Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

What are citizens' perceptions of the security sector in Bangladesh? What are the lessons for security sector reform? This paper reports results of a public perceptions survey on the police, army, the Rapid Action Battalion, defence parties and border guards. While citizens of Bangladesh feel safer today and crime has declined slightly, a large number of challenges remain that all security providers must address. The Bangladesh police and criminal justice system are in most need of reform; greater links between formal and informal security and justice mechanisms would improve security provision.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Security Provision in Bangladesh: A Public Perceptions Survey', Saferworld, London Size: 18 pages (210 KB)
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How can governments and international actors develop effective border controls to implement the 2001 UN SALW Programme of Action and other agreements? Efforts to prevent the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW) and their trafficking across borders must be undertaken within a comprehensive framework which recognises: the breadth and complexity of SALW proliferation and misuse; the wide range of measures that need to be combined to achieve effective controls; and the need to involve and secure the support of all stakeholders, including those affected by SALW-related violence. The most effective approaches are those undertaken co-operatively among neighbouring states.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E., 2010, 'Preventing Diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons: Strengthening Border Management under the UN Programme of Action', Biting the Bullet Report, Saferworld and the University of Bradford Size: 28 pages (1.04 MB)
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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How can the Colombian government consolidate security gains and improve security policy? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group recommends that the new government should acknowledge that Colombia has still not reached the post-conflict phase and needs to: maintain pressure on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC); develop and implement a comprehensive citizen security strategy; tackle the threat posed by paramilitary successors and new illegal armed groups; and advance military and citizen security policy reform.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Improving Security Policy in Colombia', Latin America Briefing No. 23, International Crisis Group, Bogota/Brussels Size: 16 pages ()
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What will be the core elements of national systems for the control of international transfers of arms under the proposed international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This guide sets out a framework for functional and effective national systems of control. Elements of a national control system must include licensing, enforcement, and external outreach (to industry, international partners, and the public). For each of these elements, consideration must be given to legal requirements, institutions and procedures, training, and proof of implementation.

Author: Oxfam Source: Oxfam, 2010, 'National Implementation of the Proposed Arms Trade Treaty: A Practical Guide', Oxfam GB, Oxford Size: 28 pages (385 kB)
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What have been the effects of counter-narcotics policies in Afghanistan since 2001? Have eradication campaigns been successful? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that aggressive opium poppy eradication programmes have been premature and counterproductive. They have not increased stability or undermined the counter-insurgency. The most important role peacekeeping forces can play is providing security.

Author: Vanda Felbab-Brown Source: Felbab-Brown, V., 2009, 'Peacekeepers Among Poppies: Afghanistan, Illicit Economies and Intervention', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 100-114 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the links between illicit commerce and political relationships in West Africa? How can a contexualised understanding of social relationships improve approaches to post-conflict statebuilding? This article from International Peacekeeping critiques the automatic criminalisation of armed networks, some of which have strong societal roots. It argues for a more nuanced understanding of the connection between illicit economic activities and violent conflict and a more pragmatic approach to post-conflict statebuilding. A strategy that selectively incorporates some networks, and targets the more predatory, is likely to be most effective.

Author: William Reno Source: Reno, W., 2009, 'Understanding Criminality in West African Conflicts', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 47-61 Size: 15 pages ()
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What types of military equipment should be covered by an International Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This report from Saferworld examines the national lists of military equipment that are currently controlled by a number of national governments. It reveals that more than 98.8 per cent of military equipment subject to international transfer is currently sourced from jurisdictions that use comprehensive national lists, and argues that these national lists - in effect a def facto international standard - should therefore form the basis for the scope of an ATT.

Author: Joseph Farha | Roy Isbister Source: Farha J., Isbister R., 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty and Military Equipment: The case for a comprehensive scope', Saferworld, London, United Kingdom Size: 18 pages (426 kB)
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How have African states responded to proposals to establish common international standards to regulate the legal arms trade? What concerns do they have about an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies discusses the views of African countries on an ATT. It argues that African states have for the most part shown considerable support for an ATT. However, a number of African states have reservations about an ATT, which need to be addressed.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Africa and an arms trade treaty', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria), Pretoria Size: 12 pages (240 kB)
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What progress have the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa made in implementing the Nairobi Protocol on small arms and light weapons (SALW)? What challenges do states in the region face in controlling the flow of SALW? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies examines the control of SALW in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa. It finds that states in the region have made significant efforts towards cooperating to combat the proliferation of SALW. However, measurable concrete implementation of the Nairobi Protocol has yet to take place at the national level.

Author: Dominique Dye Source: Dye D., 2009, 'Arms control in a rough neighbourhood: The case of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria) Size: 16 pages (1.19 MB)
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The enduring presence of warlords and the influence of their international supporters are inadequately addressed by current post-conflict state building practices. This paper, published by The Round Table, discusses aspects of an east Congo rebel movement to illustrate some of the challenges warlordism poses to statebuilding. The international reluctance to recognise the importance of multiple sovereignties in statebuilding, including warlords and neighbouring states, suggests attempts to create a functioning empirical state after conflict will remain deficient.

Author: Danielle Beswick Source: Beswick D., 2009, 'The Challenge of Warlordism to Post-Conflict State-Building: The Case of Laurent Nkunda in Eastern Congo', The Round Table - The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs: Volume 98, Issue 402, pp.333-346 Size: 15 pages ()
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What difficulties has Bangladesh faced in demarcating its maritime boundaries? What steps can it take to successfully address these issues? This issue brief from the Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies examines the issues regarding the demarcation of Bangladesh's maritime borders. It argues that Bangladesh must make preparations for establishing its claims over its maritime boundaries without delay.

Author: Sonia Taleb Source: Taleb S., 2009, 'Maritime Security: The case for Bangladesh', Issue Brief 4, Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies Size: 12 pages ()
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Questions about peace and security remain critical both to national decision-makers and to the lives of ordinary people in Nepal. This report, by Interdisciplinary Analysts and Saferworld, analyses changing public attitudes to community safety and human security in the country. It is the second in a series of surveys that will track public perceptions of security over time. It concludes that most Nepalis still feel safer than before the protests in 2006 that led to the end of the country's long-running civil conflict. Nepalis see security both in terms of crime and violence and also in terms of socio-economic development.

Author: Interdisciplinary Analysts | Saferworld Source: Analysts I., Saferworld S., 2009, 'On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal', Saferworld Size: 66 pages (1.7 MB)
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How does China's military and security relationship with Pakistan effect regional stability? The Heritage Foundation's article explores these issues in her testimony to the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission of 20 May 2009. Until recently, China and Pakistan have cultivated a strong military and security relationship. However, recent events between the two countries mean that US policymakers may find more opportunities to work with China to increase regional stability in South Asia.

Author: Lisa Curtis Source: Curtis L., 2009, 'China's military and security relationship with Pakistan', The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC Size: pages ()
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Despite various reforms dealing with increasing the security of nuclear weapons in Pakistan, there is significant concern as to how safe the nuclear weapons are in light of national and regional political instability? This report by the Congressional Research Service provides a historical timeline of Pakistan's development of nuclear weapons and highlights the key reforms that have been implemented to secure the nuclear weapons in the country. The report concludes with various legislative issues considered by Congress to help Pakistan maintain the security of nuclear, biological, and chemical materials and weapons in the country.

Author: Paul K. Kerr | Mary Beth Nikitin Source: Kerr P.K., Nikitin M.B., 2009, 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues', Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C. Size: 21 pages (233 KB)
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What threat do the Taliban and al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear weapons and material? What hope is there for reducing nuclear risk within Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online outlines the danger that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear assets. It argues that, given the global risks from nuclear material falling into the hands of the Taliban or al-Qaeda, winning against Pakistan's insurgents is critical. Hope for reducing nuclear risks within Pakistan rest largely on the Pakistani government's success on the battlefield.

Author: Leonard Spector Source: Spector L., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part I', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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What are the implications of the Taliban insurgency in Pakistan for India and for the US-India relationship? How should the US and India respond to the situation in Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online looks at how the US can cooperate with India to prepare for and respond to instability in Pakistan. It argues that the effect of the evolving situation in Pakistan has been to re-link India with Pakistan in US relations. The US and India need to hold intimate conversations on how to deal with Pakistan if the situation worsens.

Author: Robert D. Blackwill | YaleGlobal Online Source: Blackwill R.D., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part II', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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Sri Lanka is a source and, to a lesser extent, a destination of trafficking of men and women for the purposes of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. This report, published by the United States Department of State, reviews the current Sri Lankan government efforts to comply with standards for the elimination of trafficking. While the country is making efforts to control trafficking, it should commit to vigorous, comprehensive investigation, prosecution and punishment of trafficking offenders.

Author: United States Department of State Source: United States Department of State, 2009, 'Trafficking in Persons Report 2009 - Sri Lanka', United States Department of State Size: 2 pages (36.52kB)
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How was Sri Lanka able to secure a military victory that is proving so elusive to the coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq? But will the recent 'Iron-fisted' approach of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces (SLAF) which successfully defeated the insurgencies in Sri Lanka translate to an enduring resolution? This article provides a brief discussion of the use of military action to defeat insurgencies, followed by an outline of the reasons why Sri Lanka was able to dominate the battle-space. The article concludes by raising questions as to the sustainability of the victory of the Sri Lankan government and the renouncement of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) of armed struggle in favour of anti-violent activism.

Author: Ong Weichong Source: Weichong O., 2009, 'Military Defeat of the Tamil Tigers: From Velvet Glove to Iron Fist', Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore, RSIS Commentaries Size: 3 pages (48KB)
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How can small arms and light weapons (SALW) proliferation be controlled and thus their usage reduced when they are so easily produced, concealed and transferred? This study by the International Peace Institute (IPI) analyses why actions must be taken and what these actions should be in order to reduce SALW proliferation and usage. It argues that a more strategic response from multilateral organisations and a norm-setting practical approach are necessary.

Author: International Peace Institute Source: International Peace Institute, 2009, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons', IPI Blue Paper no. 5, Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity, New York: International Peace Institute Size: 68 pages (588kB)
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Air transportation has played a key role in fuelling the war economies that have devastated much of Africa in recent decades. This article, by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, outlines the background to this problem, highlights how international action can be used to control destabilising or illicit commodity flows, and makes four specific recommendations. The article focuses on the important role European Union member states can play in, for example, denying contracts to companies involved in such activities.

Author: Hugh Griffiths | Mark Bromley Source: Griffiths H., Bromley M., 2009, 'Air Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows', SIPRI Policy Paper no. 24, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Size: 74 pages (3.1 mB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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Where do warlord regimes emerge from, what are their actions and the impact of their existence on politics? What is the general nature of warlord politics? This article offers an initial framework for future theory of warlord politics using a simple game-theoretic approach. Through case-studies and empirical research, clear explanations as to the strategic decision of warlords are offered. These decisions affect their actions and their opportunities to form coalitions.

Author: Gordon Mccormick | Lindsay Fritz Source: Mccormick G., Fritz L., 2009, 'The Logic of Warlord Politics', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 81 - 112 Size: 33 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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This document, published by Saferworld, seeks to dispel some of the myths and misperceptions that have been raised in discussions on an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). These range from the suggestion that differences in interpretation would undermine any agreement to the contention that, without the support of major arms-exporting states, any agreement would be worthless. It is hoped that this will contribute to an informed debate and increase the prospects of a successful conclusion to the current UN process.

Author: Elizabeth Kirkham Source: 2009, 'The Arms Trade Treaty: Countering myths and misperceptions', Amnesty International Instituto Sou da Paz, Oxfam, Project Ploughshares. Saferworld and Albert Schweitzer Institute Size: 14 pages (460 kB)
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Virtually all states are committed to having effective national regulations in place to combat the diversion of small arms and light weapons (SALW). Unfortunately, implementation of these commitments remains patchy and inadequate. This report, published by Saferworld, examines issues and priorities for improving national controls and regional and international cooperation to prevent and reduce diversion. It highlights the need for governments to adopt more precautionary approaches in assessing diversion risks and to implement controls on SALW brokering based on a system of licensing individual transactions.

Author: Dr Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Saferworld, 2009, 'Preventing diversion of small arms and light weapons: Issues and priorities for strengthened controls', Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 88 pages (844 kB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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What is the present state of Bangladesh's security sector and its oversight mechanisms? What are the obstacles to reform? This paper focuses on the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), the Bangladesh Police and the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). It finds that the security sector, especially the police, is not accountable, transparent or efficient. The development of an effective and accountable security sector in Bangladesh is hindered by an ineffective parliament, intolerance between ruling and opposition parties, corruption and bureaucratic malpractice, lack of judicial independence, lack of long-term vision, and partisanship in civil society. A non-biased, people-centric security policy must be established, and this requires radical change in the attitude of politicians and bureaucrats.

Author: M. Jashim Uddin Source: Uddin, M. J., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Bangladesh', South Asian Survey, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 209-230 Size: 22 pages ()
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In 2006 the police and army in Timor-Leste fought each other in the streets in a crisis that left both institutions in ruins. This report from the International Crisis Group analyses the challenges of reforming Timor-Leste's security institutions, focusing on the army and the police. To reform the security sector successfully, Timor-Leste's government must ensure an inclusive process by consulting widely and resisting the temptation to take autocratic decisions. Unless there is a non-partisan commitment to the reform process, structural problems are likely to remain unresolved and the security forces politicised and volatile.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 143, Brussels, Belgium Size: 32 pages (354 kB)
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What is known about the security sector in Central Asia? This report examines and compares the currently available defence and security sector relevant documents of the Central Asian States (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). As there is no basis for a current Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) approach in terms of defence and security sector reform, each country will first have to engage in further domestic security and defence reforms before a common strategy or concept may be developed.

Author: Philipp Fluri | Martin Malek Source: Fluri, P. and Malek. M. (Eds.) (2008). 'Defence and Security Sector Transition in Central Asia', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF with the support of the Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport/General Staff Size: 190 pages (832kb)
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The nature of security has changed from state security to human insecurity, which brings with it multiple threats to global stability. This review, from Westminster University, assesses two books - Mary Kaldor's 'Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention' and Mark Duffield's Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples'. The review argues that Kaldor is too deterministic in treating the breakdown of territorial forms of community and political agency as a welcome fact of globalisation. Duffield provides a strong critique of Kaldor and Western regulatory mechanisms but he has no alternative to offer.

Author: David Chandler Source: Chandler, D. (2008). 'Keeping humanity secure?', Review of Mary Kaldor's Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention and Mark Duffield's Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples, Issue No. 9, Jan 2008, The Spiked Review of Books, http://www.spiked-online.com/. Size: 9 pages (36 kB)
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What progress has been made with the African Standby Force (ASF)? What are the challenges for the African Union (AU) and its international partners is achieving full ASF readiness by 2010? This review by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) gives an update on ASF progress. Training, doctrine, Standard Operating Procedures, and command and control concepts have been developed, but logistics remains hugely problematic. A more integrated concept of peace and security between the United Nations (UN) and the AU and more African ownership within the ASF are needed for African peacekeeping to be sustainable.

Author: Dr Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2008, 'The African Standby Force - An update on progress', ISS Paper 160, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 24 pages (452 kB)
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What are the negative impacts of the illicit trade in small arms on security, human rights, and socio-economic development? How can governments and international agencies stem the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms? This report of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Security Council discusses these issues. Small arms and light weapons are the primary weapons used in contemporary conflicts. More human rights abuses are committed with them than any other weapon. Measurable goals for reducing armed conflict, better cooperation among national authorities and between international agencies, and the destruction of surplus ammunition are among the report's recommendations.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UNSG (2008) 'Report of the United Nations Secretary General on Small Arms' (S/2008/258), New York Size: 19 pages (104 kB)
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What effect will the United States' Merida Initiative have on security in Mexico and Central America? How effective will the aid package be in tackling drug-trafficking and gang-related violence? This briefing from the Washington Office on Latin America examines the Merida Initiative. It argues that the Initiative alone will not reduce drug flow into the US and should not be judged on that basis. The Initiative should instead be judged by its effects on citizen security and civilian security institutions in Mexico and Central America.

Author: WOLA Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2008, 'The Merida Initiative and Citizen Security in Mexico and Central America', WOLA, Washington Size: pages ()
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What is the humanitarian impact of cluster munitions on civilian populations? How does cluster munition contamination affect local economies? This report from United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research highlights how post-conflict recovery and development processes can be impeded by cluster munition contamination. It shows how different groups in a population are affected physically and psychologically. The problems caused by the contamination vary according to prevailing socio-economic conditions. Poverty adds to the difficulty of trying to address the threat of the contamination effectively.

Author: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Source: UNIDR, 2008, 'The Humanitarian Impact of Cluster Munitions', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 81 pages (364KB)
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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What effect has the proliferation of small arms and light weapons had on development in Latin America? This article, published in the NACLA Report on the Americas, reviews the multifaceted social consequences of the small arms trade. The trend of accelerating levels of crime and violence suggests that a broad-based and concerted gun control effort is needed. Gun violence is now holding back development in much of the region; fresh initiatives and the continued allocation of resources to tackling the trade will be needed to safeguard Latin America's future prosperity.

Author: Rachel Stohl | Doug Tuttle Source: Stohl, R. and Tuttle, D., 2008, 'The Small Arms Trade in Latin America', NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 41 No.2, March/April 2008 Size: 7 pages (576 kB)
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Pakistan's police force is incapable of combating crime, upholding the law or protecting citizens and the state against militant violence. This research from International Crisis Group argues that it is vital for the newly elected government to institute police reforms. Elected representatives will be held accountable if citizens continue to see the police as brutal and corrupt. The democratic transition could falter if deteriorating security gives the military a new opportunity to intervene. Major reforms and reallocation of resources are required to create an effective and accountable police service.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Pakistan's Police', Asia Report N°157, 14 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 34 pages (1.7 MB)
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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What is the current state of local level justice institutions in Sierra Leone's provinces? How good is access to justice there? This study by the World Bank reviews of what is known already and analyses recent events to highlight opportunities for intervention. It argues that justice reform that works primarily with formal justice systems ignores the customary justice systems used by the majority of the population. A comprehensive approach to justice reform requires understanding of an engagement with customary systems.

Author: Pamela Dale Source: Dale, P., 2008, 'Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: A Review of the Literature', Justice for the Poor Programme, World Bank, Washington DC Size: 30 pages (254 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) proceeded in Guinea-Bissau, and what lessons can be done to move these efforts forward? This background paper, presented by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, describes and analyses the current state of the defence, security, and justice sectors. Reform efforts have affected the armed forces, the police and state security intelligence services, paramilitary forces, justice institutions, security management and oversight bodies, and non-statutory security forces.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Security Sector Reform and the Rule of Law, 18 June 2008 Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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South-East Europe is a region stigmatised for its role in heroin trafficking, human trafficking, and other forms of organised crime. This report, by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), argues that the crime situation in the area is improving. Specifically, it suggests that the rise of organised crime in the Balkans was a direct result of past instability, but that the situation seems to be changing for the better. As the region stabilises and the rule of law is secured, the incentives and opportunities for criminality should further fade.

Author: UNODC Source: UNODC, 2008, 'Crime and its Impact on the Balkans and Affected Countries', United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna Size: 130 pages (3.4 MB)
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What factors cause land-based conflicts to turn violent? This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, analyses and traces the trajectory of a decade-long conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Kenya. A government land resettlement programme - intended primarily for squatters of the Mosop and Soy clans of the Sabaot ethnic group - fell apart under clan and ethnic tension. This report asserts the presence of a significant political dimension to the conflict. A sustainable and peaceful resolution will only result from a variety of processes undertaken in a spirit that is consultative, inclusive and transparent.

Author: Robert Romborah Simiyu Source: Simiyu, R., 2008, 'Militarisation of resource conflicts: The case of land-based conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Western Kenya', ISS Monograph No. 152, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 92 pages (1.7 MB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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What are the roots of conflict in the Greater Horn of Africa and who are the main rebel groups? This study from the Center for International Peace Operations analyses armed groups in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic (CAR), Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea with regard to their social and ethnic background, their political and military relevance, as well as their leaders and the countries supporting them with arms and money. All the groups are informal unlike the well-organised guerilla movements of the Communist era, which makes the Horn an extremely volatile political environment.

Author: Gérard Prunier | Center for International Peace Operations Source: Prunier, G., 2008, 'Armed Movements in Sudan, Chad, Central African Republic, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia', Analyse 02/08, Center for International Peace Operations, Berlin Size: 19 pages (176.27KB)
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How can the threat of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA ) in northern Uganda and the surrounding region be brought to an end? This paper by ENOUGH suggests the peace strategy must enable northern Uganda to consolidate its relative peace and address the threat that Kony - the leader of the LRA - poses to the region. It must develop leverage through military planning, press Kony to make a choice about his future and create a development and security strategy for displaced northern Ugandans to return, even in the absence of a peace deal.

Author: Julia Spiegel | John Prendergast Source: Spiegel, J. and Prendergast, J., 2008, A new peace strategy for Northern Uganda and the LRA: Advancing peace in northern Uganda, ENOUGH strategy paper, ENOUGH Project, International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress Size: 9 pages (147.85KB)
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The three-day war between Eritrea and Djibouti in 2008 is a reminder that Africa's sub-region remains one of the most unstable and conflict-prone in the world and lacks conditions for a workable peace and security order. This brief, published by the InterAfrica Group, assesses the nature and course of the conflict over borders and its links with peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. If allowed to continue, the Eritrea-Djibouti conflict could endanger strategic interests of many countries and the international war on terror.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M. 2008, 'The Djibouti-Eritrea Conflict', Center for Dialogue on Humanitarian, Peace and Development Issues in the Horn of Africa, Briefing, InterAfrica Group Size: 14 pages (204 kB)
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How have social changes within migration-generating societies converged with an enlargement of the underground economy worldwide? How has this convergence created new conditions under which migrants (trafficked or smuggled) become incorporated into the worlds of production and consumption? This study, from the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague, argues that there is, currently, too great an emphasis on control without sufficient knowledge of the rapidly changing realities. Approaching human trafficking and migration as sequences in a continuum of mobility might bring new insights into the dynamics that exist at a deeper level of structural transformation.

Author: Thanh-Dam Truong Source: Truong T-D., 'Human Trafficking and New Patterns of Migration', Gender, Technology and Development, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 5-8 Size: 5 pages ()
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How does the world deal with the United States (US)'s tendency towards unilateralism in its foreign policy? This study from Oxford University looks at European responses to US unilateralism in three multilateral arms control agreements: the Anti- Personnel Landmines Ban, the UN Process on Small Arms, and the Biological Weapons Protocol. It suggests that Europe has varied between accommodation and resistance. Its responses reflect a concern for treaty effectiveness and the norms of consensual decision-making. Activist pressure can overcome this 'compromise bias' of government diplomacy.

Author: Caroline Fehl Source: Fehl C., 2008, 'Living with a Reluctant Hegemon: The Transatlantic Conflict Over Multilateral Arms Control', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 259-287 Size: 30 pages ()
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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What is an appropriate conceptual framework to examine contemporary Caribbean security challenges? What key structural factors, core concepts and elements are necessary for the analysis of security issues in the region? This book chapter develops a Discrete Multidimensional Security Framework for examining security challenges in the Caribbean. The framework aims to provide a conceptual architecture to facilitate explanation and interpretation of structures, patterns and dynamics involved in security issues in the region.

Author: Ivelaw Lloyd Griffith Source: Griffith I.L., 2008, 'A New Conceptual Approach to Caribbean Security ' in The Caribbean Community in Transition, Hall, K. and Chuck-A-Sang. M. (eds.), Ian Randle Publishing, Jamaica, pp. 221-240 Size: 28 pages (1.1 MB)
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What factors facilitate and contribute to the transfer of different types of weapons, small arms and light weapons (SALW) in particular, to non-state armed groups (NSAGs)? How can the international community attempt to control these transfers? This article from Disarmament Forum examines the transfer of weapons to NSAGs. It describes how the post-Cold War security landscape and globalisation have enabled the transfer of arms to NSAGs.

Author: Chris Smith | UNIDIR Source: Smith C., 2008, 'Weapon transfers to non-state armed groups', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: Engaging non-state armed groups, Number 1, pp. 45 - 52 Size: 7 pages (117 kB)
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What is the scale of small arms proliferation in West Africa? How do small arms and light weapons (SALW) arrive and circulate and what impact do they have on the sub-region? This article from Disarmament Forum looks at the transfer of SALW in West Africa. It argues that the uncontrolled movement of SALW in West Africa has exacerbated conflict, created a climate of insecurity and undermined development.

Author: Francis Langumba Keili | UNIDIR Source: Keili F.L., 2008, 'Small arms and light weapons transfer in West Africa: a stock-taking', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Disarmament Forum: The complex dynamics of small arms in West Africa, Number 4, pp. 5 - 12 Size: 7 pages (105 kB)
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What security challenges does the UK face? What steps is the government taking in response to these challenges? The national security strategy from the UK Cabinet Office sets out how the government will address and manage the security challenges that the UK faces. It emphasises the integrated nature of the responses required to address a range of diverse but interdependent threats, risks and drivers of insecurity.

Author: UK Cabinet Office | www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk Source: UK Cabinet Office, 2008, 'The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an interdependent world', UK Cabinet Office, CM 7291. Size: 64 pages (980 kB)
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How do civil society organisations (CSOs) impact upon conflict dynamics and conflict resolution efforts? This Institute of Development Studies (IDS) paper provides critical assessments of local CSO contributions in five conflict cases - Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Western Sahara and Israel/Palestine. It finds civil society facing similar problems across these five intractable conflicts. CSOs could develop this sector further through a number of measures, including actively promoting the values of democracy to be learnt and experienced on the ground.

Author: Nona Mikhelidze | Nicoletta Pirozzi Source: Mikhelidze, N. and Pirozzi, N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in Abkhazia, Israel/Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Western Sahara', Policy Working Paper, no. 3, MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton Size: 86 pages (721KB)
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Is the Indian Military structurally, technologically and organisationally modern enough to meet the challenges of the 21st Century? How should current capabilities be enhanced? Written for the Institute of Defence Studies, this paper seeks to examine the factors affecting global and regional security. National aspirations and the changing security environment are analysed, with the need to set up joint military structures highlighted alongside resources availability and improved decision making.

Author: Vijay Oberoi Source: Oberoi V., 2008, 'Need for Holistic Restructuring of the Indian Military', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (1), New Dehli Size: 19 pages (78662 bytes)
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In 1971 the Pakistan Army surrendered to Indian and Bangladeshi Forces, marking the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh. This article, published in Terrorism Monitor, compares the situation in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to that which prevailed in erstwhile East Pakistan over three decades ago. It exposes several worrying similarities between the two, and proposes recommendations to prevent the further breakup of Pakistan.

Author: Tariq Ashraf Source: Ashraf T., 2008, 'Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?', Terrorism Monitor, Volume 6, Issue 12, Washington, DC Size: 7 pages (48 kB)
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What conditions are climate changes likely to produce around the world that would represent security risks to the United States? What actions should the nation take to address the national security consequences of climate change? This report from the CNA Corporation, with a panel of retired senior military officers and national security experts, considers how climate change can foster instability and affect international security. It addresses specific regional security challenges in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the Americas.

Author: Noel L. Gerson Source: The CNA Corporation, 2007, 'National Security and the Threat of Climate Change', The CNA Corporation, Alexandria, USA Size: 68 pages (1 MB)
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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Proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) continues to undermine development, the security of citizens and good governance in Africa. Author Nelson Alusala reports on the status of SALWs and disarmament in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR) and Chad. The monograph includes historical, political and cultural context for each country's struggles to control SALWs, and recommends actions to control SALWs and arms trafficking.

Author: Nelson Alusala Source: Alusala, N., 2007, 'Armed Conflict and Disarmament: Selected Central African Case Studies', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Monograph No 129, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Up to 400,000 people have died since February 2003 as a result of the war that broke out in the Darfur region of Sudan. This paper, by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), examines the problems of civilian protection created by this war. It argues for the strengthening of the African Union (AU) force in the context of United Nations (UN) support and the fast-tracking of the peace process within Darfur between Khartoum and its neighbours.

Author: Peter Kagwanja | Patrick Mutahi Source: Kagwanja,P. & Mutahi,P., 2007, 'Protection of civilians in African peace missions: The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur', ISS Paper 139, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) poses a fundamental challenge to the stability of Kosovo. This briefing paper, authored by Astrit Istrefi, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn, Henry Smith and Juliana Sokolová, reports on the 2006 SALW Survey of Kosovo. It proposes measures that government, civil society and international authorities in Kosovo should take to improve SALW controls. Coordinated planning and strategy development, and links to relevant institutions and processes, are crucial to the development of effective SALW control in Kosovo.

Author: Mia Marzouk Source: Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ), 2007, 'Small arms and human security in Kosovo: An agenda for action', commissioned by The Safe Place Project, Saferworld, London. Size: 2 pages (32.0 kB)
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While the United States (US), led by the Bush Administration, is promoting both anti-terrorism legislation and democracy around the world, these goals may run the risk of being seen as another example of American hypocrisy. This paper, authored by Beth Elise Whitaker, examines the politics surrounding passage of anti-terrorism laws in the developing world. In promoting anti-terrorism legislation and increased democratisation simultaneously, the US has generated widespread cynicism about the Bush Administration's twin foreign policy goals.

Author: Beth Elise Whitaker Source: Whitaker,BE., 2007, 'Exporting the Patriot Act? democracy and the "war on terror" in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2007, pp.1017-1032, Routledge, London, UK Size: 16 pages (159 kb)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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Combating organised crime should occur throughout the conflict continuum, from conflict prevention to post-conflict peacebuilding. This paper, published by Swisspeace, examines the impact of organised criminal groups on peacebuilding efforts in Kosovo and Liberia. Although types of organised crime differ in the two countries, both cases demonstrate that organised crime presents a serious threat to peacebuilding efforts and damages the functioning of democratic institutions.

Author: Nika Stražišar Teran Source: Teran, N. S., 2007, 'Peacebuilding and Organised Crime: The Cases of Kosovo and Liberia', Swisspeace Working Paper 1/2007, Bern Size: 52 pages (489.45 KB)
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Effective border management can play a significant role in preventing human trafficking, illicit smuggling and terrorism. This book, by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defense Studies (LESPERSSI), explains the importance of state border management in relation to reforming the security sector. It also considers the experience of Hungarian border guard reform, outlines Indonesia's current border condition, and makes proposals regarding modern border management.

Author: Beni Sukadis | Aditya Batara Gunawan Source: Batara,A. & Sukadis,B. (eds.), 2007, 'Border Management Reform in Transition Democracies', DCAF & Lesperssi, Bern Size: 114 pages (1298 kB)
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While most states in Central Asia have conducted varying degrees of defence and security sector institutional reform, practical application of reform varies from country to country. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the status of defence and security reform in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Weak economies, lack of democratic governance and intractable security issues such as drug smuggling are major hindrances to reform.

Author: Eden Cole (editor) | Philipp Fluri (editor) Source: Cole,E. & Fluri,P., 2007, 'Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States', DCAF, Bern Size: 112 pages (563.90 kB)
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While there is emerging recognition in the Ukraine of the benefits of security sector reform (SSR), significant reforms to date are limited to the defence sector. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the current status of SSR in the Ukraine and recent security policy statements of Ukrainian authorities. Substantial reform efforts need to be applied to internal security institutions, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary.

Author: Vladimir P. Horbulin, Editor | Philipp H. Fluri, Editor Source: Horbulin,V.P., Fluri,P.H. & Pirozhkov,S.I., 2007, 'Perspectives on Ukrainian Security Sector Reform', DCAF & Valentin Ramirovich Suvaldo, Bern Size: 173 pages (557.97 kB)
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What security threats and challenges confront the European Union (EU)? How is the EU to deal with these threats and challenges? The 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) set out the principles, priorities and procedures of how the EU intends to protect and promote its security. This article from European Security Review suggests that the ESS should be revised in light of the changing threats and challenges facing Europe. To become a genuine strategy the ESS should contain clear targets and objectives, and detailed action plans for their achievement.

Author: Stephen Pullinger Source: Pullinger,S., 2007, 'Revising the European Security Strategy: Building a secure Europe in a better world', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (92 KB)
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What is the cost of armed violence? IANSA, Saferworld and Oxfam's investigation into the cost of armed violence to Africa looks at where the weapons come from which feed this violence, and then highlights an important area where progress is urgently required at both African and international levels. Armed conflict alone has cost Africa around US$300bn since 1990. This is a massive waste of resources - roughly equivalent to all international aid to Africa from major donors during the same period.

Author: Oxfam | IANSA Source: Hillier,D., 2007, 'Africa's missing billions: International arms flows and the cost of conflict', Oxfam International, IANSA and Saferworld, Briefing Paper 107, UK Size: 38 pages (427 kB)
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In January 2005 the South African government launched a six month amnesty period for the surrender of illegal weapons. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) reviews the 2005 firearms amnesty, assessing its impact and the factors that contributed to its success. The amnesty was successful in achieving its dual objectives of removing illegal guns from circulation and supporting the implementation of the 2000 Firearms Control Act (FCA). It also had a significant effect in that it demonstrated that attitudes to firearms ownership were beginning to change.

Author: | Adèle Kirsten Source: Kirsten, A. 2007. 'Simpler, better, faster: Review of the 2005 firearms amnesty', Occasional Paper 134, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 16 pages (279 kB)
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How effective have international arms embargoes been in reducing the supply of weapons into countries in Africa? What factors determine the success or failure of arms embargoes? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) analyses the monitoring and enforcement of United Nations arms embargoes in Africa. Examining international embargoes of nine African countries, it finds that the impact of arms embargoes depends on the commitment of all states to enforce them.

Author: Guy Lamb Source: Lamb, G. 2007. 'Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa', Occasional Paper 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (302KB)
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What lessons do regional experiences in small arms transfer controls provide for the construction of universal principles for the authorisation of small arms transfers? This publication from Project Ploughshares presents papers from an international seminar on 'Regional Dimensions of Global Small Arms and Light Weapons Transfer Principles'. It shows that there is a growing global consensus, derived from international law, on the key principles that should govern arms transfers. The emerging challenge for the international community is to ensure coherence among initiatives addressing small arms transfer and initiatives addressing transfer of all conventional weapons.

Author: Kenneth Epps (editor) Source: Project Ploughshares. 2007. 'Towards Global Standards: Regional Experience in Small Arms Transfer Controls', Edited Papers from an International Seminar, Waterloo, Canada. Size: 111 pages (1.59 MB)
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How comprehensive is the Internal Security Sector Review (ISSR) analysis of security issues in Kosovo? What challenges confront the development of a new security architecture in Kosovo? The ISSR was published in February 2007, and in response, this briefing from Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives outlines the ISSR process and outcome and challenges for the future of Kosovo's security sector. The process and the conclusions of the ISSR fall short of what is needed to help secure Kosovo's future. Nevertheless, much now relies on the quality of implementation of the ISSR's proposals.

Author: Saferworld | The Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ) Source: Saferworld. 2007. 'The Internal Security Sector Review: the future of Kosovo's security sector?', Briefing Note, Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo), London Size: 5 pages (54 KB)
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Preventing and reducing the unauthorised diversion of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) transfers is widely acknowledged to be a critical issue. The UN Programme of Action (PoA) on SALW includes strong commitments on this matter. This report, by Biting the Bullet, identifies processes by which SALW transfers are diverted to unauthorised recipients, outlines aspects of transfers that pose particular risks, and proposes measures to mitigate such risks. It also specifically considers existing and potential good practice with regard to end-user certificates (EUCs), preventing unauthorised re-export, and controlling transit of SALW.

Author: Owen Greene | Elizabeth Kirkham Source: Greene, O. and Kirkham, E. 2007. 'Small arms and light weapons transfer controls to prevent diversion: Developing and implementing key programme of action commitments', Briefing: Biting the Bullet, Saferworld and University of Bradford Size: 30 pages (1.08 MB)
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To what extent do arms transfer controls in Kosovo comply with European Union (EU) and international standards? This report from Saferworld analyses Kosovo's arms transfer control framework. While the international administration has introduced limited controls on the transfer of arms to and from Kosovo, the existing regulatory framework has many gaps. The ongoing Internal Security Sector Review and talks on Kosovo's final status nevertheless provide unique opportunities to address these issues.

Author: Roy Isbister; Jacqueline Macalesher | Anna Richards; Simon Rynn Source: Saferworld, 2007, 'Measuring up? Arms transfer controls in Kosovo', in Measuring up? Transfer controls in the European Neighbourhood report, Saferworld, London, UK Size: 20 pages (127)
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How successful has minilateral cooperation among France, Germany, the United Kingdom (EU-3) and the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) been with regard to the Iranian nuclear crisis? This paper from European Security argues that minilateral cooperation in the Iranian case and in security affairs in general do not easily translate into multilateral cooperation.

Author: Sebastian Harnisch Source: Harnisch, S. (2007). 'Minilateral Cooperation and Transatlantic Coalition-Building: The E3/EU-3 Iran Initiative', European Security, 16(1), pp. 1-27, Routledge. Size: 28 pages ()
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Is a Black Sea regional identity useful for an integrated approach to security? This paper from European Security examines the recent efforts at security-building and region-building that constitute the Black Sea Region (BSR) project. It argues that while a regional and institutional framing of Black Sea security is not unworkable, the BSR project duplicates existing efforts and problems. It ignores the contradiction between geopolitics and democratisation as well as the heterogeneity of the region and it transposes concerns about Russia onto the Black Sea.

Author: Felix Ciuta Source: Ciută, F. (2007). 'Parting the Black Sea (Region): Geopolitics, Institutionalisation and the Reconfiguration of European Security', European Security, 16(1), pp. 51-78, Routledge. Size: 29 pages ()
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As members of the Europe Union grapple with new security issues, will strongly held beliefs about sovereignty give way to an untested supranational order? This paper from European Security provides evidence that integration is already occurring, in large part because of the influential role of transnational experts in security technology. In the context of Europe, the possibility of a kind of EU Homeland Security is at the core of its future security role in the world.

Author: Mai'a K. Davis Cross Source: Cross, M.K.D. (2007). 'An EU Homeland Security? Sovereignty vs. Supranational Order', European Security, 16(1), pp. 79-97, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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How can Europe defend itself against infectious disease? How does the insecurity generated by infectious disease affect collective understandings of personal health and security? This paper from European Security argues that confronting this non-conventional threat in Europe requires the recognition of the global circulation of disease. Furthermore, Europe needs to be understood less as a territorially bounded space and more as a dynamic and fluid one, constituting a node within broader interdependent systems of circulation.

Author: Sonja Kittlesen Source: Kittlesen, S. (2007). 'Beyond Bounded Space: Europe, Security, and the Global Circulation of Infectious Disease', European Security, 16(2), pp. 121-142, Routledge Size: 23 pages ()
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Can Ukraine create an effective navy to protect its interests in the Black Sea? This paper from European Security notes the progress that Ukraine has made since the 'Orange Revolution' in developing a balanced, flexible and deployable coastal navy able to engage in a full spectrum of defence activities. Continued progress is likely to be hampered, however, by the high cost of naval transformation, the challenges of democratic consolidation and friction between Russia and Ukraine in the Black Sea.

Author: Dr Deborah Sanders Source: Sanders, D. (2007). 'Rhetoric and Reality: Can Ukraine Create an Effective Navy to Protect its Interests in the Black Sea?', European Security, 16(2), pp. 143-161, Routledge Size: 20 pages ()
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The European Commission's Eurobarometer survey reveals high levels of public support for European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). However, this paper from European Security argues that public support for ESDP is much more ambiguous than it seems. Although Europe's security and defence policy has progressed rapidly, there is a disconnection between ESDP as a European (elite) project and the European people. This is significant because the preferences of Europeans could enable or impede the further development of ESDP.

Author: Klaus Brummer Source: Brummer, K. (2007). 'Superficial, not Substantial: The Ambiguity of Public Support for Europe's Security and Defence Policy', European Security, 16(2), pp. 183-201, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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What are the implications of gender for security and development? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development argues that gender is vital in any discussion of security and development since women are affected by war, conflict and poverty in different ways to men. It also illustrates the ways in which gender systems are bound up with other 'differences' and how these are specific to individual contexts.

Author: Marsha Henry Source: Henry, M. (2007). 'Gender, security and development', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 61-84, Routledge Size: 25 pages ()
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Is India's proposed transfer of military Advance Light Helicopters (ALHs) to Myanmar making a mockery of EU arms embargoes? This report by EU NGOs argues that governments should ensure that components produced or otherwise originating from within their jurisdiction are not incorporated into military equipment that is subsequently transferred to Myanmar. The paper examines EU (and, to a lesser extent, US) involvement in the manufacture of India's ALH and offers some broad recommendations for arms transfers controls.

Author: Amnesty International UK | Saferworld Source: EU NGOs, 2007, 'Indian helicopters for Myanmar: Making a mockery of embargoes?', Amnesty International UK and Saferworld, UK Size: 22 pages (500KB)
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The powerful 'guardian' role played by the Turkish military poses considerable challenges to the country's commitment to adopt European Union (EU) security sector standards. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses Turkey's security sector reform (SSR) and the need to build civil capacity to establish a civil-military security sector relationship. SSR in Turkey can occur only if priority is given to establishing military accountability to constitutionally-elected civilian bodies and civil society.

Author: Ümit Cizre | DCAF Source: Cizre, Ü. (2007). 'Prime Movers, Specific Features and Challenges of Security Sector Reform in a "Guardian State": The Case of Turkey', Policy Paper 17, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 22 pages (262.54 kB)
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In order to institutionalise democratically-based security sectors and achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, Western Balkan countries need to change their value systems substantially. This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence and the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) in cooperation with the Partnership for Peace Consortium, is an assessment of the status of security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans. Despite legislative progress, all security institutions in the region need to be more transparent and accountable, and improve their policy formulation and implementation capacities.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Fluri, P.H. and Jurekovic, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Size: 492 pages (2.72 MB)
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How can the international community facilitate security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans? This report, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium, reviews democratic standards in SSR and security sector governance (SSG) in the region. European integration is the stimulus for countries to undertake SSR in the region. However, there is a lot to be done to reach the SSG standards necessary for EU and NATO accession. Local ownership and the capacity of international actors to coordinate their activities need to be addressed.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Staničić, M. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in South East Europe - from a Necessary Remedy to a Global Concept: 13th Workshop of the Study Group "Regional Stability in South East Europe"', Austrian National Defence Academy, DCAF and the PfP Consortium. Size: 171 pages (823KB)
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How is Latin America and the Caribbean coping with the non-traditional security challenges it faces? This paper examines the two key axes of security dynamics: weak governance and citizen insecurity, and trans-national organised crime. It explores their interlinkages and evaluates coping mechanisms. It identifies the most likely future security scenarios in the region and suggests a number of ways in which regional insecurity might be addressed more effectively. However, the development of a common security agenda remains an elusive goal.

Author: Arlene B. Tickner Source: Tickner, A.B. (2007). 'Latin America and the Caribbean: Domestic and Transnational Insecurity', Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series, International Peace Academy. Size: 20 pages (211 kb)
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How can human trafficking best be tackled? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, looks at ways in which security sector responses can be strengthened. It argues that in achieving the key goals of prevention, protection and prosecution, a holistic approach is needed that includes all security sector actors as well as international organisations. In addition, it is argued that action by the security sector, while necessary, is not sufficient and that steps must also be taken to alleviate poverty, gender inequality and lack of opportunity, which drive people into human trafficking.

Author: Megan Bastick | Karin Grimm Source: Bastick, M. and Grimm, K. (2007). 'Security sector response to trafficking in Human beings', Policy paper no 21, Geneva: DCAF. Size: 44 pages (815KB)
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Highly politicised and unaccountabe security sectors in fragile states fuel the demand for small arms and light weapons (SALW).This paper, published by Project Ploughshares, analyses the cyclical nature of security sectors and violent conflict, and suggests measures to improve accountability and reduce the demand for SALW. While SSR can be the driving force in establishing secuirty sector accountability, increased public participation would also reduce the demand for SALW and increase the chances for sustainable reform.

Author: Dominick Donald | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Donald, D. and Olonisakin, F. (2007). 'Security sector reform and the demand for small arms and light weapons', Project Ploughshares briefing 01/07. Size: 3 pages (27 kB)
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Who keeps citizens safe in Swaziland? This study from the University of Swaziland argues that the failure of the Swazi state to provide security to its citizens has allowed private security companies (PSCs) to become actors in the Swazi security sector. It has forced communities to organise into private security groups to protect themselves against physical violence and loss of their property. As PSCs grow, the role of the state in providing public security becomes weaker.

Author: Hamilton Sipho Simelane Source: Simelane, H. S. (2007). 'The state, the security dilemma and the development of the private security sector in Swaziland', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 151-167. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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Does aid promote competition for military supremacy between neighbouring developing countries? This paper from the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics investigates motivations for military spending in developing countries and whether this spending deters internal conflict. Global data indicates that some regional arms races are fuelled by aid and that military spending does not reduce the risk of civil war. This suggests a need to reduce military expenditure in aid-recipient countries.

Author: Paul Collier | Anke Hoeffler Source: Collier,P. and Hoeffler,A., 2007, 'Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races?', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-27 Size: 2 pages (619 kB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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How have the level, purpose and targets of US military aid to Latin America changed over the last decade? What progress has been made with regard to oversight, transparency and human rights in relation to military programmes? This report from the Center for International Policy, the Latin America Working Group Education Fund and the Washington Office on Latin America, describes trends in US military programmes in Latin America from 1997 to 2007. It argues that US military aid to Latin America merits greater scrutiny and that the US should adopt more non-military responses to the region's problems.

Author: Adam Isacson | Joy Olson Source: Isacson, A. et al., 2007, 'Below the Radar: U.S. military programs with Latin America, 1997-2007', CIP/WOLA/Latin America Working Group Education Fund, Washington Size: 27 pages (2.16 MB)
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What is the nature of the new armed groups emerging in Colombia? How effective is the Colombian government's strategy of treating them simply as criminal gangs? This report from the International Crisis Group examines Colombia's new armed groups. It argues that some of these groups are acting as the next generation of paramilitaries. They require a more urgent and comprehensive response from the government, linking military action and law enforcement to improved reintegration.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Colombia's New Armed Groups', Latin America Report N°20, 10 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 38 pages (542 kB)
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Is the holistic, person-centred model of Security Sector Reform unworkable in post-conflict situations in the wake of the 'war on terror' agenda? Whose security is international SSR assistance addressing? This Journal of Peacebuilding and Development article analyses experience in Afghanistan and Iraq and questions the feasibility of translating current SSR policy into effective post-conflict programmes. A new understanding of SSR and a new donor approach is needed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: exposing a concept in crisis', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.7-23. Size: 16 pages ()
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How can drug trafficking between the US and Mexico be reduced? This Washington Office of Latin America and Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme brief examines current and past drug policies implemented by the Mexican government and argues that government responses dominated by law enforcement and militarisation do little to address the issue in the long-term. The most effective way to address drug trafficking is through increased efforts to curb demand for illicit drugs in the United States and Mexico.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Coletta Youngers Source: Meyer, M., et al., 2007, 'At a Crossroads: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State', WOLA & Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, Washington DC Size: 12 pages (946 kB)
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What strategies is the Government of Jamaica planning to implement in order to establish a safe and secure environment? The Jamaican Government's National Security Policy sets out an agenda for a prosperous, democratic, peaceful and dynamic society, which upholds the fulfilment of human rights and builds social progress based on shared values and principles of partnership. It argues that for all Jamaicans to enjoy a better quality of life and realise their full potential, everyone must get involved.

Author: Ministry of National Security, Government of Jamaica Source: Government of Jamaica, 2007, 'National Security Policy for Jamaica: Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation', Government of Jamaica, Kingston Size: 122 pages (399KB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Mexico's drug violence is increasing. Its police are ineffective and corrupt. The Calderón government has responded by calling out the army. But is this the right way forward? This paper by the Washington Office on Latin America argues that the government needs to restore public order, combat corruption and begin comprehensive reform of the police and criminal justice system. The American government should support reforms and do more to curb arms trafficking into Mexico as well as American demand for illicit drugs.

Author: Maureen Meyer | Roger Atwood Source: Washington Office on Latin America, 2007, 'Reforming the Ranks: Drug Violence and Police Reform in Mexico', WOLA, Washington Size: 5 pages (41KB)
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How successful has the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) been in its security reform (SSR) operational activities? This study, from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, looks at the OSCE's SSR-related operational activities in the fields of border management and policing, particularly in the former Soviet Republics. It suggests that OSCE has accumulated impressive experience in many areas of SSR. However, while its approach to security is global and cross dimensional, it continues to address security sector-related issues in a piecemeal manner, lacking even a coherent understanding of good governance.

Author: Viktor-Yves Ghebali Source: Ghebali, V., 2007, 'The OSCE's SSR Operational Activities: A Piecemeal Approach with Limited Results' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 123-136 Size: 13 pages (1.83MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What are the challenges of security sector (SSR) reform in West Africa? This Institute of Security Studies paper argues that challenges range from the concept of security to the freedom from dependency on the West in terms of strategic thinking and funding. The SSR agenda must concentrate on public safety, especially in urban areas. This will form a solid foundation for the internal stability that is needed for political, social and economic development.

Author: Ishola Williams Source: Williams, I., 2007, 'The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in West Africa', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 37-50 Size: 14 pages (107 kB)
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Why is cocaine trafficking through West Africa dramatically on the rise, and what can be done to counter its destabilising effects? This report, published by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, describes the causes of the recent spike and examines its impact on developing countries in West Africa. The case of Guinea-Bissau is highlighted as the country has become one of the major transhipment routes between South America and Europe. Drug trafficking is beginning to undermine the burgeoning democratisation of West African nations, feeding organised crime and threatening the rule of law.

Author: UNODC Source: UNODC, 2007, 'Cocaine Trafficking in West Africa: The Threat to Stability and Development', UNODC Size: 41 pages (2.5 MB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) progressed in the Western Balkans? This Austrian Ministry of Defence paper examines the progress of SSR and Integrated Border Management (IBM) against EU and international criteria in Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia. It finds that the biggest weakness in SSR reform is the lack of implementation capacity and the political realities of reform. International cooperation and assistance for all countries would be useful.

Author: Otwin Marenin Source: Marenin, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in the Western Balkans: Assessing Progress', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 273-288 Size: 26 pages (2784KB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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What assistance do East African states require to effectively address the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? What are the challenges facing such SALW assistance? Drawing on a case study of East Africa, this report from the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) discusses international assistance for implementing the UN Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in SALW. It finds that while East African states are acting against the illicit SALW trade, lack of capacity means that long-term success cannot be assured. A strong administrative and governing sector is essential to sustain the benefits of any initiative to address the illicit trade in SALW and to deter the types of SALW crime that flourish as a result of weak infrastructure. International assistance and improving the allocation and coordination of that assistance to address SALW is necessary to make sure that East African states' efforts are not in vain.

Author: Kerry Maze | Hyunjoo Rhee Source: Maze,K.,Rhee,H., 2007, 'International Assistance for Implementing the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects: Case Study of East Africa' , Report prepared for the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) Size: 44 pages (504 kB)
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The Government of Uganda, in partnership with civil society, has developed a National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons (NAP). This report by the Ugandan Government charts the history of NAP's development as well as the National Assessment of the proliferation of small arms in Uganda, which provided the research that underpinned it. It reveals the background to Uganda's fight against small arms and provides a model for other nations in a similar situation.

Author: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: Uganda National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2007, 'Mapping the small arms problem in Uganda: The development of Uganda's National Action Plan on Small Arms and Light Weapons', Saferworld Size: 77 pages (1.2MB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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How has our understanding of and approach to human security evolved in relation to the war on terrorism? This paper published by the German Development Institute explores human security as a technology of international governance, examining how the concept facilitates our understanding of populations living in ineffective states. It argues that the war on terrorism has deepened the interconnection between development and security, refocusing aid towards populations, regions and issues seen to present a risk to security.

Author: M. Duffield Source: Duffield, M., 2006, 'Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S., Bonn, DIE Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 28 pages (833 KB)
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What national security challenges does the United States face? How will it mitigate those threats through economic policy, military action, diplomatic engagement and domestic institutional reform? This paper from the US National Security Council explores international development and security trends as they impact upon US national interests. It outlines Washington's policy to address poverty, regional instability and terrorism by expanding free trade, promoting democracy, developing cooperative alliances and disabling terrorist networks.

Author: National Security Council (USA) Source: National Security Council, 2006, 'The National Security Strategy of the United States of America', National Security Council, Washington D.C. Size: 54 pages (653 kB)
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What new challenges confront civilian crisis response programmes? How has the European Union's (EU's) response met these challenges? This paper from the Crisis Management Initiative outlines the new risks and opportunities faced by the crisis management community amid the proliferation in media coverage of worldwide crises. It argues that the EU's longstanding experience and wide-ranging capabilities leave it well-placed to contribute effectively to the increasingly important areas of peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: K Rintakoski | M Setälä Source: Rintakoski, K., Setala, M. and Ricci, A., 2006, 'From Needs to Solutions: Enhancing the Civilian Crisis Management Capacity of the European Union', CMI, Helsinki Size: 9 pages (301 KB)
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What factors have led to the failure of the international mission in Afghanistan to achieve its objectives of security and stability? Five years after their removal from power, the Taliban are back and have substantial support and effective military control over half of Afghanistan. This report from The Senlis Council argues that prioritising a narrow militaristic agenda over cooperation and development has left the fundamental problems of poverty and instability unaddressed.

Author: The Senlis Council Source: The Senlis Council, 2006, 'Afghanistan Five Years Later: The Return of the Taliban', The Senlis Council, London Size: pages ()
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Why has reliance on private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) become so extensive in Africa in the past decade? What implications does the privatisation of security and military functions have for the state and the state system? This paper from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) argues that military functions should not be delegated to private agents. Examining the dangers and advantages of using PSCs and PMCs, it argues that they undermine state legitimacy and authority. It is therefore dangerous and short-sighted for states and international organisations to use them without considering their impact on states and the state system.

Author: Michelle Small Source: Small, M., 2006, 'Privatisation of Security and Military Functions and the Demise of the Modern Nation-State in Africa', Occasional Paper Series: vol. 1, no. 2, The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Durban Size: 44 pages (256 KB)
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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How and to what extent is progress required for arms transfer controls in the western Balkans? This report from Saferworld is based on a detailed assessment of existing national controls (examines Albania; Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia; and the UN administered territory of Kosovo) and concludes with a series of recommendations for national governments and the international community. Whilst progress is evident in all states and entities covered, there are in all cases areas for improvement.

Author: Roy Isbister | Jacqueline Macalesher Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Analysis of National Legislation on Arms Exports and Transfers in the Western Balkans', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 118 pages (1MB)
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What role can parliaments play in small arms and light weapons (SALW) control? What instruments are available to parliamentarians to address SALW issues? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) provides guidance for parliamentarians on SALW issues. It suggests ways in which parliaments and parliamentarians can perform their representative, legislative and oversight roles to influence national SALW control policies. Annexes provide specific recommendations for parliamentarians and SALW country summaries for the Western Balkans, as well as summaries of international SALW instruments and frameworks.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Parliamentary Handbook', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 36 pages (1.65 MB)
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This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in the UN administered territory of Kosovo. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on institutional capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a Kosovo-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of media, research papers and official data.

Author: Saferworld | Juliana Sokolova, Anna Richards, Simon Rynn Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Kosovo', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 101 pages (3.42 MB)
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What are the options for disposing of heavy weapons systems and what factors need to be taken into account when considering those options? This paper from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines options for disposing of heavy weapons. It concludes that demilitarisation by dismantling and recycling is the best option for disposing of the majority of heavy weapons systems.

Author: Adrian Wilkinson Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Defence Conversion - The Disposal and Demilitarization of Heavy Weapon Systems (2nd edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 35 pages (654 kB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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Without a coherent and collaborative national security strategy, the United Kingdom (UK) can not respond effectively to the challenges of the 21st century. Author Charlie Edwards catalogues the weaknesses in the UK's current responses to internal and external threats and makes the case for a new national security framework. A more contemporary security strategy would address blurred boundaries between domestic and international politics, develop a framework for bureaucratic collaboration, and provide clarity of vision for both government and citizens.

Author: Charlie Edwards Source: Edwards, C., 2006, 'The case for a national security strategy', DEMOS, London Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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The 2006 Afghanistan Compact, a multilateral agreement for state reconstruction, marks the beginning of the second phase of reforms in Afghanistan. This paper by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller cites lessons learned from the first phase of Afghan state reforms embodied in the 2001 Bonn Agreement. This new phase of reform should engender greater government ownership, alignment with the national strategy and budget, and an increased focus on building institutions that deliver services through sub-national and community groups.

Author: Peter J. Middlebrook | Sharon M. Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'Lessons in Post Conflict Reconstruction from the New Afghanistan Compact', FPIF Policy Report, Foreign Policy in Focus, Washington DC, USA Size: 2 pages (32.5)
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Given increasing insurgency and intractable political discontent along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, there is growing concern about the rationale and tactics of international stabilisation efforts in the region. This paper, by Peter Middlebrook and Sharon Miller, discusses the political history of the Afghan-Pakistan border region and current international stabilisation initiatives. Without a border settlement plan and reconciliation of border factions, international operations will not create a stable axis of political, military and economic consensus among Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Author: Peter J Middlebrook | Sharon M Miller Source: Middlebrook,P. & Miller,S., 2006, 'All Along the Watch Tower: Bringing Peace to the Afghanistan Pakistan Border', Middlebrook & Miller, NY, Foreign Policy Futures (FPF), Washington DC, USA Size: 9 pages (391 kB)
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How can local communities be better integrated into weapon collection programmes? This report from the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) presents findings from a study of weapon collection programmes in Albania. The findings indicate that there is a clear need for participatory approaches in weapon collection and weapons for development (WfD) programmes. Inclusive participatory approaches can increase communities' confidence, leading to better results in retrieving illegally held weapons in post-conflict societies.

Author: Geofrey Mugumya Source: Mugumya, G., 2006, 'From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2004/19, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 131 pages ()
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Development planners regularly use participatory approaches in the design, implementation and evaluation of their projects. Disarmament specialists, however, have tended to underestimate the potential importance of participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and arms reduction. This report from the United Nation Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) summarises the findings of a UNIDIR research project on PM&E and DDR and arms reduction. Carried out in Mali, Cambodia and Albania, the project generated a number of findings, with far-reaching implications for those supporting DDR and arms reduction.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Muggah,R., 2006, 'Listening for Change: Participatory Evaluations of DDR and Arms Reduction in Mali, Cambodia and Albania', United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, UNIDIR/2005/23, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 50 pages ()
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No issue is more important than security sector reform (SSR) in determining the prospects for peace and development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, examines the status of SSR in the DRC at time of publication and pays particular attention to the role of the international community. Achieving SSR will require commitment by both the DRC and donors to create solid strategic planning to address fragmentation, corruption, political obstructionism and the dilapidated state of the armed services.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: Crisis Group, 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in the Congo', International Crisis Group, Africa Report N°104, Brussels, Belgium Size: 41 pages (959.61 kB)
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Arms embargoes are usually imposed too late to be effective in preventing conflict. Furthermore, the United Nations (UN) Sanctions Committees, which oversee the embargoes, have to rely on Member States to monitor and implement them. This paper, by Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam, argues that arms embargoes cannot be deployed effectively by the UN to prevent illicit arms trafficking, without better national controls on international arms transfers.

Author: Oliver Sprague Source: Control Arms, 2006, 'UN arms embargoes: an overview of the last ten years', Control Arms Briefing Note, Oxford, UK Size: 18 pages (224KB)
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What impact do small arms and light weapons (SALW) have on human and national security in Bangladesh? This report from the National Forum Against Small Arms (NFASA), South Asia Partnership-Bangladesh (SAP-Bangladesh) and Saferworld documents the findings and recommendations of community consultations on peace and security in Bangladesh. The consultations found that abuses of power, political rivalry, extremist elements and the availability of illegal firearms are all causes of human insecurity in Bangladesh. Unless action is taken to address the power of armed criminals and terrorists, SALW will continue to undermine national and local security.

Author: Nadira Mallik | Peter Cross Source: NFASA, SAP-Bangladesh and Saferworld, 2006, 'Challenges to peace and security: Consulting communities on small arms in Bangladesh', REPORT: Small arms and security in South Asia, National Forum Against Small Arms, South Asia Partnership - Bangladesh, Saferworld Size: 33 pages (454 kB)
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What is the security role of the European Union (EU)? This report from the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) examines the security role of the EU in light of its crisis management capacity. The EU is taking on a security role focused on human and functional security and based on crisis management capacities. Transformation of the EU indicates a new type of security based, regional community. Emphasising its role in developing an 'extra-national community for security' could enable the EU to take the lead in promoting post-national security systems and communities.

Author: Magnus Ekengren | Nina Matzén Source: Ekengren, M., Matzén, N. and Svantesson, M., 2006, 'The New Security Role of the European Union: Transnational Crisis Management and the Protection of Union Citizens', Center for European Security Research (EUROSEC) at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) and the Leiden University Crisis Research Center (CRC). Size: 143 pages (917 KB)
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Is collective security possible when the evaluation of and response to threats depend on access to intelligence that cannot be shared openly? This paper, by the Lowy Institute, examines the role national intelligence does and could play in addressing threats to international security. It makes particular reference to the United Nations Security Council and the strategic perspective of Australia, and focuses on the contemporary threats of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Author: Dr Simon Chesterman | Lowy Institute Source: Chesterman, S. (2006). 'Shared secrets: intelligence and collective security', Lowy Institute Paper 10, Lowy Institute for International Policy Size: 115 pages (378kB)
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Which institutions and authorities should make decisions on whether to acquire nuclear weapons, a nation's nuclear strategy and whether to use nuclear weapons? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) examines how democratic civilian authorities should exercise control over nuclear weapons. It argues that a nation's nuclear weapons programmes are properly subject to democratic political control.

Author: Walter B. Slocombe Source: Slocombe, W.B. (2006).'Democratic Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons', Policy Paper No.12, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 28 pages (211 kB)
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What implications do social forces such as globalisation, localisation, fragmentation and integration have with regard to the monopoly of legitimate force in post-conflict states? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines how nation- and state-building programmes have been implemented in post-conflict reconstruction. It argues that given the operation of ever more social forces across, below and above the nation-state, focusing on establishing state-centric structures is inadequate. Global governance and the enforcement of international norms require a multi-level public monopoly of legitimate force at local, national, regional and global levels.

Author: Herbert Wulf Source: Wulf, H. (2006). 'Good Governance Beyond Borders: Creating a Multi-level Public Monopoly of Legitimate Force', Occasional Paper No.10, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 83 pages (589 kB)
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What measures have Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member states agreed to take to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons? In this convention, ECOWAS member states agree to control, regulate and/or prohibit the transfer, manufacture and possession of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to take measures to promote transparency, cooperation and exchange of information among member states.

Author: ECOWAS Source: ECOWAS (2006). 'ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their ammunition and other associated material', Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Size: 23 pages (241 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Sierra Leone? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Sierra Leone and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that arms transfers have fuelled atrocities in Sierra Leone and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Anthea Lawson | Oxfam Source: Lawson, A. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Sierra Leone', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (612 kB)
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What impact has irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to the DRC and its effect on individual lives and communities. It argues that arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in the DRC and many other countries. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Joshua Marks Source: Marks, J. (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from the Democratic Republic of the Congo', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International Size: 22 pages (581 kB)
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What impact have irresponsible arms sales had on people's lives in Haiti? How have groups that commit human rights violations been able to obtain weapons? This report from the Control Arms campaign examines the supply of arms to Haiti and its effect on individuals and communities. It argues that irresponsible arms transfers are fuelling atrocities in Haiti. Governments must take responsibility for the supply of arms, by agreeing a new international arms trade treaty.

Author: Amnesty International | International Action Network on Small Arms Source: Control Arms (2006). 'The call for tough arms controls: Voices from Haiti', Control Arms Campaign, Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International. Size: 24 pages (394 kB)
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This book aims to be a sourcebook on 'defence institution building', drawing on established practices in Western Europe, but also on recent experiences from among new NATO members. All contributions focus on ongoing defence reform. The picture presented is not universal; North and South, and rich and poor states tend to view security challenges in very different ways. Working together on common problems is the best way to build mutual understanding and trust, these being the essential elements for stability and security.

Author: Wim F Van Eekelen | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Van Eekelen, W.F. and Fluri, P.H. (Eds.) (2006). 'Defence Institution Building : A Sourcebook in Support of the Partnership Action Plan (PAP-DIB)', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 2 pages (29.5kb)
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In Georgia, security sector reform is one priority amongst many challenges. How can a state undertake security sector reform in circumstances of transformation, when under-financing is chronic, renewed conflict is a constant possibility and it doesn't have control over all its territory? This book, from Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), analyses the problems of security sector governance in Georgia from 1992. It argues that the Saakashvili government should pick the right battles to sustain popular support. These are stability, welfare, education and healthcare. Territorial control will be easier when Georgia is able to stand on its own.

Author: Phillip Fluri | Shorena Lortkipanidze Source: Fluri, P and Darchiashvili, D. (eds.), 2006, 'After Shevardnadze: Georgian Security Sector Governance after the Rose Revolution', DCAF, Geneva Size: 185 pages (1 MB)
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Why do borders and the accountability of border control systems matter so much in the globalised world? Why has border management largely escaped the evolving security sector reform (SSR) agenda? This book for the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Switzerland, assesses recent developments in the governance of border security systems comparatively in North America and Europe. Despite globalisation and economic liberalisation, borders have acquired a new importance since 9/11. However, democratic governance of border control agencies has been neglected in both practice and theory, and border management has been securitised.

Author: Marina Caparini | Otwin Marenin Source: Caparini, M. and Marenin, O., 2006, 'Borders and Security Governance - Managing Borders in a Globalised World', DCAF, Geneva Size: 288 pages (1.6 MB)
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What are the fundamental elements of Palestinian national security? This study from the Royal Institute of International Affairs opens the debate by outlining a proposed framework for Palestinian national security. The development of a national security doctrine is important in articulating security needs, fears and goals, in reassuring all parties and promoting stability. Palestinian national security must be based on equality with other nations, including the right to self-defence.

Author: Hussein Agha | Ahmad S. Khalidi Source: Agha, H. and Khalidi, A., 2006, 'A Framework for a Palestinian National Security Doctrine', Royal Institute of International Affairs, London Size: 137 pages ()
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How can the violence inflicted by small arms best be controlled? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey and the Quaker United Nations Office, looks at how the proliferation of small arms is driven not only by supply but also by demand. It argues that effective and sustainable programmes aimed at reducing the human impact of small arms violence ultimately depend on the reduction of demand.

Author: David Atwood | Anne-Kathrin Glatz Source: Atwood, D., Glatz, AK. & Muggah, H., 2006, 'Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand', Small Arms Survey and QUaker United Nations Office (QUNO), Occasional Paper No. 18, USA Size: 88 pages (1.8MB)
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In contrast to other security sectors in Latin America and the Caribbean, the defence and public security sectors of Barbados are remarkably stable. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile (FLACSO), discusses the organisational and institutional settings and civilian oversight of both security sectors. Both sectors acknowledge the need for reforms; the police have begun to address concerns about excessive use of force by creating public complaints' procedure and outreach.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Barbados', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 20 pages (200 kB)
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The overriding security issues in Jamaica are its extremely violent environment dominated by organised crime and widespread public complaints of police abuse. This report, published by the Latin American School of Social Sciences-Chile, discusses the organisational, institutional setting and civilian oversight of Jamaica's military and public security sectors. Recent security reviews suggest that an independent body be appointed to oversee reforms of police leadership, management capacity and corruption.

Author: Source: FLACSO-Chile, 2006, 'Latin America and the Caribbean Security Sector Report 2006 - Country Case Studies: Jamaica', FLACSO-Chile, Santiago Size: 28 pages (264 kB)
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Despite past problems, the Mexican armed forces have made significant progress towards becoming professional institutions. This study, from Queens University, examines the history and structure of the Mexican armed forces and suggests areas of possible military cooperation between Canada and Mexico. It looks at the process of political change and the effects this has had on civil-military relations. The armed forces are well-trained and dynamic organisations that are respected by Mexicans and, although they could liberalise further, they are adapting well to democratic change.

Author: Jordi Díez | Ian Nicholls Source: Diez, J. and Nicholls, I., 2006, 'The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition', Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 56 pages (418 kB)
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How can security structures in fragile states be rebuilt? This paper by the Danish Institute of International Studies explores policy concepts in the donor community on how to deal with security challenges in states with weak governments. The paper argues that donor policies may not produce the desired improvements in security because the approach is too state-centric. The paper suggests looking beyond the formal state institutions and applying a more contextual approach that allows for building on informal and non-state security structures.

Author: Louise Andersen Source: Andersen, L., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform In Fragile States', DIIS Working Paper no 2006/15, Danish Institute for International Studies,Copenhagen Size: 26 pages (1.2MB)
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What are the critical issues for security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? The Governance Reform Commission (GRC) set up by the president of Liberia to provide professional and intellectual leadership of Liberia's security sector reform (SSR) has assessed the country's security sector and reviewed existing legislation. It concludes that the SSR process in Liberia is taking place within very volatile, uncertain and fragile internal and external security environments. The precarious position makes the task of SSR challenging, necessary and relevant.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye, T., 2006, 'An Assessment Report on Security Sector Reform in Liberia', Governance Reform Commission of Liberia, Monrovia Size: 20 pages (240.2KB)
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What are the chances of Liberia achieving stability after 14 years of war? What would be the consequences of new stability? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that if Liberia becomes stable it will shore up the fragile peace in Sierra Leone and diminish the probability of armed conflict in Guinea. However, if a sensitive partnership between government and donors fails to materialise, Liberia will be in a difficult position and one that might open the door for a future, disastrous insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2006, 'Liberia: Staying Focused', Africa Briefing N°36, 13 January 2006, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 16 pages (323KB)
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The British government's political, financial, logistical and security support to Sierra Leone has been critical in restoring peace. But will it lead to wider economic, political and social improvement? This article assesses security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that the costs of SSR have been huge and, although successful, Sierra Leone is still near the bottom of the human development index and the peace remains fragile.

Author: Adrian Horn | Funmi Olonisakin Source: Horn, A. et al., 2006, 'United Kingdom-led Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Civil Wars, vol.8 no.2, pp.109-123 Size: 16 pages ()
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How successful has Sierra Leone been in reforming its security sector? This paper, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, assesses the main elements of security sector reform (SSR) in Sierra Leone. It suggests that SSR has increased public safety and enhanced the country's poverty reduction strategy. However, the security sector has not been adequately embedded in a democratic governance framework. SSR can be successful only as part of an overarching democratic post conflict reconstruction framework.

Author: Adedeji Ebo | Taylor & Francis Source: Ebo, A., 2006, 'The challenges and Lessons of Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Sierra Leone', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no.4, pp. 481-501 Size: 22 pages ()
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What is the effect of security sector reform (SSR) on democratic transitions in conflict-prone countries? This study from Bradford University examines the issue with the example of Sierra Leone. It argues that it is important to find ways of addressing shortcomings in SSR and to adopt approaches that engage civil society and increase civil protection, ameliorate tensions between the army and armed groups. SSR needs to be linked more effectively to justice, reconciliation and democratisation initiatives.

Author: Jeremy Ginifer Source: Ginifer, J., 2006, 'The Challenge of the Security Sector and Security Reform Processes in Democratic Transitions: The Case of Sierra Leone', Democratization, vol. 15 no.5, pp. 791-801 Size: 21 pages (160 kB)
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Has security sector reform (SSR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina enhanced the security of Bosnia as a whole? This Conflict, Security and Development article argues that SSR has produced some notable results and contributed to the general improvement of security in Bosnia. However SSR has inadvertently created some new security risks. Furthermore, until the lack of local 'ownership' of SSR and the Dayton constitutional arrangements are effectively addressed, Bosnia will remain a weak, marginalised country.

Author: Slobodan Perdan Source: Perdan, S., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: The Building of Security in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 179-209 Size: 32 pages ()
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What has been the impact of policy shifts in US foreign assistance since the September 11 attacks? This article, published by Third World Quarterly, argues that deploying USAID to boost the counter-terrorism capabilities of Africa's police forces is a flawed strategy. Co-opting the development agenda for the Bush administration's national security agenda risks turning USAID into a quasi-security agency and hurting police reform initiatives. An analysis of recent aid for public policing in Kenya illustrates the pitfalls of so-called "transformational diplomacy".

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2006, 'Trojan horses? USAID, counter-terrorism and Africa's police', Third World Quarterly, Vol.27 , No. 4, pp.629-643 Size: 16 pages (144 kB)
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What are the main sources of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Kenya-Uganda border area? What is driving the demand for arms in the region? This article from African Affairs argues that demand for SALW is driven by both lack of security and lack of livelihoods. Sources of SALW include paramilitary groups created by the Ugandan and Kenyan governments.

Author: Kennedy Agade Mkutu Source: Mkutu, K. ,2006, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons among Pastoral Groups in the Kenya-Uganda Border Area', African Affairs , Vol.106, no. 422, pp.47-70 Size: pages ()
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What progress has Kenya made in implementing the United Nations Programme of Action (UNPoA) on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)? This report from the Kenya National Focal Point (KNFP) on Illicit SALW outlines the actions Kenya has taken to implement the UNPoA. It reports that the KNFP remains firmly on track in implementing the provisions of the UNPoA.

Author: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security | www.provincialadministration.go.ke/index.php Source: Office of the President Provincial Administration and Internal Security, 2006 , 'Kenya National Focal Point on IIlict Small Arms and Light Weapons', Office of the President: Provincial Administration and Internal Security, Nairobi Size: 21 pages (93 kB)
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What fuels the present-day oil violence in the Niger Delta? This paper from the African Journal on Conflict Resolution, analyses the main sources of conflict, in particular a thriving small arms trade. Weapons smuggled through Guinea-Bissau, Gabon and Cameroon continue to supply ethnic militias. While addressing arms trafficking through border control can reduce the escalation of conflict, a key issue is inequity in Nigerian federalism. Adequate representation of minority interests needs to be addressed as an integral part of the project to create a true democracy, good governance, an enhanced position for ethnic minorities and transparent fiscal control.

Author: Victor Ojakorotu | Ufo Okeke-Uzodike Source: Ojakorotu, V. and Okeke-Uzodike, U., 2006, 'Oil, Arms Proliferation and Conflict in the Niger Delta of Nigeria', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 85-106 Size: 22 pages (572 kB)
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What steps must the Afghan government and the international community take to promote security, good governance and development in Afghanistan? In this Compact from the 2006 London Conference on Afghanistan, the Afghan government and international community commit themselves to realising a vision for Afghanistan's future. That vision is based on three pillars of activity: security; good governance, rule of law and human rights; and economic and social development. The Compact also identifies eliminating the narcotics industry as a vital and cross-cutting area of work.

Author: ISAF Source: NATO-ISAF, 2006, 'Building on Success: The Afghanistan Compact', The London Conference on Afghanistan Size: 17 pages (342 kB)
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While response to small arms proliferation has focused on supply issues, demand factors that drive the flow of small arms need to be addressed. This conference report, published by the International Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reviews small arms demand in Southeast Asia and explores methodologies for demand-side research and programming. Development of key policy proposals for action at national, regional and global levels on demand-side issues and their interactions with supply-side initiatives is essential.

Author: Cate Buchanan | David Atwood Source: Buchanan C., Atwood D., 2006, 'Curbing the Demand for Small Arms, Focus on Southeast Asia', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Quaker United Nations Office, Quaker International Affairs, Working Group for Weapons Reduction in Cambodia, Summary Report from the Workshop held 26 - 31 May in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Geneva: CHD Size: 50 pages (1.66 MB)
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How can peacebuilding missions more effectively address security threats in post-conflict societies? This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces argues that a security governance approach to post-conflict states provides a more comprehensive peacebuilding strategy. By acknowledging the diversity of actors and issues involved in the insecurity of war-torn societies, this perspective offers a better chance of assuring the accountability, legitimacy and local ownership of peacebuilding operations.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed | Timothy Donais Source: Bryden, A., Donais, T. and Hanggi, H., 2005, 'Shaping a Security Governance Agenda in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding', Policy Paper no. 11, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 36 pages (421kB)
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How effectively have disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programmes and weapons reduction initiatives managed the transition from war to peace in post-conflict societies? How can future interventions maximise the chances of securing peace? This chapter from a work published by the Small Arms Survey examines the history of DDR and weapons reduction programmes to identify lessons learnt during past interventions. It argues that future programmes need to exhibit clearer objectives, better co-ordination and improved integration into broader political and developmental reforms.

Author: Robert Muggah Source: Small Arms Survey, 2005, 'Managing 'Post-Conflict' Zones: DDR and Weapons Reduction', Chapter 10 in 'Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2005: Weapons at War', Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 36 pages (1.31MB)
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What lessons can be learned for future peace and stability operations from the upheaval that occurred in Iraq following international intervention? This special report for the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) examines the Coalition Provisional Authority's (CPA's) experience in Iraq. It argues that intervening countries should anticipate and plan for large-scale breakdowns in public order, particularly in societies emerging from brutal oppression. Creating a safe and secure environment for law enforcement and police operations are paramount.

Author: Robert M Perito Source: Perito, R., 2005, 'The Coalition Provisional Authority's Experience with Public Security in Iraq', United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC Size: 16 pages (171KB)
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Why and how should security sector reform (SSR) be promoted in fragile states? This paper from USAID looks at why the US Government should be concerned about SSR, who should be involved, the central elements of a SSR agenda and its feasibility in fragile states. It explores lessons from ongoing projects and factors shaping USAID's approach.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2005, 'Promoting Security Sector Reform in Fragile States', PPC Issue Paper No. 11, USAID, Washington DC. Size: 2 pages (437 kB)
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What choices are required when designing and implementing legislative oversight of intelligence and security services? This RAND report provides an opportunity to learn from the successes and failures of intelligence and security legislation in various countries. Case studies from the UK, Canada, South Africa, Germany, the Czech Republic and Argentina provide a balance between developed and developing countries alongside evolutionary versus revolutionary intelligence reforms.

Author: Greg Hannah | Andrew Rathmell Source: Hannah, G., O'Brien, K. and Rathmell, A., 2005, 'Intelligence and Security Legislation for Security Sector Reform', RAND Europe, Cambridge Size: 49 pages (401 kB)
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This 2004 survey from Saferworld and the UNDP Small Arms Control in Serbia and Montenegro Project (SACISCG) examines the small arms situation in Serbia. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms and on government capacity for conducting small arms and light weapons (SALW) intervention. The report is based on key informant interviews, a nation-wide SALW survey, focus group discussions and a review of available data.

Author: Saferworld | Charlotte Phillips, Zachary Taylor, Srdjan Bogosavljevic Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Living with the Legacy - SALW Survey of the Republic of Serbia', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 78 pages (2.82 MB)
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What is the 2005 status and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALWs) in Bulgaria? This paper, authored by Simon Rynn, Philip Gounev and Thomas Jackson, reports on a survey of the distribution, impacts and public perceptions of SALWs. It also reviews the capacity of the state to apply SALW controls. It is intended for use by those involved in SALW research and programmes and Bulgaria's progress towards membership in the European Union (EU).

Author: Simon Rynn | Philip Gounev Source: SEESAC, 2005, 'Taming the Arsenal - Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bulgaria', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Multitudes of problems are associated with the utilisation of private military firms (PMFs). This paper, by Maik Müller, highlights some of the problems, effects and implications of the use of PMFs in American military assistance. The United States (US) and other states that use PMFs should establish effective laws and regulations to address issues of control and accountability and the legal implications of outsourcing military tasks to the private sector.

Author: Maik Müller Source: Muller,M., 2005, 'Problems, Effects and Implications of the Use of Private Military Firms (PMFs) in U.S. Military Assistance', Bonn International Centre for Conversion, Working Draft, Bonn, Germany Size: 12 pages (85.1 KB)
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In the first decade of Georgia's independence, a contradictory mixture of liberal democratic and ethno-nationalist projects characterised President Eduard Shevardnadze's regime. The failure of these contributed to Shevardnadze's downfall in the so-called Rose Revolution at the end of 2003. This chapter, in Statehood and Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution, analyses the failure of Georgia's defence and security policies and the challenges confronting the new Presidency of Mikheil Saakashvilli. It proposes that in the future, Georgia needs a light regular force to patrol its borders and control organised crime.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2005, 'Georgian Defense Policy and Military Reform', in Bruno Coppieters and Robert Legvold (eds), Statehood and Security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution, Cambridge/Mass., MIT Press, pp.117-151. Size: 36 pages (106 kB)
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In Sri Lanka in 2004-2005, a civil society awareness process was initiated to allow civil society to participate in the National Commission Against the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms (NCAPISA). This document, by Saferworld and the South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka), represents a record and analysis of discussions that took place during the consultation process. The civil society consultation process was held in 23 districts covering nine provinces. It concludes that violence within different ethnic groups within the country has increased and democracy has declined due to violence around elections.

Author: Saferworld | South Asia Small Arms Network - Sri Lanka (SASA-net Sri Lanka) Source: South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld, 2005, 'Small arms and light weapons challenges in Sri Lanka and options for the way forward: A civil society consultation process to support the establishment of the National Commission against the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (NCAPISA)', South Asia Small Arms Network and Saferworld Size: 22 pages (266kB)
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Under the UN Programme of Action (PoA) to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, states agreed to implement strict transfer controls. What progress has been made in developing international principles for SALW transfer controls in the context of the PoA? What should be the next steps in ensuring effective transfer controls? In November 2005 the Geneva Forum organised a conference to discuss transfer controls in the context of the PoA. This report summarises the proceedings of the conference.

Author: Geneva Forum Source: Geneva Forum (2005). 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: Transfer Controls', Summary Report of the conference of 17 November 2005, Geneva, Switzerland. Size: 44 pages (231 kB)
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How significant are private military companies (PMCs)? How do they influence our understanding of security? This article from Millennium: Journal of International Studies examines the power of PMCs to shape the security agenda and influence understandings of international security. It argues that the full significance of PMCs for international security is often overlooked due to a narrow conception of power. PMCs' capacity to shape understandings of security has shifted power in security issues from the public and civil to the private and military spheres.

Author: Anna Leander Source: Leander, A. (2005) 'The Power to Construct International Security: On the Significance of Private Military Companies', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(3), pp. 803-826, Millennium Publishing Group Size: 23 pages ()
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What progress have states in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa made towards implementing small arms and light weapons (SALW) control mechanisms? What factors have helped or hindered the implementation of SALW controls in these regions? This report from International Alert examines the implementation of SALW controls in Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa. While each region has had different experiences implementing SALW controls, a number of cross-regional issues can be identified.

Author: Michael von Tangen Page | William Godnick Source: von Tangen Page, M., Godnick, W. and Vivekananda, J. (2005). 'Implementing International Small Arms Controls: Some Lessons from Eurasia, Latin America and West Africa', International Alert. Size: 43 pages (686 kB)
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What impact have small arms and light weapons (SALW) had on public health and human security in Albania? What steps has the Albanian government taken to control SALW and combat SALW proliferation? This report from the Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld examines the impact and distribution of SALW and SALW control measures in Albania.

Author: Paul Holtom | Henry Smith Source: Holtom, P., Smith, H., Mariani, B., Rynn, S., Attree, L. and Sokolová, J. (2005). 'Turning the Page: Small Arms and Light Weapons in Albania', Report on Small arms and security in South Eastern Europe, Center for Peace and Disarmament Education and Saferworld. Size: 149 pages (2.2 MB)
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What challenges do south-eastern European countries face in terms of security sector reform (SSR)? In 2002 the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) conducted a special programme on the progress of SSR in South East Europe (SEE). The overall objective of the programme was to assess progress to date, review lessons learned, and identify requirements for reform programmes implemented in each country as well as those leading to enhanced regional cooperation.

Author: Eden Cole | Timothy Donais Source: Cole, E., Donais, T. and Fluri, P. (2005). 'Defence and Security Sector Governance and Reform in South East Europe Self-Assessment Studies: Regional Perspectives', Nomos. Size: pages ()
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What is the Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB)? What are its objectives? The PAP-DIB reflects Allies' and Partners' common views on modern and democratically responsible defence institutions. It provides a Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) definition of defence reform and a framework for common reflection and exchange of experience on related problems. It exists to help interested Partners reform and restructure their defence institutions to meet their needs and international commitments.

Author: Philipp H. Fluri | Eden Cole Source: Fluri, P. and Cole, E. (2005). 'Defence Institution Building : Papers presented at the Conference on "2005 Partnership Action Plan on Defence institutions Building (PAP-DIB)"', Landesverteidigungsakademie (Austrian National Defence Academy). Size: 93 pages (528kb)
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What next for defence reform in the Western Balkans? This paper aims to present and analyse defence reform processes in the European sub-region of the Western Balkans. It evaluates how far the defence reform process has come and what still has to be done. The realistic approach to reform still seems to be difficult everywhere, hence there are often delays in adopting basic strategic documents and implementing tasks according to plan.

Author: Milan Jazbec | DCAF Source: Jazbec, M. (2005). 'Defence Reform in the Western Balkans: The Way Ahead', Policy Paper 06, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 32 pages (241kb)
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How do countries in Central Asia approach security sector reform? To what extent is this in cooperation with regional and international actors? Almost every Central Asian state is engaged in a discourse on security sector reform, democratic oversight of the security sector and civil-military relations. However, it would be wrong to assume that the joint efforts of European, transatlantic, regional and national actors (including the media, civil society and academia) have led to homogenous or at least sustainable progress.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Malek, M. (Eds.) (2005). 'Facing the Terrorist Challenge: Central Asia's Role in Regional and International Co-operation', Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence / Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / PfP-Consortium. Size: 2 pages (32kb)
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Former communist countries in particular are confronted with security sector institutions which lack the capacity to ensure the safety and security of both their citizens and the state. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Institute for Defence Studies of Mongolia, is a summary of the status of security sector reform (SSR) and unresolved reform issues in Mongolia. Despite security sector framework's progress, Mongolia faces difficulties implementing defence sector, police and border protection services reform.

Author: Gerel Myagmarjav (ed.) | DCAF Source: Myagmarjav, G. (Ed.) (2005). 'Reform, Modernisation and Perspective of the Security Organization of Mongolia', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / The Institute for Defence Studies of Mongolia. Size: 45 pages (4.23 MB)
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How has Colombia reoriented its approach towards the country's principal security challenge - a lengthy insurgency closely linked to criminal activity? Published by the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College, this paper assesses the sustainability of the counterinsurgency waged by Colombian President Alvaro Uribe against FARC rebels. Although not yet complete, this multifaceted campaign is likely to result in a Colombia that is more integrated, prosperous and democratic than at any time in the past 40 years.

Author: Thomas Marks Source: Marks, T., 2005, ' Sustainability of Colombian Military/Strategic Support for '"Democratic Security"', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 45 pages (241 kB)
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How can the trafficking of small arms be stopped in Sierra Leone and Liberia? This research from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the factors behind the demand for weapons in these countries. It argues that policy makers should focus on the buyer side of the market to determine creative ways of stopping proliferation. Only through political empowerment, infrastructure development, and economic alternatives will the flow of illegal small arms and light weapons be stemmed in these countries.

Author: Taya Weiss Source: Weiss, T., 2005, 'Perpetrating Power: Small Arms in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone and Liberia', Institute for Strategic Studies, Pretoria Size: 126 pages (1.44MB)
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Building post-conflict peace in Liberia has proved to be extremely difficult for the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). This paper argues that the only way forward is to undertake comprehensive security sector reform (SSR), to pay attention to the establishment of functional and professional security forces, as well as to foster democratic civil-military relations informed by the rule of law and respect for human rights. This is particularly important because Liberia is linked with conflicts in Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.

Author: Festus B Aboagye | Martin R Rupiya Source: Aboagye, F. and Rupiya, M., 2005, 'Enhancing Post-Conflict Democratic Governance Through Effective Security Sector Reform in Liberia' in A Tortuous Road to Peace, eds. F. Aboagye and A. Bah, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 249-280 Size: 32 pages (162 KB)
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What are the challenges to promoting border security in post-Soviet Eurasia? This Nonproliferation Review article argues that even in states that have experienced regime change, such as Georgia, border security remains an issue. Challenges include: the gradual nature of border regime reform; trade-offs that subordinate border reform to other developmental priorities; bureaucratic inertia and politics; and the continued existence of unrecognised territories that lie beyond the reach of the state and of international law.

Author: Cory Welt Source: Welt, C., 2005, 'Political Change and Border Security Reform in Eurasia: The Case of Georgia', The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 503-537 Size: 36 pages ()
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How fertile a region is Kenya and Tanzania for Al Qaida? What is the potential for recruitment in these areas? This Studies in Conflict & Terrorism paper examines the 'soft underbelly' of global terrorism. Assessing the scope for terrorist activity, strategies are considered to prevent Kenya and Tanzania from becoming active recruiting grounds for the global Islamist jihadist movement.

Author: William Rosenau Source: Rosenau, W., 2005, Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 28, No. 1 Size: 10 pages ()
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Is there a transformation of the strategic landscape underway in Southeast Asia? What are the impacts of the recent force modernisation programmes in this region? Written for the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, this article examines the implications of uneven military modernisation on the regional strategic landscape of Southeast Asia. It concludes that the transformation is a result of a traditional period of change affecting the military, as a result of respective geopolitical and geological conditions.

Author: Bernard Fook Weng Loo Source: Loo B.F., 2005, 'Transforming the Strategic Landscape of Southeast Asia', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 27 (3), pp. 388-405. Size: 165 kb pages ()
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Security has historically been considered the responsibility of the state, but the evolution of threats has altered this understanding. How should the world now respond? This paper by the Commission on Human Security argues that as threats challenge our collective capacity to respond, there is a case for rebuilding the foundation of our multilateral system and adapting it to the realities of an interdependent world.

Author: Francois Fouinat Source: Fouinat, F., 2004, 'A Comprehensive Framework for Human Security', Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 4, issue 3. Size: 8 pages ()
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There is a need for more comprehensive solutions to wider security sector challenges in conflict resolution. This report, from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, provides an overview of the security reforms that were implemented in Sierra Leone. It serves as a set of guidelines for practitioners supporting similar programmes in the future. It argues that the different elements of a Security Sector Reform programme should be sequenced strategically.

Author: Ann M. Fitz-Gerald Source: Fitz-Gerald, A.M., 2004, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector reform (GFN-SSR), Shrivenham Size: 24 pages (297 KB)
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"A house isn't a home without a gun" is a common sentiment in the Republic of Montenegro. This survey from the South Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Montenegro. It presents findings on the distribution, impact and perceptions of small arms, and on government capacity for conducting SALW intervention. It finds that there is an abundance of small arms in Montenegro and that Montenegrins believe there are too many guns in society. However, traditions of gun ownership, perceptions that guns offer security from crime and mistrust of the police make Montenegrins reluctant to surrender their weapons.

Author: Nicolas Florquin | , Shelly O'Neill Stoneman Source: SEESAC, 2004, 'SALW Survey of Montenegro', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 59 pages (2.44 MB)
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The widespread availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is a major source of insecurity and poverty worldwide. This Department for International Development (DfID) paper summarises the United Kingdom's policies and strategies on SALW. The British Government's objectives regarding limiting the availability and misuse of SALW focus on three areas: strengthening controls on supply; reducing availability; and addressing demand. It recognises that these issues are complex and inter-related, requiring action between states, intergovernmental organisations and civil society.

Author: Source: DfID, 2004. 'UK Policy and Strategic Priorities on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 2004-2006', London: Department for International Development Size: 8 pages (180 KB)
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What measures have states in the Great Lakes region and the Horn of Africa agreed to take to counter small arms and light weapons proliferation? In this protocol, States Parties agree to control and regulate the transfer, possession, storage, disposal and destruction of small arms and light weapons. They also agree to adopt legislative measures, facilitate information exchange and improve operational capacity to counter the proliferation of small arms and light weapons.

Author: Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons Source: 'Nairobi Protocol on the Problem of the Proliferation of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons In the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa', Agreement signed by the representatives of the states of the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, 21st April 2004. Size: 14 pages (35 kB)
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How do mercenaries contribute to instability in West Africa? Do they pose a specific threat to Ghana's democratic consolidation? This paper for the Kofi Annan International Peace Training Centre (KAIPTC) analyses the security threat to Ghana posed by possible mercenary action in the context of a period of pre-election tension. The recycling of combatants from one civil war to another poses security threats in West Africa in terms of outbreak or recurrence of civil war. These threats 'spill over' to countries like Ghana which are relatively peaceful and are consolidating democracy and good governance. Early and appropriate response to these threats by Ghana or within the ECOWAS sub-regional framework would enhance both state and human security.

Author: Prosper Addo Source: Addo, P., 2004, 'Mercenarism in West Africa: A Threat to Ghana's Democracy?', Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra Size: 14 pages (135 kB)
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There has been no accurate validation to date of the argument that small arms and light weapons (SALW) are an obstacle to sustainable peace in southern Africa. This monograph, published jointly by the Centre for Conflict Resolution, Gun Free South Africa and The Institute for Security Studies, reports results of a comprehensive study of SALW proliferation in the region. Only through an understanding of the trade, use and control of SALWs can sustainable strategies be identified to manage proliferation and limit SALW misuse.

Author: Chandre Gould | Guy Lamb Source: Gould C., Lamb G., (eds.), 2004, 'Hide and Seek - Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa', Instutute for Security Studies, Centre for Conflict Resolution, Gun Free SA Size: 159 pages (1.9 MB)
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What impact have disarmament programmes had on security and perceptions of security in Mozambique? What steps must Mozambique take to implement the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and other Related Materials? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies looks at Mozambique's efforts to curb the availability of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in southern Africa.

Author: Ana Leao | www.issafrica.org Source: Leao A., 2004, 'Weapons in Mozambique: Reducing Availability and Demand', Monograph 94, Instutute for Security Studies Size: pages ()
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India needs to reformulate its regional cooperation policies in order to strengthen its engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the general region. This International Studies paper examines political and security issues in Southeast Asia and possible policy approaches India might adopt to improve its regional ties. With enhanced interaction at both security and economic levels, India and ASEAN can provide a strong anchor for a region witnessing rapid and fundamental change.

Author: Shankari Sundararaman Source: Sundararaman S., 2004, 'Politics and Security in Southeast Asia: Prospects for India-ASEAN Cooperation', International Studies, Volume 41 (4): 371-385 Size: 16 pages ()
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The availability of weapons for use by rebels, militias, warlords and insurgents threatens the national security of states and the security of millions of people. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses armed groups' participation in the arms trade and the consequences of small arms misuse. While international measures address controlling arms supply, strategies are needed that deal directly with armed groups in order to reduce violations of humanitarian law and human rights norms.

Author: David Capie Source: Capie D., 2004, 'Armed Groups, Weapons Availability and Misuse: An Overview of these and Options for Action', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Briefing Paper Size: 14 pages (206 kB)
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How much progress have Southeast Asian states made in limiting the proliferation and misuse of small arms? This Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies article examines the human costs of small arms in Southeast Asia and regional and government initiatives. It argues that governments have shown limited progress in controlling the high demand for both legal and illegal weapons. Nevertheless, countries can still demonstrate their commitment to global action by urgently implementing serious initiatives designed to abate the human costs of easy access to weapons.

Author: Gina Rivas Pattugalan | Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies Source: Pattugalan G.R., 2004, 'Small Arms Proliferation and Misuse: Human Security Impact and Policy Actions in Southeast Asia', Kasarinlan - Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, Volume 19 (1): 62-91. Size: 30 pages (114 kB)
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In Africa, the practice of pastoralism - herding domestic animals on open bushland - is under threat from violence tied to the proliferation of small arms. What action should governments and non-government groups take to restore peace to pastoral communities? This report for think-tank Saferworld examines the situation in the Kenya-Uganda border region and recommends measures that could be applied both here and further a-field.

Author: Kennedy Mkutu | - approved but waiting report publication Source: Mkutu, K., 2003, 'Pastoral Conflict and Small Arms: The Kenya-Uganda Border Region', Saferworld, London. Size: pages ()
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Extraordinary resources and efforts are being invested in security sector reform (SSR) in South-eastern Europe. However, whose interests are served by SSR activities in the region? This chapter from a book, published by Zed Books, claims that temporary foreign actors are driving the demand, financing and mechanisms of accountability for SSR. Instead of turning authoritarian regimes into democratic regimes, in which security is right for the citizens, external actors are motivated by a policy of 'containment', which aims to protect Western European countries against the effects of regional instability.

Author: Susan L. Woodward Source: Woodward, S., 2003, 'In Whose Interest is Security Sector Reform? Lessons from the Balkans', in Governing Insecurity: Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, eds G. Cawthra and R. Luckham, Zed Books, London Size: pages (1.8 MB)
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The uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of arms by government forces and armed groups takes a massive human toll in lost lives, lost livelihoods and lost opportunities to escape poverty. What action is required at international, national and local level to control arms proliferation? In this report, Amnesty International and Oxfam argue that governments can and must do more to control arms proliferation effectively. Better co-ordination between governments is needed to address both the trade in arms and safety at community level.

Author: Debbie Hillyer | Brian Wood Source: Hillier, D., and Wood, B., 2003, 'Shattered Lives: A Case for Tough International Arms Control', Amnesty International and Oxfam, UK Size: 95 pages (3.2mb)
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What are the patterns of conflict in African wars? What role do non-state actors play in these conflicts? This paper for the United Nations' University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER) analyses and compares regional conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. The author argues that the causes and characteristics of Africa's conflicts are heterogeneous. Continental perspectives need to be replaced by regional ones in order to develop policies for peace. Such policies need to engage non-state actors to be effective, and recognise that the military is often a fourth player alongside government, civil society, and the market.

Author: Timothy Shaw Source: Shaw, T., 2003, 'Conflict and Peace-building in Africa: The Regional Dimensions' UNU-WIDER, Discussion Paper No. 2003/10 Size: 21 pages (704 kB)
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What does the UK Government mean by Security Sector Reform (SSR) and how does it manage its SSR assistance to developing countries? This statement sets out the UK Government's policy on SSR. It is illustrated with examples of SSR assistance to date and outlines implications for the future. SSR requires a joined up and holistic approach. In order to be effective, assistance should be provided in coordination and in cooperation with other donors and the recipient state.

Author: GFN-SSR | Security Sector Advisor Source: GFN-SSR, 2003, 'Security Sector Reform Policy Brief', GCPP, London Size: 18 pages (3.2 MB)
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How can intelligence services act both as a protectorate of democracy and engage in secret operations? This paper examines intelligence services in democratic societies. It considers elements necessary for creating a coordinated, civilian intelligence structure that reflects the needs of a democratic society and threats to the state. It lists the main criteria for democratic control, supervision, accountability and oversight of activities. The nature of intelligence is such that the balance between secrecy and democracy will always be a delicate one to strike.

Author: DCAF Intelligence Working Group Source: DCAF Intelligence Working Group (2003). 'Intelligence Practice and Democratic Oversight : A Practitioner's View', Occasional Paper 03, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 85 pages (424kb)
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Colombia's President Alvaro Uribe has made combating the insurgents the overriding priority of his government. What are his prospects of success? This study, by the International Crisis Group, shows that a sense of public security has begun to be re-established. However, Uribe's "Democratic Security Policy" (DSP), the long-term strategy, which gives coherence to the security effort, has been stalled by arguments over how best to bring the conflict to a close. Without some serious modifications, it is unlikely to achieve its goal.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2003, 'Colombia: President Uribe's Democratic Security Policy' Latin America Report N°6, 13 November 2003, International Crisis Group, Bogotá/Brussels Size: 34 pages (501 kB)
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Somalia poses a threat to international security. But what is the source of the threat and what is the appropriate response? This paper from The Journal of Conflict Studies argues that transnational terrorism is only one of many problems. It is less serious than armed conflict, forced migration and poverty. By focusing on counter-terrorism, the international community is asking the wrong questions and formulating the wrong responses. Unless it takes peacemaking more seriously, Somalia will get a weak, unrepresentative government that will aggravate terrorism and regional instability.

Author: Matt Bryden | The Journal of Conflict Studies Source: Bryden, M., 2003, 'No Quick Fixes: Coming to Terms with Terrorism, Islam, and Statelessness in Somalia', The Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.24-56 Size: 33 pages (139 KB)
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How can security sector governance be strengthened? This paper constitutes part of the process of formulating a UNDP policy in security sector reform (SSR). Key terms are defined, external actors classified and principles of good governance in the security sector highlighted. UNDP's role in enhancing security sector governance is explored and next steps identified.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2002, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance: A Conceptual Framework for UNDP', UNDP, New York Size: 2 pages (219 kB)
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Since the end of the Cold War, the attitude of development organisations towards the security sector has changed and personal security is now recognised as a key concern of the poor in weak states. In addition, repressive or corrupt security structures can undermine the stability crucial to maximising the benefits of aid programmes. Consequently, a number of agencies have engaged with the issue of security sector reform and the idea is now largely accepted as something broader than solely the military.

Author: N Cooper | M Pugh Source: Cooper, N. and Pugh, M. 2002, 'Security-sector Transformation in Post-conflict Societies', Working Paper no. 5, Centre for Defence Studies, London. Size: 68 pages (530 kB)
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Small arms and light weapons are an enormous problem. They kill over 300,000 people every year, cause injury to over 900,000 people and affect millions indirectly through the dislocation of communities and destruction of livelihoods. This official UK policy briefing summarises the damage caused by small arms and light weapons and outlines current UK initiatives to combat the problem. There are an estimated 550 million small arms and light weapons: One for every 10 people on the planet. Small arms and light weapons are also cheap, durable, robust, easy to manufacture and copy and have a long lifespan. It is difficult to achieve effective controls: The manufacture and trade of small arms and light weapons is decentralised, and illicit transfers are believed to account for a significant proportion of the global trade - a market which is thought to be worth over one billion dollars annually. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons also has serious development costs: Post-conflict reconstruction and political, social and economic development are undermined, as are the security and stability of the country or region.

Author: Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, DFID Source: DFID 2001, 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: A UK Policy Briefing', Department for International Development, FCO, and Ministry of Defence, London Size: 10 pages (195 kB)
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How can the international community combat mercenarism and regulate the activities of private military and security companies? This briefing, by the British American Security Information Council and the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches sur la Paix et d'Ètudes Stratégiques, shows how the activities of the private security sector can contribute to small arms proliferation and misuse. The international community needs to implement existing legislation, uphold embargoes and introduce national laws to tackle the issue effectively.

Author: Sami Makki | Abdel-Fatau Musah Source: Makki, S., Meek, S. Musah, A.-F., Crowley, M. and Lilly, D. (2001). 'Private Military Companies and the Proliferation of Small Arms: Regulating the Actors', Biting the Bullet Briefing 10, BASIC, International Alert and Saferworld. Size: 9 pages (122KB)
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What steps have been taken to develop community policing in Malawi? Since the advent of democracy in 1994, the Malawi police, aided by the UK Department for International Development, have undertaken a programme of reform. Recognising the importance of cooperation between the public and police to tackling armed crime, a coalition of NGOs launched a project to promote community policing. This short article from Saferworld and the Institute for Security Studies provides a brief outline of the project.

Author: Institute for Security Studies | Saferworld Source: ISS, Saferworld, 2001, 'Community Policing in Malawi ', Action on Small Arms in Southern Africa Newsletter 3, Instutute for Security Studies, Saferworld Size: pages ()
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Africa experiences extremely high levels of violence and conflict. Although the end of the Cold War has seen democratisation and peace agreements in Africa, it has also led to new types of violence and the rise of private military companies. This has called for new measures to promote security in the area.

Author: E Hutchful Source: Hutchful, E. 2000, 'Understanding the African Security Crisis' in Musah and Fayemi (eds), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, Pluto Press, London. Size: 22 pages ()
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Security is critical for the success of development and development is critical for security. This double proposition was widely supported by the participants of the London Symposium on Security Sector Reform and Military Expenditure (February 2000). Drawing on examples in particular from Sub-Saharan Africa, this UK Department for International Development report examines the questions of how military spending and civil/military relations can be improved and how the reform of the military can take place in light of development policies.

Author: Department for International Development Source: Department for International Development 2000, 'Security-sector Reform and the Management of Defence Expenditure: A Conceptual Framework', Discussion Paper no. 1, Annex 3, pp. 41-57, Security-Sector Size: 16 pages (1.1 MB)
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Why are security issues important for generating sustainable development? What are the current World Bank activities in this area? How can donors contribute to improving security? This report explores the relationship between security and development. The state of a country's security has a major impact on the Bank's ability to respond to a country's needs. Addressing these concerns has been difficult because understanding the nexus of poverty, insecurity and development, and a strategic approach to dealing with it are still evolving.

Author: World Bank Source: World Bank 1999, 'Security, Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development: Challenges for the New Millennium', Washington D.C. Size: 40 pages (223 kB)
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Why is demilitarisation important? Have South African policy changes on military reform been effective? What is the impact of demilitarisation on society and the environment? South Africa is among a number of countries that have changed from authoritarian to democratic rule over the past twenty years. Restructuring a country's military is essential to a successful transition and it is debatable whether South Africa has been able to achieve this thus far.

Author: J Cock | P McKenzie Source: Cock, J. and McKenzie, P., 1998, From Defence to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa, International Development Research Centre, Canada. Size: 246 pages ()
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Mali's resolution of its severe ethnic conflict involving the Tuareg nomads in the 1990s may provide useful insights into conflict resolution in Africa as a whole. This Strategic Studies Institute study describes the nature of the Malian solution and indicates the reasons for its success to date. A key reason for success being that instead of using military repression the Malian government pursued a process of reconciliation, which involved integrating Tuareg rebels into the Malian army.

Author: Colonel Kalifa Keita Source: Keita, K., 1998, 'Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg Insurgency in Mali', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Size: 48 pages (307 kB)
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What is Myanmar's conception of national security? This book chapter argues that Myanmar's historical experience with internal insurgencies and contestations has produced a military regime that is obsessed with domestic order and state security. This fixation on regime survival, however, has isolated the 'security elite,' alienating them from their population and fuelling dissent against the military regime. If Myanmar is to adapt to the changing global political and economic landscape, a new, more inclusive, security conception is needed.

Author: Tin Maung Maung Than Source: Than T.M., 1998, 'Myanmar: Preoccupation with Regime Survival, National Unity, and Stability', in Alagappa, M. (ed), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 390-416 Size: 14 pages ()
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Why have conceptions of security changed in Vietnam? What changes were made to ideas of security, after the liberalisation of the national economy and integration into the global capitalist system? Written for Stanford University, this article seeks to document the changes and reasons behind conceptions of security in Vietnam.

Author: Kim Ninh Source: Ninh K., 1998, 'Vietnam: Struggle and Cooperation', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 445- 476 Size: 31 pages ()
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How is national security conceptualised in Malaysia? This book chapter analyses Malaysia's conceptions of national security, illustrating the importance of historical legacies and the country's multi-ethnic composition. Given these inherent obstacles to national identity formation, the country's elite have focused on economic growth and modernisation as the means of unifying and securing its population. Recent crises, however, may undermine this strategy and force the leadership to redefine its conceptions of national security.

Author: K.S. Nathan Source: Nathan K., 1998, 'Malaysia: Reinventing the Nation', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 513-548 Size: 19 pages ()
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How has national security evolved since 1965 in relation to successive Presidential regimes? What is the cause of disputes between the security needs of the state and populace? Written for Stanford University, this paper seeks to examine the swings between military repression and political settlement. Evolving conceptions of national security are traced in relation to Philippine security, concluding that both state and society are most secure when they are mutually reinforced through institutionalised participation. The state becomes strong when security is synonymous with the people.

Author: Noel M. Morada | Noel M. Morada Source: Morada N.M., Collier C., 1998, 'The Philippines: State versus Society?', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 549-578 Size: 30 pages ()
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What is Singapore's conception of its national security? This book chapter analyses Singapore's national security policies, emphasising the longstanding dominance exercised by an elite group of politicians and bureaucrats. It concludes that, while the state and its values remain firmly entrenched due to little internal opposition, Singapore's realist world view and conception of national security are liberalising as a result of international political and economic trends.

Author: Narayanan Ganesan Source: Ganesan N., 1998, 'Singapore: Realist cum Trading State', in Alagappa, M. (ed.), 'Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences', Stanford University, California, USA, pp. 579-607 Size: 15 pages ()
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The Vietnam People's Army (VPA) was founded in 1944, comprising thirty-four people and rudimentary weapons; over the next four decades it grew and modernised to become world's fifth largest military force. The withdrawal of massive Soviet funding in the early nineties meant that the VPA could no longer keep pace with its regional rivals, and defence capability was drastically reduced. What happened to force modernisation in the face of this change? This article from Contemporary Southeast Asia, Volume 19, focuses on development between 1992-1997, and details Vietnam's commitment to industrialisation and modernisation.

Author: Carlye A. Thayer Source: Thayer C.A., 1997, 'Force Modernization: The Case of the Vietnam People's Army', in 'Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs', Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Volume 19 (1), pp. 1-28 Size: 15 pages ()
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