. The international reluctance to recognise the importance of multiple sovereignties in statebuilding, including warlords and neighbouring states, suggests attempts to create a functioning empirical state after conflict will remain deficient.

Author: Danielle Beswick Source: Beswick D., 2009, 'The Challenge of Warlordism to Post-Conflict State-Building: The Case of Laurent Nkunda in Eastern Congo', The Round Table - The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs: Volume 98, Issue 402, pp.333-346 Size: 15 pages ()
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What is the security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan? What strategy should the US and its allies adopt in these countries and how will they know if it is succeeding? This paper from the Center for a New American Security assesses the situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan, making operational recommendations for the US and its allies. It argues that as of mid-2009, the situation in both countries is dire and getting worse. The US and its allies should adopt an 'ink blot' counterinsurgency strategy, prioritising protection of the population while setting the stage for strengthening state institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Exum | Nathaniel C. Fick Source: Exum A.M., Fick N.C., Humayun A.A., 2009, 'Triage: The Next Twelve Months in Afghanistan and Pakistan', Center for a New American Security Size: 36 pages (1.46 MB)
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How do armed groups develop? This article from Contemporary Security Policy investigates the formation of armed groups using the concept of figuration, which emphasises the interdependence of individuals. There are three main ways by which armed groups come into being: in response to violent repression, through exclusion from the ruling class and when government-created informal armed forces become free from state control. These mechanisms provide insights into the conditions under which armed groups are likely to form and whether they become institutionalised.

Author: Klaus Schlichte Source: Schlichte, K., 2009, 'With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups ', Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 246 - 264 Size: 20 pages (176 KB)
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Bhutan recently ended direct rule by its king and an elected government has ruled the country for a year. What factors led to the transition, and what has been the effect of democracy on issues such as the economy, human rights and corruption? This book, published by the Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), argues that the king was compelled to transfer power and did not take the decision willingly. It highlights the economic growth the country has undergone but also the lack of improvements in the human rights situation.

Author: I. P. Adhikari (ed.) Source: Adhikari I.P. (ed.), 2009, 'Torrefy of Democratic Value: commenting on budding democracy of Bhutan', Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), Bhutan Size: 101 pages (1.2MB)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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The United States sees Pakistani cooperation in defeating militants in the northwest of the country as crucial to winning the war in neighbouring Afghanistan. The Obama administration has focused on strengthening Pakistan's counterinsurgency capabilities, and is pushing for increased assistance for equipment and training for Pakistani forces. This article, by the Council on Foreign Relations, outlines the forms this assistance has taken and examines some of the major debates surrounding it. It highlights the suggestion that Pakistan may not be fully committed to refocusing its army on counterinsurgency as it still sees India as its biggest security threat.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2009, 'Realigning Pakistan's Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC, US Size: 4 pages (76 kB)
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The connection between community security and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), is largely omitted in current policy and is unexplored in both academic and policy literature. This report, by the Peace Security and Development Network, reviews the existing literature on this link and identifies a number of weaknesses in DDR processes that stem from a lack of focus on community security. Local actors have limited influence on donors and national governments, which limits the possibilities for DDR programmes to reinforce community security arrangements, and vice versa.

Author: Rens Willems | Willemijn Verkoren Source: Willems R., Verkoren W., Derks M., Kleingeld J., Frerks G., Rouw H., 2009, 'Security Promotion in Fragile States: Can Local Meet National?', Peace, Security & Development (PSD) Network Size: 142 pages (1.1 MB)
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Despite various reforms dealing with increasing the security of nuclear weapons in Pakistan, there is significant concern as to how safe the nuclear weapons are in light of national and regional political instability? This report by the Congressional Research Service provides a historical timeline of Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons and highlights the key reforms that have been implemented to secure the nuclear weapons in the country. The report concludes with various legislative issues considered by Congress to help Pakistan maintain the security of nuclear, biological, and chemical materials and weapons in the country.

Author: Paul K. Kerr | Mary Beth Nikitin Source: Kerr P.K., Nikitin M.B., 2009, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues', Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C. Size: 21 pages (233 KB)
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Is Pakistan collapsing? Is there any hope to break the dangerous cycle of failure in Pakistan? This Institute for Social Policy and Understanding report analyses the issue as to why Pakistan is ranked as a failing state and what can be done to save it? The report first provides a brief history of Pakistan in order to set the context, followed by a discussion of the current crisis and an outline of signs of hope which may prevent Pakistan from becoming a failing state. The report concludes with recommendations for Pakistani and American policymakers.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Pakistan Can Defy the Odds: How to Rescue a Failing State', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Michigan, USA Size: 38 pages (1,10MB)
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What threat do the Taliban and al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear weapons and material? What hope is there for reducing nuclear risk within Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online outlines the danger that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear assets. It argues that, given the global risks from nuclear material falling into the hands of the Taliban or al-Qaeda, winning against Pakistan's insurgents is critical. Hope for reducing nuclear risks within Pakistan rest largely on the Pakistani government's success on the battlefield.

Author: Leonard Spector Source: Spector L., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part I', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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What are the implications of the Taliban insurgency in Pakistan for India and for the US-India relationship? How should the US and India respond to the situation in Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online looks at how the US can cooperate with India to prepare for and respond to instability in Pakistan. It argues that the effect of the evolving situation in Pakistan has been to re-link India with Pakistan in US relations. The US and India need to hold intimate conversations on how to deal with Pakistan if the situation worsens.

Author: Robert D. Blackwill | YaleGlobal Online Source: Blackwill R.D., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part II', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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The Sri Lankan Government needs to solve the political conflict between majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils that has plagued the country since its independence in 1948. This Council on Foreign Relations paper reviews the conflict's current status and the role played in the conflict by foreign governments and the Tamil diaspora. Sri Lanka must begin to address the Tamil issues and broader questions of economic justice, gender, caste, labour rights and democratisation.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2009, 'The Sri Lankan Conflict', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York Size: 5 pages (51.5 kB)
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Despite the creation of a Commission of Inquiry of human rights violations in Sri Lanka, why do human rights violations continue to take place and why is justice not achieved? This report by Amnesty International seeks to highlight the issue of impunity in Sri Lanka and the role of the Commission of Inquiry set up to investigate violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The report concludes that in the case of Sri Lanka the Commission of Inquiry did not perform well. The report offers recommendations to the Sri Lankan government as well as to the international civil society in order to bring justice to the victims of human rights violations in Sri Lanka.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Sri Lanka: Twenty years of make-believe - Sri Lanka's Commissions of Inquiry', Amnesty International Size: 74 pages (690KB)
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Air transportation has played a key role in fuelling the war economies that have devastated much of Africa in recent decades. This article, by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, outlines the background to this problem, highlights how international action can be used to control destabilising or illicit commodity flows, and makes four specific recommendations. The article focuses on the important role European Union member states can play in, for example, denying contracts to companies involved in such activities.

Author: Hugh Griffiths | Mark Bromley Source: Griffiths H., Bromley M., 2009, 'Air Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows', SIPRI Policy Paper no. 24, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Size: 74 pages (3.1 mB)
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Where does the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) obtain its forces? What elements contribute to the ongoing powerful existence of the LTTE despite losing many of its senior cadres and strategic hideouts to the Sri Lankan military? This Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict article outlines a brief history of the conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE before outlining important elements of the LTTE which make it an effective and strong militant group. The author concludes with a warning to the Sri Lankan government as to what is necessary if the issue of ethnically-based militant groups such as the LTTE is to be tackled and real peace restored to the island.

Author: Manohari Velamati Source: Velamati M., 2009, 'End(uring) of Militancy in Sri Lanka: The Rudiments of Striking Back', Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict (SSPC), Article No. 161, New Dehli, India Size: pages ()
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How was Sri Lanka able to secure a military victory that is proving so elusive to the coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq? But will the recent 'Iron-fisted' approach of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces (SLAF) which successfully defeated the insurgencies in Sri Lanka translate to an enduring resolution? This article provides a brief discussion of the use of military action to defeat insurgencies, followed by an outline of the reasons why Sri Lanka was able to dominate the battle-space. The article concludes by raising questions as to the sustainability of the victory of the Sri Lankan government and the renouncement of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of armed struggle in favour of anti-violent activism.

Author: Ong Weichong Source: Weichong O., 2009, 'Military Defeat of the Tamil Tigers: From Velvet Glove to Iron Fist', Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore, RSIS Commentaries Size: 3 pages (48KB)
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Why do 'disappearances' and abductions in Sri Lanka remain an unpunished crime? How can these 'disappearances' be stopped and justice be given to the victims? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the situation of disappearances and abductions in Sri Lanka and the lack of justice for the victims and their relatives, and the response of the government. The report concludes that the government has failed to make any effort to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators. Finally, specific recommendations are listed for the government, the LTTE and the donor community as to what they should do to bring justice and end these 'disappearances'.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka', Human Rights Watch, New York, Volume 20, No. 2(C) Size: 241 pages (14.3MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) has become dominated by donor approaches and perspectives and the increasing ability of local actors to secure SSR funding for their own ends. This Institute for Security Studies paper analyses SSR within an African context and underscores the need to translate SSR principles into effective reform of security service provision. In order to align SSR with the current exercise of power in Africa, programming should focus on state-centred reform of the military, police, intelligence, paramilitary and non-statutory forces.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton L., 2009, 'A bridge too far? Considering security sector reform in Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): Occasional Paper 186 Size: 12 pages (244 kB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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Despite renewed demands for diplomacy and negotiation, recent developments in many countries call to question the usefulness of dialogue in resolving some of today's conflicts. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses the 2009 Oslo Mediators' Retreat, which explored how mediation and diplomacy can adapt to the ever-changing environment of conflict resolution. Serious debate is needed to establish basic criteria on when it is appropriate to use which conflict resolution tools, including when it is legitimate to use force.

Author: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2009, 'Meeting Report: Oslo Forum 2009 Mediators' Retreat - Reasserting Diplomacy and Mediation in a Fragmented World', 16-18 June 2009, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 40 pages (350 KB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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Where do warlord regimes emerge from, what are their actions and the impact of their existence on politics? What is the general nature of warlord politics? This article offers an initial framework for future theory of warlord politics using a simple game-theoretic approach. Through case-studies and empirical research, clear explanations as to the strategic decision of warlords are offered. These decisions affect their actions and their opportunities to form coalitions.

Author: Gordon Mccormick | Lindsay Fritz Source: Mccormick G., Fritz L., 2009, 'The Logic of Warlord Politics', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 81 - 112 Size: 33 pages ()
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What is an autochthony discourse? Why is this discourse a popular explanation for current global political conflicts? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the use of autochthony discourse is an attractive way to respond to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. It examines why these autochthony discourses are commonly associated with violence. The article firstly investigates the reasons why the current postmodern/postcolonial condition is characterised by an increasing degree of ontological uncertainty. It then follows with an analysis as to why autochthony discourses are often linked to violence.

Author: Kevin Dunn Source: Dunn K., 2009, ''Sons of the Soil' and Contemporary State Making: Autochthony, Uncertainty and Political Violence in Africa', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 113 - 127 Size: 16 pages ()
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Powerful analyses of colonialism and anti-colonialism resistance strategies by Frantz Fanon and Mao Zedong inspired and guided anti-colonial struggles around the globe. This Third World Quarterly paper compares and contrasts Fanon's "The Wretched of the Earth" and Zedong's "On Guerrilla Warfare" and their contributions to anti-colonial armed resistance. Taken together, their analyses of the psychological and military underpinnings of colonialism helped bring formal colonial expansion to an end in the 20th century.

Author: Sebastian Kaempf Source: Kaempf S., 2009, 'Violence and Victory: Guerrilla Warfare, 'Authentic Self-Affirmation' and the Overthrow of the Colonial State', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 129 - 146 Size: 19 pages ()
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What are the socio-economic and ecological effects of mass-production in the South for the purpose of matching mass-consumption in the North? This Third World Quarterly article examines the two levels of the process of displacement, which in the current global capitalist order inherently displaces insecurity onto marginalised populations in order to reproduce the social conditions for accumulation at a global level. This illustrates the current crisis as a momentary violation with an existing rational social order, the discourse of security seeks to normalise the global status quo and justify a sequence of actions to securitise it.

Author: Marcus Taylor Source: Taylor M., 2009, 'Displacing Insecurity in a Divided World: Global Security, International Development and the Endless Accumulation of Capital', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 147 - 162 Size: 17 pages ()
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What is the Rajah Solaiman Movement? How did it emerge, develop and strengthen? Through the use of social movement theory to frame our analytical narrative, the authors examine how the demands and pressures of globalisation have helped to foment 'Balik Islam'. This Third World Quarterly article will reflect the possible extremes of Balik Islam by outlining the rise and fall of the Rajah Solaiman Movement, a Balik-Islam group. The article concludes that today's globalised world has constructed a set of circumstances, opportunities and challenges that creates significant new security problems for the governmental representatives of democratic states.

Author: Douglas Borer | Sean Everton Source: Borer D., Everton S., Jr M.N., 2009, 'Global Development and Human (In)security: Understanding the Rise of the Rajah Solaiman Movement and Balik Islam in the Philippines', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 181 - 204 Size: 25 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the Third Worldism project? What was its impact upon world politics? This Third World Quarterly article analyses the political merits and highlights the limitations of the Third Worldism project. The article first provides a brief historical explanation of the origins of the Third Worldism project and its key elements as well as some of its underlying assumptions. This is followed by the development of a string of arguments which illustrate the main contradictions of the Third Worldism project which rendered its practical application problematic and contradictory at times. The article concludes with a word of hope by challenging the need for an alternative method to achieve development by recognising the interconnectivity between the wider social and political relations and national development.

Author: Heloise Weber | Mark Berger Source: Weber H., Berger M., 2009, 'Human (In)Security and Development in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 263 - 270 Size: 9 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Africa has produced many able mediators in the past fifty years; it is time to refine, improve and assert this homegrown peacemaking capacity. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reports on the African Mediators' Retreat 2009, held to assess mediation efforts in various African states. Future discussions of the role of African mediators should address whether crisis response mediation undermines longer-term mediation objectives of social transformation and durable peace.

Author: HD Centre Source: Centre H., 2009, 'Meeting Report - African Mediators' Retreat 2009', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (564 kB)
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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Recent (US) and European Union (EU) security sector assistance in Palestine, Lebanon and Yemen has focused on counterterrorism at the expense of building democratically accountable security institutions. This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper reviews and evaluates the political and operational effects of the US/EU security sector reform (SSR) approach in these countries. Pursuing counterterrorism in the absence of rule of law perpetuates undemocratic governance of the security sector and undermines statebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh Y., 2009, '"Fixing Broken Windows": Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Carnegie Paper No.17. Size: 36 pages (253 kB)
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What are the components of the national Afghan forces? What are the US and NATO doing to improve the Afghan national forces and with what aim? This Council on Foreign Relations article discusses this issue and provides some answers to these questions. The article firstly provides a background to the mission of the US military and NATO in Afghanistan. It follows with a breakdown of each security component and its current state of effectiveness. Finally, key issues are highlighted that are affecting the success of US military and NATO missions

Author: Greg Bruno Source: Bruno G., 2009, 'Afghanistan's National Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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This document, published by Saferworld, seeks to dispel some of the myths and misperceptions that have been raised in discussions on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). These range from the suggestion that differences in interpretation would undermine any agreement to the contention that, without the support of major arms-exporting states, any agreement would be worthless. It is hoped that this will contribute to an informed debate and increase the prospects of a successful conclusion to the current UN process.

Author: Elizabeth Kirkham Source: 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty: Countering myths and misperceptions', Amnesty International Instituto Sou da Paz, Oxfam, Project Ploughshares. Saferworld and Albert Schweitzer Institute Size: 14 pages (460 kB)
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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform was published in 2007. What impact has it had at in the headquarters of donors and agencies and on the ground? This report, by the OECD, makes recommendations based on the responses received between April 2007 and April 2009. It addresses priorities outlined in the SSR Handbook, which include the challenges of bringing about coherence and co-ordination, and the importance of supporting local ownership. The concluding section builds on this analysis to identify opportunities that can support the further operationalisation of the SSR Handbook.

Author: Alan Bryden | Rory Keane Source: Bryden A., Keane R., 2009, 'Security System Reform: What Have We Learned? Results and trends from the publication and dissemination of the OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Size: 18 pages ()
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The impact of violent conflict on a country's society, economy and political governance is devastating and encompassing. The effects can be tangible and visible, including killed and injured civilians, destroyed or derelict bridges and wells, and damaged or inadequate health care and education facilities. They can also be intangible, such as the collapse of state institutions, mistrust in government, the disruption of social cohesion, psychological trauma and pervasive fear. These impacts can be long lasting, hindering the peaceful development of societies. An understanding of the causes and dynamics of violent conflict and the careful design of conflict prevention, conflict management and peacebuilding activities are essential to avoid violence in the first place, or to alleviate its harmful outcomes. This extensive topic guide provides an overview of key topics ranging from the causes, dynamics and impacts of conflict to options for interventions to prevent, manage and respond to conflict.

Author: Huma Haider Source: Haider, H., 2009, 'Topic Guide on Conflict', Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Birmingham UK Size: 157 pages (1 MB)
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When states are unable to provide adequate security, provision often comes instead from local non-state bodies, private security companies and criminal groups. This paper examines the current status of state and non-state/local justice and security networks in fragile states. Donors can improve security and justice delivery by strengthening both state and non-state security providers, and fostering legislation that clarifies the state/non-state relationship.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'State-Provided Service, Contracting Out, and Non-State Networks: Justice and Security as Public and Private Goods and Services', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 36 pages (635 KB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What policy challenges and opportunities do donors face in seeking to strengthen the effectiveness of non-state/local justice and security networks? This paper recommends an approach of pragmatic realism that acknowledges the multi-layered pluralism of the post-colonial state and accommodates the flexibility and nuances of non-state/local networks. Donors must make a significant shift from mentoring state employees to supporting local civil society and NGOs, largely by assisting in community organisation. While fragile states require long-term statebuilding, a policy of pragmatic realism is the most viable means of reaching that goal.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'Pragmatic Realism in Justice and Security Development: Supporting Improvement in the Performance of Non-State/Local Justice and Security Networks', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 64 pages (430 kB)
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What lessons can be learned from the process of democratising Nepal's security sector and what are the challenges ahead? This edited volume examines the Nepali security sector in relation to: the legislature-parliament; the executive; security providers; security-related actors; and civil society and the media. It argues that security sector reform should be based on a holistic approach that incorporates all relevant security structures, institutions and actors. Security sector transformation (SST) is an important element of democratisation, peace-building, institutional reform and political legitimacy.

Author: Bishnu Sapkota Source: Sapkota B., (Ed.), 2009, 'The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 363 pages (2 MB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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Can the concept of Security Sector Reform (SSR) be applied to Colombia? How should such reforms be implemented? This chapter outlines the limited SSR process in Colombia, which has concentrated on increasing the effectiveness of the state in fighting internal conflict, not necessarily on improving democratic governance. The need to extend and complete SSR in Colombia is indicated by: the absence of parliamentary oversight; limited space for civil society involvement; government and security actors' limited acceptance of the rule of law; and a lack of provision for the treatment of non-statutory security forces.

Author: Wolf Grabendorff Source: Grabendorff, W., 2009, 'Limited Security Sector Reform in Colombia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Münster, pp 69-86 Size: 19 pages (2.65 MB)
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What security challenges face South Asian states, and how can security sector governance (SSG) be improved to facilitate effective responses? What is the potential for security cooperation in the region? The principal security challenges to all states in South Asia are terrorism and insurgency. In terms of SSG, it is important to increase transparency and accountability. South Asia's governments need to share knowledge of SSG procedures and lessons learnt. Promising areas for regional cooperation are counter-terrorism and security coordination.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee Source: Banerjee, D., 2009, 'Security Sector Governance in South Asia: An Introduction', South Asian Survey, vol. 16, no. 2, pp171-185 Size: 15 pages (200 kB)
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How can the Afghan government and international supporters engage most effectively with non-state actors in community-based policing? The distinct characteristics and context of the Arbakai is an example of the diversity of armed non-state actors (ANSA) in Afghanistan. This diversity necessitates nuanced thinking about the role of and engagement with ANSA. There is a move to create or reinvent ANSA to help overcome Afghanistan's security deficit. While a carefully considered plurality of security provision facilitated by the state is advisable, cooperation with ANSA should be limited to those which fill gaps in state provision rather than those which replace and challenge the state.

Author: Susanne Schmeidl | Masood Karokhail Source: Schmeidl S. and Karokhail M., 2009, 'The Role of Non-State Actors in 'Community-Based Policing' - An Exploration of the Arbakai (Tribal Police) in South-Eastern Afghanistan', Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 30, No.2, pp.318-342 Size: 25 pages (200 kB)
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What is the present state of Bangladesh's security sector and its oversight mechanisms? What are the obstacles to reform? This paper focuses on the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), the Bangladesh Police and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). It finds that the security sector, especially the police, is not accountable, transparent or efficient. The development of an effective and accountable security sector in Bangladesh is hindered by an ineffective parliament, intolerance between ruling and opposition parties, corruption and bureaucratic malpractice, lack of judicial independence, lack of long-term vision, and partisanship in civil society. A non-biased, people-centric security policy must be established, and this requires radical change in the attitude of politicians and bureaucrats.

Author: M. Jashim Uddin Source: Uddin, M. J., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Bangladesh', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 209-230 Size: 22 pages ()
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How is India reforming its security sector and what are the challenges facing security sector reform (SSR) in the country? There is no comprehensive single SSR process in India, but reforms are underway in all key security sectors. These reforms have their root in developments after India's nuclear tests in 1998. They are self-driven, reactive, and piecemeal. Integrated, comprehensive SSR based on a national strategic planning process is needed or the full benefits of reform will be lost.

Author: A. Mallika Joseph Source: Joseph A.M., 2009, 'Leading Ahead, Yet Far Behind: Governance of the Security Sector in India', South Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 231-251 Size: 20 pages (140 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so urgent for Nepal? What issues need particular attention in the proposed SSR? This paper examines the history, need for, and challenges facing SSR in Nepal following the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Ten years of civil war revealed serious shortcomings in Nepal's security apparatus. The CPA ended the Maoist insurgency, but other insurgencies and criminal violence have mushroomed. SSR is crucial for Nepal's stability and that of the wider South Asian region. A national security policy and a holistic approach to safeguarding the country's interests are essential.

Author: Nishchal N. Pandey Source: Pandey N. N., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Nepal: If Not Now, When?', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no. 2, pp. 253-271 Size: 19 pages (151 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so critical for Pakistan? What are its SSR challenges how can these be addressed? Pakistan has suffered recurrent political upheavals and security threats that have undermined attempts to build strong democratic institutions. SSR efforts have been hindered by poor governance, by a lack of governance reform and accountability and by civilian regimes' appeasement of the military. The unprecedented security pressures Pakistan now faces necessitate a more modern and broader approach to security sector governance. Political and economic stability needs to be established by developing and implementing an effective internal security strategy. This should involve ensuring the stringent accountability of Pakistan's intelligence services and police force and changing their image.

Author: Salma Malik Source: Malik, S., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Challenges, Remedies and Future Prospects', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp. 273-289 Size: 18 pages (132 kB)
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This chapter analyses Sri Lanka's security sector and the conflict's consequences for the security apparatus. It discusses security sector governance and highlights challenges and entry points for SSR. An attempt at holistic SSR in Sri Lanka in 2003 failed as a result of internal political rivalries and the politicisation of certain elements within the media. Operational reforms have since been undertaken, but have masked a crisis of accountability and left security sector governance problems unaddressed. These must be tackled if there is to be any realistic chance of an SSR-directed national security debate in a political environment where foreign views and interventions are unwelcome.

Author: Eleanor Pavey | Chris Smith Source: Pavey E. and Smith C., 2009, 'Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, pp. 189-210 Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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Sri Lanka's security sector is geared towards violence and offers stiff resistance to reform. Bodies set up to implement SSR have been afflicted by political interference, lack of powers and resources, and lack of seriousness about the reform process. Wide-ranging reforms of the Constitution, an active civil society, and continued external support are needed to achieve sustained SSR in Sri Lanka.

Author: Rosy Cave | N Manoharan Source: Cave, R. and Manoharan, N., 2009, 'Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp.291-314 Size: 24 pages (162 kB)
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Why and how has West Africa's approach to security become less focused on the state and more focused on human security? This article explains the transformation in this sub-region's security agenda and examines the evolving relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and civil society movements. It finds that civil society engages effectively with ECOWAS and has an active role in West Africa's security decision-making processes. There are challenges ahead for this relationship, however, and civil society's capacity for high-level advocacy needs to be enhanced. Clarity of vision within ECOWAS and a dynamic civil society are required to prevent external agencies from hijacking the sub-region's security agenda.

Author: 'Funmi Olonisakin Source: Olonisakin. F., 2009, 'ECOWAS and Civil Society Movements in West Africa', IDS Bulletin, Vol.40, No.2, pp.105-112 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What are the links between war, violence and individual political participation? This Center for Global Development paper presents evidence from northern Uganda which finds increased political participation among former combatants and victims. It concludes that the principle determinant of this increased political participation appears to be war violence experienced. Meanwhile, abduction and violence do not appear to affect non-political types of community participation.

Author: Christopher Blattman Source: Blattman, C., 2008, 'From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda', Working Paper no. 138, Center for Global Development, Washington D.C. Size: 45 pages (365 KB)
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Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Saferworld | Claire Hickson Source: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), 2008, 'Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya', Saferworld, London. Size: 32 pages (1.02 MB)
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What are the legal and practical constraints to justice and reconciliation in Northern Uganda? What are the next steps in addressing traditional justice challenges? This briefing by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) provides a background of the conflict and peace process, analyses justice priorities and recommends key elements of a comprehensive justice plan. The recent accord between the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) and the Ugandan government provides for national prosecution of senior LRA commanders and traditional justice for lower level perpetrators. A number of gaps in the justice framework need to be addressed, such as the capacities of national and traditional justice systems, issues around amnesty and reparations.

Author: Scott Worden Source: Wordem, S., 2008, 'The Justice Dilemma in Uganda', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 13 pages (206 kB)
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Kyrgyzstan's judiciary is biased in its arbitration of political and economic disputes. This research from International Crisis Group suggests that if the judiciary is to become an independent branch of government and gain public trust it needs to reform. Reform is essential for a pluralistic and stable political system in the long term. Reform would also reduce corruption and encourage development. Unless the government allows greater self-governance for lawyers and independence for judges, no amount of training will create an effective system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Kyrgyzstan: The Challenge of Judicial Reform', Asia Report N°150, 10 April 2008, Brussels Size: 30 pages (614 kB)
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What are the common problems in negotiating and implementing disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration (DDR) programmes during peace processes? What lessons can be learned from experience to strengthen practice? This book by the Centre for Human Dialogue (HD Centre) provides first-hand observations on the negotiation of security issues in the El Salvador peace process and mediation in Aceh, Indonesia.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan, C. (ed.), 2008, 'Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Negotiating Disarmament Viewpoints Volume 1, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 38 pages (1.3 MB)
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What role will the EU play in Kosovo's security sector reform (SSR)? What challenges does the EU-led presence face? This paper from the European Security Review takes Kosovo as a test case for the EU in striving for a comprehensive approach to SSR. A complex history and political background, ethnic divides and widespread corruption all pose challenges. In learning from experience and continuing present efforts, the EU must take up its responsibilities as a global actor in crisis management.

Author: Sophie Dagand Source: Dagand, S., 2008, 'The Prospects for a Future Kosovo: The Role of Security Sector Reform', European Security Review no.38, ISIS-Europe, Brussels Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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How can Liberians, following an extended period of civil war, regain effective oversight of their elected representatives and avoid further violent conflict? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) report argues that such an outcome can only derive from the rule of law. It is essential that legislators and other stakeholders are aware of the legal framework for security provision and governance in Liberia. This compendium provides a comprehensive list of the existing security legislation.

Author: Thomas Jaye | DCAF Source: Jaye, T., 2008, 'Liberia's Security Sector Legislation', DCAF Size: 188 pages (169KB)
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Is the strategy of integrating former rebels into a new national army the way to sustain peace agreements? This study, by Yale University, provides the first systematic study of rebel-military integration agreements. It analyses the conditions under which such agreements can be reached and implemented, and considers if and how such agreements can help build peace. It suggests that rebel-military integration has not been an effective peacebuilding mechanism, but this is often due to poor implementation of the agreements.

Author: Katherine Glassmyer | Nicholas Sambanis Source: Sambanis, N. and Glassmyer, K., 2008, 'Rebel-Military Integration and Civil War Termination', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 365-384 Size: 21 pages ()
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Why are measures to promote peace in Afghanistan not succeeding? A significant reason is that in a fractured, impoverished society, there is no effective strategy to help Afghans deal with disputes peacefully. This Oxfam International Research Report calls for greater donor support for NGOs engaged in community peacebuilding and for the development of a national strategy. This could be realised by convening a national conference, attended by NGOs and experts from Afghanistan and overseas, government officials, religious leaders and United Nations (UN) representatives.

Author: Matt Waldman Source: Waldman, M., 2008, 'Community Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: The Case for a National Strategy', Oxfam, Oxford Size: 2 pages ()
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What lessons can be drawn from US engagement with failed states in Africa? This Refugees International report examines US operations in Africa and argues that military and other security concerns have effectively reshaped US international priorities. US global engagement is often determined by the military's capabilities and requirements. There is clearly an urgent need for elevating development on a par with diplomacy and defence.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M., 2008, 'U.S. Civil Military Imbalance for Global Engagement: Lessons from the Operational Level in Africa', Refugees International, Washington DC Size: 56 pages (1.2 MB)
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How does Colombia's Justice and Peace Law balance the needs for peace and justice? To what extent does the paramilitary demobilisation process meet international standards for justice, truth and reparations? This paper from the Fundación para les Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior examines Colombia's Justice and Peace Law in relation to justice, truth and reparation. It argues that while the law uses the language of human rights and justice, it is lacking in mechanisms to put these principles into practice.

Author: Felipe Gómez Isa Source: Gómez Isa, F., 2008, 'Paramilitary Demobilisation in Colombia: Between Peace and Justice', FRIDE Working Paper 57, Madrid, Spain Size: 28 pages (387 kB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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What is meant by democratic control of armed forces and why is it important? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) background paper argues that democratic control of armed forces is essential for ensuring democracy and the rule of law in fragile and failed states. The paper provides a concise introduction to the topic and outlines the key debates.

Author: David Law, DCAF Backgrounder Series Editor Source: DCAF, 2008, 'Democratic Control of Armed Forces', DCAF Backgrounder, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 8 pages (1.62MB)
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How successful has the US's The New Way Forward strategy been in helping Iraq achieve key security, legislative and economic goals? This US Government Accountability Office report measures progress against key aims and argues that while the US has made some progress, these advances are fragile. Unmet goals and challenges remain and as the New Way Forward and the military surge end in July 2008, an updated strategy is needed.

Author: Joseph A. Christoff Source: US Government Accountability Office, 2008, 'Securing stabilizing and rebuilding Iraq', United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-08-837, USA Size: 94 pages (3.82MB)
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How have integrated approaches to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) been applied in the case of Sudan? Despite significant recent progress, DDR cannot be described as a total success. This Saferworld report reviews the design and implementation of the first phase of DDR programming in Sudan from 2005 until the end of 2007. Much further thought and practical guidance is required on DDR if further programmes are to demonstrate more positive results.

Author: Sarah Preston | Henry Smith Source: Kefford, S., Preston, S. & Smith, H., 2008, 'Developing integrated approaches to post-conflict security and recovery: A case study of integrated DDR in Sudan', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 36 pages (455kB)
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How can operational effectiveness in humanitarian, development and security operations be improved to ensure community security? This project from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has developed the Security Needs Assessment Protocol (SNAP) as a means of assessing local security problems, as they are understood by communities themselves. By adapting existing techniques used in interpretive cultural research, it can help agencies learn about the range and meanings of community-level security problems and so design more culturally attuned and more effective operations.

Author: Derek B. Miller | Lisa Rudnick Source: Miller, D. & Rudnick, L., 2008, 'The Security Needs Assessment Protocol: Improving Operational Effectiveness through Community Security', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 77 pages (512KB)
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What is the humanitarian impact of cluster munitions on civilian populations? How does cluster munition contamination affect local economies? This report from United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research highlights how post-conflict recovery and development processes can be impeded by cluster munition contamination. It shows how different groups in a population are affected physically and psychologically. The problems caused by the contamination vary according to prevailing socio-economic conditions. Poverty adds to the difficulty of trying to address the threat of the contamination effectively.

Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Source: UNIDR, 2008, 'The Humanitarian Impact of Cluster Munitions', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 81 pages (364KB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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What effect has the proliferation of small arms and light weapons had on development in Latin America? This article, published in the NACLA Report on the Americas, reviews the multifaceted social consequences of the small arms trade. The trend of accelerating levels of crime and violence suggests that a broad-based and concerted gun control effort is needed. Gun violence is now holding back development in much of the region; fresh initiatives and the continued allocation of resources to tackling the trade will be needed to safeguard Latin America's future prosperity.

Author: Rachel Stohl | Doug Tuttle Source: Stohl, R. and Tuttle, D., 2008, 'The Small Arms Trade in Latin America', NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 41 No.2, March/April 2008 Size: 7 pages (576 kB)
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Mexico's official human rights organ, Comision Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH), is failing to promote reforms to improve Mexico's dismal human rights record. What has gone wrong? This research, by Human Rights Watch, argues that the CNDH could play a far more active role but it has been limited by its own policies and practices. For such an institution to be a catalyst for change, rather than a chronicler of the status quo, it must be proactive and persistent in promoting solutions.

Author: www.hrw.org Source: Human Rights Watch, 2008, 'Mexico's National Human Rights Commission: A Critical Assessment', Human Rights Watch, New York Size: 130 pages (586 kB)
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How successful has Georgia been in its security sector reforms? This paper from the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development argues that a lot remains to be done to eliminate legislative flaws and the shortcomings of management. However, in such a fragile state, attempts to introduce best democratic practices immediately, without taking into account Georgia's particular circumstances, could threaten the state. NATO and the EU should assist Georgia and make it a test site for mutual cooperation.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Georgia 2004-2007', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi Size: 68 pages (543KB)
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How can mercenary activities in Africa be curbed? What is the best way of addressing the challenges brought about by the emergence of private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs)? This monograph from the Institute of Security Studies shows that security privatisation is not going to go away. It argues that African states in particular, collectively and individually, need to develop new policies to regulate the private security industry.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S. (ed.), 2008, 'Elimination of Mercernarism in Africa', ISS Monograph Series No 147, July 2008, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 236 pages (1.25)
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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What are the key obstacles to successful reintegration programmes in post-conflict countries? How can these obstacles be overcome? This report from the United States Institute of Peace makes broad recommendations based on an assessment of Colombia's 2003 disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programme for a major paramilitary group. It argues that reintegration programmes should be characterised by a justice mechanism seen as fair by all parties, and a flexible approach which allows adaption to local needs.

Author: Jonathan Morgenstein Source: Morgenstein, J., 2008, 'Consolidating Disarmament: Lessons from Colombia's Reintegration Program for Demobilized Paramilitaries', USIP, Special Report 217, Washington DC, USA Size: 16 pages (575 kB)
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What impact have land tenure issues had on violent conflict in Kenya? This conference report, published by the African Centre for Technology Studies, argues that the status quo of land tenure in Kenya inevitably leads to violent outcomes. However, no single meta-narrative can explain the shifting nature of land conflicts in Kenya, or in Africa generally, with greed, grievances and other factors at play. Issues of ownership, access and use all feature in land tenure conflicts in Kenya, causing not only violence but also poverty and economic instability.

Author: Judi Wakhungu | Elvin Nyukuri Source: Wakhungu, J., Nyukuri, E. & Huggins, C., 2008, 'Land Tenure and Violent Conflict in Kenya', African Centre for Technology Studies, Consultative Conference Proceedings, Nairobi Size: 34 pages (2.1 MB)
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What factors cause land-based conflicts to turn violent? This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, analyses and traces the trajectory of a decade-long conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Kenya. A government land resettlement programme - intended primarily for squatters of the Mosop and Soy clans of the Sabaot ethnic group - fell apart under clan and ethnic tension. This report asserts the presence of a significant political dimension to the conflict. A sustainable and peaceful resolution will only result from a variety of processes undertaken in a spirit that is consultative, inclusive and transparent.

Author: Robert Romborah Simiyu Source: Simiyu, R., 2008, 'Militarisation of resource conflicts: The case of land-based conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Western Kenya', ISS Monograph No. 152, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 92 pages (1.7 MB)
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What were the dynamics of the post-election violence that erupted in Kenya in December 2007? This report, published by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, analyses the underlying causes and alleged spontaneity of the violence. Region-specific dynamics played a crucial role, with three patterns of conflict emerging: spontaneous slum outbursts; premeditated land grabs; and retaliatory violence. Violations of economic and social rights, particularly in employment, environmental, health and housing issues, pre-dated the 2007 election and fuelled anger.

Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Source: OHCHR, 2008, Report from OHCHR Fact-finding Mission to Kenya 6-28 February 2008, Report prepared for the United Nationas High Commissioner for Human Rights from OHCHR Fact-finding mission to Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva Size: 19 pages (132 kB)
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Tanzania is a relatively new mining country. What has been the impact of mining on local communities? This study, by Chr. Michelsen Institute, argues that unclear land and mining rights, and conceptual differences in how land and mining rights are perceived, contribute to conflict in the country. There is a feeling among both communities and human rights groups that the government has betrayed ordinary people. The article initially outlines land legislation and mining policy in Tanzania. It then presents examples of recent conflicts, government initiatives to resolve them, and existing consultation and conciliation mechanisms that can be used.

Author: Siri Lange Source: Lange, S.,2008, 'Land Tenure and Mining in Tanzania',CMIReports, No. 2 Size: 44 pages (382 kB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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What are the roots of conflict in the Greater Horn of Africa and who are the main rebel groups? This study from the Center for International Peace Operations analyses armed groups in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic (CAR), Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea with regard to their social and ethnic background, their political and military relevance, as well as their leaders and the countries supporting them with arms and money. All the groups are informal unlike the well-organised guerilla movements of the Communist era, which makes the Horn an extremely volatile political environment.

Author: Gérard Prunier | Center for International Peace Operations Source: Prunier, G., 2008, 'Armed Movements in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia', Analyse 02/08, Center for International Peace Operations, Berlin Size: 19 pages (176.27KB)
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To what extent can traditional practices be used to end conflict in Uganda? This study suggests that the Acholi people of Uganda maintain their sophisticated cultural beliefs about the spirit world and their social order. These shape their perceptions of truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation, and they would like to use them for conflict resolution. There is a wealth of knowledge inherent in the traditional practices and culture of the Acholi, which offers credible principles for conflict management and harmonious living within the wider global society.

Author: James Ojera Latigo | International IDEA Source: Latigo, J.O., 2008, 'Northern Uganda: tradition-based practices in the Acholi region', in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, pp. 85-122 Size: 27 pages (1MB)
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How can the threat of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA ) in northern Uganda and the surrounding region be brought to an end? This paper by ENOUGH suggests the peace strategy must enable northern Uganda to consolidate its relative peace and address the threat that Kony - the leader of the LRA - poses to the region. It must develop leverage through military planning, press Kony to make a choice about his future and create a development and security strategy for displaced northern Ugandans to return, even in the absence of a peace deal.

Author: Julia Spiegel | John Prendergast Source: Spiegel, J. and Prendergast, J., 2008, A new peace strategy for Northern Uganda and the LRA: Advancing peace in northern Uganda, ENOUGH strategy paper, ENOUGH Project, International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress Size: 9 pages (147.85KB)
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What role can civil society and businesses play in rebuilding countries emerging from conflict? This report, by the Centre for Research and Dialogue, considers this question with regard to south-central Somalia. It argues that civil society, despite being marginalised by armed factions, can play an important part in peacebuilding and should engage in collective action so as to maximise its impact. It also argues that businesses should be involved in peace negotiations and are crucial to the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of ex-combatants.

Author: Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue, 2008, 'A Force for Change: Promoting the Roles of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Peace-Building and Reconciliation in South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Size: 54 pages (1.3 MB)
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The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended Sudan's civil war is at risk in the state of Southern Kordofan. This International Crisis Group paper analyses growing frustrations among Arab and African tribes about CPA implementation and unresolved ethnic and administrative issues. Concrete ethnic integration and reform progress by the National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), Southern Kordofan Government, United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and donors is essential in order to avoid another Darfur conflict.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sudan's Southern Kordofan Problem: The Next Darfur?', International Crisis Group, Africa Report No.145, Brussels Size: 27 pages (1.20 MB)
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) needs to address past human rights atrocities in order to establish peace, security and respect for human rights in the future. This study, published by the University of California, Berkeley, reports results of a population survey in areas most affected by recent conflict in eastern DRC. The Congolese government and other national and international actors need to consult the population in order to set priorities for planning the future of the DRC.

Author: Patrick Vinck | Phuong Pham Source: Vinck P., Pham P., Shigekane S.B., 2008, 'Living with Fear: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo', University of California - Berkeley, California, USA Size: 72 pages (713.28 KB)
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The contributions of South Sudanese women associated with armed forces during the 22-year Sudanese civil war (1983-2005) remain unrecognised and undocumented. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, reviews women's involvement in the conflict and the lack of official recognition of women in post-conflict programmes. The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and United Nations' agencies need to give women priority Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) treatment and full access to employment opportunities.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'No standing, few prospects: How peace is failing South Sudanese female combatants and WAAFG', Small Arms Survey, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 13, Geneva Size: 8 pages (329 kB)
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The three-day war between Eritrea and Djibouti in 2008 is a reminder that Africa's sub-region remains one of the most unstable and conflict-prone in the world and lacks conditions for a workable peace and security order. This brief, published by the InterAfrica Group, assesses the nature and course of the conflict over borders and its links with peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. If allowed to continue, the Eritrea-Djibouti conflict could endanger strategic interests of many countries and the international war on terror.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M. 2008, 'The Djibouti-Eritrea Conflict', Center for Dialogue on Humanitarian, Peace and Development Issues in the Horn of Africa, Briefing, InterAfrica Group Size: 14 pages (204 kB)
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How can civil society organisations (CSOs) ensure accountability and transparency in the security sector? Whilst CSOs have facilitated security sector reform in transition and post-conflict states, much of their potential remains untapped. This UNDP handbook provides guidance on how CSOs can plan, structure and implement activities to support public oversight of the security sector. Areas of focus include monitoring, budget analysis, legal assistance, legal reform and work with the media and others to improve access to information on security issues.

Author: Eden Cole (ed.) | Kerstin Eppert (ed.) Source: Cole E., Eppert K., Kinzelbach K. (eds.), 2008, 'Public Oversight of the Security Sector: A Handbook for Civil Society Organizations', UNDP, Bratislava Size: 355 pages (3.5 MB)
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What role can private security companies (PSCs) play in improving security in the waters off the Horn of Africa? Do they provide an effective way to prevent and deter attacks from Somali pirates? This paper from the Asia Research Centre explores the risks and benefits of employing PSCs to secure shipping in the Gulf of Aden and the Horn of Africa. It argues that while PSC services can increase the safety of vessels, there are a number of problems inherent in the private maritime security industry. Moreover, while PSCs may assist in dealing with individual pirate attacks, they do not address the underlying causes of piracy itself.

Author: Carolin Liss Source: Liss C., 2008, 'Privatising the Fight Against Somali Pirates', Working Paper No.152, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia Size: 19 pages (208 kB)
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What are the reasons for the rise and expansion of political Islam in Somalia? What is the nature of Somalia's Islamist actors? This book chapter examines the origins and status of political and military Islam in Somalia. It argues that fears of the threat posed by radical Islam in Somalia are exaggerated, but not totally unjustified. The strength of Somalia's Islamist actors has little to do with clan relations, but is instead based on the provision of security and basic services.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse M., 2008, 'Sharia Courts and Military Politics in Stateless Somalia', in Hot Spot Horn of Afirca Revisited: Approaches to Make Sense of Conflict, Lit Verlag, Berlin Size: 5 pages ()
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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How effective are outside efforts to bring security to African countries, particularly through the use of peacekeeping troops? This study from the German Institute of Global and Area Studies argues that a realistic assessment must include local perspectives on peacekeepers and their relations to other (state and non-state) actors in the security arena. Peacekeepers do harm, just as they do good; and they would profit from a more systematic evaluation of the local perception of their actions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler A., 2008, 'Positive, ambiguous or negative? Peacekeeping in the local security fabric', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 40-64, No.5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 25 pages (1.04MB)
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What opportunities has the decentralisation process given women in Cambodia to participate in political leadership? What obstacles and challenges hinder women's participation and leadership at the local level? This article from Gender & Development discusses the work of Banteay Srei, a Cambodian NGO, in building the capacity of women to participate in leadership. It describes how Banteay Srei's leadership training activities have enabled women in the targeted villages to make the most of leadership opportunities. However, challenges to women's effective political leadership still remain and it is important for NGOs and women leaders to develop strategies to overcome these challenges.

Author: Thavy Chhoeun | Panha Sok Source: Chhoeun, T., Sok, P., Byrne, T. C., 2008, ''Citadel of Women': Strengthening Female Leadership in Rural Cambodia', Gender and Development, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 535-547 Size: 13 pages ()
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How has Kup Women for Peace (KWP), a community organisation in Papua New Guinea, contributed to reducing violence and ensuring free and fair elections? What progress has KWP made in changing attitudes about women and their roles in society in the Kup sub-district? This article from Gender & Development describes the work of KWP. It shows how in seven short years, KWP has gone from tribal peacebuilding to ensuring a free, fair and violence-free election in Kup.

Author: Rachael Hinton et al. | Yanny Guman Source: Hinton, R. et al, 2008, 'The Kup Women for Peace approach to peacebuilding: taking the lead in the Papua New Guinea national elections', Gender and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 523 - 533 Size: 11 pages ()
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Singapore's sophisticated press control regime is a carefully calibrated combination of persuasion, consent, control and punishment.This paper, published by Human Rights Quarterly, discusses the legal structure constructed by the Singapore government to impose comprehensive control over press freedom. This unique regime has turned the press into an established political institution that plays the role of maintaining the status quo.

Author: Tsun Hang Tey Source: Tey T.H., 2008, 'Confining the Freedom of the Press in Singapore: A "Pragmatic" Press for "Nation-Building"?', Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 876-905 Size: 31 pages ()
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What support is there for chiefdom governance in Sierra Leone? What implications does decentralisation have for the future of the country's chiefdoms? This article from African Affairs examines chiefdom authority in Sierra Leone and public perceptions of local chiefs. It argues that chiefdom authority continues to have considerable support. Chiefs and headmen are seen as particularly important in settling minor disputes, especially in rural areas.

Author: Edward Sawyer | African Affairs - afraf.oxfordjournals.org Source: Sawyer E., 2008, 'Remove or Reform? A Case for (Restructuring) CHiefdom Governance in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue. 428, pp. 387-403 Size: 17 pages ()
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What role did the 2007 general elections in Sierra Leone play in the country's post-war recovery? This research from the Nordic Africa Institute and Copenhagen University shows how political parties strategically remobilised ex-combatants into security squads, both to protect themselves and to gather votes. It looks at the tactical motives behind ex-combatants' choice to join political campaigning. The 2007 elections strengthened the democratic process in Sierra Leone. However, democracy is still extremely fragile.

Author: Maya M. Christensen | Mats Utas Source: Christensen M.M. and Mats U., 2008, 'Mercenaries of democracy: The 'Politricks' of remobilized combatants in the 2007 general elections, Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue 429, pp. 515-539 Size: 25 pages ()
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How successful has the United States (US) been in achieving political reintegration in Iraq? This study from Conflict, Security and Development examines US approaches to the political reintegration of irregular armed groups, from its initial policy vacuum to the informal reintegration seen during 2007 and 2008. It shows that the best attempt at reintegration has been the arrangements between US military units and Sunni groups since 2006. Yet, since these arrangements emerged without support from the central government, they cannot be considered reconciliation or even reintegration.

Author: David Ucko Source: Ucko D., 2008, 'Militias, tribes and insurgents: The challenge of political reintegration in Iraq', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 341-373 Size: 34 pages ()
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How can long-term peaceful political transformation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone be achieved? This study from King's College London argues that successful political reintegration does not simply mean political participation per se, but requires specific forms of political participation that reinforce the primacy of peaceful political interaction for affecting change. The study concludes that despite progress in many key areas, former fighters of the RUF have yet to be fully politically reintegrated.

Author: Kieran Mitton Source: Mitton K., 2008, 'Engaging disengagement: The political reintegration of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-222 Size: 31 pages ()
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Only when external actors coordinate their long-term approaches and address specific context will it be possible to help Georgia consolidate democracy effectively. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the efforts of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democracy after intra-state war in Georgia. OSCE's overall effectiveness in Georgia has been positive; however, it can only reach its democracy promotion goals if the state government has the will to reform.

Author: Pamela Jawad Source: Jawad P., 2008, 'Conflict Resolution through Democracy Promotion? The Role of the OSCE in Georgia', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 611 - 629 Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the UN Security Council's approach to transnational terrorism and WMD proliferation post 9/11? How are attitudes steered by the application of hierarchical and soft modes of governance? This Nordic International Studies Association study examines the modes of governance applied towards transnational terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to non-state actors. Particular attention is paid to the combination of the hierarchical 'command and punishment' approach and the soft 'cooperative' model.

Author: Monika Heupel Source: Heupel M., 2008, 'Combining Hierarchical and Soft Modes of Governance: The UN Security Council's Approach to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation after 9/11', Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No.1, pp. 7-29. Size: 29 pages ()
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How does the world deal with the United States (US)'s tendency towards unilateralism in its foreign policy? This study from Oxford University looks at European responses to US unilateralism in three multilateral arms control agreements: the Anti- Personnel Landmines Ban, the UN Process on Small Arms, and the Biological Weapons Protocol. It suggests that Europe has varied between accommodation and resistance. Its responses reflect a concern for treaty effectiveness and the norms of consensual decision-making. Activist pressure can overcome this 'compromise bias' of government diplomacy.

Author: Caroline Fehl Source: Fehl C., 2008, 'Living with a Reluctant Hegemon: The Transatlantic Conflict Over Multilateral Arms Control', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 259-287 Size: 30 pages ()
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Is security a collective good? What are the theoretical and practical implications if it is conceptualised as a commodity? This article from the European Journal of International Relations examines the implications of the shift from states to markets in the provision of security. It argues that the shift from public to private provision of security is not merely a change of means. Rather it has significant implications for the conceptualisation and implementation of security in the new millennium.

Author: Elke Krahmann Source: Krahmann E., 2008, 'Security: Collective Good or Commodity?', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 379-404 Size: 26 pages ()
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What is the role of the private security industry in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), South Africa and Uganda? What regulatory frameworks have these countries put in place to control the activities of private security companies (PSCs)? This publication from the Institute for Security Studies presents case studies of the private security industry in the DRC, South Africa and Uganda. It finds that the context in which each country's private security industry operates is informed largely by the country's social, economic and political dynamics.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze S. (ed.), 2008, 'The Private Security Sector in Africa Country Series', Instutute for Security Studies Size: 124 pages (978 kB)
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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How can mediators help to manage the impact of violence on peace processes? What steps must armed groups be prepared to take if they are serious about peaceful resolution of conflict? This publication from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue presents insights on security issues from individuals involved in peace negotiations in Colombia, Nagorno-Karabakh and northern Uganda.

Author: Cate Buchanan Source: Buchanan C., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Reflections on Guns, Fighters and Armed Violence in Peace Processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Viewpoints, Volume 2, November 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (929 kB)
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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How should non-state armed groups (NSAGs) be engaged in disarmament as part of peace negotiations? How should disarmament be introduced, addressed and ultimately achieved? This article from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) sets out how disarmament should be dealt with in the different phases of negotiation with NSAGs. Disarmament is a particularly sensitive topic for NSAGs as giving up their weapons amounts to giving up their power. As a result, disarmament is often most effectively addressed through other topics or in parts.

Author: Julian Thomas Hottinger | UNIDIR Source: Hottinger J.T., 2008, 'Engaging non-state armed groups in disarmament', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum, Number 1, pp. 27-36 Size: 10 pages (132 kB)
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What role have civil society organisations (CSOs) played in conflict prevention in West Africa? What challenges do they face in playing a more effective role? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the various contributions that CSOs have made to conflict prevention in West Africa. It argues that effective conflict prevention requires effective partnerships between CSOs and national governments.

Author: Thelma Ekiyor | UNIDIR Source: Ekiyor T., 2008, 'The role of civil society in conflict prevention: West African experiences', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 27-34 pp. 27 - 34 Size: 8 pages (113 kB)
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What factors facilitate and contribute to the transfer of different types of weapons, small arms and light weapons (SALW) in particular, to non-state armed groups (NSAGs)? How can the international community attempt to control these transfers? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the transfer of weapons to NSAGs. It describes how the post-Cold War security landscape and globalisation have enabled the transfer of arms to NSAGs.

Author: Chris Smith | UNIDIR Source: Smith C., 2008, 'Weapon transfers to non-state armed groups', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: Engaging non-state armed groups, Number 1, pp. 45 - 52 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What lessons can be learnt from West African initiatives to control small arms? How can these lessons be applied to the current international debate on an arms trade treaty? This United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) paper argues that the West African experience shows that an international arms trade treaty should address arms imports as well as exports and prohibit arms transfers to non-state actors.

Author: Cyriaque Pawoumotom Agnekethom Source: Agnekethom C.P., 2008, 'Political and institutional dynamics of the control of small arms and light weapons in West Africa', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum - The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 13 - 20 Size: 8 pages (104 kB)
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What is the scale of small arms proliferation in West Africa? How do small arms and light weapons (SALW) arrive and circulate and what impact do they have on the sub-region? This article from Disarmament Forum looks at the transfer of SALW in West Africa. It argues that the uncontrolled movement of SALW in West Africa has exacerbated conflict, created a climate of insecurity and undermined development.

Author: Francis Langumba Keili | UNIDIR Source: Keili F.L., 2008, 'Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa: a stock-taking', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 5 - 12 Size: 7 pages (105 kB)
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What is the current state of human rights in the Maldives? This report, by the US Department of State, attempts to answer this question with respect to six key areas. These are respect for the integrity of the person, respect for civil liberties, respect for political rights, governmental attitude regarding investigation of alleged violations of human rights, discrimination, and workers' rights. The report notes that there were no reports of arbitrary or unlawful killings but the law continues to significantly restrict freedom of religion.

Author: US Department of State Source: US Department of State, '2008 Human Rights Report: Maldives', United States Department of State Size: 12 pages (104 kB)
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Is there a generally accepted way of managing the institutional relationship between a society and its military in the European Union (EU)? Is there something characteristically European about the relationship? This study from the Centre for European Security Studies looks at the common norms and good practices of civil-military relations in the countries of the EU. It argues that although there has been much talk of a common European approach and common values, actual mechanisms vary significantly from country to country.

Author: Anne Aldis (ed.) | Margriet Drent (ed.) Source: Aldis, A. & Drent, M. (eds.), 2008, 'Common Norms and Goof Practices of Civil-Military Relations in the EU', Centre for European Security Studies (CESS), The Netherlands Size: 184 pages (1.17MB)
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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The difference in donor approaches to security sector reform (SSR) and its actual practice in Africa is immense. This paper, published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, reviews SSR projects in Africa with significant input from external donors. The review reveals considerable variations of approach, while a comparative analysis of SSR in Sierra Leone and Liberia contrasts the differing application of core principles of SSR in these two cases. Generally, donor SSR projects do not substantially differ from the previous piecemeal and uncoordinated approach they have traditionally adopted towards defence, policing and justice reform.

Author: Daniel Bendix | Ruth Stanley Source: Bendix D., Stanley R., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Africa: The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach', African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Occasional Paper Series, Volume 3(2) Size: 58 pages (512 kB)
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How can civil society organisations working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding improve their interactions with the media? Why and when should they use the media? This paper from the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict argues that different types of media can bring about different types of change. Information programming can encourage cognitive change by increasing knowledge and framing public discussion. Entertainment programming and advertising encourage attitudinal change. The media rarely directly affects behaviour, but it influences attitudes and opinions that shape behaviour. Behavioural change happens through the cumulative impact of the media and other social institutions; an integrated strategy is important.

Author: Vladimir Bratic | Lisa Schirch Source: Bratic, V., and Schirch, L., 2008, 'Why and When to Use the Media for Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding', GPPAC Issue Paper, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict Size: 34 pages (725KB)
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How successful has Uganda been in implementing its commitments to the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UN PoA)? This study from Saferworld suggests that the Government of Uganda (GoU) has improved its controls on the international transfer of small arms and light weapons (SALW). The GoU has fulfilled some of its commitments under the UN PoA. Nonetheless, its enforcement of controls on the international transfer of SALW could be strengthened.

Author: Jacqueline Macalesher | Angus Urquhart Source: Macalesher J., Urquhart A., 2008, 'Uganda and international small arms transfers: Implementing UN PoA commitments', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 58 pages (383KB)
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What are the risks and challenges facing Bangladesh's democracy and stability? Are Bangladesh's political and social institutions resilient enough to overcome these challenges? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the political risks and challenges facing Bangladesh. It argues that Bangladesh faces twin threats to its democracy and stability: deadlock over elections, and the growing challenge of militant and violent Islamism. The international community can help to address these risks by taking Bangladesh seriously as a strategic partner and moving towards more mature political engagement.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Bangladesh Today', Asia Report 121, International Crisis Group Size: 39 pages (1 MB)
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How do civil society organisations (CSOs) impact upon conflict dynamics and conflict resolution efforts? This Institute of Development Studies (IDS) paper provides critical assessments of local CSO contributions in five conflict cases - Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Western Sahara and Israel/Palestine. It finds civil society facing similar problems across these five intractable conflicts. CSOs could develop this sector further through a number of measures, including actively promoting the values of democracy to be learnt and experienced on the ground.

Author: Nona Mikhelidze | Nicoletta Pirozzi Source: Mikhelidze, N. and Pirozzi, N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in Abkhazia, Israel/Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Western Sahara', Policy Working Paper, no. 3, MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton Size: 86 pages (721KB)
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How successful has the opening up of the Indian defence industry to private and foreign companies been in revitalising the sector? This Indian Defence Review article argues that the Indian defence industry, in the context of the country's growing economic development, is now reaping the benefits. The industry has acquired a new found confidence. However, further direction from the Government is required to ensure a sizeable, vibrant and sophisticated defence industry in the next two decades.

Author: Vinay Shankar | Indian Defence Review Source: Shankar V., 2008, 'Defence Industry', Indian Defence Review, Vol. 23.1 Size: n/a pages (n/a)
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In 1971 the Pakistan Army surrendered to Indian and Bangladeshi Forces, marking the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh. This article, published in Terrorism Monitor, compares the situation in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to that which prevailed in erstwhile East Pakistan over three decades ago. It exposes several worrying similarities between the two, and proposes recommendations to prevent the further breakup of Pakistan.

Author: Tariq Ashraf Source: Ashraf T., 2008, 'Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?', Terrorism Monitor, Volume 6, Issue 12, Washington, DC Size: 7 pages (48 kB)
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Who are the key players in Pakistan's power dynamics? What role is given to the judicial system and civil society? This report by Jayshree Bajoria offers a brief outline of the political power dynamics in Pakistan's including the traditional role of the military and intelligence agency. It follows by providing a detailed explanation as to other key players which have emerged as dominant stakeholders in Pakistan's power dynamics.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2008, 'Pakistan's Institutions and Civil Society', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York, USA Size: pages ()
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Despite eight years of security sector reform (SSR) advocacy in Indonesia, basic democracy policy objectives and professional, accountable military and police services have yet to be achieved. This paper, published by the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, examines civil society organisations' (CSO) efforts to promote SSR in Indonesia from 1998-2006. While CSOs need to re-formulate their SSR advocacy strategies, the government should comprehensively evaluate SSR laws, policies and implementation in order to improve security sector accountability.

Author: Nancy Slamet Source: Slamet N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Security Sector Reform in Indonesia: 1998-2006', International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, and Institute for Defense Security and Peace Studies, Montreal, Canada Size: 34 pages (546 KB)
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While Singapore's security governance is distinct from those of its Southeast Asian counterparts, it shares regional traits of technocratic primary and relative lack of democratic controls. This paper, published by Contemporary Southeast Asia, discusses the evolution of and current challenges facing Singapore's security sector in light of current security sector governance theory. While Singapore governs its security sector better than most Southeast Asian countries, its technocratic manner and illiberal approach justify the need for some level of reform.

Author: See Sen Tang | Alvin Chew Source: Tang S.S., Chew A., 2008, 'Governing Singapore's Security Sector: Problems, Prospects, and Paradox', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 30 (2): 241-263 Size: 24 pages ()
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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Does negotiating with terrorist groups legitimise them? How can policymakers engage with multifaceted, horizontal organisations such as Al-Qaeda? This article from Security Dialogue argues that legitimacy and complexity can contribute to non-violent resolution of conflicts involving terrorist violence. It also argues that naming groups as 'terrorist' makes non-violent responses to terrorism less possible.

Author: Harmonie Toros Source: Toros, H., 2008, '`We Don't Negotiate with Terrorists!': Legitimacy and Complexity in Terrorist Conflicts', Security Dialogue, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 407-426, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Size: 20 pages (149 KB)
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How are local forms of policing shaped in post-conflict African states? What are the risks and the potential of state and donor support for these informal groups? This article analyses local forms of policing in Rwanda and Sierra Leone. It argues that country-specific patterns of local policing vary enormously, and depend on three factors: (1) the nature of the conflict and peace settlement; (2) regime ideology; and (3) the level of regime insecurity and fear of conflict recurring. In a context of less than fair and accountable state policing, security for the poor cannot be provided without the assistance of local forms of policing.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2008, 'Beyond the Tarmac Road: Local Forms of Policing in Sierra Leone and Rwanda', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp. 555-570 Size: 17 pages (142 kB)
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How are distinctions between public and private and between global and local security governance in Africa being redrawn? This article surveys the breadth of private security activity on the continent, and the political and economic factors driving its growth. It argues that analysis of private security in Africa must be situated within the significant power shifts taking place in international political economy. Contemporary security involves complex, fluid structures in which public and private agents interact, cooperate and compete. Issues of public scrutiny and accountability have important implications for democratic control and oversight.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C., 2008, 'Public/Private, Global/Local: The Changing Contours of Africa's Security Governance', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp 539-553 Size: 15 pages ()
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This article introduces a journal issue examining: 1) how contemporary vigilantism in Nigeria has been at the forefront of contests over state authority; and 2) the social and cultural interpretation of vigilantism. It argues that contemporary Nigerian vigilantism involves a range of local and global dynamics beyond informal justice. Nigerian vigilante organisations do not merely reflect globalisation and the rise of the private security sector; they are not fully explained as a response to crime and a vacuum left by the state; and they cannot be neatly understood as forerunners of popular movements to reassert autonomy against state power. Rather, vigilantism is historically contingent and culturally specific, having various localised practices and meanings. The study of vigilantism could usefully focus on links between sociality and security; people's investment in social relationship and practices (burials, meals, marriages) are also investments in forms of insurance and protection.

Author: David Pratten Source: Pratten, D., 2008, 'Introduction - The Politics of Protection: Perspectives on Vigilantism in Nigeria', Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 78, no. 1, pp.1-15. Size: 15 pages (220 kB)
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What led people in Liberia to join militias and become in involved conflict during the country's terrible civil war? How can an understanding of the factors that got people 'into' violence help policymakers design more effective disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration and rehabilitation (DDRR) programmes to get them 'out'? This study, conducted with 491 ex-combatants using respondent-driven sampling, finds that assumptions of combatants' marginalisation before joining militias were inaccurate. Rather, it was mainly security concerns that caused the Liberian youth to fight. DDRR approaches are in need of re-thinking to link them more directly to social cohesion and societal security.

Author: Morten Bøås | Anne Hatløy Source: Bøås, M. and Hatløy, A., 2008, ''Getting in, Getting out': Militia Membership and Prospects for Re-integration in Post-war Liberia', Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.46. no.1, pp.33-55. Size: 23 pages (127 kB)
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How can democratic policing be developed in Bangladesh? This chapter reviews policing and police reform, highlighting the challenges of corruption, misconduct and politicisation. Despite promising initiatives by the Police Reform Programme, achieving reform implementation and embedding respect for human rights in police culture remain challenging. Reforms will only succeed in practice if politicians demonstrate the political will for change.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Bangladesh' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp16-31 Size: 15 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter finds that despite Pakistan's progressive Police Order of 2002, effective implementation of police reform has been blocked by a culture of political interference in police matters and by opposition from vested interests among the bureaucracy, by elements of the policing community and by alienated provincial governments. A failure to appreciate the impact that inadequate and oppressive policing can have on politics and governance risks repeating the mistakes that have plagued Pakistan since Independence. The regressive amendments to the Police Order since 2002 must be repealed and the successful reform of the National Highways and Motorway Police should be emulated.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Pakistan' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 54-75 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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The effort to implement better policing in Sri Lanka has stalled, and international pressure on the government has produced only the appearance of respect for human rights. This chapter finds that police reform will not work while the civil war is ongoing or while politicians are unwilling to end their patronage of the police. In order to begin to democratise the police, the government must scale back the military offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and pursue a long-term political solution that involves devolution to the provinces. To end the culture of impunity, police human rights abuses must be impartially investigated and prosecuted.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Sri Lanka', in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 76-90 Size: 14 pages (2.9 MB)
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When regulated and accountable, the private security industry can make a valuable contribution to security provision. However, the activities of an uncontrolled or poorly regulated private security industry can present unique governance problems, and in post-conflict states can inhibit peacebuilding and development. This guidance note by Saferworld aims to equip practitioners with the information and research questions necessary to assess whether the private provision of security in a country is problematic, and consider how to incorporate it into Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes.

Author: Anna Richards | Henry Smith Source: Richards, A. & Smith, H., 2007, 'Addressing the role of private security companies within security sector reform programmes', Saferworld, London Size: 29 pages (414 kB)
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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There is currently little guidance available for ombudsman institutions on how they should structure their work to improve human and public security. This publication, by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), aims to close this gap. It focuses on the role of Ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the security sector. It argues that independent ombudsman institutions can play an important role in strengthening democratic oversight and furthering human and public security.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E. (eds.), 2007, 'Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector: Recommendations for Ombudsman Institutions to Promote and Protect Human Rights for Public Security', UNDP / DCAF. Size: 92 pages (1076 kB)
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The globalisation of the private security sector (PSS) and its impact on conflict and human security has no better example than Africa. This paper, authored by Sabelo Gumedze, discusses the dynamics of the private security industry, its proliferation and relative lack of regulation, and identifies forces that drive its growth. The issue of the PSS, as it exists in Africa today, must be addressed by effective regulatory mechanisms.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S., 2007, 'The private security sector in Africa: The 21st century's major cause for concern?', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Paper 133, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (22.5 KB)
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) continues to undermine development, the security of citizens and good governance in Africa. Author Nelson Alusala reports on the status of SALWs and disarmament in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad. The monograph includes historical, political and cultural context for each country's struggles to control SALWs, and recommends actions to control SALWs and arms trafficking.

Author: Nelson Alusala Source: Alusala, N., 2007, 'Armed Conflict and Disarmament: Selected Central African Case Studies', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Monograph No 129, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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This is the only comprehensive and regularly published account of the global conflict-induced internal displacement situation. In addition to an analysis of developments at the global level, the report also provides overviews of regional and thematic trends. It aims to raise awareness of the still often-overlooked plight of some 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and to draw attention to existing gaps in response at both the national and international level.

Author: Jens-Hagen Eschenbächer Source: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2007 ,'Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2006', Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 103 pages (3.63 MB)
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Is building peace through community development a promising approach? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute draws on a recent CMI evaluation of a UNDP-led programme in Ituri district in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Community development can be an effective tool to build peace, even in the midst of violence. The Ituri experience suggests that aid agencies that adopt this strategy will stand a fair chance to succeed in significantly reducing poverty-related violence.

Author: Ingrid Samset Source: Samset, I., 2007, 'A promising experience: building peace through community development', Brief, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Vol.6 No.3, Norway Size: 4 pages (452KB)
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While the Labour Government of the United Kingdom (UK) has introduced positive arms export policy changes in the past 10 years, these policies have been undermined by poor implementation and decisions that appear to contradict stated criteria. This paper, authored by Mark Curtis, Helen Close, Vanessa Dury and Roy Isbister, examines the Labour Government's arms export policy and identifies a number of "good" policy developments, "bad" policy implementation and "ugly" practices.

Author: Mark Curtis | Helen Close Source: Close,H., Curtis,M., Dury,V. & Isbister,R., 2007, 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - a decade of Labour's arms exports', Saferworld, London Size: 2 pages (35.0 kB)
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Up to 400,000 people have died since February 2003 as a result of the war that broke out in the Darfur region of Sudan. This paper, by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), examines the problems of civilian protection created by this war. It argues for the strengthening of the African Union (AU) force in the context of United Nations (UN) support and the fast-tracking of the peace process within Darfur between Khartoum and its neighbours.

Author: Peter Kagwanja | Patrick Mutahi Source: Kagwanja,P. & Mutahi,P., 2007, 'Protection of civilians in African peace missions: The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur', ISS Paper 139, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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Should Armed Non-State Actors be engaged in development dialogue? Would this be tantamount to negotiating with terrorists? Armed Non-State Actors are now an important feature of violent conflict within and between states. This paper from the German Development Institute (DIE) identifies opportunities and challenges for engaging Armed Non-State Actors from a development perspective. It refutes the idea that this engagement legitimises violence and suggests there is widespread support for such work.

Author: Noel Stott Source: Stott, N., 2007, 'Negotiating in Practice what is Non-Negotiable in Principle: Development Policy and Armed Non-State Actors', Discussion Paper, no. 8/2007, German Development Institute, Bonn, January. Size: 43 pages (35 KB)
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How useful have the OECD's Principles of Good International Engagement in Fragile States been in the context of Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) concentrates on the conflict between the North and the South and on three key elements of the Principles: Donor coordination, state-building and peacebuilding. On the basis of this experience, it finds the OECD Principles to be very relevant for guiding international engagement.

Author: Anita Haslie | Axel Borchgrevink Source: Haslie, A. and Borchgrevink, A., 2007, 'International Engagement in Sudan after the CPA: Report on the Piloting of OECD/DAC's 'Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States' for the Case of Sudan', Paper no. 714, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Size: 46 pages (403 KB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Why do some peace processes create conditions for effective protection of civilians while others don't? This paper, authored by Jeremy Brickhill, uses lessons learned from the Darfur Peace Agreement to argue that inadequate attention to security aspects of peace processes leads to failure of peace agreements and civilians left at risk. Security arrangement negotiations and transitional strategies which link short-term stabilisation with long-term security sector transformation are essential requirements for peacebuilding in Africa.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill,J., 2007, 'Protecting Civilians Through Peace Agreements: Challenges and Lessons of the Darfur Peace Agreement', ISS Paper 138, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa. Size: 2 pages (31.5 kB)
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The use of private security companies (PSCs) by humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) not only poses management and control issues for NGOs, but can have a serious impact upon the execution of humanitarian policy. This paper, authored by Christopher Spearin, identifies issues that affect PSC/NGO interaction and suggests policy options to clarify the NGO approach to PSCs. NGOs should consider improving their security savvy and take steps to help create a more humanitarian-centric PSC marketplace.

Author: Dr Christopher Spearin Source: Spearin, C., 2007, 'Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations and International Private Security Companies: The "Humanitarian" Challenges of Moulding a Marketplace', Policy Paper 16, DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 31 pages (260kb)
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Liberia's national security sector operates under old structures that are unworkable, wasteful and do not engender the support of the people. This paper, authored by Gompert, Oliker, Stearns, Crane and Riley, recommends the organisation of a new sector architecture of both force structure and security institutions. Liberia must create a new security structure capable of meeting the country's internal and external challenges.

Author: David C. Gompert | Olga Oliker Source: Crane,K., Gompert,D., Oliker,O., Riley,K. & Stearns,B., 2007, 'Making Liberia Safe - Transformation of the National Security Sector', Monograph, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA Size: 118 pages (561kb)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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Is it possible to fight war and manage conflict at the same time? This book from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) explores the causes of conflict and the critical role of conflict management in volatile political environments. Peacemaking and conflict management are essential for creating a less divided, less conflicted world despite the complexities and high odds against success. The international community can check hostile adversaries of the international order and make peace at the same time.

Author: Chester A. Crocker | Fen Osler Hampson Source: Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P., 2007, 'Leashing the Dogs of War', Introduction in Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P. (eds.) 'Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 726 pages ()
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To what extent have religious leaders in Afghanistan been involved in the reconstruction of the country? How do they view the Afghans and foreigners who are driving it? This paper, by the Cooperation for Peace and Unity, analyses the debates surrounding religious groups in the country and assesses their potential role as civil society actors. The paper argues that most religious leaders have a positive view of development. The government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should make greater efforts to forge links with them.

Author: Kanishka Nawabi | Mirwais Wardak Source: Wardak, M., Zaman, I., and Nawabi, K., 2007, 'The Role and Functions of Religious Civil Society in Afghanistan: Case Studies from Sayedabad and Kunduz', Cooperation for Peace and Unity, Kabul Size: 53 pages (380 KB)
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Which factors determine whether former combatants can be successfully integrated into social and political spheres at the end of a conflict? This article published in Conflict, Security and Development compares the political reintegration of the Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) in Colombia in the early 1990s with the reintegration of the paramilitary a decade later. It argues that successful reintegration depends on the acceptance of relevant audiences and the capacity of former combatants to perform as social and political interlocutors.

Author: Alexandra Guáqueta Source: Guáqueta, A., 2007, 'The Way Back In: Reintegrating Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia Then and Now' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 417-456 Size: 41 pages (270 KB)
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Experts agree that police reform involving the community is critical for peace and development. Yet to date there has not been a study on what international practitioners are doing in community-based policing (CBP) initiatives across Southeastern Europe. This document, by the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme, looks at project activities that address the issue of community involvement in police reform in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. It argues that the SSSR Programme is contributing to increased security in Albania and is a model worthy of replication.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'The Critical Link: Community Policing Practices in Southeastern Europe', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 36 pages (339 kB)
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How successful have Community Problem Solving Groups (CPSGs) been at representing their communities and identifying and solving problems? How supportive of their efforts are local government officials? This study from the United Nations Development Programme assesses the Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme's CPSGs in Albania. In general, local governments are interested in supporting the CPSGs, local police officers are dedicated to community-based policing, and there are active CPSG members. The CPSGs thus have a lot of potential, which the SSSR Programme should help to realise.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'Representation, Relevance and Interest: An Assessment of the SSSR Programme's Community Problem Solving Groups', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 29 pages (336 kB)
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Casualties from antipersonnel landmines in Colombia have increased dramatically in recent years. The use of antipersonnel landmines by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) kills and injures hundreds of civilians every year. This report from Human Rights Watch documents the impact on civilian victims of antipersonnel landmines and the assistance the government provides to survivors.

Author: Daniel Wilkinson | HRW Americas Division Source: Human Rights Watch, 2007, 'Maiming the People: Guerrilla Use of Antipersonnel Landmines and Other Indiscriminate Weapons in Colombia', Human Rights Watch, Volume 19, No. 1(B), New York, USA Size: 38 pages (1.03 MB)
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Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. The Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006 considered the cases of Guatamala and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the peace agreements that ended the conflicts in these countries a decade after they were signed and a number of related issues. The introductory article from the conference outlines the factors that lead to establishing truth commissions in one context and judicial tribunals in another, considering how a society can learn to live with the memory of human rights violations, and how external actors can contribute to the process of reconciliation.

Author: Jonathan Sisson Source: Sisson,J.(ed.), 2007, 'Dealing with the Past in Post-Conflict Societies: Ten Years after the Peace Accords in Guatemala and Bosnia-Herzegovina', Introduction at the Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006, Bern Size: 80 pages (871 kB)
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While most states in Central Asia have conducted varying degrees of defence and security sector institutional reform, practical application of reform varies from country to country. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the status of defence and security reform in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Weak economies, lack of democratic governance and intractable security issues such as drug smuggling are major hindrances to reform.

Author: Eden Cole (editor) | Philipp Fluri (editor) Source: Cole,E. & Fluri,P., 2007, 'Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States', DCAF, Bern Size: 112 pages (563.90 kB)
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What are the key security issues facing post-conflict Nepal? How can ongoing local tensions be addressed? This donor briefing paper from International Alert and Friends for Peace reports on the security concerns of vulnerable and marginalised groups in the country. Donors and communities should work together to promote locally owned security structures, collaboration between political parties and an approach to reconciliation which incorporates development strategies.

Author: Natalie Hicks (not author) Source: International Alert and Friends for Peace, 2007, 'Nepal at a Crossroads: Strengthening Community Security in the Post-Settlement Context', Donor Briefing Paper, International Alert, London Size: 14 pages (660 KB)
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How influential are civil society organisations (CSOs) in South Africa and Uganda? This article examines the extent to which CSOs influence government policy and legislation and extend citizen participation in public affairs. It also considers how far external funding influences policy engagement and outcomes. The capacity of CSOs to offer citizens a say in decisions and to enhance pluralism may be as important as their ability to influence policy and demand accountability from state actors.

Author: Mark Robinson | Steve Friedman Source: Robinson, M. and Friedman, S., 2007, 'Civil Society, Democratization, and Foreign Aid: Civic Engagement and Public Policy in South Africa and Uganda', Democratization, Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 643-668 Size: 27 pages (160 KB)
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What security threats and challenges confront the European Union (EU)? How is the EU to deal with these threats and challenges? The 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) set out the principles, priorities and procedures of how the EU intends to protect and promote its security. This article from European Security Review suggests that the ESS should be revised in light of the changing threats and challenges facing Europe. To become a genuine strategy the ESS should contain clear targets and objectives, and detailed action plans for their achievement.

Author: Stephen Pullinger Source: Pullinger,S., 2007, 'Revising the European Security Strategy: Building a secure Europe in a better world', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (92 KB)
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Is the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) an effective instrument for promoting peace and stability in Africa? How successfully does it address the links between peace, governance and development? This article from The African Security Review critically examines how the APRM self-assessment questionnaire covers conflict detection and prevention. Reviewing the first three APRM country reports, from Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda, it questions whether the APRM is an effective instrument for promoting peace. While the APRM could be useful in describing sources of conflict and tension, Africa should not rely on the APRM alone to prevent conflict.

Author: Steve Gruzd Source: Gruzd,S., 2007, 'Peace, Security and the African Peer Review Mechanism: Are the Tools up to the Task?', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 13 pages (152 kB)
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What challenges confront the peacebuilding agenda in Africa? To what extent have peacebuilding measures been undertaken in conflict-ridden African states? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges, extent and achievement of peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace. The experience of Sierra Leone demonstrates growing international recognition that peacebuilding should be an essential part of any multinational peacekeeping operation in Africa. While many positive developments have strengthened the prospects for long-term peace in Sierra Leone, several problems still need to be urgently addressed.

Author: Theo Neethling Source: Neethling,T., 2007, 'Pursuing Sustainable Peace Through Post-conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Sierra Leone', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (148 kB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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What are the key challenges for justice sector reform in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) highlights both improvements and issues yet to be addressed in the country's administration of law and justice. Whilst it has seen many positive developments since the restoration of civilian rule in 1993, including an increased institutional respect for the rule of law, justice reform remains piecemeal and uncoordinated.

Author: To whom it may concern | To whom it may concern Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and the Institute for Democratic Governance, Size: 23 pages (100 KB)
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What are the key challenges to the promotion of democracy and political participation.in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) reviews the status of institutional reforms and the role of the media, civil society and citizens in the country's movement towards full democracy. While much progress has been made since the return to civilian rule in 1993, there is a need to address outstanding issues, including an incomplete reform processes, inefficiency, lack of funding and continued non-democratic practices.

Author: AfriMAP | OSIWA Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Democracy and Political Participation', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and Institute for Democratic Governance. Size: 23 pages (95 KB)
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Incentives and sanctions are used by external actors to try to stop armed conflicts in the short term. But are they effective in promoting peace? This research by Conciliation Resources argues that these instruments are often not used as part of a broader strategy aimed at resolving conflict. They are often a confused mix of coercion and assistance, which neither force nor encourage the conflict parties towards a negotiated settlement.

Author: Conciliation Resources Source: Conciliation Resources, 2007, 'Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peace processes', Conciliation Resources Joint analysis workshop report, UK Size: 20 pages (299KB)
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What is the impact of democratic governance on national security in Southern Africa? How does it affect collaboration in regional security? This study, by the Southern African Defence and Security Management Network (SADSEM), looks at the countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) - South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland and Tanzania. Taking both an historical and comparative perspective, it suggests that the relationship between democratisation, national security and security cooperation in the region is still not clear. The relationship depends on the stability of a country, the nature of its democratic transition and the degree of institutionalisation of its democratic governance.

Author: Gavin Cawthra (ed.) | Abillah Omari (ed.) Source: Cawthra,G., du Pisani,A. and Omari,A. (eds.), 2007, 'Security and Democracy in Southern Africa', The Wits P&DM Governance Series, Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa Size: 340 pages ()
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What are the key features of Nigeria's governance crisis and how can these be addressed? This paper from Human Rights Watch documents the most important human rights abuses of Nigeria's political process. Only determined action to reform key institutions will achieve meaningful change in the way Nigeria conducts its political business.

Author: Chris Albin-Lackey | Ben Rawlence Source: Albin-Lackey, C., and Rawlence, B., 2007, pp. 1-51 and 103-112 in 'Criminal Politics: Violence, "Godfathers" and Corruption in Nigeria', vol. 19, no. 16(A), Human Rights Watch, Africa Division Size: 123 pages (1 MB)
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How can the concept of human security be used as a practical device to address armed violence? This paper from the Centre for Policy Studies presents the example of a Brazilian non-governmental organisation (NGO) that uses the human security concept as a tool to formulate policies and execute projects on the ground. The human security concept can be a powerful point of departure to orient governments, international and regional organisations and NGOs towards initiatives that increase personal safety.

Author: Ilona Szabó de Carvalho | Raphael M.C. Corrêa Source: De Carvalho, I. S. and Corrêa, R. M. C., 2007, 'Brazilian Perspectives on Human Security', Policy: Issues and Actors, vol. 20, no. 8, Centre for Policy Studies, Johannesburg Size: 20 pages (250 KB)
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What impact does conflict have on police culture? This chapter examines some aspects of everyday police practices in three African states, along with some of the internal management and external state and donor influences that have sought to (re)shape them. It seeks to track where changes have occurred following conflict, why, and with what consequences. Whilst reform of small state police forces proceeds slowly, the growth of other policing agencies continues. Policing, as it is experienced in Africa, is a multi-choice affair.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Conflict and African Police Culture: The Cases of Uganda, Rwanda, Sierra Leone', book chapter in, O'Neil, M., Marks, M. and Singh, AM. (eds.), 'Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions', Oxford: Elsevier Science. Size: 2 pages (35 kB)
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What role does community-based policing have in post-conflict states? In his article, Bruce Baker demonstrates that community-based (non-state) policing in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Rwanda has survived conflict, but that its variable form and function is in part the product of conflict. In a context of limited state police resources, community-based policing is not to be dismissed lightly as a significant security provider for post-war democracies.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Post-War Policing by Communities in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Rwanda', Democracy and Security, 3, 2, 215-36. Size: 40 pages (157 kB)
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How effective have international arms embargoes been in reducing the supply of weapons into countries in Africa? What factors determine the success or failure of arms embargoes? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) analyses the monitoring and enforcement of United Nations arms embargoes in Africa. Examining international embargoes of nine African countries, it finds that the impact of arms embargoes depends on the commitment of all states to enforce them.

Author: Guy Lamb Source: Lamb, G. 2007. 'Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa', Occasional Paper 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (302KB)
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In 2007 Sierra Leone held fair elections for the president and parliament. Will these lead to increased development and democracy? This essay by the Center for Global Development assesses the elections from the perspective of the country's troubled history and post-conflict state building. The long-term impact of the elections will depend on the government's ability to tackle endemic corruption, rebuild infrastructure and encourage investment. It also depends on the emergence of a constituency that has the knowledge, power and commitment to demand democratic governance from its leaders.

Author: Carol J. Lancaster Source: Lancaster, C. 2007. 'We Fall Down and Get Up: State Failure, Democracy and Development in Sierra Leone', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 10 pages (296KB)
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How should donor countries cooperate with partner countries in conditions of poor government performance and fragile statehood? How should they engage with multilateral organisations in regard to development policy? This strategy paper from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) outlines a framework for development cooperation in countries with fragile governance conditions. If development cooperation is to be more effective in difficult settings it must be adapted to the political and social conditions in partner countries.

Author: Dr Eduard Westreicher | Dr Ludgera Klemp Source: BMZ 2007. 'Development-Oriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance', Strategies 153, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn Size: 44 pages (354 kB)
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What do the Burundi peace negotiations reveal about the neo-liberal conception of peace that informs conflict resolution in Africa? Using the Burundi peace negotiations as an example, this article from Review of African Political Economy examines neo-liberal conflict resolution in Africa. Peace negotiations should be seen as political struggles, beyond that between the belligerents, due to the involvement of supporting actors promoting vested interests. Resulting peace agreements are not necessarily consensual or compromises for the sake of peace, but rather temporary stalemates between international, regional and local actors.

Author: Patricia Daley Source: Daley, P., 2007, 'The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace-making', Review of African Political Economy, 34(112) , pp.333 - 352 Size: 20 pages ()
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How has Uganda attempted to reintegrate abductees and former combatants from the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) back into civilian life? This article from Conflict, Security and Development analyses disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) in northern Uganda and the challenges facing attempts to reintegrate former LRA combatants. It finds that the impact of Uganda's informal DDR process is limited by the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis. DDR will only succeed if it is part of a wider peacebuilding process.

Author: Anna Borzello Source: Borzello, A. 2007. 'The challenge of DDR in Northern Uganda: The Lord's Resistance Army', Conflict, Security & Development, 7(3), pp.387 - 415, Routledge, Oxford Size: 29 pages ()
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What lessons do regional experiences in small arms transfer controls provide for the construction of universal principles for the authorisation of small arms transfers? This publication from Project Ploughshares presents papers from an international seminar on 'Regional Dimensions of Global Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfer Principles'. It shows that there is a growing global consensus, derived from international law, on the key principles that should govern arms transfers. The emerging challenge for the international community is to ensure coherence among initiatives addressing small arms transfer and initiatives addressing transfer of all conventional weapons.

Author: Kenneth Epps (editor) Source: Project Ploughshares. 2007. 'Towards Global Standards: Regional Experience in Small Arms Transfer Controls', Edited Papers from an International Seminar, Waterloo, Canada. Size: 111 pages (1.59 MB)
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Preventing and reducing the unauthorised diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) transfers is widely acknowledged to be a critical issue. The UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW includes strong commitments on this matter. This report, by Biting the Bullet, identifies processes by which SALW transfers are diverted to unauthorised recipients, outlines aspects of transfers that pose particular risks, and proposes measures to mitigate such risks. It also specifically considers existing and potential good practice with regard to end-user certificates (EUCs), preventing unauthorised re-export, and controlling transit of SALW.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E. 2007. 'Small arms and light weapons transfer controls to prevent diversion: Developing and implementing key programme of action commitments', Briefing: Biting the Bullet, Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 30 pages (1.08 MB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses BiH's legislative framework for arms transfer control. The BiH authorities have taken impressive steps to bring the arms transfer control system into line with EU standards. While the necessary legislation is in place and key personnel are committed to its enforcement, however, a number of challenges continue to hinder its implementation.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Olga Palinkase Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Bosnia and Herzegovina', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 26 pages (161 KB)
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To what extent do arms and military equipment (AME) and dual-use transfer controls in Croatia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Croatia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. Croatia has introduced legislation and regulations which constitute significant progress toward bringing its AME transfer control system into line with EU and US best practice. However, there is still some work to be done and considerable challenges to overcome.

Author: Roy Isbister | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Croatia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 28 pages (169 KB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Kosovo comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Kosovo's arms transfer control framework. While the international administration has introduced limited controls on the transfer of arms to and from Kosovo, the existing regulatory framework has many gaps. The ongoing Internal Security Sector Review and talks on Kosovo's final status nevertheless provide unique opportunities to address these issues.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Anna Richards; Simon Rynn Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Kosovo', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 20 pages (127)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Serbia comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Serbia's legislative framework for arms transfer controls. The legislation currently in force in Serbia represents an encouraging level of commitment to EU norms in arms transfer controls. There are also welcome signs of growing capacity to better enforce the legislation. There is still more to be done, however, and challenges remain.

Author: Roy Isbister | Anna Richards Source: Isbister R., et al., 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Serbia', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 30 pages (233 KB)
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How can security sector reform (SSR) be made genuinely successful? This paper from Arab Reform Initiative considers SSR as an element of Western policy towards the Arab region, focusing on the EU and US. It assesses the context for security sector reform in the Arab region and argues that SSR can only be approached as a fundamentally political challenge. It concludes that meaningful steps towards SSR have only been taken by governments undertaking democratisation, however limited.

Author: Prof. Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh, Y. (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in the Arab Region: Challenges to Developing an Indigenous Agenda', Arab Reform Initiative, Thematic Papers n° 2 December, 2007 Size: 39 pages (308KB)
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How useful is financial surveillance as a method of countering terrorism? How much privacy should be exchanged for security? This study from the University of London argues that, in combating terrorist financing, the challenge is to identify the unknown risk without inhibiting the everyday transactions of ordinary citizens. This requires better intelligence on terrorist organisations and not terabytes of data recording the financial transactions of the population at large.

Author: William Vlcek Source: Vlcek, W. (2007). 'Surveillance to Combat Terrorist Financing in Europe: Whose Liberty, Whose Security?', European Security, 16(1), pp. 99-119, Routledge Size: 22 pages ()
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The European Commission's Eurobarometer survey reveals high levels of public support for European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). However, this paper from European Security argues that public support for ESDP is much more ambiguous than it seems. Although Europe's security and defence policy has progressed rapidly, there is a disconnection between ESDP as a European (elite) project and the European people. This is significant because the preferences of Europeans could enable or impede the further development of ESDP.

Author: Klaus Brummer Source: Brummer, K. (2007). 'Superficial, not Substantial: The Ambiguity of Public Support for Europe's Security and Defence Policy', European Security, 16(2), pp. 183-201, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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How have transparency levels and the outcomes of arms export policies in central and eastern European (CEE) states changed since they joined the European Union? To what extent are changes in arms export policies the result of the 'Europeanisation' of this policy area? This article from European Security examines the impact of Europeanisation on the arms export policies of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. While Europeanisation has led to an increase in arms export policy transparency, its impact on arms export policy outcomes is harder to detect. At best, Europeanisation has been one of a range of factors driving change in this area.

Author: Mark Bromley Source: Bromley, M. (2007). 'The Europeanisation of Arms Export Policy in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland', European Security, 16(2), pp. 203-224, Routledge. Size: 22 pages ()
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Why is the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) faltering? Why have the demobilisation programmes been unsuccessful? This paper, from the School of Oriental and African Studies, analyses these problems against the background of the DRC's culture of violence, its informal politics and economy and the crises faced by ordinary people. Demobilisation programmes do not address fighters' motivations and the peace process has led to immediate gains by some parties while institutionalising destructive systems and long-term losses for the population.

Author: Zoë Marriage Source: Marriage, Z, 2007, 'Flip-flop rebel, dollar soldier: demobilisation in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 281-309, Routledge Size: 30 pages ()
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What are the links between youth, security and development? How can security and development initiatives improve the lives of youths in developing countries? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines how youths feature in global security and development initiatives. It concludes that meeting youths' needs requires close collaboration among stakeholders, with financial assistance from development agencies helping bring together local, national and regional actors.

Author: Olawale Ismail | Abiodun Alao Source: Ismail, O. and Alao, A. (2007). 'Youths in the interface of development and security', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 3-25, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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How can we account for the apparent inability of security sector reform (SSR) efforts to make a visible and sustainable impact, particularly in post-conflict African states? What practical challenges face donor support for SSR? This article from the journal Conflict, Security and Development examines the gap between donors' SSR policies and practice. It argues that this gap can be explained by the tension between donors' state-centric policy framework and the growing role of non-state security actors. The external origin and orientation of SSR needs to be supplemented by greater local ownership and inclusion in SSR conceptualisation, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2007). 'The role of security sector reform in sustainable development: donor policy trends and challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 27-60, Routledge. Size: 34 pages ()
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How can the presence of 'other armed groups' (OAGs) be dealt with in building stability in post-conflict environments? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development looks at the 'White Army' militias in Sudan, who maintained an armed presence after Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It provides an analysis of both the forcible and voluntary disarmament strategies that were implemented by the Sudanese Government. It argues that organisations such as the UN, local government and NGOs played an important role in successful disarmament. But challenges remain in building sustainable conditions for peace.

Author: Matthew B. Arnold | Chris Alden Source: Arnold, M.B.; Alden, C. (2007). ''This gun is our food': Disarming the White Army militias of South Sudan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(3), pp. 361-385, Routledge. Size: 26 pages ()
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Is India's proposed transfer of military Advance Light Helicopters (ALHs) to Myanmar making a mockery of EU arms embargoes? This report by EU NGOs argues that governments should ensure that components produced or otherwise originating from within their jurisdiction are not incorporated into military equipment that is subsequently transferred to Myanmar. The paper examines EU (and, to a lesser extent, US) involvement in the manufacture of India's ALH and offers some broad recommendations for arms transfers controls.

Author: Amnesty International UK | Saferworld Source: EU NGOs, 2007, 'Indian helicopters for Myanmar: Making a mockery of embargoes?', Amnesty International UK and Saferworld, UK Size: 22 pages (500KB)
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How effective is the Russian approach to arms brokering in light of its role in the maintenance of international peace and security? This Saferworld report argues that although the Russian system of brokering controls is very strong in some areas, loopholes remain. The report provides an overview of the way in which brokering is controlled in Russia, and seeks to promote debate within Russia and internationally about how arms brokering controls can be strengthened.

Author: Duncun Hiscock | Saferworld Source: Hiscock, D., 2007, 'Beyond the reach of state monopoly controls: A comparative overview of Russian controls on arms brokering', Saferworld, Briefing, UK Size: 23 pages (185KB)
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How accountable are nuclear weapons controls? This policy paper adopts a broad, governance focussed perspective and examines the spectrum of political oversight and control mechanisms that may apply within and between nuclear weapon states. It explores the roles and requirements of the state executive, the military, specialised civilian institutions, parliamentary institutions and civil society. It draws on notions of civilian control and democratic accountability, which have been established in the context of efforts for security sector reform.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H. (2007). 'National Governance of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities and Constraints', Policy Paper 15, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 25 pages (242kb)
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There is a great disparity in the regulation of private security companies (PSCs) in Europe. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, analyses existing PSC regulation by member states of the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (CoE) and recommends improvements to the current legal framework. Although PSCs contribute needed security services, the lack of minimum industry standards poses risks to the protection of human rights.

Author: Hans Born | Marina Caparini Source: Born, H., Caparini, M. and Cole, E. (2007). 'Regulating Private Security Companies in Europe: Status and Prospects', Policy Paper 20, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 48 pages (286.95)
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Highly politicised and unaccountabe security sectors in fragile states fuel the demand for small arms and light weapons (SALW).This paper, published by Project Ploughshares, analyses the cyclical nature of security sectors and violent conflict, and suggests measures to improve accountability and reduce the demand for SALW. While SSR can be the driving force in establishing secuirty sector accountability, increased public participation would also reduce the demand for SALW and increase the chances for sustainable reform.

Author: Dominick Donald | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Donald, D. and Olonisakin, F. (2007). 'Security sector reform and the demand for small arms and light weapons', Project Ploughshares briefing 01/07. Size: 3 pages (27 kB)
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In Africa, the private security industry has permeated all spheres of life and, in many countries, it has already taken over the state's primary responsibilities. This paper, from the Institute of Security Studies, introduces 'Private security in Africa, manifestation, challenges and regulation'. This collection of essays explores the private security industry, documenting its rapid growth and the approach needed for its containment and regulation. The paper argues that all attempts to analyse issues in Africa must be rooted in the individual country context

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S. (2007). 'To embrace or not to embrace: Addressing the private security industry phenomenon in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 3-13. Size: 13 pages (968KB)
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Are weak states victims of global forces or accomplices in the expansion of private security industry? This study, on behalf of Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, looks at the reasons for the proliferation of the private military contractors (PMCs) in Africa and focuses on the role of rulers of weak states. It looks at how states have become commercial intermediaries for western businesses and ignore the welfare of their citizens. African leaders need to understand that the existence of weak states constitutes a security threat to Africa.

Author: Sabelo J Ndlovu-Gatsheni Source: Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2007). 'Weak states and the growth of the private security sector in Africa: Whither the African state?', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 17-38. Size: 22 pages (968KB)
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Is the privatisation of public security a viable alternative to multilateral conflict management? This study suggests that there are legitimate roles for private military contractors (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs). However, these companies have often exacerbated conflicts, facilitated human rights abuses and hampered the consolidation of African states. Rather than promoting PSCs and PMCs, the international community should empower UN and the institutions of conflict resolution that are being put in place by African countries themselves.

Author: Mpako H Foaleng Source: Foaleng, M.H. (2007). 'Private military and security companies and the nexus between natural resources and civil wars in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 39-56. Size: 18 pages (968KB)
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Private military and security companies are associated with mercenaries. This mistaken labelling undermines the useful work they do, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. The increased use of private companies in peace operations has become a fact of life. They assist the international community in ending suffering in some of the world's most brutal conflicts. It is important, therefore, that the positive contributions of the private sector are openly supported within a robust, legal and ethical framework.

Author: J J Messner Source: Messner, J.J. (2007). 'Ethical security: The private sector in peace and stability operations', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 57-70. Size: 12 pages (968KB)
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Do private security companies (PSCs) help or hinder development in Africa? This research by the British Association of Private Security Companies (BAPSC) suggests that PSCs can contribute to improving the security situation in African societies and promote economic development. However, there must be enforceable regulation and private security shouldn't further damage social cohesion by becoming a commodity that only the wealthy can afford. Without access to security for all members of society development will be illusory.

Author: Andy Bearpark | Sabrina Schulz Source: Bearpark, A. and Schulz, S. (2007). 'The private security challenge in Africa: Problems and options for regulation', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 73-88. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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Many people believe that private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs) operate in a legal vacuum in conflict zones. This is not true, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. In all armed conflict, international humanitarian law (IHL) applies. It provides a legal framework to protect civilians from the effects of the hostilities. As many PSCs and PMCs come into contact with people protected by IHL, it is essential for them to know and respect this body of law.

Author: Jamie Williamson | Sabelo Gumedze (ed.) Source: Williamson, J. (2007). 'Private security companies and private military companies under international humanitarian law', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 89-96. Size: 7 pages (968KB)
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Does international humanitarian law (IHL) define private security contractors as civilians or combatants in armed conflict? This study, from the Institute of Security Studies, shows that the distinction between civilian and combatant hinges on the notion of 'direct participation in hostilities'. This principle is poorly defined in the law and there are few judicial decisions to clarify it. Nevertheless, private security contractors must know their rights and responsibilities under IHL otherwise they could lose their legal protection or be liable to criminal prosecution.

Author: Katherine Fallah Source: Fallah, K. (2007). 'Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 97-123. Size: 26 pages (968KB)
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South Africa's private security industry has grown enormously. However, only state police conduct is formally monitored. This study by the University of South Africa calls for greater monitoring and oversight of the activities of private security operatives. There must be more professional training and greater cooperation with the state police. A formal framework of accountability would allow private police officers to understand their responsibilities and the limitations on their actions.

Author: Anthony Minnaar Source: Minnaar, A. (2007). 'Oversight and monitoring of non-state/private policing: The private security practitioners in South Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 127-150. Size: 24 pages (968KB)
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Who keeps citizens safe in Swaziland? This study from the University of Swaziland argues that the failure of the Swazi state to provide security to its citizens has allowed private security companies (PSCs) to become actors in the Swazi security sector. It has forced communities to organise into private security groups to protect themselves against physical violence and loss of their property. As PSCs grow, the role of the state in providing public security becomes weaker.

Author: Hamilton Sipho Simelane Source: Simelane, H. S. (2007). 'The state, the security dilemma and the development of the private security sector in Swaziland', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 151-167. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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Underlying drivers of conflict, including the decision on future status, must be addressed in order to move Kosovo towards a more prosperous and stable future. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a conflict analysis conducted throughout Kosovo. International and local administrations need to clarify the division of security sector competencies and engage the public in discussions of nation building and security issues.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, 2007, 'Kosovo at the crossroads: Perceptions of conflict, access to justice and opportunities for peace in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, Size: 32 pages (506 kB)
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What do Palestinians think about the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process in the Palestinian Territories? How would they like to see their security sector evolve? This book, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, offers Palestinian perspectives on security sector governance and highlights ways to begin reform. It argues that if international assistance is to promote stability it needs a better understanding of Palestinian security needs as well as Palestinian views of the achievements and challenges of SSR, and a supportive environment.

Author: Roland Friedrich (ed.) | Arnold Luethold (ed.) Source: Friedrich, R. & Luethold, A. (Eds.), 2007, 'Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 180 pages ()
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What are local people's attitudes towards peace, justice and social reconstruction in Northern Uganda? This survey by the Berkeley-Tulane Initiative on Vulnerable Populations captured attitudes of sample populations in eight districts of Northern Uganda affected by the conflict while peace talks were taking place between the Ugandan government and the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in 2007.

Author: Pham Phuong | Patrick Vinck Source: Pham, Phuong et al., 2007, 'When the War Ends: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Northern Uganda', Berkeley-Tulane Initiative on Vulnerable Populations, Human Rights Center // Payson Center for International Development // International Center for Transitional Justice Size: 56 pages (856 kB)
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In South Africa, the legacy of apartheid is still felt and transformation of society continues to be a central concern. But how does judicial independence relate to transformation? This study by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation analyses judicial independence and highlights the potential tensions with other aspects of transformation. It argues that the government and the public must understand the importance of judicial independence. They should resist weakening independence in the name of transformation and align other aspects of transformation with strengthening judicial independence.

Author: David Bruce | Amy Gordon Source: Gordon, A. and Bruce, D., 2007, Transformation and the Independence of the Judiciary in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 61 pages (598KB)
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What are the implications of multiple policing providers in Africa for government and donor security policies? This book from the Nordic Africa Institute examines 'multi-choice' policing in sub-Saharan Africa - the fragmented and overlapping pattern of public and private policing. It includes case studies of Uganda and Sierra Leone. Governments should act to maximise the benefits of non-state policing and minimise its hazards. They need a national strategy that integrates, regulates, mobilises and empowers all those willing to preserve law and order in an acceptable way.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Multi-Choice Policing in Africa', Nordic Africa Institute, Sweden Size: 227 pages ()
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What lessons can the learned from the 2003 peace process in Liberia? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue article aims to record the dynamics, actors and elements that determined how and why many of the key decisions were taken that resulted in the 2003 peace agreement. It argues that leaving questions of justice, accountability and the rule of law open for the future may be the optimal approach to negotiating peace.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner, P., 2007, 'Negotiating peace in Liberia: Preserving the Possibility for Justice', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 32 pages (185KB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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What are the experiences in regional approaches to security sector governance in Africa, the Americas and Europe? What lessons can be drawn for promoting good and democratic governance of security sector institutions in these and other regions? This book by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) compares and assesses regional security sector governance approaches. The model of the Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the most advanced of its kind and has inspired African and American approaches. Emphasis must be placed on civilian participation and democratic objectives as opposed to military solutions implicit in the war-on-terrorism agenda

Author: Victor-Yves Ghebali | Alexandre Lambert Source: Ghebali, V. & Lambert, A. (eds.), 2007, 'Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area : Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 323 pages (1.35MB)
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Even in countries with well developed and trained police forces, human rights violations occur. Why is this and how can human rights advocates effectively intervene and engage with police? Answers will differ from country to country, and it is for this reason that interventions must be based on contextual analysis and assessment. This Amnesty International report aims to facilitate such assessments by helping understand the basic functions of policing in a society and with what minimal norms and principles they should comply.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Osse, A., 2007, 'Understanding Policing: A resource for human rights activists', Amnesty International Netherlands. Size: 326 pages (1.69MB)
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What is the nature of the new armed groups emerging in Colombia? How effective is the Colombian government's strategy of treating them simply as criminal gangs? This report from the International Crisis Group examines Colombia's new armed groups. It argues that some of these groups are acting as the next generation of paramilitaries. They require a more urgent and comprehensive response from the government, linking military action and law enforcement to improved reintegration.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Colombia's New Armed Groups', Latin America Report N°20, 10 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 38 pages (542 kB)
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How can an independent Palestinian state be made successful? This RAND Corporation book explores the options for structuring the institutions of a future Palestinian state - with a focus on governance and internal security - so as to promote the state's chances of success. A new Palestinian state will need to be characterised by good governance, with state legitimacy a key factor. Also, Palestine's internal security will require assistance from the US and the international community.

Author: RAND Source: The RAND Palestinian State Study Team, 2007, 'Building a Successful Palestinian State', RAND, USA Size: 453 pages (2.81MB)
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Is the holistic, person-centred model of Security Sector Reform unworkable in post-conflict situations in the wake of the 'war on terror' agenda? Whose security is international SSR assistance addressing? This Journal of Peacebuilding and Development article analyses experience in Afghanistan and Iraq and questions the feasibility of translating current SSR policy into effective post-conflict programmes. A new understanding of SSR and a new donor approach is needed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: exposing a concept in crisis', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.7-23. Size: 16 pages ()
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How do people protect themselves when the state does not? What can SSR learn from informal security mechanisms? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development examines informal community-based security systems in two fragile states, Colombia and Liberia. It finds that security services, whether state-sanctioned or not, must be viewed as legitimate by the communities they serve. Legitimacy is developed by involving community representatives in managing security oversight structures to ensure relevance to local needs.

Author: Richard Hill | Jon Temin Source: Hill, R., Temin, J., Pacholek, L., 2007, 'Building Security where there is no Security', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.38-52. Size: 14 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform in Africa be improved? How can the security problems posed by informal actors such as militias and vigilante groups best be addressed? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development argues that the creation of stronger states is key to these efforts. Case studies of Nigeria and South Africa illustrate that SSR in Africa could be enhanced by taking account of structural conditions that undermine the process of state-making. SSR therefore needs to help to enhance state capacity in order to improve the governance of non-state security actors.

Author: Jeffrey Isima Source: Isima, J., 2007, 'The Privatisation of Violence and Security Sector Reform in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa examined', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.24-37. Size: 13 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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What impact have reforms in the criminal justice system had on crime and violence in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica? This working paper from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government shows how the governments of the Dominican Republic and Jamaica can further strengthen their efforts to measure the impact of the justice system, and also how both countries might pursue better coordination among institutions that collectively produce justice and safety. Furthermore, it suggests how they might also link criminal justice reforms to a broader, multi-sector strategy of crime and violence prevention.

Author: Todd Foglesong | Christopher Stone Source: Foglesong, T and Stone, C., 2007, 'Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic', Harvard Kennedy School of Government, RWP07-019, April 2007 Size: 39 pages (454 kB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Mexico's drug violence is increasing. Its police are ineffective and corrupt. The Calderón government has responded by calling out the army. But is this the right way forward? This paper by the Washington Office on Latin America argues that the government needs to restore public order, combat corruption and begin comprehensive reform of the police and criminal justice system. The American government should support reforms and do more to curb arms trafficking into Mexico as well as American demand for illicit drugs.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Roger Atwood Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2007, 'Reforming the Ranks: Drug Violence and Police Reform in Mexico', WOLA, Washington Size: 5 pages (41KB)
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Why are the efforts of donors to promote reform for democratic policing often unsuccessful? This article, published by the journal Policing and Society, examines the efforts undertaken in Brazil from 1997 to 2003 to encourage institutional changes within the police force. Given the many political and administrative challenges in carrying out such reforms, external donor agencies must promote broader forms of intervention to ensure both enhanced public safety and respect for human rights.

Author: Elizabeth Leeds Source: Leeds, E., 2007, 'Serving States and Serving Citizens: Halting Steps toward Police Reform in Brazil and Implications for Donor Intervention', Policing and Society, vol. 17, no.1 March 2007 pp. 21-37 Size: 18 pages (123kB)
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In 1999, the Colombian state was on the verge of collapse. Illegal armed groups were on the point of taking power and the state was losing control. How did Colombia get out of this crisis? This report, from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, assesses the progress that Colombia has made during the last eight years. It argues that although problems related to a longstanding tradition of weak government remain, Colombia's gains since 1999 have been extraordinary.

Author: Peter DeShazo | Tanya Primiani Source: DeShazo, P. et al, 2007, 'Back from the Brink: Evaluating Progress in Colombia, 1999-2007', Americas Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 68 pages (1.1 MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How far does Security Sector Reform (SSR) still have to go? Where do private security companies (PSCs) fit into SSR? This SDA-DCAF Roundtable Report looks at the efforts and successes of Europe's government aid donor agencies and NGOs in encouraging the concept and practice of SSR in post-conflict and post-authoritarian states. Furthermore, it discusses contribution made by the growing involvement of PSCs in providing military and civil services, thus contributing increasingly in SSR activities and related reforms. But do their involvement pose more challenges to SSR reform or do they offer real support? The contributions made by the speakers are brought together to offer possible solutions and recommendations to allow SSR a more efficient role in post-conflict and post-authoritarian states.

Author: Security and Defence Agenda Source: Security and Defence Agenda, 2007, 'Roundtable: Security Sector Reform: Public-Private Priorities' SDA Monthly Roundtable, 16 April 2007, Brussels Size: 26 pages (668kB)
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To what extent might security sector reform help prevent, contain or defeat terrorism? This paper by the Danish Institute for International Studies looks at various approaches to counterterrorism, distinguishing between prevention, active defence and passive defence. It also considers different settings of reform - in the West and in developing countries. It argues that whatever links there may be between SSR and counterterrorism these are likely to be concrete and context-specific. Particular elements of Security Sector Reform (SSR) may be useful against specific forms of terrorism under specific conditions.

Author: Bjorn Moller Source: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Fight Against Terrorism', DIIS Report 2007:12, DIIS, Copenhagen Size: 38 pages (999.5KB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the costs and benefits of engagement in regional peacekeeping? Has Ghana been consistent in implementing its foreign policy objectives and the principles of ECOWAS security policies? This paper, for the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre in Ghana, analyses the factors which contribute to Ghana's engagement in regional peacekeeping. Ghana's participation in maintaining sub-regional peace and security has increased since the 1990s, but the country has been inconsistent in its promotion of regional security. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive security document and institutional reform that will incorporate defence, national security, and foreign policies.

Author: Emma Agyakoma Birikorang Source: Birikorang, E., 2007, 'Ghana's Regional Security Policy: Costs, Benefits and Consistency', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 16 pages (236 kB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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The Government of Uganda, in partnership with civil society, has developed a National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons (NAP). This report by the Ugandan Government charts the history of NAP's development as well as the National Assessment of the proliferation of small arms in Uganda, which provided the research that underpinned it. It reveals the background to Uganda's fight against small arms and provides a model for other nations in a similar situation.

Author: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2007, 'Mapping the small arms problem in Uganda: The development of Uganda's National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Saferworld Size: 77 pages (1.2MB)
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The pastoral Karamoja region of Uganda today is marked by a culture of guns, under-development, little government presence and a nearly complete lack of law and order. This report, published by Tufts University, examines the region's pattern of guns and violence and the failure of recent attempts to disarm the Karamoja people. Governments and the international community must stop proposingsolutions based on ignorance of the ecology, livelihoods and culture of the Karamoja.

Author: Darlington Akabwai | Priscillar E. Ateyo Source: Akabwai, D. and Atevo, P.E., 2007, The scramble for cattle, power and guns in Karamoja: How can stability be established in the Karamoja region, Uganda?, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Size: 49 pages (1.55 KB)
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Why has statebuilding in Somalia failed so often? This research from Davidson College suggests that the problem lies in the type of state that both external and local actors have so far sought to construct. Somalia needs to develop a mediated state in which a central government with limited power and capacity relies on a range of local authorities to execute core functions of government and mediate between local communities and the state.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkahus, K., 2007, Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106 Size: 33 pages (361KB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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The totalitarian dictatorship that prevails in Eritrea does not permit a direct entry point for the implementation of security sector reform (SSR). This paper, published by the Institute for Security Studies, discusses current country conditions that impede SSR, regional security issues and examines Eritrean opposition as a possible SSR entry point. The best method for laying the groundwork for SSR in Eritrea is to advance democratic change internally, accompanied by international pressure for democratic elections.

Author: Herui T Bairu | Institute for Security Studies Source: Bairu, H., 2007, 'The security situation in Eritrea: Its implications for the region and its challenges to security sector reform', in L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane (eds), Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Institute for Security Studies, Monograph Series, No. 135, Pretoria, pp. 53-74 Size: 96 pages (470.6 kB)
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Do private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) play a positive or negative role in Africa? How should Africa respond to the private security industry? This book from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the growth of the private security sector in Africa and how to respond to it. It argues that Africa must address the reality of private security and military companies operating on the continent.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze S., (ed.), 2007, 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', Monograph 139, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 184 pages (968 kB)
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How can statebuilding be improved? This paper from the University of California argues that successful statebuilding may be possible if the international community adopts a new framework. It presents a relational concept, using Somalia and Somaliland as case studies, and identifies alternative ways to rebuild state legitimacy.

Author: David Lake Source: Lake D., 2007, 'Building Legitimate States After Civil Wars: Order, Authority, and Institutions', University of California, San Diego Size: 95 pages (902KB)
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Minority issues lie at the heart of many of the world's conflicts. Yet minority rights are often marginalised in peace processes and conflict prevention programmes. This study, by the Minority Rights Group, looks at Chechnya, Darfur, Kashmir, Kosovo and Sri Lanka. Understanding the warning signs provided by minority rights violations could prevent conflicts. Groups should not be separated along ethnic, religious or linguistic lines as a way of creating peace, as such divisions can entrench old hatreds and wounds in the long term.

Author: Clive Baldwin | Chris Chapman Source: Baldwin, C., Chapman, C. and Gray, Z., 2007, 'Minority Rights: The Key to Conflict Prevention'. Minority Rights Group International (MRG), Minority Rights Report, UK Size: 44 pages (435 KB)
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Under what conditions can "track-two" mediation conducted by non-governmental actors contribute to the prevention of violence in intrastate conflicts? This paper, published by the Institute for Development and Peace, presents results of a case study of two intrastate mediation processes conducted by track-two mediators in Aceh. Results indicate that track-two mediation has the potential to prevent violent intrastate conflict as long as mediators enjoy political expertise and moral leverage.

Author: Barbara Kemper Source: Kemper, B., 2007, 'Mediation in Intrastate Conflicts: The Contribution of Track-Two Mediation Activities to Prevent Violence in the Aceh Conflict', INEF Report no. 88, Institute for Development and Peace, INEF, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg Size: 60 pages (705KB)
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What are the key challenges for peacekeeping operations? How might these be overcome? This paper from the International Peace Academy argues that peacekeeping should be thought of as a strategic tool, rather than a strategy, since it is not an end in itself. Many current peacekeeping missions are expected to carry out a mixture of protection, peacebuilding, and counter-insurgency. They require hybrid approaches that need to be better coordinated. A doctrine for 'peace enforcement' as the use of robust force for limited purposes must be developed.

Author: Richard Gowan | Ian Johnstone Source: Gowan, R. and Johnstone, I., 2007, 'New Challenges for Peacekeeping: Protection, Peacebuilding and the "War on Terror"', Working Paper, Coping with Crisis series, International Peace Academy Size: 26 pages (1.16MB)
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In the aftermath of the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War in Lebanon, the Gulf States and Jihad Al Bina, Hezbollah's reconstruction wing, undertook significant post-war reconstruction activities. This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the extent to which these reconstruction activities constitute an alternative to the liberal peace. While they do not have the critical mass or ambition to constitute a fully-fledged alternative, they reveal limitations in the liberal peace approach to reconstruction.

Author: Roger MacGinty Source: MacGinty, R. 2007. 'Reconstructing Post-War Lebanon: A Challenge to the Liberal Peace?', Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.457 - 482 Size: 27 pages (184 KB)
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Because governments are weak or a new state must be constituted after hostilities, post-conflict countries often need assistance in restoring governance and carrying out reconstruction. International assistance organisations are crucial to helping governments increase their capacity to perform essential functions during post-conflict recovery. This book, from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), examines the challenges of restoring effective governance in crisis and post-conflict countries. Because the challenges facing these countries are complex and varied, governments and international organisations cannot rely on universally applicable approaches to restoring governance.

Author: Dennis A. Rondinelli | UNDP Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Challenges of Restoring Governance in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries', UN Publication, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/101, New York, USA Size: 168 pages (923 KB)
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The rule of law must be addressed as part of any effort to prevent, manage or resolve conflict. This report, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, argues that local stakeholders should be given as much authority as possible in establishing the rule of law. Although the shape and pace of reform will vary in different areas of the justice and security sector, popular and political acceptance is indispensable to all stages of the transition in order for it to be consolidated.

Author: Annika S. Hansen | Sharon Wiharta Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S. (2007). 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Policy Report', Research Report Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 74 pages (343KB)
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How should local ownership be promoted as part of justice and security sector reform? This handbook, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, suggests ways of putting the principle of local ownership into practice. Transferring the responsibility for rule of law to local stakeholders is complicated but essential. It is important to build the capacity of local people to drive change and sustain efforts to strengthen the rule of law.

Author: Annika S. Hansen, Sharon Wiharta, Bjørn R. Claussen, Stian Kjeksrud Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S with Claussen, B. R. and Kjeksrud, S., 2007, 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Practitioners' Guide', Handbook Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 82 pages (1.2 MB)
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What impact do acts of terror have on cities in the global South? This paper examines the largely negative implications of terrorist activities for development and the potential of cities for propelling reconstruction and peace-building. While specific challenges faced by cities of the South cannot be under-estimated, urban terrorism is breaking down any sense of a rigid binary between the 'developed' and 'developing' worlds. The 'them' and 'us' attitude is misleading and damaging to both development co-operation and global security.

Author: Jo Beall Source: Beall, J., 2007, 'Cities, Terrorism and Urban Wars of the 21st Century', Working Paper, no. 9, Crisis States Research Centre, London Size: 22 pages (202 KB)
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Can civil society organisations play a role in building citizenship and confronting violent actors and acts of violence? This Institute of Development Studies Working Paper argues that they can, and explores civil society participation in Colombia and Gutamela. Building citizenship in chronic violence contexts requires simultaneous attention to citizenship and to violence, and it is also important to clarify the relationship between power and violence.

Author: Jenny Pearce Source: Pearce, J. (2007). 'Violence, Power and Participation: Building Citizenship in Contexts of Chronic Violence', IDS Working Paper 274, Institute of Development Studies Size: 66 pages (560KB)
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Terrorism is an urban phenomenon, with states undergoing rapid urbanisation under an increased risk. Historically youth bulges, in conjunction with rapid urbanisation, has been an important contributor to political violence; especially where unemployment and poverty exist. The existence of youth bulges significantly increases the risk of conflict. However, no thorough review exists over government targeted programmes aimed at mitigating the security risk posed by youth bulges. More research is therefore required over youth bulges, political violence and remedial policies; particularly in regards to urban settings.

Author: Henrik Urdal Source: Urdal, H., 2007, 'The Demographics of Political Violence: Youth Bulges, Insecurity and Conflict' in Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict and Security in the 21st Century, eds. L. Brainard and D. Chollet, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 90-100 Size: 11 pages (79.5)
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What efforts have outside actors made to promote democracy in Bangladesh? Do these efforts help and are they legitimate? This paper from the Asiatic Society surveys the state of knowledge on the efforts of external actors to promote democracy in Bangladesh. It argues that the experience of Bangladesh can offer vital lessons for bringing about democratic transitions and consolidating democracy in Muslim nations.

Author: John Barkdull Source: Barkdull J., 2007, 'Democracy promotion in Bangladesh: the role of outside actors', Asiatic Society Size: pages ()
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What are the necessary steps to guarantee the success of the structural reforms adopted by government of Sri Lanka in an attempt to consolidate peace, enhance economic growth, promote investment by the private sector and reduce poverty? This project information document (PID) of the World Bank provides the outline of the second legal and judicial reforms project initiated by the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The PID provides the background into the issue of judicial reform in Sri Lanka and offers reasons as to the rationale behind the World Bank's involvement. It concludes with identified areas in which the World Bank could offer its support to the government of Sri Lanka with its structural reform process.

Author: World bank | Sriyani Hulugalle Source: World Bank, 2007, 'Second Legal and Judicial Reforms Project', World Bank, Report No.: AB2834. Size: 4 pages (16.8KB)
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How has the Sri Lanka legal system become dysfunctional? How and why has Sri Lanka become ranked for the second year 25th in the failed state index? This book focuses on Sri Lanka's dysfunctional legal system. The authors argue that the failure of the rule of law has diminished the Sri Lankan legal system to a dysfunctional state. The book's conclusion emphasise on a need to recreate in a context where there is nothing left to recover.

Author: Jasmine Joseph (ed.) Source: Joseph J. (ed.), 2007, 'Sri Lanka's Dysfunctional Criminal Justice System', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 78 pages (650KB)
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If the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) attracts more participation from Asian Pacific states, it could be an increasingly significant factor in the region's maritime security cooperation. This Institute of Strategic and International Studies paper analyses the PSI as a deterrent to sea transport of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the Asia Pacific. The PSI also requires an integrated, collective commitment to manage an effective response to the challenge of WMD transport by sea.

Author: Stanley Byron Weeks Source: Leong S., 2007, 'Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: Addressing the Concerns', in 'Peace in the Pacific: Confronting the Issues', in 'Peace in the Pacific: confronting the issues', Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: pp.191-248. Size: 30 pages ()
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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What factors promote or hamper Security Sector Reform (SSR) planning and implementation in West Africa? Why has the donor-led focus on formal organisations proven ineffective? This study analyses the interaction between formal organisations and informal networks in the Mano River Basin (MRB). It finds that all socio-economic and social-political action in the MRB is carried out through informal networks. A comprehensive approach to security in the region needs to include a wide range of partners and actors, including 'Big Men' who have unofficial authority.

Author: Magnus Jörgel | Mats Utas Source: Jörgel, M. and Utas, M., 2007, 'The Mano River Basin Area: Formal and Informal Security Providers in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone', Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm Size: 113 pages (3.5 MB)
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The African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework, developed by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) aims to ensure that the peace, security, humanitarian and development dimensions of African post-conflict reconstruction systems should be directed towards a common objective. In this context, this paper published by the German Development Institute examines the challenges facing post-conflict reconstruction systems in Africa, focusing on the new interfaces between security and development. The paper finds that a more coherent post-conflict reconstruction strategy is required.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2006, 'New Interfaces between Security and Development', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S.,. Bonn, Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 13 pages (833 KB)
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How can a citizen-centred approach to development build effective states by improving relations between state and society? This paper from the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, gives an overview of current debates and analyses citizens' own views on these issues. It argues that a state's legitimacy is strengthened by civic participation, which often grows up around local issues, and can be empowered through donor support.

Author: Eyben, R. | Ladbury, S. Source: Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S., 2006, 'Building effective states: Taking a citizen's perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Size: 28 pages (558 kB)
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How should international actors contribute to the support of justice and security in fragile states? This paper from the OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation analyses the providers, processes and objectives of fragile states' justice and security services, and reviews lessons learnt by donors in this area. It argues that international actors should take a multi-layered, context-specific approach to fragile states, developing the capacity of the state, but also enabling it to engage with non-state justice and security providers.

Author: OECD-DAC | Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., and McLean, A., 2006, 'Enhancing the delivery of justice and security in fragile states', OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (CPDC) Size: 54 pages (358 kB)
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What national security challenges does the United States face? How will it mitigate those threats through economic policy, military action, diplomatic engagement and domestic institutional reform? This paper from the US National Security Council explores international development and security trends as they impact upon US national interests. It outlines Washington's policy to address poverty, regional instability and terrorism by expanding free trade, promoting democracy, developing cooperative alliances and disabling terrorist networks.

Author: National Security Council (USA) Source: National Security Council, 2006, 'The National Security Strategy of the United States of America', National Security Council, Washington D.C. Size: 54 pages (653 kB)
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What new challenges confront civilian crisis response programmes? How has the European Union's (EU's) response met these challenges? This paper from the Crisis Management Initiative outlines the new risks and opportunities faced by the crisis management community amid the proliferation in media coverage of worldwide crises. It argues that the EU's longstanding experience and wide-ranging capabilities leave it well-placed to contribute effectively to the increasingly important areas of peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: K Rintakoski | M Setälä Source: Rintakoski, K., Setala, M. and Ricci, A., 2006, 'From Needs to Solutions: Enhancing the Civilian Crisis Management Capacity of the European Union', CMI, Helsinki Size: 9 pages (301 KB)
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How effectively has the international community dealt with (re)construction of the security sector in countries facing international engagement following severe conflict? This paper, for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), evaluates (re)construction efforts in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste. It is argued that external actors have tended to take a limited approach to the security sector. They have focused on the efficiency of security institutions while neglecting managerial and governance capacity.

Author: David M Law Source: Law, D., 2006, 'The Post-Conflict Security Sector', Policy Paper 14, DCAF, Geneva Size: 17 pages (217KB)
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How did the manner in which the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was negotiated contribute to its failure to establish peace? This article, by the Crisis States Research Centre of the London School of Economics, examines the process of negotiations that took place between November 2005 and May 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria, leading to the signing of the DPA. It argues that the deadlines imposed by officials and the intransigence of the parties at the talks prevented effective mediation and contributed to the failure of the DPA to achieve peace. Ending civil wars requires patience and peace agreements have to be shaped and owned by the parties, not forced upon them.

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2006, 'No Ownership, No Peace: The Darfur Peace Agreement', Working Paper, Crisis States Research Centre Size: 21 pages (186 KB)
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This paper from Groupe de recherché et d'information sur la paix et la securite (GRIP) considers how regulations on the brokering of Small Arms and Light Weapons can be made consistent and effective. It urges the UN General Assembly to establish a Group of Governmental Experts on Brokering mandated to consider an international instrument to regulate arms brokering, identify requirements for effective national brokering controls and consider controls on transportation and financial services related to brokering.

Author: Holger Anders | Silvia Cattaneo Source: Anders, H. and Cattaneo, S., 2006, 'Regulating Arms Brokering: Taking Stock and Moving Forwards the United Nations Process', GRIP, Brussels Size: 42 pages (364.80 kB)
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Why has reliance on private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) become so extensive in Africa in the past decade? What implications does the privatisation of security and military functions have for the state and the state system? This paper from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) argues that military functions should not be delegated to private agents. Examining the dangers and advantages of using PSCs and PMCs, it argues that they undermine state legitimacy and authority. It is therefore dangerous and short-sighted for states and international organisations to use them without considering their impact on states and the state system.

Author: Michelle Small Source: Small, M., 2006, 'Privatisation of Security and Military Functions and the Demise of the Modern Nation-State in Africa', Occasional Paper Series: vol. 1, no. 2, The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Durban Size: 44 pages (256 KB)
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Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes play a critical role in transitions from war to peace and are integral to peacekeeping operations and post-conflict reconstruction. Implementation of DDR programs, however, remains problematic. This briefing note from the Netherlands Institute of International Relations (Clingendael Institute) addresses some problems that practitioners will encounter with DDR program design and implementation. Providing guidance questions and an overview of lessons learned from recent experience, it recommends that DDR be seen as part of a broader political process. DDR should be tailored to local political and economic situations and be embedded within a comprehensive framework for enhancing security, peace consolidation and economic recovery.

Author: Nicole Ball | Luc van de Goor Source: Ball, N. and Goor, L. van de, 2006, 'Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas and Guiding Principles', Clingendael Security and Conflict Programme, August Size: 28 pages (107 KB)
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The link between transitional justice and security sector reform (SSR), although acknowledged, has not been sufficiently explored. This article by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) attempts to establish that they can mutually affect each other in numerous ways. This can have both positive and negative impacts upon long-term reform and sustainable peace. It also evaluates the merits and challenges faced by transitional justice mechanisms and argues for a complimentary approach to transitional justice.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobbek, E., 2006, 'Transitional Justice and Security Sector Reform: Enabling Sustainable Peace', DCAF, Geneva Size: 99 pages (1166 kB)
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Why has Security Sector Reform (SSR) emerged as a key area for research and policy? How has SSR research and practice evolved, particularly since the 9/11 attacks? What research efforts have been made in the area of SSR? This paper charts the emergence of the SSR policy agenda and examines how it has evolved over time. Critically, there is a disjuncture between SSR policy as articulated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), international security assistance programmes, and the needs of developing countries.

Author: Nicole Ball | Dylan Hendrickson Source: Ball, N. & Hendrickson, D., 2006, 'Trends in Security Sector Reform (SSR): Policy, Practice and Research', International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottowa Size: 43 pages (273 kB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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What does cooperation between peacekeeping forces and aid agencies entail in practice? This report from Cordaid considers civil-military relations, with a focus on Afghanistan and Liberia. It aims to assist policymakers and practitioners in developing adequate strategies. Closer interaction between military and civil actors is a logical consequence of current developments in the international arena and humanitarian and development sector. Aid agencies, donors and the military need to remain aware of these contextual developments and to reflect on their implications.

Author: Stefan van Laar | Bart Klem Source: Ferks, G., Klem, B., van Laar, S. & van Klingeren, M., 2006, 'Principles and Pragmatism: Civil-Military Action in Afghanistan and Liberia', Cordaid, Den Haag, Netherlands Size: pages ()
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How can policy on women's rights and gender equality be turned into practice? This guide from the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) aims to help facilitate the development of realistic action plans on women, peace and security (WPS), through the provision of good practices, recommendations and a six-step model process. It is designed as a resource for governments, the United Nations (UN) and regional organisations, as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

Author: Kristin Valasek | Kaitlin Nelson Source: Valasek, K. & Nelson, K., 2006, 'Securing equality, engendering peace: a guide to policy and planning on women, peace and security', United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) Size: 78 pages (1.18MB)
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While donors and the academic community are paying increased attention to civil society, few studies examine security sector reform (SSR) and governance from a civil society perspective. This paper by Marina Caparini and Philipp Fluri is the first chapter of a book that explores the nexus between civil society and the security sector. Using conceptual perspectives and studies of central and east european countries (CEE), the book provides a detailed analysis of civil society actors in CEE and its current relationship with the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini | Philipp Fluri Source: Caparini,M. & Fluri,P., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini,M., Fluri,P. & Molnar,F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.1. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Civilian democratic control of security institutions in the 21st century will require a dual approach that includes both institution building and support of civil society organisations (CSOs). This paper by Johanna Mendelson Forman argues that donor security sector reform (SSR) programmes need to involve non-traditional actors who can support and translate concepts of security to the local level. Long-term development of democratic states will be impossible unless reformed security sectors improve the economic, political and social well-being of the people.

Author: Johanna Mendelson Forman Source: Forman, J., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform - What Role for Civil Society?', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.2. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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It is essential that governments include civil society as a full partner in the democratisation of security sector governance. This paper, authored by Nicole Ball, discusses the roles civil society can play in the democratisation of security. Despite the improved capacity of civil society to influence governments in general, there are significant challenges to the development of an integrated, effective civil-military relationship.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.4. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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How can NGO performance be improved in contexts of conflict? How can analysis, donor support and NGO activities help achieve better humanitarian and peace building outcomes? This chapter, from the book Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict, offers a corrective to overblown accounts of the impact of NGOs in situations of chronic political instability. Individuals and organisations can and do create peace building spaces, leading to positive outcomes. This chapter identifies the key challenges, along with how they may be tackled in order to move towards improved practice.

Author: Jonathan Goodhand Source: Goodhand, J., 2006, 'Politics, Policy and Practice' in Aiding Peace? The Role of NGOs in Armed Conflict, ITDG Publishing, UK Size: 193 pages ()
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Private businesses in conflict zones now operate both as objects of scrutiny and political actors in their own right. This brief, by Volker Böge, Christopher Fitzpatrick, Willem Jaspers and Wolf-Christian Paes, presents findings of a multi-year project that researched the role of external economic actors in conflict zones. It recommends adoption of a co-regulatory approach that combines both voluntary and mandatory business compliance and creates the opportunity for private and public sectors to work together to prevent and/or mitigate conflicts.

Author: Bonn International Centre for Conversion | Volker Böge, Christopher Fitzpatrick Source: Boge,V., Fitzpatrick,C., Jaspers,W. & Wolf-Christian,P., 2006, 'Who's Minding the Store: The case of Private, Public and Civil Actors in Zones of Conflict', Brief 32, Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Berlin, Germany Size: 94 pages (2.42 MB)
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Various theories have been proposed for how security sector reform (SSR) leads to development, yet little attention has been given to how to measure SSR on the ground. This study, by the Cranfield Security Sector Management Team, tests indicators at two project sites of a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Community-based Policing (CBP) project in Albania. The results indicate that the best indicators for a police project's success on the road to democracy and economic development in a transitional state can be seen in public perceptions of police legitimacy.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2006, 'Social Capital, Fear and Police Legitimacy: Measuring Community Based Policing in Albania', Journal of Security Sector Reform Management, Vol.4, No.3 Size: 23 pages (370 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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No issue is more important than security sector reform (SSR) in determining the prospects for peace and development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, examines the status of SSR in the DRC at time of publication and pays particular attention to the role of the international community. Achieving SSR will require commitment by both the DRC and donors to create solid strategic planning to address fragmentation, corruption, political obstructionism and the dilapidated state of the armed services.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: Crisis Group, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Congo', International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°104, Brussels, Belgium Size: 41 pages (959.61 kB)
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This article examines policing in Sierra Leone four years after the civil war. It evaluates the achievements in the area of policing against the major policing challenges in African post-conflict societies. Sierra Leone still does not exert effective control over, nor is it able to deliver state policing services to, significant parts of its own territory. It may be that some community-led policing groups can be harnessed and if necessary reformed to assist the police in establishing the rule of law.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'The African post-conflict policing agenda in Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security & Development, 6, 1, 25-50. Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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What implications do the diversification of policing agencies have for state sovereignty? This Africkaspectrum article explores who is authorising and delivering policing beyond the state police in urban Sierra Leone and Uganda. It finds that, on the basis of the state's ability to maintain a monopoly of the use of legitimate violence in providing law and order, sovereignty is fragmented within the two countries. No single policing authority necessarily has exclusive control within a certain social space, but may compete and overlap with other authorities.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2006, 'Beyond the State Police in Urban Uganda and Sierra Leone', Afrikaspectrum, 41, 1, 55-76. Size: 20 pages (143 kB)
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Arms embargoes are usually imposed too late to be effective in preventing conflict. Furthermore, the United Nations (UN) Sanctions Committees, which oversee the embargoes, have to rely on Member States to monitor and implement them. This paper, by Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that arms embargoes cannot be deployed effectively by the UN to prevent illicit arms trafficking, without better national controls on international arms transfers.

Author: Oliver Sprague Source: Control Arms, 2006, 'UN arms embargoes: an overview of the last ten years', Control Arms Briefing Note, Oxford, UK Size: 18 pages (224KB)
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What made the 2005 elections in Liberia unusual amongst post-conflict elections in Africa? What factors determined how Liberians voted in the elections? This article from the Journal of Modern African Studies analyses the 2005 presidential and legislative elections in Liberia. It finds that the virtual absence of transformed rebel forces or an overbearing incumbent gave the elections extraordinary features in an African setting. Another unusual feature in the context of African elections was the fragility of party loyalty.

Author: David Harris Source: Harris, D. 2006. 'Liberia 2005: an unusual African post-conflict election', The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), pp.375-395, Cambridge University Press Size: 21 pages (127 kB)
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Private security provision has increased across the world during the last decade. However, national regulation of private security companies (PSCs) and their activities is often weak or entirely absent. This can result in low standards of professional behaviour and service delivery, and can ultimately have a negative impact on access to justice and security. This document developed by the non-governmental organisations Saferworld (UK) and the Center for Security Studies (BiH) for provides basic principles for voluntary adoption by PSCCs when national regulation is either weak or entirely absent It covers a wide range of areas, including recruitment, training, health and safety, non-discrimination and relations with clients the police and other security companies.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC. 2006. 'The Sarajevo Code of Conduct for Private Security Companies', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: 29 pages (580 KB)
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Private security companies (PSCs) are increasingly used in humanitarian and post-conflict environments by a wide range of organisations, including the United Nations and foreign embassies. Using private security providers in these settings often raises difficult ethical and operational issues, especially as regulation of the PSCs can be weak or entirely absent. How should clients go about procuring the services of private security providers? This document developed by the non-governmental organisations Saferworld (UK) and the Center for Security Studies (BiH) for the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) provides guidelines for clients contracting PSCs in those situations were national regulation is either weak or absent.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC. 2006. 'The Sarajevo Client Guidelines for the Procurement of Private Security Companies', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: 20 pages (515 KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka? What capacity does the state have to control illegal weapons more effectively? This report from the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA) and Saferworld outlines the findings and recommendations of a pilot SALW survey carried out in Hambantota. It examines the distribution of SALW and their impact on safety, security, development and governance, and the capacity of the state to control them.

Author: Saferworld | NCAPISA Source: NCAPISA. 2006. 'Hambantota: Illegal small arms and light weapons pilot survey', National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA), Sri Lanka Size: 62 pages (933 KB)
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Effectively addressing security issues requires partnership between those affected by insecurity and those responsible for maintaining the welfare and safety of the public. This publication outlines the approach to community safety developed in south eastern Europe by Saferworld, the Balkan Youth Union (BYU), the Centre for Security Studies - Bosnia-Herzegovina (CSS), CIVIL and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ). This approach has delivered real change to the situations of those it sought to support. Approaches such as this can bridge the gap between the policies of institutions and the concerns of the communities they serve.

Author: Juliana Sokolová | Henry Smith Source: Saferworld et al. 2006. 'Creating safer communities: Lessons from South Eastern Europe', Balkan Youth Union, Centre for Security Studies, CIVIL, Forum for Civic Initiatives, Saferworld Size: 45 pages (1.36 MB)
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What progress have the countries of south eastern Europe made towards controlling small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation? This report from Saferworld and the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines progress made on SALW control during 2005-6. States in south eastern Europe have done far too little during this period to meet international commitments they have made in regard to SALW control. While there is always a need for greater resources, failure of political will is the most obvious explanation for this inertia.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld and SEESAC. 2006. 'South Eastern Europe small arms and light weapons monitor 2006', Saferworld and South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) Size: pages ()
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The European Union (EU) recognises SSR as an important part of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, democratisation and sustainable development. This paper, by the European Commission, sets out principles for the European Community's (EC) engagement in SSR. It aims to ensure a more coordinated approach across the various strands of EU external assistance relevant to SSR, and to improve complementarity between EC activities and those undertaken by the EU under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and by member states bilaterally.

Author: COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Source: Commission of the European Communities, 2006, 'A Concept for European Community Support for Security Sector Reform', Communication from The Commission to The Council and The European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium Size: 12 pages (54kB)
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How should the international administration and the Kosovar authorities deal with the plethora of intelligence services linked to political parties in Kosovo? What steps should be taken to establish an effective intelligence agency for Kosovo? This brief from the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) analyses the situation in Kosovo with regard to intelligence agencies. The authorities must end toleration for party intelligence agencies and establish a clear legal framework, guidelines and accountability mechanisms for Kosovo's future intelligence service.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Lulzim Peci Source: Dugolli, I. and Peci, l. (2006). 'Intelligence Agencies of Kosovo: Dismantling, Osmosis, Or Integration?', Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development Policy Brief Series: Paper #2, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 10 pages (60 kB)
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To what extent can security sector reform (SSR) and development assistance counter radicalisation? This paper, by the Danish Institute for International Studies, explores this linkage. The paper outlines the concept of SSR and establishes its role in development assistance and in countering radicalism. It then explores the applicability of SSR in countering radicalism through case studies in Iraq, Afghanistan and Indonesia. It is argued that security is an essential prerequisite to sustainable development.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | Olivia Hamill Source: von Tangen Page, M. and Hamill, O. (2006). 'Security Sector Reform and its Role in Challenging of Radicalism', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/10, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 29 pages (101 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Sierra Leone? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Sierra Leone and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that arms transfers have fuelled atrocities in Sierra Leone and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Anthea Lawson | Oxfam Source: Lawson, A. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Sierra Leone', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (612 kB)
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What impact has irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to the DRC and its effect on individual lives and communities. It argues that arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in the DRC and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks, J. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from the Democratic Republic of the Congo', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International Size: 22 pages (581 kB)
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This War on Want report examines the rapid expansion of private military and security companies (PMSCs). It argues that increased PMSC involvement in conflict zones raises numerous concerns, ranging from inherent problems of transparency and accountability to concerns about war profiteering. There is now an urgent need for the UK government to bring PMSC activities within the compass of both legal and democratic control.

Author: Fabien Mathieu | Nick Dearden Source: Mathieu, F. and Dearden, N. (2006). 'Corporate Mercenaries: The threat of private military and security companies', War on Want, London. Size: 1.65MB pages (28)
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This book aims to be a sourcebook on 'defence institution building', drawing on established practices in Western Europe, but also on recent experiences from among new NATO members. All contributions focus on ongoing defence reform. The picture presented is not universal; North and South, and rich and poor states tend to view security challenges in very different ways. Working together on common problems is the best way to build mutual understanding and trust, these being the essential elements for stability and security.

Author: Wim F Van Eekelen | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Van Eekelen, W.F. and Fluri, P.H. (Eds.) (2006). 'Defence Institution Building : A Sourcebook in Support of the Partnership Action Plan (PAP-DIB)', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 2 pages (29.5kb)
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What do the Palestinian people think of the situation they live in? This report examines if, and to what extent, changes in the political and socio-economic environment have affected Palestinian public perceptions of security sector governance. It explores whether the change of government has altered the way Palestinians' perceive not only their security needs but also the peace process and their trust in political factions and the government. An increasing majority of Palestinians feel insecure.

Author: Riccardo Bocco | Roland Friedrich Source: Bocco, R., De Martino, L., Friedrich, R., Al Husseini, J. and Luethold, A. (2006). 'Politics, Security and the Barrier: Palestinian Public Perceptions', Institut universitaire d'études du développement (IUED) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 65 pages (1.88MB)
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While security has been traditionally understood as an exclusive function of the state, private and other non-state actors are assuming an increasingly central role in the provision of security. This book, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, discusses security privatisation and its implications for security governance. Both international and national law and policy need to adjust to the privatisation transformation of security, while governments ensure that private security is performed according to core democratic values.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Marina Caparini (ed.) Source: Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 314 pages (1.23 MB)
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Should commercial security companies be used in humanitarian and post-conflict settings? This study, describes the decentralised and unsystematic use of commercial security by humanitarian agencies in post-conflict settings. The UN has even considered using commercial security providers to free up peacekeeping troops. Yet using commercial security raises ethical, operational and strategic questions. Senior managers of organisations operating in humanitarian and post-conflict settings may not understand the legal, reputational, operational and strategic risks associated with using commercial security.

Author: James Cockayne Source: Cockayne, J. (2006). 'Commercial Security in Humanitarian and Post-Conflict Settings: An Exploratory Study', New York: International Peace Academy. Size: 32 pages (187KB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) tends to deal exclusively with the public security sector. This is a mistake, according to research from the University of Wales. Focusing on Sierra Leone and Kenya, the paper argues that any attempt to ensure better security for all must take account of private actors. Private security companies and their integration into SSR is important not simply for the maintenance of law and order but also for the legitimacy of social and political regimes.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. & Williams, M.C., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: Bringing the Private In', Conflict, Security & Development, Vol.6, No.1, April 2006, pp.1-23. Size: 23 pages (156KB)
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In Georgia, security sector reform is one priority amongst many challenges. How can a state undertake security sector reform in circumstances of transformation, when under-financing is chronic, renewed conflict is a constant possibility and it doesn't have control over all its territory? This book, from Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), analyses the problems of security sector governance in Georgia from 1992. It argues that the Saakashvili government should pick the right battles to sustain popular support. These are stability, welfare, education and healthcare. Territorial control will be easier when Georgia is able to stand on its own.

Author: Phillip Fluri | Shorena Lortkipanidze Source: Fluri, P and Darchiashvili, D. (eds.), 2006, 'After Shevardnadze: Georgian Security Sector Governance after the Rose Revolution', DCAF, Geneva Size: 185 pages (1 MB)
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What are the issues in reforming Turkey's security sector in line with EU accession requirements? This almanac by the Turkish Economics and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) offers a comprehensive review of Turkey's security sector from a human security perspective. Turkey confronted internal security threats in the 1990s. These led to the adoption of a more militarised strategy and the sidelining of elected bodies, civil society, and the media. After gaining EU candidate status in 1999 and the financial crisis of 2001 serious efforts have been made to democratise the security sector. Despite positive steps, military policies persist behind the formalities of democratic government.

Author: Umit Cizre Source: Cizre, Ü, 2006, 'Almanac Turkey 2005 - Security Sector and Democratic Oversight', DCAF and TESEV Size: 285 pages (3.3 MB)
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What is Hizbollah's outlook in the current conflict with Israel? This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper examines Hizbollah's thinking and argues that while it did not deliberately ignite or expect a large-scale conflict, it has not shied away from using it to service its regional and domestic objectives of undermining Israel. With the advent of United Nations Resolution 1701 and a formal ceasefire, the issue of Hizbollah's disarmament is a powerful potential logjam, which could result in continued strife.

Author: Amal Saad-Ghorayeb Source: Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal, 2006, 'Hizbollah's Outlook in the Current Conflict', The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, USA Size: 10 pages (122kB)
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How can renewed conflict between Israel, Hizbollah and Lebanon be avoided? This International Crisis Group report argues that while United Nations (UN) Resolution 1701 has brought a halt to conflict, it is not the appropriate framework for resolving the underlying issues in the Israeli-Lebanese relationship. 1701 should be seen as a transitory instrument. It can stabilise the border by containing both sides' military impulses until bolder action is taken to address both domestic and regional Lebanese issues.

Author: | International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Israel/Hizbollah/Lebanon: Avoiding Renewed Conflict', International Crisis Group, Middle East Report N°59, Brussels, Belgium Size: 34 pages (511KB)
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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How effective was the reform transformation of the Peruvian police between 2001 -2004? This article from Civil Wars journal argues that Peru's police reform process suffered from fluctuating political interest and support. Consequently, although achievements were significant, they were much less than initially hoped. The article examines the host of difficulties faced in achieving reform and concludes that additional resources and consistent political and institutional backing are necessary to foster and sustain transformation.

Author: Gino Costa Source: Costa, Gino, 2006, 'Two Steps Forward, One and a Half Steps Back: Police Reform in Peru, 2001-2004', Civil Wars, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 215-230 Size: 17 pages (114 kB)
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In contrast to other security sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean, the defence and public security sectors of Barbados are remarkably stable. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile (FLACSO), discusses the organisational and institutional settings and civilian oversight of both security sectors. Both sectors acknowledge the need for reforms; the police have begun to address concerns about excessive use of force by creating public complaints' procedure and outreach.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Barbados', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 20 pages (200 kB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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How successfully has Guatemala's military and democratic transformation been since 1986? This Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad article examines civil-military relations in Guatemala since the large scale processes of pacification and democratisation began in that year. Guatemala has advanced significantly towards the de-militarisation of society and subordination of the military to legitimate political authority. However, limitations in the nature of the country's democratic institutions and political culture have, as yet, prevented these goals from being reached.

Author: Bernardo Areválo de León Source: Areválo de León, Bernardo, 2006, 'Civil-Military Relations in Post-Conflict in Guatemala', Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, vol. 20 no.1, pp. 63-108. Size: 46 pages (259KB)
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Since the country's return to democracy in 1990, Chile has implemented a broad programme of judicial reform. However, this University of Florida paper argues that Chilean judicial transformation is incomplete with reforms not addressing existing military jurisdiction over the country's police, the Carabineros. Under the current arrangement, Chilean security forces continue to act with impunity at the expense of citizen security, not as effective guardians of it.

Author: | Meredith Fensom Source: Fensom, M, 2006, 'Judicial Reform, Military Justice, and the Case of Chile's Carabineros', Prepared for delivery at the 2006 Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, March 15-18, 2006 Size: 18 pages (234 kB)
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How can policymakers in Latin America reduce people's fear of crime? This study, by FLACSO, compares "zero tolerance" with community-based policing strategies in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile and it asks which is more successful. It assesses the links between fear of crime, the media and community participation. It finds that citizens' economic, political and social insecurities are the main determinants of how vulnerable they feel. Cities that employ community-based strategies to fight crime have lower levels of public fear of crime.

Author: | Lucia Dammert Source: Dammert, L. and Malone, M., 2006, 'Does It Take a Village? Policing Strategies and Fear of Crime in Latin America', Latin American Politics & Society, vol. 48, no. 4, Winter 2006, pp. 27-51 Size: 21 pages (104 kB)
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How can the Haitian government and international community reduce violence and promote sustainable reform in Haiti? This paper, by Action Aid, analyses the current situation in Haiti and makes recommendations for changes to the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), based on what is feasible and can be realistically implemented in the existing circumstances. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and rule of law are critical to ensure sustainable peace; therefore MINUSTAH and the new Haitian government must renew their focus on these priorities.

Author: ActionAid Source: Action Aid, 2006, 'MINUSTAH: DDR and Police, Judicial and Correctional Reform in Haiti', Action Aid, Port-au-Prince Size: 26 pages (3.5 MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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What is the current situation regarding the use of child soldiers in West Africa? How can Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes reach all children who need them? This report by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers surveys DDR projects carried out in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. West Africa is one of the regions of the world worst affected by the practice of child soldier recruitment. Many children are left outside official DDR programmes through access difficulties facing certain vulnerable groups or because agencies limit their definition of 'child soldier' to those who bear arms. DDR processes must adopt the Cape Town Principles in defining beneficiaries and pay special attention to girls, adolescents, young adults, foreign children, refugees, and those who 'informally' demobilise.

Author: Guillaume Landry Source: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2006, 'Child Soldiers and Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration in West Africa', Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Dakar Size: 31 pages (227 kB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Sierra Leone, particularly of the military sector, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. Since multiparty democracy was reintroduced in 1996, the situation has significantly improved, especially with the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) for budget formulation. Overall, ongoing reforms have made the budgeting process more open, more consultative and, most crucially, driven by clear goals.

Author: Osman Gbla Source: Gbla, O., 2006, 'Sierra Leone', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 180-196 Size: 17 pages (107 kB)
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How are young and fragile democracies in Africa addressing civil-military relations, and military budgeting in particular? This book chapter, published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, describes the national budgetary process in Nigeria, particularly of the Nigerian Armed Forces, assessing its strengths and weaknesses. After civilian rule resumed in 1999, the new government pledged military reform and anti-corruption measures, but progress on some issues has been slow. Individual corruption remains an endemic problem for all financial management initiatives. Due process in military budgeting remains a remote prospect given poor oversight, unclear policies and the absence of many key stakeholders.

Author: Wuyi Omitoogun | Tunde Oduntan Source: Omitoogun, W. and Oduntan, T., 2006, 'Nigeria', in Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: The Processes and Mechanisms of Control, eds. W. Omitoogun and E. Hutchful, SIPRI, OUP, Oxford, pp. 154-179 Size: 26 pages (154 kB)
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What are the main sources of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Kenya-Uganda border area? What is driving the demand for arms in the region? This article from African Affairs argues that demand for SALW is driven by both lack of security and lack of livelihoods. Sources of SALW include paramilitary groups created by the Ugandan and Kenyan governments.

Author: Kennedy Agade Mkutu Source: Mkutu, K. ,2006, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons among Pastoral Groups in the Kenya-Uganda Border Area', African Affairs , Vol.106, no. 422, pp.47-70 Size: pages ()
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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Rebuilding a post-conflict country is more than restoring buildings and institutions; it involves restoring trust and confidence, fostering relationships and giving people hope. This report, published by Interpeace, reviews its Somali Dialogue for Peace programme, a consultative process that brought officials, ex-combatants and citizens together to plan a collective, peaceful future. Dialogue with civil society and citizens is critical to the establishment of a stable and long-term security structure in Somalia.

Author: Interpeace | Centre for Research and Dialogue Source: Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia, 2006, 'Dialogue not Guns: Promoting Security and Stabilisation among the Communities of South-Central Somalia', Interpeace and Center for Research and Dialogue Somalia Size: 43 pages (1.43 MB)
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How should donors approach the regulation of private security actors in partner countries? How can the private sector help to implement security sector reform (SSR)? This chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces' publication Private Actors and Security Governance looks at the role of the private sector in SSR. It argues that regulation must take account of local factors and that the private sector could play a positive role in SSR.

Author: Peter Wilson Source: Wilson P., 2006, 'Private Security Actors, Donors and SSR', in Bryden, A. and Caparini, M. (Eds.) (2006). 'Private Actors and Security Governance', Yearbook 4, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 14 pages (150 kB)
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The judicial system of Malawi is compromised because of archaic laws and systemic lack of legal representation for indigents. This paper, published by the International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, analyses Malawi's criminal justice system and examines the use of paralegals to redress the lack of legal representation. Use of paralegals to assist poor people provides benefits for the poor and helps countries' progress towards provision of fundamental human rights.

Author: Hillery Anderson Source: Anderson H., 2006, 'Justice Delayed in Malawi's Criminal Justice System: Paralegals vs. Lawyers', International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences (IJCJS) Vol. 1 Size: 11 pages (135 kB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector and civil society in Tanzania? What progress have Tanzania's security institutions made in terms of the transition to multi-party democracy? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies examines the relationship between the state, the security sector and civil society in Tanzania. It argues that the unique relationship between Tanzania's ruling party and the security sector was beneficial in consolidating the Tanzanian state. However, Tanzania must now gradually distance its security institutions from the ruling party and create appropriate, adequate, accountable and affordable security services.

Author: Martin Rupiya (ed.) | Jonathan Lwehabura (ed.) Source: Rupiya M., Lwehabura J., Roux L.l., (eds.), 2006, 'Civil Security Relations in Tanzania - Investigating the Relationship Between the State, Security Services and Civil Society', Monograph 128, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 45 pages (224 kB)
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What impact did the African National Congress's military, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), have on the creation of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in 1994? How does this compare with the impact of the Boer Commandos on the creation of the Union of South Africa Defence Force (UDF) in 1912? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies compares the differing impacts of the Boer Commandos and MK on South Africa's armed forces. It finds that the Boer Commandos had a greater impact on the creation of the UDF than MK had on the SANDF.

Author: Rocklyn Williams | www.issafrica.org Source: Williams R., 2006, 'South African Guerilla Armies - The Impact of South African Guerilla Armies on the Creation of South Africa's Armed Forces', Monograph 127, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 33 pages (303 kB)
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Without democratising civil-military relations (CMR) and balancing power between civilian political authority and the officer corps, prospects for democratic consolidation in transition countries will remain problematic. This paper, published by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, discusses CMR democratisation in the Philippines and reviews the reform efforts of the current administration. The future of democratic CMR in the Philippines depends upon reformers establishing new civil-military dynamics that are genuinely supportive of CMR.

Author: Carolina G. Hernandez Source: Hernandez C.G., 2006, 'Rebuilding Democratic Institutions: Civil-Military Relations in Philippine Democratic Governance', in Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao (ed.), 'Asian New Democracies: The Philippines, South Korea and Taiwan Compared', Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, Taipei, pp. 39-56 Size: 308 pages (13 MB)
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Despite global trends towards military reform, militaries in Southeast Asia have continued to play prominent roles in domestic politics. This paper, published by The Pacific Review, investigates four Southeast Asian countries to determine why global military reform has not had as great an impact there as elsewhere. While the global security sector reform (SSR) agenda is informed by a predominantly North American civil-military approach, it could be modified to suit the Southeast Asian context.

Author: Mark Beeson | Alex J. Bellamy Source: Beeson M., Bellamy A.J., Hughes B., 2006, 'Taming the tigers? Reforming the Security Sector in Southeast Asia', The Pacific Review, Volume 19 (4), pp. 449-472 Size: 25 pages (144 kB)
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What role can the domestic private sector play in peacebuilding? This report from International Alert assembles evidence from numerous case studies to demonstrate that local businesses can contribute to peacebuilding. It argues that the international community should embrace the potential of this 'peace entrepreneurship' to provide necessary resources and skills for the promotion of sustainable peace.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2006, 'Local Business, Local Peace: The Peacebuilding Potential of the Domestic Private Sector (Executive Summary)', International Alert, London Size: 15 pages (393 kB)
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What is the extent of the growth and influence of radical Islamist organisations in Bangladesh? This article from the International Assessment and Strategy Center examines radical Islamist terrorism in Bangladesh. It argues that the forces of secular Bengali nationalism are increasingly coming under challenge from radical Islam. This process is evident in the growing number of madrassas and Islamic NGOs and in institutional support from political and religious groups.

Author: Sumon K. Chakrabarti | International Assessment and Strategy Center Source: Chakrabarti S.K., 2006, 'Bangladesh: The Shift in the Balance of Terror in South Asia', International Assessment and Strategy Center Size: pages ()
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How has Bhutan been combating insurgents within its territory and what impact has this had on relations with its powerful neighbours? This American Political Science Association publication examines Bhutanese actions against insurgents and its cooperation with India. It argues that insurgency problems stem from South Asian nations' inability to forge united states with assimilated minorities. For small and landlocked states like Bhutan, it is imperative that regional unity is fostered with a bolstering of its diplomatic capacity.

Author: Rajesh Kharat Source: Kharat R., 2006, 'Countering Insurgencies in South Asia: The case of Indo-Bhutan Cooperation', American Political Science Association Size: 24 pages (n/a)
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A legitimate, representative and capacitated civil society is essential for effective state-building and a condition for sustainable peace in Nepal. This article, by International Alert, considers how donors should respond to the events of Jana Andolan II in terms of supporting civil society. It makes five specific recommendations and argues that donors should prioritise their support to civil society outside Kathmandu.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2006, 'Supporting Civil Society in Building Peace in Nepal', International Alert Size: 18 pages (136 kB)
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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What are the comparative advantages, and limitations, of civil society in contributing to peace-building? This paper from the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management discusses definitions of civil society (CS); outlines examples of CS peace-building activities; and discusses the positive contribution and potential limitations of CS involvement, with particular reference to Bosnia-Herzegovina. Civil society can play a key role in peacebuilding, but cannot compensate for state-building deficits: the strengthening of the state, economy and society must proceed simultaneously.

Author: Martina Fischer Source: Fischer, M., 2006, 'Civil Society in Conflict Transformation: Ambivalence, Potentials and Challenges', Special Reproduction for the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, and the Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies, Sri Lanka Office, Colombo. Size: 32 pages (393 KB)
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The Local Governance Project (LGP) in Iraq has achieved some success as part of the US-led reconstruction effort. This paper, compiled for Public Administration and Development, reveals how the LGP's focus on local governance and civil society is encouraging the development of the social capital necessary to foster effective democratic governance in Iraq. But how successful can such an initiative be in a country where violence prevails and the strength of old social and political structures endure?

Author: Derick W. Brinkerhoff | James B. Mayfield Source: Brinkerhoff, D. and Mayfield, J., 2005, 'Democratic governance in Iraq? Progress and peril in reforming state-society relations', Public Administration and Development, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 59-73 Size: 15 pages (132.8 kB)
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The UNICEF-sponsored Child-Friendly Community Initiative (CFCI) represents an integrated, multi-sectoral and community-driven approach for the delivery of basic services to poor and vulnerable people in Sudan. What are the main achievements of CFCI? How does it differ from other donor interventions aiming to enhance service delivery? Compiled for the Department for International Development, this case study examines the effectiveness of the CFCI approach in Sudan and attempts to draw lessons for donors on service delivery in other fragile states.

Author: Magüi Moreno-Torres Source: Moreno-Torres, M., 2005, 'Service Delivery in a Difficult Environment: the Child-friendly Community Initiative in Sudan', Department for International Development, UK. Size: 36 pages (278.9 kB)
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Has the Ituri Disarmament and Community Reinsertion (DCR) programme stabilised the North-eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo? What policy considerations should be taken into account to strengthen the programme? This report by the Clingendael Institute of the Netherlands and the Africa Initiative Programme analyses the current situation of the DCR programme and describes the challenges it faces. In particular, it discusses the difficult decision of moving from voluntary to forced disarmament and demobilisation.

Author: Tsjeard Bouta Source: Bouta, T., 2005, 'Assessment of the Ituri Disarmament and Community Reinsertion Programme (DCR)', Clingendael Institute Conflict Research Unit, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 33 pages (108 KB)
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A safe, secure environment for people, communities and states is essential for sustainable development and conflict mitigation. This article in Public Administration and Development analyses the challenges confronting the achievement of democratic security sector governance after conflict. Addressing these challenges requires professional security forces, capable civil authorities, rule of law and regional approaches. Local stakeholders must make hard decisions about priorities on the availability of domestic resources and the costs and benefits of accepting external assistance.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2005, 'Strengthening Democratic Governance of the Security Sector in Conflict-affected countries', Public Administration and Development, vol. 25, no. 1 Size: 14 pages (123.1 kB)
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Has access to justice in Europe improved in recent years? This report, by Public Interest Law Initiative and the Open Society Institute, provides a narrative summary of the Second European Forum on Access to Justice. The forum brought together 200 legal professionals, rights advocates, representatives of international institutions and government officials from 40 countries to discuss strategies for improving legal aid. It included discussions of ongoing legal reforms, developments in international legal aid standards and civil society and government initiatives to put these standards into practice.

Author: PILI Source: Open Society Justice Initiative, 2005, 'Second European Forum on Access to Justice: Preliminary Forum Report', 24-25 February 2005, Budapest, Public Interest Law Initiative/Open Society Justice Initiative Size: 56 pages (1.7MB)
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How should international agencies work with local civil society during peacebuilding operations? This article from Security Dialogue analyses the relationship between aid agencies and local NGOs and communities to identify problems in the way the international community has traditionally undertaken peace operations. It argues that international bodies need to reform their understanding of local civil society in order to foster better local ownership of peacebuilding projects.

Author: Beatrice Pouligny Source: Pouligny, B., 2005, 'Civil Society and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Ambiguities of International Programmes Aimed at Building 'New' Societies', Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 495-510 Size: 15 pages (117.4 kB)
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How can peacebuilding missions more effectively address security threats in post-conflict societies? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that a security governance approach to post-conflict states provides a more comprehensive peacebuilding strategy. By acknowledging the diversity of actors and issues involved in the insecurity of war-torn societies, this perspective offers a better chance of assuring the accountability, legitimacy and local ownership of peacebuilding operations.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed | Timothy Donais Source: Bryden, A., Donais, T. and Hanggi, H., 2005, 'Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', Policy Paper no. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 36 pages (421kB)
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In West Africa, a combination of norm-setting at the sub-regional level and activism in the non-governmental sector is driving the move toward improved security sector governance (SSG). The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces has studied aspects of SSG in sixteen West African countries. This resulting analysis suggests that democratisation does not necessarily lead to democratic governance of the security sector.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, A., N'Diaye, B. and Olonisakin, F., 2005, 'Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Turning Principles to Practice', Policy Paper no. 8, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 23 pages (395.82KB)
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Civil society organisations (CSOs), particularly non-governmental organisations (NGOs), play a prominent role in conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet there is poor understanding about CSOs and how to engage them more effectively. This World Bank working paper explores this issue using pilot assessment tools in Angola, Guinea Bissau and Togo. It argues that donors should move towards more sustained engagement with CSOs, focusing on institution building among CSO networks.

Author: Social Development Department, World Bank Source: Social Development Department, 2005, 'Engaging Civil Society Organisations in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States: Three African Country Case Studies', The World Bank Size: 57 pages (449 kB)
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What are the opportunities and risks associated with the increasing use of private military companies (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs)? How might national and international institutions mitigate the hazards presented by these privatised activities? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces surveys the legal, governance and policy implications of military and security contracting. It argues that, while private companies can offer important support to national armies, their inadequate accountability creates significant security risks, which should be offset by improved regulation.

Author: Fred Schreier | Marina Caparini Source: Schreier, F., and Caparini, M., 2005, 'Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies', Occasional Paper no. 6, DCAF, Geneva Size: 184 pages (910 kB)
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Development cooperation has an increasingly important role to play in the areas of peace and security. This paper from the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) defines its approach to peace and security in development cooperation. It clarifies Sida's policy to create conflict-sensitive development programmes that integrate peace and security issues into implementation. Application of peace and security issues to development cooperation programmes not only promotes human security and empowerment of the poor, it also increases the likelihood of sustainable development.

Author: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Source: Sida, 2005, 'Promoting Peace and Security through Development Cooperation', Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm Size: 2 pages (23.5 kb)
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While private security companies (PSCs) in the countries of south-eastern Europe (SEE) have recently improved the professionalism of the sector, there is a need for more state intervention to increase the regulation, oversight and professionalism of the industry. This survey by Michael Page, Simon Rynn, Zack Taylor and David Wood for SEESAC examines the PSC industry's key trends and regulatory issues and recommends country-specific reforms. While national regulatory legislation is critical, mutually reinforcing national, regional and international regulatory frameworks are also needed.

Author: Michael Page | Simon Rynn Source: Page, M., Rynn, S., Taylor, Z. and Wood, D., 2005, 'SALW and Private Security Companies in South Eastern Europe: A Cause or Effect of Security', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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Civil society is a primary source of local ownership, legitimacy and sustainability of post-conflict reconstruction. This paper, authored by Marina Caparini, examines the role of civil society in security sector reconstruction and uses a case study of post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina to analyse donor impact on civil society in post-conflict states. Donors need to address not only their short-term needs for civil society partnerships, but the recipient country's long-term need for a strong civil society that is responsive and accountable to citizens.

Author: Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M. 2005, 'Enabling Civil Society in Security Sector Reconstruction', in A. Bryden and H. Hänggi, eds, Security Governance in Post Conflict Peace Building, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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While Afghanistan has made remarkable progress recently, its transition to democracy remains fragile and uncertain. Authored by Mark Sedra and Peter Middlebrook, this paper assesses Afghanistan's progress since the onset of the 2001 Bonn Agreement, which provided a road map for the transformation of the state. Continued progress requires sustained international support and a renewed Afghan commitment to pursue deep structural security sector and general public administration reforms.

Author: Mark Sedra | Peter Middlebrook Source: Middlebrook,P, & Sedra,M., 2005, 'Revisioning the International Compact for Afghanistan', Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC, USA Size: 24 pages (320kb)
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Development and security are inextricably linked and require an integrated and comprehensive response. This paper, by Francesco Mancini, analyses the nexus between the use of private security companies (PSCs) in security sector reform (SSR) and the ability of donors to make informed contractual decisions for their use. Serious governance gaps in the use of PSCs must be addressed.

Author: Francesco Mancini Source: Mancini,F., 2005, 'In Good Company? The role of business in security sector reform', Demos, London, UK Size: 97 pages (393 kB)
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Multitudes of problems are associated with the utilisation of private military firms (PMFs). This paper, by Maik Müller, highlights some of the problems, effects and implications of the use of PMFs in American military assistance. The United States (US) and other states that use PMFs should establish effective laws and regulations to address issues of control and accountability and the legal implications of outsourcing military tasks to the private sector.

Author: Maik Müller Source: Muller,M., 2005, 'Problems, Effects and Implications of the Use of Private Military Firms (PMFs) in U.S. Military Assistance', Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Working Draft, Bonn, Germany Size: 12 pages (85.1 KB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Cambodia. The study confirms that inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence and allow local people to participate in determining the future of their communities. Weapon reduction measures using incentive schemes for communities in exchange for weapons cannot be successfully implemented without first introducing measures for local community engagement.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2005, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Cambodia: An Assessment of Different Weapon Collection Strategies by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/6, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 133 pages ()
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What do the public think of different types of policing on offer in Sierra Leone? Bruce Baker addresses the assumption that citizens would rather have policing provided by the state police. As a result of gaps in the provision of state policing, other agencies offering localised protection of different levels of legality and effectiveness have arisen in Sierra Leone. Citizens are thus confronted with a choice of policing agencies. Integrating these agencies rather than marginalising non-state policing would be a good approach for Sierra Leone to follow.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2005, 'Who do People Turn to for Policing in Sierra Leone?', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 23, 3, 371-390. Size: 2 pages ( 34kB)
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Who authorises and delivers policing in Uganda? Participative research reveals a fragmented and overlapping pattern of policing. However, for historical reasons, it is still heavily influenced, if not controlled, by state institutions. This paper, published in Policing & Society, argues that the diversification of policing in Uganda is more one of choice, rather than ownership. Such 'multi-choice' policing demands the construction of a law and order policy that is based on incorporating all acceptable policing groups.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2005, 'Multi-choice Policing in Uganda', Policing and Society, 15, 1, 19-41. Size: 23 pages (139 kB)
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In Sri Lanka in 2004-2005, a civil society awareness process was initiated to allow civil society to participate in the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA). This document, by Saferworld and the South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka), represents a record and analysis of discussions that took place during the consultation process. The civil society consultation process was held in 23 districts covering nine provinces. It concludes that violence within different ethnic groups within the country has increased and democracy has declined due to violence around elections.

Author: Saferworld | South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka) Source: South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld, 2005, 'Small arms and light weapons challenges in Sri Lanka and options for the way forward: A civil society consultation process to support the establishment of the National Commission against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (NCAPISA)', South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld Size: 22 pages (266kB)
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What steps has the international administration in Kosovo taken to enable civilian management and oversight of the security sector? This report from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research (KIPRED) and Saferworld surveys the provision and oversight of security in Kosovo. It finds that Kosovo's security architecture cannot be said to be democratic. Kosovars continue to be on the receiving end of security services over which they have little ownership or control.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Lulzim Peci Source: Dugolli, I. and Peci L. 2005. 'Enhancing civilian management and oversight of the security sector in Kosovo', REPORT; Governance and security in South Eastern Europe, Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) and Saferworld Size: 37 pages (331 KB)
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What effect do small arms have on security in rural Pacific Islands communities and how successful have measures to combat these effects been? How can disarmament practitioners assess the impacts of small arms misuse in rural communities, given the difficulties of collecting quantitative data on armed violence? This report from the Small Arms Survey presents the views on small arms of rural communities in Papa New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands. Presenting results from a pilot study, it demonstrates the ability of participatory research to provide high-value, low-cost insights, offering an alternative to traditional quantitative research.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Robert Muggah Source: LeBrun, E & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2005, 'Silencing Guns: Local Perspectives on Small Arms and Armed Violence in Rural Pacific Islands Communities', Occasional Paper 15, Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 72 pages (788 KB)
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What effect are faith-based NGOs having on religion and society in Kosovo? What are the possible consequences of leaving the provision of services in rural Kosovo to Saudi-funded religious organisations? This paper from the Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development (KIPRED) examines the activities of Saudi-funded faith-based organisations in Kosovo. It argues that the international community, by neglecting rural areas of Kosovo, is enabling these organisations to promote an intolerant and divisive brand of Islam.

Author: Isa Blumi Source: Blumi, I. (2005). 'Political Islam Among the Albanians: Are the Taliban coming to the Balkans? 2nd Edition', KIPRED: Prishtina. Size: 38 pages (309 kB)
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What are the implications for the security sector of the post-9/11 focus on combating terrorism? How should the security sector respond to terrorism? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Swedish National Defence College examines counterterrorism-related trends in the security sector. It highlights the importance of a balanced approach toward terrorism across the security sector.

Author: Ambassador Dr. Theodor H. Winkler | Anja H. Ebnöther Source: Winkler, T. H., Ebnöther, A. H. and Hansson, M. B., 2005, 'Combating Terrorism and Its Implications for the Security Sector', Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm Size: 250 pages (1.24 MB)
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What steps has the government of Colombia taken to demobilise right-wing paramilitaries and individual fighters and reintegrate them into society? What are the problems and risks involved in Colombia's disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) process? This paper from the Bonn International Center for Conversion examines the DDR process in Colombia. While DDR could have a significant positive impact on the conflict in Colombia, failure is still possible and could have significant negative repercussions.

Author: Markus Koth Source: Koth, M. (2005). 'To End a War: Demobilization and Reintegration of Paramilitaries in Colombia', Paper 43, Bonn International Center for Conversion Size: 62 pages (263 kB)
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Under the UN Programme of Action (PoA) to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, states agreed to implement strict transfer controls. What progress has been made in developing international principles for SALW transfer controls in the context of the PoA? What should be the next steps in ensuring effective transfer controls? In November 2005 the Geneva Forum organised a conference to discuss transfer controls in the context of the PoA. This report summarises the proceedings of the conference.

Author: Geneva Forum Source: Geneva Forum (2005). 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: Transfer Controls', Summary Report of the conference of 17 November 2005, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 44 pages (231 kB)
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How has the privatisation of state functions applied to foreign policy, particularly conflict, security and war? How should states respond to the increasing use of private military companies (PMCs)? This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies assesses the privatisation trend in relation to conflict, security and war, examining in particular PMCs. It argues that legalisation and regulation could provide a degree of control over PMCs, while enabling beneficial military operations which might not otherwise be undertaken.

Author: Bjørn Møller | www.diis.dk/sw41477.asp Source: Møller, B. (2005). 'Privatisation of Conflict, Security and War', DIIS Working Paper no 2005/2, Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Size: 43 pages (372 kB)
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What lessons have been learned from attempts to restore functioning policing systems in conflict-torn societies? How can these lessons be adapted to new situations? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines efforts to reconstruct policing systems in conflict-torn societies. It argues that police reforms must place greater emphasis on implementation capacity and the practical and material aspects of policing, always keeping in mind local security contexts and capacities.

Author: Otwin Marenin Source: Marenin, O. (2005). 'Restoring Policing Systems in Conflict Torn Nations: Processes, problems, prospects', Occasional Paper No. 7, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 84 pages (620 kB)
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What are the current capabilities of the Guatemalan National Civilian Police (PNC) and the Ministry of Governance with regard to community-based policing? How effective has international policing assistance to Guatemala been? This report from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) examines community-based policing programming in Guatemala. It finds that eight years of international police assistance has failed to strengthen appreciably the sustainable policing capacities of the Ministry or the PNC.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E. (2005). 'Reflections on Community Based Policing Operations in Guatemala', United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Size: 27 pages (120 kB)
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How significant are private military companies (PMCs)? How do they influence our understanding of security? This article from Millennium: Journal of International Studies examines the power of PMCs to shape the security agenda and influence understandings of international security. It argues that the full significance of PMCs for international security is often overlooked due to a narrow conception of power. PMCs' capacity to shape understandings of security has shifted power in security issues from the public and civil to the private and military spheres.

Author: Anna Leander Source: Leander, A. (2005) 'The Power to Construct International Security: On the Significance of Private Military Companies', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), pp. 803-826, Millennium Publishing Group Size: 23 pages ()
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What challenges do south-eastern European countries face in terms of security sector reform (SSR)? In 2002 the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) conducted a special programme on the progress of SSR in South East Europe (SEE). The overall objective of the programme was to assess progress to date, review lessons learned, and identify requirements for reform programmes implemented in each country as well as those leading to enhanced regional cooperation.

Author: Eden Cole | Timothy Donais Source: Cole, E., Donais, T. and Fluri, P. (2005). 'Defence and Security Sector Governance and Reform in South East Europe Self-Assessment Studies: Regional Perspectives', Nomos. Size: pages ()
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How has security sector reform (SSR) progressed since the Rose Revolution? Georgia has been undergoing almost continual changes in its political system, which has effectively hindered the establishment of a consolidated security sector. The situation is characterised by fragmented and deeply under-funded power agencies, subjective forms of control over them, weak civilian oversight, intense corruption, no legitimacy in society at large, and the absence of a concept of overall reform. SSR in Georgia is in need of a reform.

Author: Philipp H. Fluri | Eden Cole Source: Fluri, P.H. and Cole, E. (Eds.) (2005). 'From Revolution to Reform : Georgia's Struggle with Democratic Institution Building and Security Sector Reform', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy) Size: 14 pages (73kb)
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How do countries in Central Asia approach security sector reform? To what extent is this in cooperation with regional and international actors? Almost every Central Asian state is engaged in a discourse on security sector reform, democratic oversight of the security sector and civil-military relations. However, it would be wrong to assume that the joint efforts of European, transatlantic, regional and national actors (including the media, civil society and academia) have led to homogenous or at least sustainable progress.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Malek, M. (Eds.) (2005). 'Facing the Terrorist Challenge: Central Asia's Role in Regional and International Co-operation', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 2 pages (32kb)
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What is the way forward for peace and stability in Liberia? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), looks at Liberian post-conflict reconstruction, particularly at security sector reform (SSR). It argues that SSR needs to focus not only the efficacy of security institutions, but also on ensuring that they are consistent with the democratic norms of transparency, accountability and responsiveness.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2005). 'The Challenges and Opportunities of Security Sector Reform in Post-Conflict Liberia', Occasional Paper 09, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 88 pages (624KB)
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How has Colombia reoriented its approach towards the country's principal security challenge - a lengthy insurgency closely linked to criminal activity? Published by the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, this paper assesses the sustainability of the counterinsurgency waged by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe against FARC rebels. Although not yet complete, this multifaceted campaign is likely to result in a Colombia that is more integrated, prosperous and democratic than at any time in the past 40 years.

Author: Thomas Marks Source: Marks, T., 2005, ' Sustainability of Colombian Military/Strategic Support for '"Democratic Security"', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 45 pages (241 kB)
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To what extent does the European Union (EU) address security sector governance with its neighbours? How does it interact with other multilateral actors that promote democratic governance of the security sector? This study argues that the EU should position security sector governance within a framework of development cooperation, democracy and human rights promotion as well as conflict prevention, crisis management and peacebuilding. This should be applied in collaboration with other multinational organisations to the EU's relations with its southern and eastern neighbours.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Fred Tanner Source: Hänggi, H. and Tanner, F., 2005, 'Promoting Security Sector Governance in the EU's Neighbourhood', Chaillot Paper - n°80, July 2005, EU-ISS, Paris Size: 108 pages (618KB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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What is the extent of craft small-arms production in Ghana? Why have existing legislation and government policies largely failed to contain the problem? This chapter of a book on armed groups and small arms in ECOWAS states documents the extent, nature, and effects of Ghanaian craft small-arms production and discusses existing and potential responses. Ghanaian craft guns are known regionally for their effectiveness, competitive prices, and accessibility. Legal prohibition and a coercive approach adopted by previous and current governments has not stemmed gun production and trade but driven it underground. Effective and sustainable solutions will involve persuading local communities to include in their traditional codes of conduct condemnation of gun sales for criminal use or armed conflict.

Author: Emmanuel Kwesi Aning Source: Aning, EK., 2005, 'The Anatomy of Ghana's Secret Arms Industry ', in Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, eds. N.Florquin and EG Berman, pp.78-106, Small Arms Survey Size: 30 pages (1.1MB)
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What are the key issues facing the private security sector in Nigeria? What role do private security companies (PSCs) play and what is their relationship with the public security forces? This report from the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, examines the private security sector in Nigeria. Nigeria suffers from extreme inequality, rising crime, corrupt and abusive state security organisations, and conflict in the oil-rich Niger Delta. It is in this context that Nigeria's private security industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years, becoming a major part of the Nigerian economy.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M., 2005, 'The Globalisation of Private Security: Country Report: Nigeria', University of Wales, Aberystwyth Size: 19 pages (3 MB)
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What are the key issues facing the private security sector in Sierra Leone? What role do private security companies (PSCs) play and what is their relationship with the public security apparatus? This report from the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, examines the private security sector in Sierra Leone. It finds that PSCs in Sierra Leone are largely unregulated and provide services of varying quality. The Sierra Leone authorities must improve regulation and oversight of PSCs, include them in security sector reform (SSR) and consider how they contribute to development.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M., 2005, 'The Globalisation of Private Security: Country Report: Sierra Leone', University of Wales, Aberystwyth Size: 21 pages (3 MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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There are signs that West Africa is beginning to waken fully to the need to tackle its security challenges. This Conflict, Security and Development article argues that while the relationship between democratisation and democratic governance of the security sector is unclear, norm setting at the sub-regional level, as well as activism in the non-governmental sector is driving moves towards improved governance. The major challenge remains to get individual states to live up to their security sector governance commitments.

Author: Alan Bryden | Boubacar N'Diaye Source: Bryden, B. et al., 2005, 'Democratizing Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Trends and Challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 203-226 Size: 25 pages ()
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In Tanzania in the 1980s a number of community-based policing groups formed under the name of sungusungu. How successful have these groups been and what has been their effect on the state? This article, published in African Affairs, deals with the circumstances that prompted the emergence of the movement and its late development among the Kuria of Mara Region in the 1990s. It argues that in ceding significant powers to local communities a 'quiet revolution' has taken place, reversing the centralism that was a noted aspect of the Tanzanian post-colonial state.

Author: Suzette Heald Source: Heald, S., 2005, 'State, Law, and Vigilantism in Northern Tanzania', African Affairs, Vol.105, no.419, pp 265-283 Size: 19 pages (123 kB)
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While Kenya has instituted widespread defence, police, judicial and constitutional reforms, the probability of successful security sector reform (SSR) remains highly questionable. This paper, published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, reviews recent attempts by Kenya to make its security sector more effective and accountable and less corrupt. Notwithstanding reform efforts, Kenya's SSR is largely ineffective; the country lacks a constitutional reference point grounded in democratic values.

Author: Bonn International Center for Conversion Source: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Kenya', Inventory of security sector reform (SSR) efforts in partner countries of German development assistance, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 16 pages (72.7 KB)
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High crime rates and the inability of public security services to provide adequate protection are the main factors driving the expansion of private security in Kenya. This report, published by the University of Wales, provides an overview of the private security sector in Kenya, its relationship to public policing and key challenges facing the sector. Development of an effective private security sector requires a regulatory framework that establishes licensing and monitoring standards and takes steps to improve the safety of security guards.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M., 2005, Globalization of Private Security Country Report: Kenya, Report prepared for The Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Size: 18 pages (1.57 MB)
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How fertile a region is Kenya and Tanzania for Al Qaida? What is the potential for recruitment in these areas? This Studies in Conflict & Terrorism paper examines the 'soft underbelly' of global terrorism. Assessing the scope for terrorist activity, strategies are considered to prevent Kenya and Tanzania from becoming active recruiting grounds for the global Islamist jihadist movement.

Author: William Rosenau Source: Rosenau, W., 2005, Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 28, No. 1 Size: 10 pages ()
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Have decentralisation programmes strengthened the tendencies towards escalating crime rates in Indonesia? What are the impacts of separation of law-making and -enforcing systems in decentralisation reforms? This paper, published by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, reports results of a study in Indonesia of the impact of decentralisation reforms on district-level law enforcement and security systems. The trend to continuously and increasingly allow untrained and unaccountable local civilian groups to provide protection, fight crime and implement laws should be reversed.

Author: Stephen Kristiansen | Lambang Trijono Source: Kristiansen S., Trijono L., 2005, 'Authority and Law Enforcement: Local Government Reforms and Security Systems in Indonesia', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 27 (2) Size: See Notes pages (See Notes)
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How do we understand the nature of armed groups? What is the importance of perceptions in regards to motivation and goals? This Conciliation Resource paper reflects on the questions of ideology, power and representation; examining the implications for conflict resolution strategies. It is found that the conflict resolution community tends to ignore certain issues that do not fit into current conceptualisations, while a deeper understanding of how to build relationships is required.

Author: Clem McCartney Source: McCartney, C., 2005, 'Engaging Armed Groups in Peace Processes: Reflections for Practice and Policy from Colombia and the Philippines', Accord, no. 16, Conciliation Resources, London Size: 20 pages (258kB)
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Can UN civil-military coordination (CIMIC) policies that have been developed to manage the relationship between humanitarian actors and military forces during the humanitarian emergency phase of conflict, be applied to manage the relationship between all civilian actors and UN military units during peacebuilding? This research from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) suggests that UN CIMIC actions can make a positive contribution to the overall peacebuilding process if the military components' resources, energy and goodwill can be positively channelled in support of the overall mission objectives.

Author: Cedric de Coning Source: de Coning, C., 2005, 'Civil-Military Coordination and UN Peacebuilding Operations', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 5, no. 2, pp.89-118 Size: 29 pages (913KB)
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Security Sector reform in Nepal is crucial to peace negotiations with the rebel CPN (Maoist) but has seldom been raised as an issue outside it. This paper, published by Friends For Peace, explores the difficulties of implementing Security Sector Reform in Nepal, and makes recommendations as to how these can be overcome. It concludes that mapping SSR in Nepal is a delicate and complex issue, and the loyalty of the security sector to democratic government is still under dispute. It recommends that demobilization of the army and guerillas should be accompanied by the provision of economic opportunities to allow them to reintegrate into society.

Author: Dhruba Kumar | Hari Sharma Source: Kumar D., Sharma H., 2005, 'Security Sector Reform in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities', Friends for Peace, FFP Publications, Nepal Size: 110 pages (771 kB)
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What are the reasons behind the problem of policing in Sri Lanka? How was the current policing situation made this possible? This Asian Human Rights Commission report offers an analysis of the nature and extent of the police's flaws and weaknesses. It sets the context of the current policing system and how it has reached its current condition. The report concludes with key solutions to an illness which is deemed curable - the inefficiency and corruption of the police system.

Author: Basil Fernando (ed.) | Shyamali Puvimanasinghe (ed.) Source: Fernando B. (ed.), Puvimanasinghe S. (ed.), 2005, 'An X-ray of the Sri Lankan policing system & torture of the poor', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 325 pages (952KB)
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The current proliferation of political gangsters, paramilitary groups and vigilantes in Indonesia reflects the inability of the state to ensure security and maintain public order. This paper, published by the Asia Research Centre, analyses the recent democratisation of violence in Indonesia that is driven by paramilitary groups attached to political parties. Response to such organised violence requires that Indonesia undertake a re-configuration of the state that includes efforts to address deep-rooted social and economic causes of violence.

Author: Ian Wilson Source: Wilson I., 2005, 'The Changing Contours of Organized Violence in Post-New Order Indonesia', Asia Research Centre, Murdoch, Australia: Working Paper No. 118 Size: 33 pages (531 KB)
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Providing security and reconstructing internal security institutions is a key component of nation-building operations. This study, by the RAND Corporation, asks how successful have U.S. and allied efforts been in reconstructing internal security institutions, and what are the most important lessons for current and future operations? The authors examine data from efforts to reconstruct internal security in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. They then compare the results with data from six other cases in which the United States has helped reconstruct security institutions during nation-building missions. These are Panama, El Salvador, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and East Timor.

Author: Seth G. Jones | Jeremy M. Wilson Source: Jones S.G., Wilson J.M., Rathmell A., Riley K.J., 2005, 'Establishing Law and Order After Conflict', RAND Corporation, London Size: 293 pages (1.4 MB)
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What are the best ways to promote security sector governance in Africa? What are the roles of government, the military and civil society in the process? This paper comes from a workshop with the theme Security Sector Governance. It was held in Ghana and organised by Africa Dialogue and Security Research (ASDR) and Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR). The workshop included presentations by practitioners and academics and case studies from African countries and other regions in transition to democracy for example Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe.

Author: Anicia Lala | Riefqi Muna Source: Lalá, A. and Muna, R., 2004, Workshop on Security Sector Governance in Africa', in Elmina, Ghana, 24-26 November 2003, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform Paper 33 Size: pages ()
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In the wake of the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, two key questions have confronted the Americans and Iraqis who now hold power. How can Iraq be stabilised? How can it be liberalised economically, politically and socially? This report by United States Institute of Peace suggests that although the requirements of stabilisation have so far overshadowed progress toward liberalisation, significant steps have been taken in transitioning from totalitarianism to free market democracy. Much more, however, remains to be accomplished.

Author: Faleh A. Jabar Source: Jabar, F., 2004, 'Postconflict Iraq : A Race for Stability, Reconstruction and Legitimacy', United States Institute for Peace Special Report No. 120 Size: 20 pages (210kB)
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What are the problems of state-reconstruction in war-torn societies? This paper from the Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, examines the role of international actors in the hugely ambitious project of rebuilding states after war. The study argues that the traditional linear model of conflict progression as pre-, during, and post-conflict, with attendant progression from relief to reconstruction and development, is too simplistic. Effective interventions must take account of individual contexts, have national "buy-in", and must be founded on good political and moral principles to gain legitimacy.

Author: Robert Luckham Source: Luckham, R., 2004, 'The International Community and State Reconstruction in War-torn Societies', Journal of Conflict, Security and Development Size: 28 pages (133.8 kB)
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Police services that enjoy community support and improve security can have a positive impact on development. In this way, police reform has become a key element of conflict management. Drawing on a two-day workshop organised by the International Peace Academy and Saferworld, this report proposes an implementation framework for community-based policing. It emphasises the importance of a clear philosophy, a carefully thought-out plan and a well-managed process to achieve it.

Author: Gordon Peake Source: Groenewald, H. and Peake, G., 2004, Police Reform Through Community-Based Policing: Philosophy and Guidelines for Implementation, International Peace Academy/Saferworld, New York Size: 27 pages (3.1 MB)
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After the 1991-2002 war, the international community invested heavily in setting up transitional justice mechanisms in Sierra Leone. However, fundamental issues like national reconciliation, a responsive and non-corrupt police and local access to justice remain elusive. What has gone wrong? This study by the Clingendael Conflict Research Unit (CRU) argues that in order for Sierra Leone to move from ephemeral transitional justice to sustainable rule of law, capacity-building of key domestic institutions needs to be taken more seriously.

Author: Pyt Douma Source: Douma, P. and de Zeeuw, J., 2004, 'From Transitional to Sustainable Justice: Human Rights Assistance to Sierra Leone', Clingendael Conflict Research Unit Policy Brief no. 1, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit Size: 4 pages (175 KB)
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What is the role of regional organisations in promoting security in Africa? Does the state remain the dominant actor or is there a role for non-state actors? In This book advances a conceptual framework for human security in Africa and examines the potential of the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) to promote good governance standards. Despite the increasing participation of civil society, a viable alternative to the state has not yet emerged on the international security scene.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2004, 'Human Security in Africa: A Conceptual Framework for Review', African Human Security Initiative Size: 51 pages (227 KB)
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There is a need for more comprehensive solutions to wider security sector challenges in conflict resolution. This report, from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, provides an overview of the security reforms that were implemented in Sierra Leone. It serves as a set of guidelines for practitioners supporting similar programmes in the future. It argues that the different elements of a Security Sector Reform programme should be sequenced strategically.

Author: Ann M. Fitz-Gerald Source: Fitz-Gerald, A.M., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector reform (GFN-SSR), Shrivenham Size: 24 pages (297 KB)
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What are the linkages between security sector reform (SSR) and the reform of various rule of law institutions, such as the police, justice and intelligence services? This edited volume, published by Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, argues that the SSR activities that have been initiated in Africa, either by donor influence or by local decision, have been undertaken in a piecemeal fashion. Security sector reform can be enhanced through a coherent and inclusive framework that incorporates police, justice and intelligence reform as an essential aspect of the reform process.

Author: Jeffrey O Isima Source: Ferguson, C. and Isima, J., 2004, 'Providing Security for People: Enhancing Security through Police, Justice and Intelligence Reform in Africa', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, Shrivenham, UK Size: 86 pages (739kB)
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In recent years international organisations and development agencies have become aware that development and peace processes cannot be effective or take place in situations of threat, social disorder or violence. They have thus focussed on Security Sector Reform (SSR) as an integral part of third party intervention. This issue of the Berghof Dialogue Series contains contributions from six authors. It examines the arguments for engagement with the security sector and provides an analysis of the dilemmas that arise and suggestions for how they might be overcome.

Author: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management Source: McCartney, C., Fischer, M. & Wils, O. (eds.) 2004, 'Security Sector Reform - Potentials and Challenges for Conflict Transformation', Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series No. 2, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin Size: 77 pages (898 kB)
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There are a number of areas today where development policy needs to address the wider issue of Security Sector Reform (SSR). This article, written by Herbert Wulf, for the Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series considers the concept of SSR and how best it can be used to further development goals. It argues that support for civilian governments, elected parliaments, competent civil servants and monitors will generally advance SSR in a more sustainable manner than military or police assistance. Furthermore, by involving civil society, SSR will be better able to create an open, democratic security culture.

Author: Prof. Dr. Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf,H., 2004, 'Security-Sector Reform in Developing and Transitional Countries', Berghof Handbook Series, The Berghof Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin, Germany. Size: 20 pages (336KB)
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The brisk business of private military firms (PMFs) currently operating in Iraq is not only significant to the defence community, but has wider ramifications for global politics and warfare. This paper by Peter W Singer analyses the private military industry, its origins and current role in Iraq, and suggests policy responses for an industry that appears to be here to stay. Advantages and disadvantages of PMFs must be weighed from the perspectives of both public policy and smart business sense.

Author: Peter W Singer Source: Singer,P., 2004, 'The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What have we learned and where to next?', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 2 pages (28.0 kB)
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Growing attention is being paid to private military companies (PMCs) that began operating in Iraq in the aftermath of the US-led invasion in 2003. This report by David Isenberg assesses PMCs in Iraq, analyses issues of concern and recommends improved regulatory oversight both in the US and internationally. The biggest obstacle to increased regulation of PMCs is a lack of political will.

Author: David Isenberg Source: Isenberg,D., 2004, 'A Fistful of Contractors: The Case for a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq', Research Report 2004.4, British American Security Information Council, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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Efforts to build sustainable peace require the participation of women in peace building at all levels of society. This toolkit, authored by International Alert and Women Waging Peace, is a comprehensive resource of conceptual, policy and practical information, and guidance for women peace builders and practitioners. Placing women at the centre of local, national and international peace building efforts will improve progress towards enduring peace.

Author: International Alert | The Initiative for Inclusive Security (formerly Women Waging Peace) Source: International Alert & Women Waging Peace, 2004, 'Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action', International Alert, London Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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The participation of South African women was a key component in the country's transition from conflict to democracy and security sector reform. This paper by Sanam Naraghi Anderlini documents the strategies women used to gain full participation in the transition, their influence in shaping security sector policies and institutions, and the impact it had particularly in terms of building legitimacy and credibility in the eyes of the public. South Africa's inclusion of women in its transition process is a model for countries seeking fundamental changes in society's views of and approaches to conflict, peace and security.

Author: Sanam Naraghi Anderlini Source: Naranghi Anderlini, S. 2004, 'Negotiating the Transition to Democracy and Reforming the Security Sector: The Vital Contributions of South African Women', Hunt Alternatives Fund, Washington DC. USA Size: 2 pages (32.5 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents the lessons learned from participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) of weapon collection programmes in Mali. It finds that use of participatory procedures, processes and policies give confidence to communities and can lead to greater ease in retrieving illegally held weapons.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya,G., 2004, 'Exchanging Weapons for Development in Mali: Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/16, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 175 pages ()
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To what extent has popular justice been exercised in Uganda? During the Bush War (1981-86) the National Resistance Army (NRA) pursued the possibility of popular justice as a means of self-governance. This paper, published in the International Journal of the Sociology of Law, argues that there has been a steady dilution of popular control at the local level in Uganda, though popular elements remain. The post-war state has increasingly sought to bring local initiative within a unified criminal justice system.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2004, 'Popular Justice and Policing from Bush War to Democracy: Uganda 1981-2004', International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 32, 333-348. Size: 17 pages (117 kB)
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To what extent do non-state actors provide policing in Africa? Policing is defined as any organised activity that seeks to ensure the maintenance of communal order and security through prevention, deterrence, investigation and punishment. Policing in Africa is increasingly diversified away from the state to non-state formal and informal agencies. This Journal of Contemporary African Studies paper explores these complex and changing patterns of overlapping policing agencies and introduces a typology of the categories and features of policing groups.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2004, 'Protection from Crime: What is on Offer for Africans?', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 22, 2, 165-188. Size: 24 pages (140 kB)
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How should the problems associated with reforming the police in post-conflict situations be addressed? What alternatives are there to state-policing? This article from the Journal of Humanitarian Assistance presents lessons from post-conflict policing in Uganda. Uganda's experience with facilitating local community policing provides a positive lesson for post-conflict situations. Governments must respond to the reality of multiple-choice policing and consider how it can contribute to the provision of security.

Author: Bruce Baker Source: Baker, B., 2004, 'Post-conflict policing: lessons from Uganda 18 years on', The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, http://www.jha.ac/articles/a138.htm Size: pages ()
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The widespread availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a major source of insecurity and poverty worldwide. This Department for International Development (DfID) paper summarises the United Kingdom's policies and strategies on SALW. The British Government's objectives regarding limiting the availability and misuse of SALW focus on three areas: strengthening controls on supply; reducing availability; and addressing demand. It recognises that these issues are complex and inter-related, requiring action between states, intergovernmental organisations and civil society.

Author: Source: DfID, 2004. 'UK Policy and Strategic Priorities on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2004-2006', London: Department for International Development Size: 8 pages (180 KB)
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What role can the media play in governance of the security sector? What obstacles hinder the media's ability to provide effective oversight of security institutions? This book from the Bonn International Center for Conversion and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the role of the media in governance and oversight of the security sector. It argues that the media have a vital role to play in monitoring security institutions and helping citizens make informed decisions regarding the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M. (Ed.) (2004). 'Media in Security and Governance: The Role of the News Media in Security', Nomos / Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC) / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: pages ()
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Security sector reform (SSR) poses profound challenges to the Southern Caucasus (SC). This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence, the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Partnership for Peace Consortium, analyses obstacles to SSR in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. A lack of local engagement in both democratic principles and SSR contributes to doubts about the SC's commitment to building stable, democratic societies.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Gustav E. Gustenau Source: Ebnöther, A.H. and Gustenau, G.E. (Eds.) (2004) 'Security Sector Governance in Southern Caucasus: Challenges and Visions', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 209 pages (1.01 MB)
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How do mercenaries contribute to instability in West Africa? Do they pose a specific threat to Ghana's democratic consolidation? This paper for the Kofi Annan International Peace Training Centre (KAIPTC) analyses the security threat to Ghana posed by possible mercenary action in the context of a period of pre-election tension. The recycling of combatants from one civil war to another poses security threats in West Africa in terms of outbreak or recurrence of civil war. These threats 'spill over' to countries like Ghana which are relatively peaceful and are consolidating democracy and good governance. Early and appropriate response to these threats by Ghana or within the ECOWAS sub-regional framework would enhance both state and human security.

Author: Prosper Addo Source: Addo, P., 2004, 'Mercenarism in West Africa: A Threat to Ghana's Democracy?', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra Size: 14 pages (135 kB)
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Conflicts that appear to be self-reinforcing in the short-term can in the long-term produce conditions out of which new political orders emerge. This paper, published by Conflict, Security & Development, uses Somalia to illustrate the dramatic changes that can occur in patterns of armed conflict, criminality and governance in a collapsed state. Among other factors, shifting interests in the business community have helped Somali communities adapt to state collapse, manage risk and provide a more predictable economic environment.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkhaus, K., 2004, 'Vicious circles and the security development nexus in Somalia', Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.149-165 Size: 19 pages ()
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a critical humanitarian, development and governance challenge; governments need to address the issue in a united and holistic approach. This paper, published by SaferAfrica and Saferworld, focused on Eritrea and is one of a series of reports auditing SALW control legislation in different countries accross the Great Lakes and Horn of Africa region. It summarises their audit of SALW control legislation in Eritrea vis-à-vis its conformity to regional and international SALW agreements. While some Great Lakes region and Horn of Africa states have enacted SALW legislation, there are serious regulatory gaps that need to be addressed. This report is intended to assist lawmakers and other actors in developing new legislation which will address these gaps.

Author: Catherine Flew | Angus Urquhart Source: Flew, C. and Urquhart, A., 2004, Strengthening small arms controls: An audit of small arms legislation in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa: Eritrea, Saferworld Size: 35 pages (263 KB)
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The Government of Ethiopia is heavily dependent on international donors, without whom it cannot undertake development programmes, feed its population or even run its administrative machinery. This report, published by the Netherlands Institute of International Relations, analyses trends in international assistance to Ethiopia, including the delivery of humanitarian aid and support to elections and the media. Compared to its funding of humanitarian aid and relief, donor assistance to the democratisation process in Ethiopia has been relatively limited.

Author: Dessalegn Rahmato | Meheret Ayenew Source: Rahmato, D. and Ayenew, M., 2004, Democracy Assistance to Post-Conflict Ethiopia Building Local Institutions?, Conflict Research Unit Working Paper 27, The Hague, Clingendael Institute Size: 105 pages (461 KB)
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This Institute for Security Studies article provides an overview of the security sector reform processes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The DRC's transitional government faces significant challenges, most notably in the area of security. In particular, the formation of a unified Congolese national army and the necessary disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) processes for the various armed groups are currently the biggest threats to the transitional government.

Author: Henri Boshoff Source: Boshoff H., 2004, 'Overview of Security Sector Reform Processes in the DRC', African Security Review Vol. 13 No. 4, Institute for Security Studies Size: 5 pages (87.3KB)
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India needs to reformulate its regional cooperation policies in order to strengthen its engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the general region. This International Studies paper examines political and security issues in Southeast Asia and possible policy approaches India might adopt to improve its regional ties. With enhanced interaction at both security and economic levels, India and ASEAN can provide a strong anchor for a region witnessing rapid and fundamental change.

Author: Shankari Sundararaman Source: Sundararaman S., 2004, 'Politics and Security in Southeast Asia: Prospects for India-ASEAN Cooperation', International Studies, Volume 41 (4): 371-385 Size: 16 pages ()
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The availability of weapons for use by rebels, militias, warlords and insurgents threatens the national security of states and the security of millions of people. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses armed groups' participation in the arms trade and the consequences of small arms misuse. While international measures address controlling arms supply, strategies are needed that deal directly with armed groups in order to reduce violations of humanitarian law and human rights norms.

Author: David Capie Source: Capie D., 2004, 'Armed Groups, Weapons Availability and Misuse: An Overview of these and Options for Action', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Briefing Paper Size: 14 pages (206 kB)
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Can the security sector be governed in polities where citizens feel excluded from politics and armed conflict is endemic? Security sector reform in situations of national insecurity is a quixotic enterprise. This research from Sussex University and partner institutions in developing and former communist countries argues that while such situations are traumatic they may also open spaces in which certain kinds of change are more feasible.

Author: Robin Luckham Source: Luckham, R., 2003, Democratic Strategies for Security in Transition and Conflict, in Governing Insecurity, Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, Cawthra, G. and Luckham, R. (eds), Zed Books, London. Size: pages ()
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In Africa, the practice of pastoralism - herding domestic animals on open bushland - is under threat from violence tied to the proliferation of small arms. What action should governments and non-government groups take to restore peace to pastoral communities? This report for think-tank Saferworld examines the situation in the Kenya-Uganda border region and recommends measures that could be applied both here and further a-field.

Author: Kennedy Mkutu | - approved but waiting report publication Source: Mkutu, K., 2003, 'Pastoral Conflict and Small Arms: The Kenya-Uganda Border Region', Saferworld, London. Size: pages ()
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It is widely recognised that illicit exploitation of natural resources and the criminalisation of economic life play a significant role in conflicts. But there is less understanding of how these factors create distinctive obstacles for designing peace processes and building peace. This report synthesises the main themes from an International Peace Academy conference on the challenges war economies pose to peace.

Author: Heiko Nitzschke Source: Nitzschke, H., 2003, 27-29 October, Transforming War Economies: Challenges for Peacemaking and Peacebuilding, Report of the 725th Wilton Park Conference in Association with the International Peace Academy, Wiston House, Steyning. Size: pages ()
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Why is parliamentary oversight of the security sector necessary and what are the mechanisms and practices through which parliaments achieve this? This handbook by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that since security is central to people's wellbeing, it is essential that their elected representatives work closely with the government and the security sector. This handbook provides a comprehensive understanding of security issues and the role of parliamentary oversight.

Author: Hans Born Source: Fluri, P., Johnsson, A. and Born, H., 2003, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector, Principles Mechanisms and Practices', Inter-Parliamentary Union and Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Size: 250 pages (2.3MB)
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The uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of arms by government forces and armed groups takes a massive human toll in lost lives, lost livelihoods and lost opportunities to escape poverty. What action is required at international, national and local level to control arms proliferation? In this report, Amnesty International and Oxfam argue that governments can and must do more to control arms proliferation effectively. Better co-ordination between governments is needed to address both the trade in arms and safety at community level.

Author: Debbie Hillyer | Brian Wood Source: Hillier, D., and Wood, B., 2003, 'Shattered Lives: A Case for Tough International Arms Control', Amnesty International and Oxfam, UK Size: 95 pages (3.2mb)
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What effect does small arms violence have on development? How have development agencies and governments sought to tackle small arms use? This chapter from a work published by the Small Arms Survey analyses the social, economic and human cost of small arms use around the world. It argues that such violence causes widespread damage to developing societies, and outlines developmental responses aimed at cutting demand for small arms, regulating their use and destroying surplus stocks.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2003, 'Obstructing Development: The Effects of Small Arms on Human Development', Chapter Four in 'Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2003: Development Denied', Oxford University Press, UK Size: 43 pages (573 kB)
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What are the patterns of conflict in African wars? What role do non-state actors play in these conflicts? This paper for the United Nations' University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) analyses and compares regional conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. The author argues that the causes and characteristics of Africa's conflicts are heterogeneous. Continental perspectives need to be replaced by regional ones in order to develop policies for peace. Such policies need to engage non-state actors to be effective, and recognise that the military is often a fourth player alongside government, civil society, and the market.

Author: Timothy Shaw Source: Shaw, T., 2003, 'Conflict and Peace-building in Africa: The Regional Dimensions' UNU-WIDER, Discussion Paper No. 2003/10 Size: 21 pages (704 kB)
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How is the Global Conflict Prevention Pool (GCPP) facilitating cross-departmental coordination to realise a more strategic and cost-effective UK approach to conflict prevention and reduction? This report from the Department for International Development (DFID), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Ministry of Defence (MoD) examines the initial two years of GCPP's work. It highlights programmes supported through geographical, thematic and international strategies.

Author: FCO Source: DFID, FCO and MOD, 2003, 'The Global Conflict Prevention Pool: A Joint UK Government Approach to Reducing Conflict', DFID, FCO and MOD, London Size: 44 pages (1.3 MB)
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Security policy is widely believed to be the task of the executive. Parliaments are regarded as less suitable for making security decisions. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that parliamentary oversight of the security sector and its reform is in the interest of democracy and security. Security sector reform creates systematic accountability and transparency on the premise of increased democratic control, placing it within the context of the good governance agenda.

Author: Hans Born | Phillip Fluri Source: Born, H., Fluri, P. and Lunn, S. (eds.), 2003 'Oversight and Guidance: The Relevance of Parliamentary Oversight for the Security Sector and its Reform', DCAF, Brussels/Geneva Size: 263 pages (935kB)
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of developmental approaches to security sector reform (SSR)? How is the concept of SSR changing, and how might it be developed to enable better implementation? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces traces the origins of the SSR debate and surveys the opportunities and challenges presented by reform. It argues that, while a comprehensive and developmental approach to SSR is important, donor governments' inadequate coordination and competing objectives and recipient countries' resistance have hampered SSR efforts.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, M., 2003, 'Development Donors and the Concept of Security Sector Reform', Occasional Paper no. 4, DCAF, Geneva Size: 61 pages (281 kB)
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What does the UK Government mean by Security Sector Reform (SSR) and how does it manage its SSR assistance to developing countries? This statement sets out the UK Government's policy on SSR. It is illustrated with examples of SSR assistance to date and outlines implications for the future. SSR requires a joined up and holistic approach. In order to be effective, assistance should be provided in coordination and in cooperation with other donors and the recipient state.

Author: GFN-SSR | Security Sector Advisor Source: GFN-SSR, 2003, 'Security Sector Reform Policy Brief', GCPP, London Size: 18 pages (3.2 MB)
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The degree of media coverage of a nation's security and military is a good indicator of the level of democratisation of that country. This paper by Pero Jurisin recounts the history of media coverage of security issues in Croatia. Throughout Croatia's history, freedom to openly discuss military issues has been marked with recurring attempts by the media to publicise security issues, and ongoing official suspicion of a free media. While public discussion of security has increased recently, it is still plagued by lack of transparency.

Author: Pero Jurisin Source: Jurisin, P. 2003, 'Security and Media', Paper presented at Security Sector Reform and Media: A regional conference on defence and the freedom of information, 14-15 November 2003, Belgrade. Size: 2 pages (30.0 kB)
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What effects do small arms availability and misuse have on human security in south-east Asia? How have communities in the region responded to armed violence? The Small Arms Survey and Nonviolence International commissioned qualitative participatory research on the effects of small arms in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Aceh-Indonesia and the Philippines. This report presents the key findings of this research, highlighting the views of the affected populations. It reveals surprisingly common patterns of small arms misuse that undermine human security in communities in all five of the countries studied.

Author: Robert Muggah | Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan Source: Muggah, R. and Moser-Puangsuwan, Y. (eds.), 2003, 'Whose Security Counts: Participatory Research on Armed Violence and Human Insecurity in South-East Asia', Small Arms Survey, Geneva. Size: 60 pages (1.99 MB)
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What are the barriers preventing effective cooperation between NGOs and military forces? What steps can organisations of both types take to promote effective cooperation and coordination in peace operations? This paper from the Centre for Security and Defence Studies examines factors impeding effective NGO-military cooperation and offers suggestions for improving the relationship. It argues that only a well-planned and coordinated combination of civilian and military measures can create the conditions for sustainable peace in divided societies.

Author: Francis Kofi Abiew Source: Kofi Abiew, F. (2003). 'From Civil Strife to Civil Society: NGO-Military Cooperation in Peace Operations', Occasional Paper No.39, The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University Size: 27 pages (157 kB)
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What progress has Mongolia made towards democratisation? In this volume, seven Mongolian authors assess the achievements made in the process toward fully democratising civil-military relations and defence reform. Contributors set out to address one of the most pressing problems of new and reconstituted democracies: the democratic oversight and reform of the security sector. Mongolians have a long history of civil-military relations and numerous measures have been consistently used over time to regulate these relations.

Author: Sh. Palamdorj | Philipp Fluri Source: Palamdorj, S. and Fluri, P. (2003). 'Democratic Oversight and Reform of Civil Military Relations in Mongolia : A Self-Assessment', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and National University of Mongolia Size: 2 pages (30.5kb)
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Colombia's President Alvaro Uribe has made combating the insurgents the overriding priority of his government. What are his prospects of success? This study, by the International Crisis Group, shows that a sense of public security has begun to be re-established. However, Uribe's "Democratic Security Policy" (DSP), the long-term strategy, which gives coherence to the security effort, has been stalled by arguments over how best to bring the conflict to a close. Without some serious modifications, it is unlikely to achieve its goal.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy' Latin America Report N°6, 13 November 2003, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 34 pages (501 kB)
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Violent conflict has increased in Nigeria since the end of military rule in 1999. Despite commitment to military reform, militarism remains a major problem. This chapter from 'Governing Insecurity' (Zed Books) argues that security sector reform (SSR) in Nigeria must be part of a broader national restructuring. A consensus-based security sector review is needed. This can contribute to the political process of recapturing the culture of compromise and dialogue that was lost during three decades of authoritarian military rule and social exclusion.

Author: Kayode Fayemi Source: Fayemi, J K, 2003, 'Governing the Security Sector in a Democratising Polity: Nigeria', in Governing Insecurity, Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, Cawthra, G. and Luckham, R. (eds), Zed Books, London. Size: 20 pages ()
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Somalia poses a threat to international security. But what is the source of the threat and what is the appropriate response? This paper from The Journal of Conflict Studies argues that transnational terrorism is only one of many problems. It is less serious than armed conflict, forced migration and poverty. By focusing on counter-terrorism, the international community is asking the wrong questions and formulating the wrong responses. Unless it takes peacemaking more seriously, Somalia will get a weak, unrepresentative government that will aggravate terrorism and regional instability.

Author: Matt Bryden | The Journal of Conflict Studies Source: Bryden, M., 2003, 'No Quick Fixes: Coming to Terms with Terrorism, Islam, and Statelessness in Somalia', The Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.24-56 Size: 33 pages (139 KB)
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The international community's approach to nation-building is intended to address the threat of international terrorism. However, this research from Davidson College suggests that current nation-building practices may inadvertently create weak, ineffectual quasi-states within which terrorist networks thrive, producing the sanctuaries for terrorism that the US and its allies are trying to eliminate. Trusteeship-type solutions to nation-building and global security are the only way forward, however unpopular they may be.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkhaus, K., 2003, Quasi-States, Nation-Building, and Terrorist Safe Havens, The Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 Size: 17 pages (81KB)
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Who are Namibia's main security actors and what are their respective roles and functions in security governance? How effective is Namibia's security governance in terms of democratic norms? This paper from the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung explores the relationship between security actors and the state in Namibia. It argues that the character of Namibia's security sector signifies that the country is still in a transition phase towards consolidating its democracy.

Author: Andre du Pisani Source: du Pisani, A., 2003, 'The Security Sector and the State in Namibia - An Exploration', Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Study Size: 36 pages (295 kB)
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This paper for the Africa Institute of South Africa argues that lasting peace can only be achieved if preventive diplomacy is applied effectively by all actors, including governments, international organisations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Three diplomatic tools are examined: bilateral negotiations between parties, appeals by the international community, and military intervention to maintain or restore 'balances of power'. Analysing how these methods have performed in recent years provides a basis for future action.

Author: Nikki Funke and Hussein Solomon Source: Funke, N., and Solomon, H., 2002, 'Towards Sustainable Peace in Sierra Leone', Africa Institute Occasional Paper no. 68 Size: pages ()
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It is widely agreed that a safe and secure environment is necessary for sustainable development. There is a growing appreciation that sound security sector governance is critical in achieving such an environment. This paper, prepared for UNDP's 'Learning from Experience for Afghanistan' workshop, outlines key concepts and issues for external actors promoting sound security sector governance. It encourages the development of a contextual approach to external assistance.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2002, 'Democratic Governance in the Security Sector', UNDP, New York Size: 2 pages (63 kB)
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Since the end of the Cold War, the attitude of development organisations towards the security sector has changed and personal security is now recognised as a key concern of the poor in weak states. In addition, repressive or corrupt security structures can undermine the stability crucial to maximising the benefits of aid programmes. Consequently, a number of agencies have engaged with the issue of security sector reform and the idea is now largely accepted as something broader than solely the military.

Author: N Cooper | M Pugh Source: Cooper, N. and Pugh, M. 2002, 'Security-sector Transformation in Post-conflict Societies', Working Paper no. 5, Centre for Defence Studies, London. Size: 68 pages (530 kB)
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While there is a growing tradition of civil society activism in Zambia, the role of civil society in civil-military relations remains unclear. This paper, authored by Lee M Habasonda, examines the opportunities that exist for civil society to help strengthen civil-military relations as part of the country's current democratisation process. The most important task that faces Zambia's civil society is the building of partnerships with the government and military that help ensure the subordination of the military to civilian control.

Author: Lee M Habasonda Source: Habasonda, L., 2002, 'The military, civil society and democracy in Zambia: Prospects for the future', in Ourselves To Know: Civil-Military Relations and Defence Transformation in Southern Africa, eds.Williams,R., Cawthra,G. & Abrahams,D., Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 227-238. Size: 2 pages (24.5 KB)
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The challenge of regulating private military companies (PMCs) is to create an effective mechanism for the Government of the United Kingdom (UK) to oversee PMCs while maximising the benefits they can provide. This report, by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, presents PMC regulatory issues raised by the Foreign Affairs Committee (FAC) and the Government's responses to Committee recommendations. The key regulatory issue is the balance between the costs of regulation and the costs and benefits of PMCs.

Author: Her Majesty's Government Source: HMG, 2002, 'Ninth Report of the Foreign Affairs Committee: Private Military Companies - Session 2001-2002, Response of the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs', HMG, London, UK Size: 26 pages (305 kB)
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Failure by the United Kingdom (UK) to regulate private military companies (PMCs) would result in a serious gap in the country's ability to manage UK companies involved in regional conflicts worldwide. This paper, by Kevin O'Brien, examines options to regulate the activities of PMCs and recommends specific legislative intervention. The privatisation of peacekeeping may be the best option available to the developed world, which appears to be unwilling or unable to intervene in the increasing chaos of regional conflict.

Author: Kevin A O'Brien Source: O'Brien,K., 2002, 'Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation', UK Foreign Office Size: 15 pages (76 kB)
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The British Government's Green Paper on Private Military Companies (PMCs) provides a comprehensive overview of the PMC debate and outlines six regulatory options. Due to the range of activities carried out by PMCs, it is unlikely that one response alone would be adequate. This paper thus proposes a multidimensional approach to regulating British PMCs that matches the appropriate kind of response to the variety of activities that PMCs might undertake.

Author: Damian Lilly | International Alert Source: Lilly,D., 2002, 'Regulating Private Military Companies: The Need for a Multidimensional Approach', International Alert, London, UK Size: 10 pages (39 kB)
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Does participatory research provide added value in identifying qualitative aspects of small arms-related insecurity? What impacts have communities in South Asia experienced as a result of the availability and use of small arms? This report from the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) and the Small Arms Survey (SAS) presents findings from a project using participatory approaches to measure small arms' impacts in South Asia. Participatory approaches reveal that prolonged exposure to armed violence has affected livelihoods in South Asia in several short- and long-term ways.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee | Robert Muggah Source: Banerjee, D & Muggah, R. (eds.), 2002, 'Small Arms and Human Insecurity: Reviewing Participatory Research in South Asia', Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, Colombo. Size: 85 pages (2.2 MB)
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Despite the fact that Chile entered a new democratic era almost two decades ago, security sector reform (SSR) still faces enormous institutional and political resistance. This report, published by Conflict, Security and Development, examines the cautious steps that Chile's current governing coalition is taking to institute SSR. Even in highly restricted political and institutional environments, civilians can lead SSR initiatives when they have political support and the technical capacity to do so.

Author: Claudio A Fuentes Source: Fuentes, C., 2002, 'Resisting Change: Security Sector Reform in Chile', Conflict Security and Development, vol. 2, no. 1 April 2002, pp. 121 - 131 Size: 11 pages ()
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Will Tanzania become a battleground in what Samuel Huntington called 'The Clash of Civilisations'? Tanzania has large populations of Christians and Muslims. It is an impoverished country, and this places a strain on national social cohesion. However, this paper, for Third World Quarterly, argues that, although tensions are on the rise, a combination of cross-cutting cleavages, relative parity of group strength and size, and intra-group conflict should ensure that this does not develop into open conflict. This argument is contextualised within a theoretical continuum of primordial and instrumental views of identity.

Author: Bruce E Heilman | Paul J Kaiser Source: Heilman, B., Kaiser, P., 2002, 'Religion, Identity and Politics in Tanzania', Third World Quarterly, Vol.23, no. 4, pp 691-709 Size: 20 pages ()
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The public perception of human security in Bangladesh is one of widespread violations, especially against the poor and disadvantaged, and of an inefficient, complex and corrupt criminal justice system. This report reviews human security and provides recommendations for change. It finds that 'anti-poor' elements of Bangladesh's criminal justice system include the bail system, costly and cumbersome court procedures, and wide misuse of discretionary powers by the police. There is also a significant 'implementation gap' in the enforcement of existing laws due to police and court inefficiencies. Political leaders and the elite should ensure the implementation and monitoring of the whole criminal justice system, taking a multidisciplinary approach to address the multifaceted nature of human security.

Author: UNDP Source: UNDP, 2002, 'Human Security in Bangladesh', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Dhaka, Bangladesh Size: 125 pages (3.8 MB)
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Small arms and light weapons are an enormous problem. They kill over 300,000 people every year, cause injury to over 900,000 people and affect millions indirectly through the dislocation of communities and destruction of livelihoods. This official UK policy briefing summarises the damage caused by small arms and light weapons and outlines current UK initiatives to combat the problem. There are an estimated 550 million small arms and light weapons: One for every 10 people on the planet. Small arms and light weapons are also cheap, durable, robust, easy to manufacture and copy and have a long lifespan. It is difficult to achieve effective controls: The manufacture and trade of small arms and light weapons is decentralised, and illicit transfers are believed to account for a significant proportion of the global trade - a market which is thought to be worth over one billion dollars annually. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons also has serious development costs: Post-conflict reconstruction and political, social and economic development are undermined, as are the security and stability of the country or region.

Author: Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, DFID Source: DFID 2001, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: A UK Policy Briefing', Department for International Development, FCO, and Ministry of Defence, London Size: 10 pages (195 kB)
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Are private military companies (PMCs) conducting support, training and combat activities a legitimate application of force for the modern state? This paper, authored by S Goddard, analyses the post-Cold War evolution of PMCs, their international legal status and the effects and ramifications of their use. The legitimacy of PMCs is both de facto and amoral, since they operate within a vacuum of regulation and accountability at both national and international levels.

Author: S Goddard Source: Goddard,S., 2001, 'The Private Military Company: A Legitimate International Entity Within Modern Conflict', A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA Size: 2 pages (34.0 kB)
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In 1998 Sandline International, a British private military company (PMC), signed a contract with the then exiled President of Sierra Leone to supply arms in contravention of a United Nations embargo. The fallout from this affair demonstrated the serious implications PMC activities can have on UK foreign policy. This report argues that the UK government should control the activities of mercenaries and private military companies operating out of the UK. It also proposes options for prospective legislation.

Author: Chaloka Beyani | Damian Lilly Source: Beyani,C. and Lilly,D., 2001, 'Regulating Private Military Companies: options for the UK Government', International Alert, London, UK Size: 42 pages (175 kB)
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What lessons can be learned from the use of participatory action-research (PAR) in post-conflict situations? This article from the Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management outlines the methodology and achievements of the War-Torn Societies Project (WSP). WSP's work demonstrates that local ownership, capacity-building, partnership and respect for the dignity and rights of beneficiary countries can be made a reality. This has crucial implications for the way in which external assistance actors plan and deliver assistance in post-conflict situations.

Author: Agneta Johannsen Source: Johannsen, A., 2001, 'Participatory Action-Research in Post-Conflict Situations: The Example of the War-Torn Societies Project', in Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin Size: 25 pages (613 KB)
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How can the international community combat mercenarism and regulate the activities of private military and security companies? This briefing, by the British American Security Information Council and the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches sur la Paix et d'Ètudes Stratégiques, shows how the activities of the private security sector can contribute to small arms proliferation and misuse. The international community needs to implement existing legislation, uphold embargoes and introduce national laws to tackle the issue effectively.

Author: Sami Makki | Abdel-Fatau Musah Source: Makki, S., Meek, S. Musah, A.-F., Crowley, M. and Lilly, D. (2001). 'Private Military Companies and the Proliferation of Small Arms: Regulating the Actors', Biting the Bullet Briefing 10, BASIC, International Alert and Saferworld. Size: 9 pages (122KB)
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What steps have been taken to develop community policing in Malawi? Since the advent of democracy in 1994, the Malawi police, aided by the UK Department for International Development, have undertaken a programme of reform. Recognising the importance of cooperation between the public and police to tackling armed crime, a coalition of NGOs launched a project to promote community policing. This short article from Saferworld and the Institute for Security Studies provides a brief outline of the project.

Author: Institute for Security Studies | Saferworld Source: ISS, Saferworld, 2001, 'Community Policing in Malawi ', Action on Small Arms in Southern Africa Newsletter 3, Instutute for Security Studies, Saferworld Size: pages ()
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Civil-military relations (CMR) refers to the structural position of military institutions within government, as well as the informal influence of military groups within politics and society at large. What is the impact of different leadership approaches to the military? How significant is harmonious CMR for effective democratic government? This article from the Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies assesses the different relationships between the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and political leadership from President Marcos through to the Macapagal-Arroyo administration.

Author: Raymund Jose Quilop Source: Quilop R.J., 2001, 'Waltzing with the Army: from Marcos to Arroyo', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 16 (2): 91-104. Size: 14 pages (984 kB)
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Has globalisation improved democratic development in Thailand since the 1990s? This Contemporary Southeast Asia article studies three of the main actors in the Thai political economy: the military, the private sector and civil society. All have undergone marked changes, and in particular the private sector has been reinvigorated. A new and more sophisticated conjunction has emerged between politics and business. Has the rise of 'money politics' become too forceful an opposition for true democratisation?

Author: Ukrist Pathmanand Source: Pathmanand U., 2001, 'Globalisation and Democratic Development in Thailand: The New Path of the Military, Private Sector, and Civil Society', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 23 (1): pp. 24 - 42. Size: 18 pages ()
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There are a number of areas today where development policy needs to address the wider issue of Security Sector Reform (SSR). This article, written by Herbert Wulf for the Deutsche Gessellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), considers the concept of SSR and how best it can be used to further development goals. It argues that support for civilian governments, elected parliaments, competent civil servants and monitors will generally advance SSR in a more sustainable manner than military or police assistance. Furthermore, by involving civil society, SSR will be better able to create an open, democratic security culture.

Author: Dr Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf, H., 2000, 'Security-Sector Reform in Developing Countries: An Analysis of the International Debate and Potentials for Implementing Reforms with Recommendations for Technical Cooperation', Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Size: 40 pages (371 KB)
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