Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR)

Promoting security institutions (such as the police, military, customs, border management and prison services) which are transparent, accountable and fully aware of their roles and responsibilities is one of the key security challenges in the Pacific region. This paper examines the need for a new strategic security framework in the Pacific to complement existing reform efforts. Entry points for security sector governance in Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu are identified. These include the formulation of national security policies, the establishment or enhancement of specialised Parliamentary Security Committees and capacity building for civil society.

Author: Eden Cole | Thomas Shanahan Source: Cole, E., Shanahan, T., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Enhancing Security Sector Governance in the Pacific Region - A Strategic Framework', United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Size: 160 pages (3.36 MB)
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Since the beginning of the Transition Period in 2003, international partners have invested considerable resources in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)'s justice, police and defence sectors under the banner of Security Sector Reform (SSR). Nonetheless the consensus is that progress in SSR has been limited.

Author: Boshoff et. al. Source: Boshoff, H., Hendrickson, D., More, S., and Vircoulon, T., 2010, 'Supporting SSR in the DRC: Between a Rock and a Hard Place - An Analysis of the Donor Approach to Supporting Security Sector Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', Clingendael - Netherlands Institute of International Relations, The Hague Size: 46 pages (218 kB)
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How can civil society and the media help build integrity and reduce the risk of corruption in the defence and security sectors? This chapter argues that civil society and the media can play a key oversight role in the defence sector and build public support for more accountable democratic governance. Efforts are needed to promote an enabling environment for civil society and the media. Initiatives should include ongoing dialogue to foster cooperation and trust between the government, civil society (broadly defined) and the media.

Author: Ian Davis Source: Davis, I., 2010, 'The Role of Civil Society and the Media', in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280 Size: 20 pages (1.95 MB)
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Failure to address the civil war's root causes and to dismantle clandestine security apparatus has weakened Guatemala's institutions and facilitated skyrocketing violent crime. The UN-sanctioned International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) has made some progress in addressing high-level corruption, but in June 2010 its director resigned, saying the government had not kept its promise to support CICIG's work and reform the justice system. The President needs to consolidate recent gains with institutional reform, anti-corruption measures, vetting mechanisms and a more inclusive political approach, including to indigenous peoples. Reform of the police and military as well as the corrections and justice systems are among the priorities.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Guatemala: Squeezed between Crime and Impunity', Latin America Report No. 33, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 31 pages (2.3 MB)
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How can the fragmented Afghan National Army (ANA) attain the unified national character required? This paper finds that ethnic frictions and political factionalism at high levels in the Ministry of Defence and general staff have stunted the army's growth, and structural flaws have undermined the military's ability to operate independently. Military aid currently empowers patronage networks. Emphasis on rapid expansion of the army may outpace the capacity of an inherently unwieldy system. It is important to strengthen civilian input into military development, to confront corruption and factionalism, and to prioritise sustainability of the armed forces.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'A Force in Fragments: Reconstituting the Afghan National Army', Asia Report No. 190, International Crisis Group, Washington, D.C. Size: 42 pages (1.32 MB)
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More than two years after declaring independence, Kosovo struggles with uneven rule of law and a weak justice system that is failing its citizens. This report surveys Kosovo's domestic legal system and recommends national and international actions to address systemic weaknesses. Above all, Kosovo's President, government and Assembly must fully support efforts to curb high-level corruption and adopt key framework laws for the judicial system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'The Rule of Law in Independent Kosovo', International Crisis Group, Europe Report No. 204, Washington, D.C. Size: 33 pages (1 MB)
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What is the most promising way forward for security and stabilisation processes in Somalia? This article points to the convergence of Somali-led experiences of security management and emerging international best practice as a fruitful approach. Peace processes must include negotiations on credible security mechanisms if they are to be effective. The development of credible security mechanisms requires careful sequencing of security transitions through negotiation, mediation and consensus building.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill, J., 2010, 'Security and Stabilization in Somalia: Learning from Local Approaches', in Somali Peace Processes, Accord Issue 21, pp27-29 Size: 3 pages (3 MB)
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What are citizens' perceptions of the security sector in Bangladesh? What are the lessons for security sector reform? This paper reports results of a public perceptions survey on the police, army, the Rapid Action Battalion, defence parties and border guards. While citizens of Bangladesh feel safer today and crime has declined slightly, a large number of challenges remain that all security providers must address. The Bangladesh police and criminal justice system are in most need of reform; greater links between formal and informal security and justice mechanisms would improve security provision.

Author: Saferworld Source: Saferworld, 2010, 'Security Provision in Bangladesh: A Public Perceptions Survey', Saferworld, London Size: 18 pages (210 KB)
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What role may ill-conceived, externally driven stabilisation efforts play in prolonging the Somali conflict? What can be learned from disarmament and demobilisation efforts in southern Somalia, Puntland and Somaliland? This article finds that externally driven initiatives have been viewed with suspicion and alarm, while Somali-led, locally owned initiatives have achieved some success. Conventional international approaches to state-building in Somalia must be reassessed. Security sector issues must be treated not as purely technical, but as integral to the political process.

Author: Matt Bryden | Jeremy Brickhill Source: Bryden, M. and Brickhill J., 2010, 'Disarming Somalia: Lessons in Stabilisation from a Collapsed State', Conflict, Security and Development, vol.10, no. 2, pp 239-262 Size: 24 pages (200 kB)
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What has been the impact in South Africa of the 'new security'? This article argues that the security-is-development thesis affects the functions of security agencies and is used to legitimate anti-democratic behaviour. In South Africa, a broad and deep vision of security promoted by inexperienced policymakers has contributed to the involvement of intelligence agents in domestic (often partisan) matters. An intellectual construct intended to critique state behaviour has thus become a tool of state power. Ultimately, all regime types define security in a self-interested, often anti-democratic way. A wide mandate in the hands of the state contains anti-democratic potential at least equal to that of a narrow understanding of security.

Author: Annette Seegers Source: Seegers, A., 2010, 'The New Security in Democratic South Africa: A Cautionary Tale', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 10, no. 2, pp 263-285 Size: 23 pages (200 kB)
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What role does civil society play in security sector governance in Ukraine? This Almanac examines: the development of the National Security and Defence Council; Ukraine's place in the regional and global security structure; public debate on NATO in Ukraine; judicial reforms; the armed forces and law enforcement. Chapter three, summarised here, considers civilian control of defence and law enforcement agencies. Ukranian legislation assigns an important role to civil society organisations in this area. While some of these organisations make useful contributions, their activities sometimes display unwarranted intrusion, conflicting approaches, politicisation and unprofessionalism. Greater influence over personnel policy is needed, and the oversight of intelligence agencies must be addressed.

Author: Merle Maigre | Philipp Fluri Source: Maigre, M., and Fluri, P., 2010, 'Almanac on Security Sector Governance in Ukraine', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Size: 234 pages (4.77 MB)
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Attention to the security-development nexus has become commonplace in policymaking. But how has this concept been interpreted and used? This article suggests a framework for mapping the security-development nexus. The 'nexus' is being used to describe a growing realm, but there is still confusion and ideological division over its meaning. The unclear content and form of the security-development nexus leaves the concept open to varied uses under the guise of progressive and ethically palatable politics. This warrants caution in embracing the security-development nexus as a policy premise or goal.

Author: Maria Stern | Joakim Ojendal Source: Stern, M. and Ojendal, J., 2010, 'Mapping the Security Development Nexus: Conflict, Complexity, Cacophony, Convergence?', Security Dialogue, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 5-30 Size: 27 pages ()
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How can the Colombian government consolidate security gains and improve security policy? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group recommends that the new government should acknowledge that Colombia has still not reached the post-conflict phase and needs to: maintain pressure on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC); develop and implement a comprehensive citizen security strategy; tackle the threat posed by paramilitary successors and new illegal armed groups; and advance military and citizen security policy reform.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2010, 'Improving Security Policy in Colombia', Latin America Briefing No. 23, International Crisis Group, Bogota/Brussels Size: 16 pages ()
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What impact is rising cocaine trafficking having in Africa? What can be learnt from Latin America and the Caribbean? This report warns that cocaine traffic contributes to higher levels of violence and instability. West Africa today has many of the conditions that enabled narcotics-related violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. The damaging influence of narcotics trafficking in Africa threatens to become institutionally entrenched and poses severe security challenges. African governments urgently need to raise transaction costs and protect the integrity of their counternarcotics institutions to tackle this threat.

Author: Davin O'Regan Source: O'Regan, D., 2010, 'Cocaine and Instability in Africa: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean', Africa Security Brief No. 5, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Washington, D.C. Size: 8 pages (857 kB)
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What have the consequences been of the Philippine military's longstanding focus on low-intensity conflict (LIC)? The Armed Forces of the Philippines' (AFP) continuous campaign against communist and secessionist insurgents (together with its inability to modernise and the post-1992 disruption in US military assistance) have adversely affected its structure and combat efficiency. Its focus on LIC has made it one of the most poorly equipped armed forces in Southeast Asia, yet has also enabled it to gain experience that is valuable for contemporary counter-insurgency operations. The AFP could in fact be the Southeast Asian military force that is best prepared for twenty-first century warfare.

Author: Renato Cruz De Castro Source: De Castro, R. C., 2010, 'The Twenty-First Century Armed Forces of the Philippines: Orphan of Counter-Insurgency or Military Geared for the Long War of the Century?', Contemporary Politics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp.153-171 Size: 20 pages ()
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How is security governance organised in the Central African Republic (CAR)? Is international assistance helping security governance to become more democratic? This paper uses a multi-level governance approach to analyse the relationships between national and international actors in the CAR's Security Sector Reform (SSR). Despite a policy that emphasises increasingly decentralised security governance, informal links and structures of power have enabled the CAR executive to dominate SSR implementation. Domestic and international decison-making processes overlap and interfere with each other. It is therefore crucial that international partners understand decision-making processes in Southern countries, and that local actors understand the procedures by which international actors are intervening in their environment.

Author: Niagalé Bagayoko-Penone Source: Bagayoko-Penone, N., 2010, 'Multi-level Governance and Security: The Security Sector Reform Process in the Central African Republic', EUI Working Paper, European University Institute, Florence Size: 31 pages (160 kB)
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How do Palestinians assess Palestinian ownership in security sector reform? How could such ownership be improved? This report outlines the findings of working groups of local stakeholders. While perceiving donor support as critical for the success of security sector reform, participants expressed dissatisfaction with donor control of the planning and implementation of reform projects, noting discrepancies between donor and local priorities. They concluded that Palestinians should take the lead in SSR through improved coordination, development of a coherent strategy, and improved aid monitoring.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Source: DCAF, 2010, 'Building Ownership in Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF Spotlight no. 6, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Ramallah Size: 4 pages (459 KB)
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How do police training programmes support or undermine post-conflict reconstruction? This article analyses the importance of democratic policing to rebuilding the state after conflict. International policing and police training missions in post-conflict and fragile states have been fragmented, ad hoc, and rarely focused on the principles of democratic policing. When a new regime emerges after war or replaces authoritarianism it is essential that the training, mindset and methods of the police undergo fundamental change. Instilling an ethos of democratic policing requires training programmes and reform that builds professional competence, accountability, and a public service ethic.

Author: Michael D. Wiatrowski | Jack A. Goldstone Source: Wiatrowski M. D. and Goldstone J. A., 2010, 'The Ballot and the Badge: Democratic Policing', Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, pp79-92 Size: 13 pages (600 kB)
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Is the government of Sudan abiding by its human rights commitments under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2005 and other regional and international agreements? This report catalogues a plethora of human rights abuses in Sudan. Without substantive changes in Sudan's national security laws and practices, the human rights situation will not improve. The government must repeal the repressive National Security Act 2010, ensure legislative and institutional reform of the National Intelligence and Security Services to bring its operations into line with international human rights standards, and establish judicial oversight.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2010, 'Agents of Fear: The National Security Service in Sudan', Amnesty International, London Size: 68 pages (639 kB)
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What has been the impact of the current economic and financial crisis on countries such as the Maldives? This article is a transcript of a speech by Dr Ahmed Kahleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations, to the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its Impact on Development, held on 24 - 26 June 2009. He argues that the Maldives needs urgent assistance from the international community to stabilise the situation and jump-start the country's economy.

Author: Ahmed Khaleel Source: Khaleel A., 2009, 'Statement by His Excellency Mr. Ahmed Khaleel, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations at the UN Conference on Financial and Economic Crisis and its impact on development' Size: 4 pages (104 kB)
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What is the relationship between military power and international order? What impact did the development of nuclear weapons have on this relationship? This paper from the Journal of International Affairs is an abridged version of Michael Howard's inaugural lecture at King's College London in May 1964. It concludes that in the era of nuclear weapons, military power can only serve as an instrument of international order if it is subject to rigorous political control.

Author: Michael Howard Source: Howard M., 2009, 'Military power and international order', International Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 1, pp. 145-155 Size: 11 pages ()
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How can the international community engage successfully in peacemaking and peacekeeping? How can it develop effective exit strategies for such engagements? This article from the journal of International Affairs argues that, in most African conflicts, peace engagement can only be successful if international actors focus on achieving a bargain between elites based on the realities of the political marketplace. If they do not, they risk creating a mission without end.

Author: Alex De Waal Source: Waal A.D., 2009, 'Mission without end? Peacekeeping in the African political marketplace', International Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 1, pp. 99-113 Size: 15 pages ()
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A number of countries that have moved away from outright authoritarianism have transformed not into democracies but into regimes combining democratic and non-democratic characteristics. What impact do political culture and levels of political participation have on the stability of these hybrid regimes? This article from the International Political Science Review examines the cases of Tanzania, Russia and Venezuela and develops a framework for analysing hybrid regimes. It finds that hybrid regimes' stability is related to incumbents' ability to circumvent the opposition and a lack of interplay between citizens and opposition parties.

Author: Joakim Ekman Source: Ekman J., 2009, 'Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes', International Political Science Review, Volume 30, Number 1, pp. 7-31 Size: 25 pages ()
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What have been the effects of counter-narcotics policies in Afghanistan since 2001? Have eradication campaigns been successful? This article from the Journal of International Peacekeeping argues that aggressive opium poppy eradication programmes have been premature and counterproductive. They have not increased stability or undermined the counter-insurgency. The most important role peacekeeping forces can play is providing security.

Author: Vanda Felbab-Brown Source: Felbab-Brown, V., 2009, 'Peacekeepers Among Poppies: Afghanistan, Illicit Economies and Intervention', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 100-114 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the links between illicit commerce and political relationships in West Africa? How can a contexualised understanding of social relationships improve approaches to post-conflict statebuilding? This article from International Peacekeeping critiques the automatic criminalisation of armed networks, some of which have strong societal roots. It argues for a more nuanced understanding of the connection between illicit economic activities and violent conflict and a more pragmatic approach to post-conflict statebuilding. A strategy that selectively incorporates some networks, and targets the more predatory, is likely to be most effective.

Author: William Reno Source: Reno, W., 2009, 'Understanding Criminality in West African Conflicts', International Peacekeeping, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 47-61 Size: 15 pages ()
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What effect has a legacy of impunity for human rights violations had on the security sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? How can the EU incorporate justice-sensitive reform initiatives within security system reform (SSR) programmes? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding examines the need for justice-sensitive SSR in the DRC. It argues that strengthening accountability and integrity in the security system is a priority for SSR which has yet to be addressed in the DRC.

Author: Laura Davis Source: Davis L., 2009, 'Justice-Sensitive Security System Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo', International Center for Transitional Justice, Initiative for Peacebuilding, International Alert Size: 36 pages (361 kB)
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What should be the primary, explicit aim of security sector reform (SSR) efforts - democracy or development? What role should the concept of the 'social contract' play in SSR? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management examines the evolution of SSR and the roles of development and democratisation in that concept. It argues that there is a tension between traditional development paradigms and democratisation that is unresolved within the present SSR discourse. To resolve this tension, the SSR discourse should explicitly acknowledge democracy as the overarching objective of SSR.

Author: Mark Knight Source: Knight M., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform, Democracy & the Social Contract: from implicit to explicit', Journal of Security Sector Management, Vol.7., No.1. Size: 20 pages (310 kB)
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What progress have Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia made in establishing effective democratic governance of their security sectors? How can international donors, civil society actors and parliamentarians strengthen legislative oversight of the security sector in West Africa? Based on case studies of Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia this report from the Center on International Cooperation examines security sector governance in West Africa. It argues that strengthening security sector governance by creating opportunities for citizens to influence security policy can help bridge divisions between society and state institutions.

Author: Jake Sherman Source: Sherman J., 2009, 'Strengthening Security Sector Governance in West Africa', The Center on International Cooperation, New York Size: 18 pages (153 kB)
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What are the priorities in terms of security in Nepal? What contribution can the European Union (EU) make towards building and maintaining peace in the country? This briefing from International Alert examines security sector reform (SSR) and public security in Nepal. It argues that there is an urgent need to address security provision and the security sector as part of Nepal's ongoing peace process.

Author: Charlotte Watson | Rebecca Crozier Source: Watson C., Crozier R., 2009, 'Security for Whom? SSR and Public Security in Nepal', International Alert Size: 28 pages (349 kB)
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How have peace negotiations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) addressed issues of accountability? What impact have justice initiatives had following the conclusion of each agreement? This report from the International Center for Transitional Justice examines peace negotiations in the DRC since 1999, focusing on justice and accountability. It argues that while significant efforts have been made to advance accountability in negotiations, peacemaking in the DRC has resulted in very limited justice.

Author: Laura Davis | Priscilla Hayner Source: Davis L., Hayner P., 2009, 'Difficult Peace, Limited Justice: Ten Years of Peacemaking in the DRC', International Center for Transitional Justice Size: 44 pages (235 kB)
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A consensus among domestic security sector reform (SSR) actors in Haiti that the reform agenda is imposed from outside has led to limited local ownership of the process. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, reviews the current status of reform of Haiti's judiciary, police and penal systems. Until the suspicion of reform measures imposed by outsiders can be reversed and genuine political will for reform nurtured, SSR policy makers will be hard-pressed to succeed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M. (ed.), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Haiti', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Canada Size: 12 pages (1.55 MB)
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Integrated, comprehensive and inclusive armed violence reduction (AVR) programmes are an emerging and growing area of development practice around the world. This paper, published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, discusses the components of a multi-level AVR approach. Adopting integrated AVR programmes requires understanding of the multi-faceted, multi-level nature of armed violence, application of rigorous diagnostics of local situations and incorporation of local ownership at all levels of programme design and implementation.

Author: OECD-DAC Source: OECD-DAC, 2009, 'Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), Paris Size: 140 pages (1.7 MB)
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Wars, particularly civil wars, are increasingly focused on cities. How can they best be tackled? This study from Columbia University reviews the history of city politics in Kabul and the processes of governance that occur at different levels. Multi-layered conflicts in capital cities can concentrate political attention and overload urban development and governance agendas. It should be understood that, in post-war capital cities, conflicts at the fault lines of local, national and international institutions shape political and economic agendas for the city.

Author: Daniel Esser Source: Esser D., 2009, Who Governs Kabul? Explaining Urban Politics in a Post-War Capital City', Crisis States Research Centre, London Size: 30 pages (784)
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Armed forces support transition from authoritarian rule when losers in an intra-military conflict enter into a pact with domestic opposition and garner foreign support. This paper, published by Comparative Political Studies, explains why and under what conditions militaries in authoritarian regimes faced with popular demonstrations will support political liberalisation. While regime collapse in the Philippines, Indonesia and other countries support the military conflict argument, further research is needed to assess its wider application.

Author: Terrence Lee Source: Lee T., 2009, 'Armed Forces and Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Explaining the Role of the Military in 1986 Philippines and 1998 Indonesia', Comparative Political Studies, Volume 42 (5), pp. 640-669 Size: 31 pages ()
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Security sector reform (SSR) is most often used as a platform for reform in fragile and post-conflict states and in countries transitioning from communism or authoritarian rule. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews security sector and governance definitions, issues, approaches and actors. There is an emerging consensus that governance is an essential SSR component and that linkages among different actors be considered in order to achieve successful SSR.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Governance and Reform', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.52 MB)
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Post-conflict environments can attract huge numbers of external actors that create management and coordination problems and often apply short-term approaches that can lead to resumption of conflict. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, provides an overview of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. SSR success can be assessed by measuring the reduction of violence, economic growth, improved security professionalism and the degree of local ownership.

Author: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Post-conflict Peacebuilding', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.50 MB)
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In virtually all security sector reform (SSR) programming and delivery, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) have either led international community efforts or supported the lead provided by other actors. This background paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, summarises IGO functions, norms and obstacles to their effectiveness. Underdeveloped IGO oversight mechanisms to ensure that activities are conducted in a transparent and accountable manner reduce IGOs' ability to contribute to long-term SSR sustainability.

Author: Source: 2009, 'Security Sector Reform and Intergovernmental Organisations', Backgrounder Series, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 8 pages (1.41 MB)
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What lessons does the experience of transforming the security system in Sierra Leone have for security sector reform (SSR)? This report from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform documents Sierra Leone's security system transformation from 1997 to 2007. It chronicles the UK Government's intervention, including its transition from direct implementer to adviser, and analyses key security issues that arose during the period. Sierra Leone's experience shows how dedicated, capable people, given the space to reform their security institutions, can achieve a great deal under challenging circumstances.

Author: Peter Albrecht | Paul Jackson Source: Albrecht P., Jackson P., 2009, 'Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007', The Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN-SSR), University of Birmingham, UK Size: 228 pages (1.68 MB)
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Are the factors that start internal wars the same as the factors that sustain them? This paper from the Third World Quarterly argues that the international community has been misguided in focusing on determining the causalities of internal wars and should instead focus on the contextual conditions and dynamic relationships that allow them to continue. Using the conflicts in Sudan as a case study, the paper concludes that time alters the reasons why internal wars are fought, and argues that the international community is not well placed to intervene.

Author: Benjamin Maitre Source: Maitre, B., 2009, 'What Sustains 'Internal Wars'? The Dynamics of Violent Conflict and State Weakness in Sudan', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 53-68 Size: 16 pages (152 KB)
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Despite Nepal's 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) targeting rehabilitation of children from armed group associations, the government has failed to implement satisfactory reintegration. This paper, published by the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, reviews the current status of the reintegration of Children Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups (CAAFAG). State failure to tackle deep-rooted inequality and structural problems continues to allow armed movements to recruit marginalised groups, including children, and consequently flourish.

Author: O. Housden | Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS) Source: Housden, O., 2009, 'In a Weak State: Status and Reintegration of Children Associated with Armed forces and Armed Groups (CAAFAG) in Nepal', IPCS Research Paper, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi Size: 19 pages (183kB)
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How can civil society most effectively work for peacebuilding? This report presents the findings of a comparative research project which analysed the performance of civil society in regards to protection, monitoring, advocacy, socialisation, social cohesion, facilitation, and service delivery in situations of war and armed conflict. It concludes civil society can play an important supportive role, but the effectiveness of its activities varied substantially. Contextual factors may limit or strengthen its ability to contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Civil Society and Peacebuilding', Working Paper, The Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding, Geneva Size: 32 pages (364 KB)
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Can particular mediation strategies be linked with successful outcomes? This chapter of the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution discusses definitions of mediation, its performance, influential factors and evaluations of outcomes. Certain styles of mediation tend to be more effective in certain situations; intense conflict, for example, is likely to require directive forms of mediation. Mediation may well offer the most coherent and effective response to current conflicts, but greater understanding of the process and consistent guidelines are needed.

Author: Jacob Bercovitch Source: Bercovitch, J., 2009, 'Mediation and Conflict Resolution', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 340-354 Size: 16 pages ()
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How is reconciliation understood? What is its role in peacebuilding? This chapter in the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution presents a survey of the study of reconciliation, in particular analysing the Franco-German and South African cases. While not universally applicable models, these examples hold lessons for both the scope and limitations of reconciliation. Reconciliation has too many ambiguities and shortcomings to serve as the key concept in peacemaking and stabilisation.

Author: Valerie Rosoux Source: Rosoux, V., 2009, 'Reconciliation as a Peace-Building Process: Scope and Limits', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 543-560 Size: 19 pages ()
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How can the UK help to build peaceful states and societies as a foundation for sustainable development? What can the government do to work more effectively across government departments and ensure access to security and justice? This chapter from the Department for International Development White Paper 'Building Our Common Future' sets out the UK government's approach to building peaceful states and societies. It describes how DFID will make peace and statebuilding a development priority.

Author: DFID Source: DFID D., 2009, 'Building Peaceful States and Societies', in 'Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future', pp. 69-88, DFID (Department for International Development), UK Size: 20 pages (1.5 MB)
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Afghanistan's forthcoming elections in August 2009 and 2010 present a formidable challenge if they are to produce widely accepted and credible results. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, reviews the steps necessary to foster public confidence in the presidential and provincial assembly elections. Pre-election focus must include strengthening security provision and electoral staff capacity and building consensus on how the political system can be made more functional and representative.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Afghanistan's Election Challenges', Asia Report No.171, International Crisis Group Size: 40 pages (1.4 MB)
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What implications do different theoretical approaches to institutional change have for security sector reform (SSR)? How can evolutionary approaches be applied to SSR in practice? This paper from the Libra Advisory Group examines theoretical approaches to institutional change and their implications for SSR. It argues that an evolutionary approach to SSR can make the reform process more democratic and lead to transformations that are locally-owned and sustainable.

Author: Volha Piotukh | Peter Wilson Source: Piotukh V., Wilson P., 2009, 'Security Sector Evolution: Understanding and Influencing How Security Institutions Change', Libra Advisory Group, London, United Kingdom Size: 37 pages (719 kB)
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How can European Union (EU) and Member State policymakers improve the impact of their security-related programming? What are the challenges that prevent policy from being implemented and what are the strategies that might ensure success? This paper from the Initiative for Peacebuilding (IfP) focuses on security sector reform (SSR) programmes. It shows that security-building efforts that succeed are grounded in effective national political processes and backed up by robust diplomatic dialogue between donors and recipient states. Security-building programmes fail if they focus on technical responses when the political conditions for progress at the operational level are absent. It finally makes a number of observations and recommendations to enhance the people-centred dimension of SSR and other security-building programmes.

Author: Sebastien Babaud | Robert Parker Source: Babaud S., Giarmana V., Parker R., Rynn S., 2009, 'Responding to people's security needs: Improving the impact of EU programming', Initiative for Peacebuilding, London, United Kingdom Size: 24 pages (340KB)
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To what extent does Liberia's legislature have the necessary authority, ability and attitude to provide effective security sector oversight? What effect has international involvement had on security sector reform in Liberia? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines internationalised SSR and legislative oversight of the security sector in Liberia. It finds that while international support has helped to deliver critical reforms, it has also led to a top-down decision-making process lacking local consultation. The legislature and civil society are therefore important avenues for Liberians to shape the direction of security discourse.

Author: Thomas Jaye Source: Jaye T., 2009, 'Liberia: Parliamentary Oversight and Lessons Learned from Internationalized Security Sector Reform', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 19 pages (147 kB)
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Does Ghana's Parliament have the necessary powers, capacity and political will to provide effective oversight of the security sector? What role can civil society organisations and regional cooperation and security architecture play in relation to parliamentary oversight of the security sector? This paper from the Centre on International Cooperation examines the functionality and effectiveness of parliamentary oversight of the security sector in Ghana. It finds that while security sector oversight has improved since the return to democratic rule in 1992, the legacy of military control still remains.

Author: Kwesi Aning | Ernest Lartey Source: Aning K., Lartey E., 2009, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Lessons from Ghana', Centre on International Cooperation, New York Size: 33 pages (250 kB)
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While Afghanistan has made progress in statebuilding, economic growth and human development, these positive signs have not stemmed the rising tide of insecurity in the country. This paper, published by The Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), reviews and analyses recent development and trends in Afghanistan's security sector reform (SSR). Despite an infusion of resources and an acceleration of international programming, Afghanistan's increasingly adverse security environment highlights continuing problems of corruption, clientelism and lack of coordiantion among the international donor community.

Author: Mark Sedra (ed) Source: Sedra M. (ed), 2009, 'Security Sector Reform Monitor: Afghanistan', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (1.7 MB)
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While a normative framework for security sector reform (SSR) has been well established, it has not been fully applied in practice and translated into effective programming. This report, published by the Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), summarises the main findings of an e-Conference discussion of unresolved SSR challenges. A new SSR research agenda needs to be launched in order to create an implementation framework more attuned to contemporary issues and challenges.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra M., 2009, 'The Future of Security Sector Reform', Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 12 pages (648 kB)
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There is an emerging consensus that United States (US) and international policies are wrong-headed and ineffective in delivering peace, stability and democratic governance to Afghanistan. This paper, published by the Centre for International Governance Innovation, is part of a signature research project exploring Afghanistan. The US and partners must adopt a regional approach toAfghanistan's problems and foster the development of an appropriate governance system to replace the current dysfunctional system.

Author: M. Nazif Shahrani Source: Shahrani M.N., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Alternatives for Peace, Governance and Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens & Rulers to Civil Servants', The Afghanistan Papers, No. 2, Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Size: 18 pages (657 kB)
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Nepal's peace process, which has always been predicated on a fragile political consensus, is in danger of collapse. This paper, published by the International Crisis Group, discusses political and regional factors that threaten the 2006 peace settlement that ended the ten-year civil war. Averting a return to conflict requires cooperation between parties to address their differences, and international backing of the process, including a decisive lead from India.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2009, 'Nepal's Future: In Whose Hands?', Asia Report No. 173, International Crisis Group Size: 53 pages (1.33 MB)
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What impact have European Union security sector reform policies had in Afghanistan? This paper from the European Union Institute for Security Studies analyses the evolution and impact of EU police and justice sector reform policies in Afghanistan. It argues that while the particular Afghan context poses considerable challenges for SSR, the fragmentation of both international and European efforts has also complicated matters. Only by improving coordination and increasing resources and efforts towards joint strategies will the EU have a positive impact on SSR in Afghanistan.

Author: Eva Gross Source: Gross E., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The EU's Contribution', European Union Institute for Security Studies (Paris) Size: 52 pages (665 kB)
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What progress has the Afghan National Army (ANA) made in terms of manpower, infrastructure and equipment, training, operational proficiency and public perceptions? What challenges still remain in rebuilding the ANA? This report from the RAND Corporation offers an assessment of the progress of the ANA to date. It argues that the ANA remains a work in progress, but is an indispensable part of the ultimate security of Afghanistan.

Author: Obaid Younossi | Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Younossi O., Thruelsen P.D., Vaccaro J., Sollinger J.M., Grady B., 2009, 'The Long March: Building an Afghan National Army', RAND Corporation Size: 85 pages (392 kB)
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What is the security situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan? What strategy should the US and its allies adopt in these countries and how will they know if it is succeeding? This paper from the Center for a New American Security assesses the situation in Pakistan and Afghanistan, making operational recommendations for the US and its allies. It argues that as of mid-2009, the situation in both countries is dire and getting worse. The US and its allies should adopt an 'ink blot' counterinsurgency strategy, prioritising protection of the population while setting the stage for strengthening state institutions.

Author: Andrew M. Exum | Nathaniel C. Fick Source: Exum A.M., Fick N.C., Humayun A.A., 2009, 'Triage: The Next Twelve Months in Afghanistan and Pakistan', Center for a New American Security Size: 36 pages (1.46 MB)
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How do armed groups develop? This article from Contemporary Security Policy investigates the formation of armed groups using the concept of figuration, which emphasises the interdependence of individuals. There are three main ways by which armed groups come into being: in response to violent repression, through exclusion from the ruling class and when government-created informal armed forces become free from state control. These mechanisms provide insights into the conditions under which armed groups are likely to form and whether they become institutionalised.

Author: Klaus Schlichte Source: Schlichte, K., 2009, 'With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups ', Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 246 - 264 Size: 20 pages (176 KB)
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What difficulties has Bangladesh faced in demarcating its maritime boundaries? What steps can it take to successfully address these issues? This issue brief from the Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies examines the issues regarding the demarcation of Bangladesh's maritime borders. It argues that Bangladesh must make preparations for establishing its claims over its maritime boundaries without delay.

Author: Sonia Taleb Source: Taleb S., 2009, 'Maritime Security: The case for Bangladesh', Issue Brief 4, Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies Size: 12 pages ()
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Bhutan recently ended direct rule by its king and an elected government has ruled the country for a year. What factors led to the transition, and what has been the effect of democracy on issues such as the economy, human rights and corruption? This book, published by the Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), argues that the king was compelled to transfer power and did not take the decision willingly. It highlights the economic growth the country has undergone but also the lack of improvements in the human rights situation.

Author: I. P. Adhikari (ed.) Source: Adhikari I.P. (ed.), 2009, 'Torrefy of Democratic Value: commenting on budding democracy of Bhutan', Association of Press Freedom Activists (APFA-Bhutan), Bhutan Size: 101 pages (1.2MB)
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Is India's Defence spending affordable? How much can a country spend on its Defence? Written for the Journal of Defence Studies this article examines the affordability of India's defence spending, concluding that the burden of defence has reduced significantly as GDP and Government revenues have increased.

Author: Laxman Kumar Behera Source: Behera L.K., 2009, 'India's Defence Budget 2009-10: An Assessment', IDSA Strategic Comments, Institute for Defence Studies & Analysis, New Dehli Size: 4 pages (37553)
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India has exemplary democratic institutions. Why, then, are people's experience of the Indian state often characterised by incompetence, corruption and abuse of power? This paper, by the Accountability Initiative, argues that this is due to a systematic crisis of accountability. It identifies efforts by both civil society and the state to improve accountability. It proposes five crucial areas for future research, analysis and action in order to take the accountability debates forward.

Author: Bala Posani | Yamini Aiyar Source: Posani B., Aiyar Y., 2009, 'State of Accountability: Evolution, Practice and Emerging Questions in Public Accountability in India', Accountability Initiative Size: 45 pages (644kB)
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The People's Majlis (Parliamentary) election held on 9 May 2009 marked another significant milestone in the ongoing reform and democratisation process in Maldives. This report, by the Commonwealth Expert Team sent to observe the election, commends the poll but notes some administrative and logistical challenges that remain. They highlight the late decision to extend polling hours as a particular area of concern and recommend introducing new legislation and transforming the state media.

Author: Commonwealth Expert Team Source: Commonwealth Expert Team, 2009, 'Maldives People's Majlis (Parliamentary) Elections', The Commonwealth Size: 51 pages (32kB)
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Questions about peace and security remain critical both to national decision-makers and to the lives of ordinary people in Nepal. This report, by Interdisciplinary Analysts and Saferworld, analyses changing public attitudes to community safety and human security in the country. It is the second in a series of surveys that will track public perceptions of security over time. It concludes that most Nepalis still feel safer than before the protests in 2006 that led to the end of the country's long-running civil conflict. Nepalis see security both in terms of crime and violence and also in terms of socio-economic development.

Author: Interdisciplinary Analysts | Saferworld Source: Analysts I., Saferworld S., 2009, 'On track for improved security? A survey tracking changing perceptions of public safety, security and justice provision in Nepal', Saferworld Size: 66 pages (1.7 MB)
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What progress has recently been made in Nepal's peace process? This report, by the United Nations Secretary General, reviews progress since January 2009 and gives specific consideration to the implementation of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN). It highlights the progress made on the constitution drafting process and the reintegration of Maoist army personnel. However, it notes with concern the continued culture of impunity with regards to human rights abuses committed during and since the end of the conflict.

Author: UN Secretary General Source: UN Secretary General, 2009, 'Report of the Secretary-General on the request of Nepal for United Nations assistance in support of its peace process', United Nations, S/2009/221 Size: 15 pages (208kB)
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Despite successful elections and a lasting military ceasefire, Nepal's peace process is facing its most severe tests yet. This report, published by International Crisis Group, argues that a number of major issues remain unresolved. There is little unity of effort amongst the governing coalition led by the Maoists, but the democratic alternatives are alarmingly weak. The parties need to rebuild consensus on the way forward or face a public backlash. International supporters of Nepal must target assistance and political pressure to encourage the parties to face the threats to peace.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group , 2009, 'Nepal's Faltering Peace Process', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 163 Size: 45 pages (964 kB)
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Are civil-military relations nearing a crisis point in post conflict Nepal? This insight piece published by the Institute of South Asian Studies explores this question by considering the recent disagreements between the Maoist government and the nepal army leaders. The Maoist government's poor handling of their decision to sack defiant Nepal Army leader, General Katawal reveals a weak and politically immature leadership. By allowing the Nepal Army to disregard the mandate of the civilian authority, the major political powers in Nepal risk permanently damaging the peace and democratisation processes.

Author: SD Muni Source: Muni S., 2009, 'Nepal in Crisis', Institute of South Asian Studies, ISAS Insights No. 67, Singapore Size: 7 pages ()
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How does China's military and security relationship with Pakistan effect regional stability? The Heritage Foundation's article explores these issues in her testimony to the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission of 20 May 2009. Until recently, China and Pakistan have cultivated a strong military and security relationship. However, recent events between the two countries mean that US policymakers may find more opportunities to work with China to increase regional stability in South Asia.

Author: Lisa Curtis Source: Curtis L., 2009, 'China's military and security relationship with Pakistan', The Heritage Foundation, Washington DC Size: pages ()
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Entrepreneurship is often thought to be important for economic growth. But what makes people become entrepreneurs? This paper, published in the Journal of Public Economics, focuses on an institution frequently cited by entrepreneurs as a major obstacle to the creation of a business: the judicial system. It uses a reform as a source of variation in judicial speed in order to evaluate judiciaries' impact on entrepreneurship. The study focuses on judicial reform introduced in Pakistan in 2002. It concludes that it had dramatic effects on judicial efficiency and consequently on entrepreneurship.

Author: Matthieu Chemin Source: Chemin M., 2009, 'The impact of the judiciary on entrepreneurship: Evaluation of Pakistan's "Access to Justice Programme"', Journal of Public Economics, Volume 93, Issues 1-2, Size: 12 pages (356 kB)
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The connection between community security and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), is largely omitted in current policy and is unexplored in both academic and policy literature. This report, by the Peace Security and Development Network, reviews the existing literature on this link and identifies a number of weaknesses in DDR processes that stem from a lack of focus on community security. Local actors have limited influence on donors and national governments, which limits the possibilities for DDR programmes to reinforce community security arrangements, and vice versa.

Author: Rens Willems | Willemijn Verkoren Source: Willems R., Verkoren W., Derks M., Kleingeld J., Frerks G., Rouw H., 2009, 'Security Promotion in Fragile States: Can Local Meet National?', Peace, Security & Development (PSD) Network Size: 142 pages (1.1 MB)
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Is Pakistan collapsing? Is there any hope to break the dangerous cycle of failure in Pakistan? This Institute for Social Policy and Understanding report analyses the issue as to why Pakistan is ranked as a failing state and what can be done to save it? The report first provides a brief history of Pakistan in order to set the context, followed by a discussion of the current crisis and an outline of signs of hope which may prevent Pakistan from becoming a failing state. The report concludes with recommendations for Pakistani and American policymakers.

Author: Hassan Abbas Source: Abbas H., 2009, 'Pakistan Can Defy the Odds: How to Rescue a Failing State', Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Michigan, USA Size: 38 pages (1,10MB)
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What threat do the Taliban and al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear weapons and material? What hope is there for reducing nuclear risk within Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online outlines the danger that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda pose to Pakistan's nuclear assets. It argues that, given the global risks from nuclear material falling into the hands of the Taliban or al-Qaeda, winning against Pakistan's insurgents is critical. Hope for reducing nuclear risks within Pakistan rest largely on the Pakistani government's success on the battlefield.

Author: Leonard Spector Source: Spector L., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part I', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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What are the implications of the Taliban insurgency in Pakistan for India and for the US-India relationship? How should the US and India respond to the situation in Pakistan? This article from YaleGlobal Online looks at how the US can cooperate with India to prepare for and respond to instability in Pakistan. It argues that the effect of the evolving situation in Pakistan has been to re-link India with Pakistan in US relations. The US and India need to hold intimate conversations on how to deal with Pakistan if the situation worsens.

Author: Robert D. Blackwill | YaleGlobal Online Source: Blackwill R.D., 2009, 'Pakistan, Taliban and Global Security - Part II', YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Size: pages ()
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While the Sri Lankan Government won the recent war against the Tamil Tigers, the humanitarian cost was high and both parties stand accused of war crimes. This paper, published by the House of Commons Library, reviews recent Sri Lankan developments, international involvement, and military aid and development issues. Sri Lanka now faces the challenges of reconstruction and political and constitutional reforms that will give autonomy to regions where the minority Tamils are in the majority.

Author: Jon Lunn | Claire Taylor Source: Lunn J., Taylor C., Townsend I., 2009, 'War and Peace in Sri Lanka', House of Commons Library, Research Paper 09/51, UK Government, London, United Kingdom Size: 88 pages (2.15 MB)
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Despite the creation of a Commission of Inquiry of human rights violations in Sri Lanka, why do human rights violations continue to take place and why is justice not achieved? This report by Amnesty International seeks to highlight the issue of impunity in Sri Lanka and the role of the Commission of Inquiry set up to investigate violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The report concludes that in the case of Sri Lanka the Commission of Inquiry did not perform well. The report offers recommendations to the Sri Lankan government as well as to the international civil society in order to bring justice to the victims of human rights violations in Sri Lanka.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Sri Lanka: Twenty years of make-believe - Sri Lanka's Commissions of Inquiry', Amnesty International Size: 74 pages (690KB)
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Where does the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) obtain its forces? What elements contribute to the ongoing powerful existence of the LTTE despite losing many of its senior cadres and strategic hideouts to the Sri Lankan military? This Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict article outlines a brief history of the conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE before outlining important elements of the LTTE which make it an effective and strong militant group. The author concludes with a warning to the Sri Lankan government as to what is necessary if the issue of ethnically-based militant groups such as the LTTE is to be tackled and real peace restored to the island.

Author: Manohari Velamati Source: Velamati M., 2009, 'End(uring) of Militancy in Sri Lanka: The Rudiments of Striking Back', Society for the Study of Peace and Conflict (SSPC), Article No. 161, New Dehli, India Size: pages ()
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Why do 'disappearances' and abductions in Sri Lanka remain an unpunished crime? How can these 'disappearances' be stopped and justice be given to the victims? This report from Human Rights Watch examines the situation of disappearances and abductions in Sri Lanka and the lack of justice for the victims and their relatives, and the response of the government. The report concludes that the government has failed to make any effort to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators. Finally, specific recommendations are listed for the government, the LTTE and the donor community as to what they should do to bring justice and end these 'disappearances'.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: Human Rights Watch, 2009, 'Recurring Nightmare: State Responsibility for "Disappearances" and Abductions in Sri Lanka', Human Rights Watch, New York, Volume 20, No. 2(C) Size: 241 pages (14.3MB)
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What progress has there been in advancing cooperation in non-traditional security in South East Asia? This East Asian Strategic Review examines recent political and military developments in the region. It finds that while the military junta still prevails in Myanmar, it has recently accepted international aid. The area's regional forum, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is broadening its focus. However, terrorism remains a substantial threat within the region.

Author: National Institute for Defense Studies Source: National Institute for Defense Studies, 2009, 'Southeast Asia - Progress in Cooperation on Non-traditional Security', East Asian Strategic Review, Tokyo: pp. 153-179 Size: 29 pages (126 kB)
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Zimbabwe's new inclusive government, formed in 2008, provides an opportunity to consider provision of fundamental reforms of security and justice services to the people of Zimbabwe. This Institute for Security Studies paper examines Zimbabwe's need for security sector reform (SSR) and recommends measures by which to construct an effective security sector. The will to achieve widespread democratic reform does not currently exist in Zimbabwe; long-term, comprehensive SSR will occur only when it becomes politically necessary.

Author: Cheryl Hendricks | Lauren Hutton Source: Hendricks C., Hutton L., 2009, 'Providing security and justice for the people: Security Sector Reform in Zimbabwe', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): ISS Paper 199 Size: 16 pages (432 kB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) has become dominated by donor approaches and perspectives and the increasing ability of local actors to secure SSR funding for their own ends. This Institute for Security Studies paper analyses SSR within an African context and underscores the need to translate SSR principles into effective reform of security service provision. In order to align SSR with the current exercise of power in Africa, programming should focus on state-centred reform of the military, police, intelligence, paramilitary and non-statutory forces.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton L., 2009, 'A bridge too far? Considering security sector reform in Africa', Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (Pretoria): Occasional Paper 186 Size: 12 pages (244 kB)
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What can theories of state formation contribute to approaches to security sector reform (SSR) and state-building? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines SSR using theories of the state and state formation within an historical-philosophical perspective. It cautions against having too high expectations of the ability of SSR to create states that are both stable and democratic and accountable. Instead we should carefully determine what level of ambition is realistic for each specific project depending on local circumstances.

Author: Robert Egnell | Peter Haldén Source: Egnell, R., Haldén P., 2009, 'Laudable, ahistorical and overambitious: security sector reform meets state formation theory', Conflict, Security and Development, Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 27-54 Size: 28 pages ()
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What role should security sector reform play in Zimbabwe's renaissance? This paper, published by the Royal United Services Institute in September 2009, argues that security sector reform (SSR) must be a fundamental component in Zimbabwe's stabilisation and reconstruction, and suggests ways to achieve this. Zimbabwe's economy has revived since the establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009. However, developments in the security sector will dictate whether the nation's recovery is durable or temporary.

Author: Knox Chitiyo Source: Chitiyo K., 2009, 'Making the case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe', Occasional Paper, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), London, United Kingdom Size: 61 pages (1.5 MB)
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How does development cooperation contribute to peacebuilding? This chapter from the Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution examines connections between conflict, security, peace and development. It summarises: (a) research debates about the causes of armed conflict; (b) discourse in the development community on conflict and peace and (c) the influence of these debates and discourses on development cooperation in conflict-affected contexts. Development policies should be an integral part of the peacebuilding agenda. But transfer from research to policy has largely ignored the complexity of development in conflict situations and the contribution of development to peacebuilding.

Author: Thania Paffenholz Source: Paffenholz, T., 2009, 'Understanding the Conflict-Development Nexus and the Contribution of Development Cooperation to Peacebuilding', in Handbook of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, eds., D. J. D. Sandole, S. Byrne, I. Sandole-Staroste, and J. Senehi, Routledge, Oxon and New York, pp. 272-285 Size: 12 pages (4.1 MB)
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How can the religious texts, values and beliefs used to incite conflict be harnessed to promote peace-building and reconciliation? What contributions can faith-based actors make to conflict resolution? This chapter from the SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution examines the ways in which religion can be used to inspire both war and peace. The revival of religiously motivated conflicts, and the increasing involvement of religious actors in resolving them, requires understanding of their dynamics.

Author: S. A. Kadayifci-Orellana Source: Kadayifci-Orellana, S. A., 2009, 'Ethno-Religious Conflicts: Exploring the Role of Religion in Conflict Resolution', in The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, eds., J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I. W. Zartman, SAGE, London, pp. 264-280 Size: 18 pages ()
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What is next for the UK having re-committed themselves to the security-justice agenda? What issues must be considered if success is to be achieved? This article suggests what these issues might be and how best they can be approached. The article firstly provides a brief background to the UK's commitment to the security-justice agenda and development, followed by key recommendations: the need for conceptual clarity; revamping the international influence campaign; and professionalising the business.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Security & Justice Development - What Next?', Journal of Security Sector Management, Shrivenham UK Size: 5 pages (90.63KB)
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Too few conflict resolution negotiations address the natural resource issues that are often among the reasons for the conflict. This paper recommends giving greater attention to economic dimensions of conflicts and suggests how mediators might address this issue. Recommended actions include avoiding vested interests when choosing mediators and carefully mapping warring parties' economic agendas and alliances.

Author: Mike Davis Source: Davis, M., 2009, 'Why Should Mediators Consider the Economic Dimensions of Conflicts?', Background Paper, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 12 pages (195 KB)
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Despite renewed demands for diplomacy and negotiation, recent developments in many countries call to question the usefulness of dialogue in resolving some of today's conflicts. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses the 2009 Oslo Mediators' Retreat, which explored how mediation and diplomacy can adapt to the ever-changing environment of conflict resolution. Serious debate is needed to establish basic criteria on when it is appropriate to use which conflict resolution tools, including when it is legitimate to use force.

Author: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Source: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2009, 'Meeting Report: Oslo Forum 2009 Mediators' Retreat - Reasserting Diplomacy and Mediation in a Fragmented World', 16-18 June 2009, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 40 pages (350 KB)
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A number of phases in election processes provide entry points that allow for interventions to resolve, mitigate or obviate election-related conflicts. This paper, published by The Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, discusses election-related conflicts in Africa and recommends mechanisms that could enhance election mediation efforts. The African Union should reinforce the role and deployment of "Councils of the Wise" as a tool of preventive diplomacy in elections on the continent.

Author: Chris Fomunyoh Source: Fomunyoh C., 2009, 'Mediating election-related conflicts', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (264 kB)
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The contemporary struggle to significantly address violence and insecurity highlights the existence of a double crisis in the system of nation-states and in global development. This Third World Quarterly paper, the introduction to the publication's 30th anniversary issue, examines the contemporary crisis of both the nation-state system and global development. Despite the evident weaknesses of the state-centric model, state intervention is still necessary in order to successfully realise globalisation.

Author: Mark Berger | Heloise Weber Source: Berger M., Weber H., 2009, 'War, Peace and Progress: Conflict, Development, (In)security and Violence in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 1 - 16 Size: 17 pages (173 kB)
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What constitutes a fragile state? What has caused Haiti to become one? What analytical framework should be used to end the immiseration of fragile states? This article by Kamil Shah investigates the discourse surrounding fragile states in relation to the security-development nexus. Through an alternative relational interpretation of Haitian social and political formations, the author examines the case of Haiti as a fragile state. The author concludes that the examination of fragile states must be carried out in a context which recognises the impact of world history rather than focusing on a historical research methods.

Author: Kamil Shah Source: Shah K., 2009, 'The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security-Development Nexus in Haiti ', Third World Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, pp 17-34 Size: 19 pages (186 KB)
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What is the purpose of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI)? Is it a technocratic exercise in statebuilding and capacity development by outsiders, or should it be seen as a political project to promote regional stability and dialogue? This Third World Quarterly paper critically examines the nature of RAMSI by focusing on the ways in which political power is (re)produced. Providing a detailed background of the project and why it has been seen as model for statebuilding, the article then critically analyses RAMSI as a political project for state transformation. The conclusion is that state transformation in the Solomon Islands is limited.

Author: Shahar Hameiri Source: Hameiri S., 2009, 'State Building or Crisis Management? A Critical Analysis of the Social and Political Implications of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 35 - 52 Size: 19 pages ()
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Why has armed conflict come to be viewed as the great tool of social, political and economic development? Could it be wrong to bring about desired developments of democracy by force of arms? This Third World Quarterly article examines the association between theories of violence as a tool of development, and practical efforts to develop policies based on such theoretical arguments. The article firstly offers an analysis of violence and development in theory and practice. Secondly, it outlines and discusses the dark realities of war. The article concludes that the theory of pursuing broad political, social and economic development by violent means is reckless.

Author: John Arquilla Source: Arquilla J., 2009, 'Realities of War: Global Development, Growing Destructiveness and the Coming of a New Dark Age?', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 69 - 80 Size: 13 pages ()
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Where do warlord regimes emerge from, what are their actions and the impact of their existence on politics? What is the general nature of warlord politics? This article offers an initial framework for future theory of warlord politics using a simple game-theoretic approach. Through case-studies and empirical research, clear explanations as to the strategic decision of warlords are offered. These decisions affect their actions and their opportunities to form coalitions.

Author: Gordon Mccormick | Lindsay Fritz Source: Mccormick G., Fritz L., 2009, 'The Logic of Warlord Politics', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 81 - 112 Size: 33 pages ()
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What is an autochthony discourse? Why is this discourse a popular explanation for current global political conflicts? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the use of autochthony discourse is an attractive way to respond to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. It examines why these autochthony discourses are commonly associated with violence. The article firstly investigates the reasons why the current postmodern/postcolonial condition is characterised by an increasing degree of ontological uncertainty. It then follows with an analysis as to why autochthony discourses are often linked to violence.

Author: Kevin Dunn Source: Dunn K., 2009, ''Sons of the Soil' and Contemporary State Making: Autochthony, Uncertainty and Political Violence in Africa', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 113 - 127 Size: 16 pages ()
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What are the socio-economic and ecological effects of mass-production in the South for the purpose of matching mass-consumption in the North? This Third World Quarterly article examines the two levels of the process of displacement, which in the current global capitalist order inherently displaces insecurity onto marginalised populations in order to reproduce the social conditions for accumulation at a global level. This illustrates the current crisis as a momentary violation with an existing rational social order, the discourse of security seeks to normalise the global status quo and justify a sequence of actions to securitise it.

Author: Marcus Taylor Source: Taylor M., 2009, 'Displacing Insecurity in a Divided World: Global Security, International Development and the Endless Accumulation of Capital', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 147 - 162 Size: 17 pages ()
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What kind of citizen is formed under President Alvaro Uribe's democratic security policy? What political space is given to citizens? This Third World Quarterly article investigates the premises of citizenship when implemented under the double logic of democracy and security. The issue is analysed through the ideas of Ardent and Foucault, concluding that tensions between security and democracy in Columbia are resolved with a bias towards the security rather than the democracy side of the equation.

Author: Cristina Rojas Source: 2009, 'Securing the State and Developing Social Insecurities: the Securitisation of Citizenship in Contemporary Colombia', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 227 - 245 Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the Third Worldism project? What was its impact upon world politics? This Third World Quarterly article analyses the political merits and highlights the limitations of the Third Worldism project. The article first provides a brief historical explanation of the origins of the Third Worldism project and its key elements as well as some of its underlying assumptions. This is followed by the development of a string of arguments which illustrate the main contradictions of the Third Worldism project which rendered its practical application problematic and contradictory at times. The article concludes with a word of hope by challenging the need for an alternative method to achieve development by recognising the interconnectivity between the wider social and political relations and national development.

Author: Heloise Weber | Mark Berger Source: Weber H., Berger M., 2009, 'Human (In)Security and Development in the 21st Century', Third World Quarterly, London: Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp 263 - 270 Size: 9 pages ()
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Ten years after the end of the second Congo war, violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) persists and armed groups operate with impunity. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper examines key lessons learned from recent mediation efforts and current challenges to durable peace in DRC. There is an urgent need to address the issue of long-term international and regional engagement and create a comprehensive political framework for building a sustainable peace currently lacking in DRC.

Author: Tatiana Carayannis Source: Carayannis T., 2009, 'The challenge of building sustainable peace in the DRC', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages ()
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Africa has produced many able mediators in the past fifty years; it is time to refine, improve and assert this homegrown peacemaking capacity. This paper, published by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, reports on the African Mediators' Retreat 2009, held to assess mediation efforts in various African states. Future discussions of the role of African mediators should address whether crisis response mediation undermines longer-term mediation objectives of social transformation and durable peace.

Author: HD Centre Source: Centre H., 2009, 'Meeting Report - African Mediators' Retreat 2009', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 34 pages (564 kB)
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Unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance presents immediate and long-term personal and economic threats to people and societies and deserves the attention of peace processes. This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue paper discusses explosive ordnance issues, their treatment in peace agreements to date and how to include them in future peace processes. Negotiators have a range of legal instruments and negotiating approaches at their disposal for use in future peace processes negotiations.

Author: Emile LeBrun | Suzanne Damman Source: LeBrun E., Damman S., 2009, 'Addressing explosive ordnance in peace processes', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 30 pages (796 kB)
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As chief mediator in the violent aftermath of Kenya's 2007 presidential election, Kofi Annan's authority, background and personality contributed greatly to a successful mediation. This paper is a record of an interview conducted with Annan on the Kenyan mediation process.

Author: Kofi Annan | Martin Griffiths Source: Annan, K., and Griffiths, M., 2009, 'The Prisoner of Peace - An Interview with Kofi A. Annan', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 20 pages (320 KB)
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Security agendas worldwide are experiencing a trend away from traditional conflict between or among states to non-traditional threats such as intrastate conflict and terrorism. This paper, from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reports on the proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum held in 2009. Coping with future security challenges requires reinforcement of international governance at both global and regional levels and increased coordination among defence, diplomacy and development actors.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: A.H., Felberbauer E.M., 2009, 'Coping with Global Change - Proceedings of the 8th International Security Forum', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 193 pages (515 kB)
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Recent (US) and European Union (EU) security sector assistance in Palestine, Lebanon and Yemen has focused on counterterrorism at the expense of building democratically accountable security institutions. This Carnegie Endowment for International Peace paper reviews and evaluates the political and operational effects of the US/EU security sector reform (SSR) approach in these countries. Pursuing counterterrorism in the absence of rule of law perpetuates undemocratic governance of the security sector and undermines statebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh Y., 2009, '"Fixing Broken Windows": Security Sector Reform in Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Carnegie Paper No.17. Size: 36 pages (253 kB)
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How can donor interventions hinder or assist statebuilding processes? This report from the OECD's Development Assistance Committee draws on country case-studies to examine five key areas of statebuilding. Donors operating in fragile states need to analyse where their own countries' strategic objectives contradict statebuilding objectives and where statebuilding objectives are themselves at odds. Donors can assist statebuilding by promoting: (1) inclusive political processes; (2) state legitimacy; (3) constructive state-society relations; (4) social expectations that are realistic but push states to do more; and (5) the development of sustainable capacities to carry out state functions.

Author: OECD DAC Source: OECD DAC, 2009, 'Do No Harm: International Support for Statebuilding', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 197 pages (2 MB)
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What are the components of the national Afghan forces? What are the US and NATO doing to improve the Afghan national forces and with what aim? This Council on Foreign Relations article discusses this issue and provides some answers to these questions. The article firstly provides a background to the mission of the US military and NATO in Afghanistan. It follows with a breakdown of each security component and its current state of effectiveness. Finally, key issues are highlighted that are affecting the success of US military and NATO missions

Author: Greg Bruno Source: Bruno G., 2009, 'Afghanistan's National Security Forces', Council on Foreign Relations Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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What is the current situation of key human rights issues in Afghanistan? This annual report by Amnesty International discusses the failures of the government to maintain the rule of law and to provide basic services to millions of people even in areas under its control. There has been little progress towards improving human rights. The report provides a detailed outline of key issues Afghanistan faces ranging from reforms of the judicial and security systems to the provision of basic human rights and services to Afghan citizens.

Author: Amnesty International Source: Amnesty International, 2009, 'Amnesty International Report 2009: Afghanistan', Amnesty International Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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Since 2003, the UK has been involved in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq that have involved large elements of counter-insurgency (COIN). This article, published in the Royal United Services Institute Journal, explores the question of reform and adaptation for COIN by the British Government. It criticises the lack of coordination between government departments and Whitehall's failure to develop institutional memory. It argues for a change of culture within government and presses the need to work with other organisations such as the private sector and the media.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell A., 2009, 'Adapting Government for Stabilisation and Counter-Insurgency Operations', RUSI Journal, vol.154, no.6, pp.8-13, London Size: 6 pages (1 MB)
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The future of Nepal depends on building a peaceful, democratic state that can overcome the recent conflict and provide a stable environment for economic and social development. Yet there is little consensus about what shape reform should take. This publication from the Nepal Institute for Policy Studies, supported by Saferworld, brings together eight papers by security analysts. It explains the background to the concept of security sector reform (SSR) and looks at what SSR means for Nepal. It considers the key security challenges facing the country and how SSR programmes might address them.

Author: Rajan Bhattarai (ed.) | Rosy Cave (ed.) Source: Bhattara R., Cave R. (eds.), 2009, 'Changing Security Dynamics in Nepal', Saferworld and Nepal Institute for Policy Studies Size: 226 pages (908 kB)
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Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Africa is generating appropriate global concern. How is it being implemented? Is it leading to development and good governance? Is it sustainable and does it safeguard democracy? This article, by African Law Publishing, Nigeria, analyses SSR in Africa. It offers a variety of definitions of SSR and the security sector. It notes successful cases of SSR in Africa and highlights countries where effective SSR is gravely needed. It advocates enshrining provisions on SSR in both constitutions and law.

Author: Samuel Amaechi Ojeah Source: Ojeah S.A., 2009, 'African Security Reforms and Law', African Law Publishing Co., Lagos Size: 58 pages (696 kB)
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What is the nature of state legitimacy in fragile situations? How can legitimacy be fostered in such situations? This report was commissioned by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation and the French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. It suggests that legitimacy concerns the very basis for how state and society are linked and by which the state's authority is justified. Interventions in fragile situations must therefore focus on relations between state and society and must be adapted to context. Neither the same type of legitimacy nor the same type of (end-) state can be established everywhere.

Author: Séverine Bellina | Dominique Darbon Source: Bellina S., Darbon D., Eriksen S. S., Sending O. J., 2009, 'The Legitimacy of the State in Fragile Situations', Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), Oslo Size: 48 pages (2.3 MB)
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The impact of violent conflict on a country's society, economy and political governance is devastating and encompassing. The effects can be tangible and visible, including killed and injured civilians, destroyed or derelict bridges and wells, and damaged or inadequate health care and education facilities. They can also be intangible, such as the collapse of state institutions, mistrust in government, the disruption of social cohesion, psychological trauma and pervasive fear. These impacts can be long lasting, hindering the peaceful development of societies. An understanding of the causes and dynamics of violent conflict and the careful design of conflict prevention, conflict management and peacebuilding activities are essential to avoid violence in the first place, or to alleviate its harmful outcomes. This extensive topic guide provides an overview of key topics ranging from the causes, dynamics and impacts of conflict to options for interventions to prevent, manage and respond to conflict.

Author: Huma Haider Source: Haider, H., 2009, 'Topic Guide on Conflict', Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), Birmingham UK Size: 157 pages (1 MB)
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When states are unable to provide adequate security, provision often comes instead from local non-state bodies, private security companies and criminal groups. This paper examines the current status of state and non-state/local justice and security networks in fragile states. Donors can improve security and justice delivery by strengthening both state and non-state security providers, and fostering legislation that clarifies the state/non-state relationship.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2009, 'State-Provided Service, Contracting Out, and Non-State Networks: Justice and Security as Public and Private Goods and Services', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris Size: 36 pages (635 KB)
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For security sector reform (SSR) to succeed in Afghanistan, a holistic approach is needed that includes good governance, law enforcement and economic development. This paper evaluates and analyses the institutional limitations and weaknesses of the police and judicial sectors in Afghanistan. Unless SSR is instituted at the highest justice levels in Afghanistan, local judicial reform and anti-corruption measures will not succeed.

Author: Sharif Azami Source: Azami, S., 2009, 'The Need for Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan to Curb Corruption', Peace and Conflict Monitor, Costa Rica Size: 8 pages (HTML)
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Gender roles play a central role in East Timor's security sector reform (SSR) and have the potential to increase or undermine security sector professionalism. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews recent security sector developments in East Timor and assesses its SSR from a gender perspective. Comprehensive gender-sensitive SSR processes, including increased recruitment of and equal opportunities for women in security forces, are necessary to provide security for the entire population.

Author: Henri Myrttinen Source: Myrttinen H., 2009, 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva Switzerland Size: 43 pages (324 kB)
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What lessons can be learned from the process of democratising Nepal's security sector and what are the challenges ahead? This edited volume examines the Nepali security sector in relation to: the legislature-parliament; the executive; security providers; security-related actors; and civil society and the media. It argues that security sector reform should be based on a holistic approach that incorporates all relevant security structures, institutions and actors. Security sector transformation (SST) is an important element of democratisation, peace-building, institutional reform and political legitimacy.

Author: Bishnu Sapkota Source: Sapkota B., (Ed.), 2009, 'The Nepali Security Sector: An Almanac', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 363 pages (2 MB)
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How were the challenges of intelligence reform managed in Ghana's broader security sector reform process? This chapter finds that Ghana's intelligence reform was the result of an incremental, deliberate process of institution-building, personnel development and appropriate legislation. Ghana's security transformation was driven by political, economic and security conditions between 1981 and 2000, when a combination of donor pressure and local democracy advocacy groups created an enabling environment for reform. While a lack of clear policy guidelines for the security services has hindered the implementation of oversight, demand for parliamentary and civil society oversight of intelligence agencies has become part of public debate in Ghana.

Author: Johnny Kwadjo Source: Kwadjo, J., 2009, 'Changing the Intelligence Dynamics in Africa: The Ghana Experience', in Changing Intelligence Dynamics in Africa, eds. S. Africa and J. Kwadjo, GFN-SSR and ASSN, Birmingham, UK, pp. 95-124 Size: 29 pages (667 kB)
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What are the key challenges and opportunities for security sector reform (SSR) in difficult contexts? This chapter compares SSR in the Central African Republic (CAR), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Georgia, Morocco, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste. It finds a significant gap between the theory and practice of SSR. A practical approach is needed that gives greater attention to accountability, gender-mainstreaming, change management and political factors. Reform will only be successful if linked to specific problems that are considered urgent by political leaders and stakeholders.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments: Insights from Comparative Analysis', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, LIT, Münster, pp241-266 Size: 26 pages (188 KB)
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What are the links between politics and security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)? This chapter argues that SSR should be understood as a political process, rather than as a purely technical issue. Obstacles to reform include the absence of effective oversight mechanisms and donor fragmentation. SSR efforts (encompassing the army, police, military, and civil and criminal justice) need to be scaled up in the DRC to foster long-term peace and security.

Author: Caty Clément Source: Clément, C., 2009, 'Security Sector Reform in the DRC: Forward to the Past', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp89-117 Size: 29 pages (220 KB)
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What is the impact of the wider political process on security sector reform (SSR) in Georgia? This chapter analyses how and why SSR has taken place in Georgia, the context in which it operates and key lessons learned. It argues that SSR is inextricably linked to broader national and international political processes. International best practice fails to consider the narrow windows of opportunity for SSR in challenging environments. Quicker, more flexible approaches may be needed, although their long-term results may be questionable. Local ownership is critical to long-term, sustainable reform.

Author: Duncan Hiscock Source: Hiscock D., 2009, 'Impatient Reformers and Reignited Conflicts: The Case of Georgia', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, Germany, pp119-140 Size: 22 pages (188 KB)
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How has the changing political role of Indonesian National Army (TNI) impacted the military's ability to deal with domestic conflict? This paper examines the impact of the recent reduction of the TNI's role in politics on its ability to handle ethnic identity problems and violent conflicts. While the TNI has undergone reform since the late 1990s, it still claims a role as a social and political force. TNI presence and influence in politics remains fluid: inadequate state funding of the military and ongoing democratic consolidation issues could provide the army with incentives to force its way back into politics.

Author: Ikrar Nusa Bhakti | Sri Yanuarti Source: Bhakti, I. N., Yanuarti, S., Nurhasim, M., 2009, 'Military Politics, Ethnicity and Conflict in Indonesia', CRISE Working Paper No. 62, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE) Size: 37 pages (319 kB)
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What security challenges face South Asian states, and how can security sector governance (SSG) be improved to facilitate effective responses? What is the potential for security cooperation in the region? The principal security challenges to all states in South Asia are terrorism and insurgency. In terms of SSG, it is important to increase transparency and accountability. South Asia's governments need to share knowledge of SSG procedures and lessons learnt. Promising areas for regional cooperation are counter-terrorism and security coordination.

Author: Dipankar Banerjee Source: Banerjee, D., 2009, 'Security Sector Governance in South Asia: An Introduction', South Asian Survey, vol. 16, no. 2, pp171-185 Size: 15 pages (200 kB)
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What can be learned from previous security and defence operations? This chapter describes the EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM). This was the first European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) operation and is still ongoing. The EUPM has helped transform the Bosnian police into a professional service and made progress in bringing institutions and practices into line with European norms. But shortcomings in law enforcement remain, including the high politics of police restructuring and the fight against organised crime and corruption.

Author: Michael Merlingen Source: Merlingen, M., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUPM)', in Ten Years of European Security and Defense Policy, eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly, and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp161-172 Size: 10 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful has European Union (EU) support to the Macedonian Police been? This chapter analyses experiences between 2003 and 2006 from the EU Police Mission to Macedonia (Proxima) and its successor, the EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT). The programmes were launched in the context of a fragile peace, and focused on organised crime, ethnic minority issues, and institutional reform. Both Proxima and EUPAT faced coordination challenges both within the EU and externally with other international actors. Crisis management, institution building, and the transition between them should be part of a single overarching strategic vision on EU peacebuilding.

Author: Dr Isabelle Ioannides Source: Ioannides, I., 2009, 'The EU Police Mission (EUPOL Proxima) and the European Union Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp187-199 Size: 12 pages (3.3 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2004-2005 rule-of-law mission in Georgia? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's (ESDP) first rule-of-law mission. EUJUST Themis aimed to help the government to develop an overarching criminal justice reform strategy based on local ownership. Political support from the Georgian post-revolutionary government was volatile, however. In the end, EUJUST technical experts drafed the strategy and the President adopted it by Decree in July 2005. While ESDP flexibility proved a strength, the EU Council needs to ensure that ESDP has sufficient authority to apply leverage for reform.

Author: Xymena Kurowska Source: Kurowska, X., 2009, 'The Rule-of-Law Mission in Georgia (EUJUST Themis)', in in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp201-209 Size: 8 pages (3.3 MB)
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Ten years after its launch in 1999, what are the next steps for European Security and Defence? This chapter concludes 'European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years'. The ESDP has helped generate an original, comprehensive approach to crisis management and has set in place some of the tools to implement it. In some cases, however, the gap between the discourse and practice of ESDP has been significant, and there remain challenges to its sustainable development. A comprehensive approach across different actors and the resilience of political and material commitment are important.

Author: Giovanni Grevi | Damien Helly Source: Grevi G., Helly, D. and Keohane, D., 2009, 'Conclusion: The Next Steps for ESDP', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp403-412 Size: 9 pages (3.31 MB)
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How successful was the European Union's 2005 Integrated Rule-of-Law mission in Iraq? This chapter analyses the experience of the European Security and Defence Policy's EUJUST LEX Mission. EUJUST LEX was established to provide training to high- and mid-level officials in management and criminal investigation. Launched in the midst of political controversy, it has proved a useful but limited training intervention. The network of training providers across Europe that has been developed could be used to support other interventions. However, out-of-country training needs to be tied much more closely to in-country activities and to national training and development strategies.

Author: Daniel Korski Source: Korski, D., 2009, 'The Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (EUJUST LEX)', in European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999-2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly and D. Keohane, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris, pp231-241 Size: 10 pages (3.3 MB)
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How ready and able is the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to implement the Security Sector Governance (SSG) component of its Conflict Prevention Framework (ECPF)? Problems with implementing the ECPF have arisen from a lack of coherence and coordination within ECOWAS, between ECOWAS and the member states, and with donor partners. ECOWAS can still lead the implementation of the ECPF's SSG component, however. The ECOWAS Commission should develop a coherent SSG framework to help address the problems of poor coherence and coordination. Further, the ECOWAS parliament can play a more direct role in regional peacekeeping and developing civilian oversight of SSR in member states.

Author: Jimam T. Lar Source: Lar, J. T., 2009, 'The ECOWAS SSR Agenda in West Africa: Looking Beyond Normative Frameworks', KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 24, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra Size: 18 pages (455 kB)
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Despite nearly $10 billion in international police assistance, the Afghan police are riddled with corruption and incompetence. This report reviews past failures and current challenges facing the international police assistance programme in Afghanistan. The US strategy for the Afghan police is to increase numbers, enlarge the 'train and equip' programme, and engage the police against the Taliban. This approach has not worked in the past, however. The role of the police is in controlling crime, protecting Afghan citizens, and increasing the legitimacy of the Afghan government. International police assistance should expand as part of a comprehensive programme for security sector reform and the rule of law.

Author: Robert M. Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2009, 'Afghanistan's Police: The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform', USIP Special Report, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D. C. Size: 16 pages (623 KB)
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How should police oversight be established in Liberia? This study analyses the range of potential oversight mechanisms, examples from other African countries, and Liberia's situation. It recommends a government-chaired, mixed-membership, multi-tiered system with a broad mandate for enhancing police professionalism and assuring the public. This system should be clear, relatively simple, manageable, and comprehensible to the Liberian people. First, a high-level policy body and a subordinate investigative body should be established, followed in the longer-term by local police forums.

Author: David C. Gompert | Robert C. Davis Source: Gompert, D. C., Davis, R. C. and Lawson, B. S., 2009, 'Oversight of the Liberian National Police', RAND Corporation, Santa Monica Size: 38 pages (221 kB)
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How is India reforming its security sector and what are the challenges facing security sector reform (SSR) in the country? There is no comprehensive single SSR process in India, but reforms are underway in all key security sectors. These reforms have their root in developments after India's nuclear tests in 1998. They are self-driven, reactive, and piecemeal. Integrated, comprehensive SSR based on a national strategic planning process is needed or the full benefits of reform will be lost.

Author: A. Mallika Joseph Source: Joseph A.M., 2009, 'Leading Ahead, Yet Far Behind: Governance of the Security Sector in India', South Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 231-251 Size: 20 pages (140 kB)
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Why is Security Sector Reform (SSR) so critical for Pakistan? What are its SSR challenges how can these be addressed? Pakistan has suffered recurrent political upheavals and security threats that have undermined attempts to build strong democratic institutions. SSR efforts have been hindered by poor governance, by a lack of governance reform and accountability and by civilian regimes' appeasement of the military. The unprecedented security pressures Pakistan now faces necessitate a more modern and broader approach to security sector governance. Political and economic stability needs to be established by developing and implementing an effective internal security strategy. This should involve ensuring the stringent accountability of Pakistan's intelligence services and police force and changing their image.

Author: Salma Malik Source: Malik, S., 2009, 'Security Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Challenges, Remedies and Future Prospects', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp. 273-289 Size: 18 pages (132 kB)
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This chapter analyses Sri Lanka's security sector and the conflict's consequences for the security apparatus. It discusses security sector governance and highlights challenges and entry points for SSR. An attempt at holistic SSR in Sri Lanka in 2003 failed as a result of internal political rivalries and the politicisation of certain elements within the media. Operational reforms have since been undertaken, but have masked a crisis of accountability and left security sector governance problems unaddressed. These must be tackled if there is to be any realistic chance of an SSR-directed national security debate in a political environment where foreign views and interventions are unwelcome.

Author: Eleanor Pavey | Chris Smith Source: Pavey E. and Smith C., 2009, 'Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', in Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments, eds. H. Born and A. Schnabel, Lit Verlag, Munster, pp. 189-210 Size: 23 pages (147 kB)
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Sri Lanka's security sector is geared towards violence and offers stiff resistance to reform. Bodies set up to implement SSR have been afflicted by political interference, lack of powers and resources, and lack of seriousness about the reform process. Wide-ranging reforms of the Constitution, an active civil society, and continued external support are needed to achieve sustained SSR in Sri Lanka.

Author: Rosy Cave | N Manoharan Source: Cave, R. and Manoharan, N., 2009, 'Resistance to Reform; Submission to Status Quo: Security Sector Reform in Sri Lanka', South Asian Survey, vol.16, no.2, pp.291-314 Size: 24 pages (162 kB)
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Is the current financing model for Afghanistan's security sector appropriate? How does it affect incentives around the reform process? This Overseas Development Institute (ODI) paper finds that the current model falls short of good aid effectiveness practice. It implies that donors are perpetuating high levels of aid dependence, not setting strong incentives for institutional reforms and generating fiscal risks for the state. This weakens the state further, increases insecurity and damages the scope for genuine state building.

Author: Manu Manthri Source: Manthri, M., 2008, 'Security Sector Financing and Fiscal Sustainability in Afghanistan', Strategic Policy Impact and Research Unit Working Paper, no. 20, Overseas Development Institute, London Size: 76 pages (857 KB)
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What are the links between war, violence and individual political participation? This Center for Global Development paper presents evidence from northern Uganda which finds increased political participation among former combatants and victims. It concludes that the principle determinant of this increased political participation appears to be war violence experienced. Meanwhile, abduction and violence do not appear to affect non-political types of community participation.

Author: Christopher Blattman Source: Blattman, C., 2008, 'From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda', Working Paper no. 138, Center for Global Development, Washington D.C. Size: 45 pages (365 KB)
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What is the right balance between the size of the security sector required in weak and fragile states and the fiscal sustainability of the sector? How can security and development institutions achieve an effective balance between these considerations? This paper from the Center for International Cooperation and the Political Economy Research Institute outlines a "right-financing" approach to security sector reform (SSR). It argues that right-financing the security sector is a necessity if sustainable solutions for the problems of statebuilding are to be found.

Author: Peter Middlebrook | Gordon Peake Source: Middlebrook, P. and Peake, G., 2008, 'Right-financing Security Sector Reform', Center on International Cooperation and Political Economy Research Institute, USA Size: 16 pages (515 kB)
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In 2006 the police and army in Timor-Leste fought each other in the streets in a crisis that left both institutions in ruins. This report from the International Crisis Group analyses the challenges of reforming Timor-Leste's security institutions, focusing on the army and the police. To reform the security sector successfully, Timor-Leste's government must ensure an inclusive process by consulting widely and resisting the temptation to take autocratic decisions. Unless there is a non-partisan commitment to the reform process, structural problems are likely to remain unresolved and the security forces politicised and volatile.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform', International Crisis Group, Asia Report No 143, Brussels, Belgium Size: 32 pages (354 kB)
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Why is gender important to security sector reform (SSR)? How can gender issues be integrated into SSR? This guide from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW) provides an introduction to SSR and gender issues. The integration of gender issues into SSR processes is crucial in enhancing operational effectiveness, establishing local ownership and strengthening oversight of the security sector. The integration of gender issues into SSR will face different challenges and opportunities based on the specific context in which SSR takes place.

Author: Kristin Valasek Source: Valasek, K., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and Gender', in Gender & Security Sector Reform Toolkit, DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN-INSTRAW. Size: 35 pages (863 kB)
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What is known about the security sector in Central Asia? This report examines and compares the currently available defence and security sector relevant documents of the Central Asian States (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan). As there is no basis for a current Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) approach in terms of defence and security sector reform, each country will first have to engage in further domestic security and defence reforms before a common strategy or concept may be developed.

Author: Philipp Fluri | Martin Malek Source: Fluri, P. and Malek. M. (Eds.) (2008). 'Defence and Security Sector Transition in Central Asia', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF with the support of the Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport/General Staff Size: 190 pages (832kb)
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Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Saferworld | Claire Hickson Source: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), 2008, 'Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya', Saferworld, London. Size: 32 pages (1.02 MB)
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The Tswalu Protocol recognises the ad hoc nature of international responses to armed conflict and state failure. This Brenthurst Foundation and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) publication, instead of simply calling for more coordination, offers a set of principles and guidelines that future peacebuilders can use to help offset the inherent limitations of any multilateral operation.

Author: Greg Mills Source: Mills, G. et al, 2008, 'The Tswalu Protocol: Principles and Guidelines for Peace-Building Missions', The Brenthurst Foundation and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida). Size: 9 pages (63 kB)
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Kyrgyzstan's judiciary is biased in its arbitration of political and economic disputes. This research from International Crisis Group suggests that if the judiciary is to become an independent branch of government and gain public trust it needs to reform. Reform is essential for a pluralistic and stable political system in the long term. Reform would also reduce corruption and encourage development. Unless the government allows greater self-governance for lawyers and independence for judges, no amount of training will create an effective system.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Kyrgyzstan: The Challenge of Judicial Reform', Asia Report N°150, 10 April 2008, Brussels Size: 30 pages (614 kB)
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What lessons can be drawn from Liberia's attempt to implement an integrated peace process? This Institute for Security Studies paper examines the efforts of the Government of Liberia and the UN to craft strategic policy and programming responses with conflict and peacebuilding in mind. It argues that peacebuilding is an undoubtedly messy process and agents have to settle for 'partially coherent' solutions.

Author: Dr Erin McCandless Source: McCandless, E., 2008, 'Lessons from Liberia - Integrated approaches to peacebuilding in transitional settings', ISS Paper 161, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (327 kB)
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How can civilians be protected after conflict? What challenges does Protection of Civilians (PoC) pose? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs focuses on the roles of different institutions in the security sector. While there is a new awareness of protection issues in the international community, good intentions have not always led to the security and peace desired. There is a critical need for more research on providing effective protection.

Author: Andreas Vogt | Benjamin de Carvalho Source: Vogt, A, de Carvalho, B, Hojem, P, Glad, M, 2008 'The Protection of Civilians and the post-conflict security sector - A conceptual and historical overview', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, NUPI Report, Security in Practice no. 8 A Publication in the NUPI Series on Security in Practice Size: 2 pages (40.5kB)
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What role will the EU play in Kosovo's security sector reform (SSR)? What challenges does the EU-led presence face? This paper from the European Security Review takes Kosovo as a test case for the EU in striving for a comprehensive approach to SSR. A complex history and political background, ethnic divides and widespread corruption all pose challenges. In learning from experience and continuing present efforts, the EU must take up its responsibilities as a global actor in crisis management.

Author: Sophie Dagand Source: Dagand, S., 2008, 'The Prospects for a Future Kosovo: The Role of Security Sector Reform', European Security Review no.38, ISIS-Europe, Brussels Size: 2 pages (40kB)
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How can Liberians, following an extended period of civil war, regain effective oversight of their elected representatives and avoid further violent conflict? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) report argues that such an outcome can only derive from the rule of law. It is essential that legislators and other stakeholders are aware of the legal framework for security provision and governance in Liberia. This compendium provides a comprehensive list of the existing security legislation.

Author: Thomas Jaye | DCAF Source: Jaye, T., 2008, 'Liberia's Security Sector Legislation', DCAF Size: 188 pages (169KB)
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After almost a decade marked by violence in Zimbabwe, should there be a formal and public addressing of past human rights abuses? How will this be implemented? This Institute for Security Studies paper argues that Zimbabwe's particular experiences necessitate a national truth commission. Transitional justice is a core political issue now, not simply a collateral legal or moral one to be left until later.

Author: Max du Plessis | Jolyon Ford Source: du Plessis, M. & Ford, J., 2008, 'Justice and peace in a new Zimbabwe: Transitional justice options', ISS Paper 164, Praetoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (263kB)
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What lessons can be drawn from US engagement with failed states in Africa? This Refugees International report examines US operations in Africa and argues that military and other security concerns have effectively reshaped US international priorities. US global engagement is often determined by the military's capabilities and requirements. There is clearly an urgent need for elevating development on a par with diplomacy and defence.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M., 2008, 'U.S. Civil Military Imbalance for Global Engagement: Lessons from the Operational Level in Africa', Refugees International, Washington DC Size: 56 pages (1.2 MB)
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How does Colombia's Justice and Peace Law balance the needs for peace and justice? To what extent does the paramilitary demobilisation process meet international standards for justice, truth and reparations? This paper from the Fundación para les Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior examines Colombia's Justice and Peace Law in relation to justice, truth and reparation. It argues that while the law uses the language of human rights and justice, it is lacking in mechanisms to put these principles into practice.

Author: Felipe Gómez Isa Source: Gómez Isa, F., 2008, 'Paramilitary Demobilisation in Colombia: Between Peace and Justice', FRIDE Working Paper 57, Madrid, Spain Size: 28 pages (387 kB)
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How should disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes be implemented? This School for a Culture of Peace report argues that DDR should be seen less as a technical procedure and more as a process dependent on the context of where it is implemented. The paper therefore aims to draw lessons from a comparative analysis of DDR programmes in 19 countries.

Author: Albert Caramés | Eneko Sanz Source: Caramés, A. & Sanz, E. (2008) 'DDR 2008: Analysis of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes in the World during 2007', School for a Culture of Peace, Autonomous University of Barcelona, UAB, Spain. Size: 165 pages (1.3 MB)
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What is meant by democratic control of armed forces and why is it important? This Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) background paper argues that democratic control of armed forces is essential for ensuring democracy and the rule of law in fragile and failed states. The paper provides a concise introduction to the topic and outlines the key debates.

Author: David Law, DCAF Backgrounder Series Editor Source: DCAF, 2008, 'Democratic Control of Armed Forces', DCAF Backgrounder, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 8 pages (1.62MB)
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How successful has the US's The New Way Forward strategy been in helping Iraq achieve key security, legislative and economic goals? This US Government Accountability Office report measures progress against key aims and argues that while the US has made some progress, these advances are fragile. Unmet goals and challenges remain and as the New Way Forward and the military surge end in July 2008, an updated strategy is needed.

Author: Joseph A. Christoff Source: US Government Accountability Office, 2008, 'Securing stabilizing and rebuilding Iraq', United States Government Accountability Office, GAO-08-837, USA Size: 94 pages (3.82MB)
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How have integrated approaches to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) been applied in the case of Sudan? Despite significant recent progress, DDR cannot be described as a total success. This Saferworld report reviews the design and implementation of the first phase of DDR programming in Sudan from 2005 until the end of 2007. Much further thought and practical guidance is required on DDR if further programmes are to demonstrate more positive results.

Author: Sarah Preston | Henry Smith Source: Kefford, S., Preston, S. & Smith, H., 2008, 'Developing integrated approaches to post-conflict security and recovery: A case study of integrated DDR in Sudan', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 36 pages (455kB)
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How much progress has been made with security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia? This Strategic Studies Institute paper examines SSR in Liberia and argues that while the United Nations (UN) and the United States (US) have made a start with police and military reform, they have not done nearly enough. The UN, US, as well as other significant donor partners, need to stay the course with Liberia. SSR is a long-term process, not an ephemeral happening.

Author: Mark Malan Source: Malan, M, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Liberia: Mixed Results from Humble Beginnings', Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Pennsylvania Size: 101 pages (375 kB)
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What are the issues facing the European Union in developing its Security Sector Reform policy? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces discusses the EU policy framework plus broader international perspectives, and examines EU SSR involvement in the Western Balkans, the former Soviet Union, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia and the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Key challenges in enhancing EU SSR interventions are lack of coherence and coordination. It is important to prioritise SSR at senior national and EU levels and to develop strategies for streamlined implementation.

Author: David Spence | Philipp Fluri Source: Fluri, P. & Spence, D. (eds.), 2008, 'The European Union and Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 376 pages ()
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How can the UN engage effectively in post-conflict Security Sector Reform? What lessons can be learned from multidimensional peacekeeping missions in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Kosovo? This book from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) examines the role and experience of UN integrated missions in post-conflict SSR. A common, comprehensive and coherent approach is necessary to enhance UN SSR support. This is especially important in the areas of strengthening local ownership and domestic oversight and accountability of the security sector.

Author: Heiner Hänggi | Vincenza Scherrer Source: Hänggi, H. & Scherrer, V. (eds.), 2008, 'Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 247 pages ()
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The violent April 2008 protests against the high cost of living underscored the continued fragility of Haiti's security situation and the need for rapid progress in security sector reform (SSR). This International Crisis Group report examines Haiti's security sector and argues that stability lies in expediting and concluding reforms to the police and justice sector, and improving cross-border cooperation with it neighbours. These challenges are all the more urgent, as they come at a time when Haiti is struggling with severe hurricane devastation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Reforming Haiti's Security Sector', Latin America/Caribbean Report N°28, 18 September 2008 , International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 41 pages (1.12MB)
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Security sector reform (SSR) remains an unmet challenge for the United Nations and the international community, despite the growing demand for it in peacekeeping missions around the world. What is the way forward? This study, by the United States Institute of Peace, argues that if the United States plans to support good governance programmes in states emerging from hostilities, a comprehensive approach to SSR is needed. The United States also needs a formal inter-agency structure for managing SSR programs.

Author: Sean Mcfate Source: McFate, S., 2008, 'Securing the Future: A Primer on Security Sector Reform in Conflict Countries', United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 209, Washington DC Size: 20 pages (308 kB)
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Mexico's official human rights organ, Comision Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH), is failing to promote reforms to improve Mexico's dismal human rights record. What has gone wrong? This research, by Human Rights Watch, argues that the CNDH could play a far more active role but it has been limited by its own policies and practices. For such an institution to be a catalyst for change, rather than a chronicler of the status quo, it must be proactive and persistent in promoting solutions.

Author: www.hrw.org Source: Human Rights Watch, 2008, 'Mexico's National Human Rights Commission: A Critical Assessment', Human Rights Watch, New York Size: 130 pages (586 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Haiti be improved? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) assesses the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), deployed in 2004. SSR is crucial to Haiti's stability and security, and while MINUSTAH's success in SSR has been limited, UN agencies have a key role to play. Areas for improvement include coordination and evaluation. Basic stability, government willingness and local ownership are essential for SSR in Haiti.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MINUSTAH and the Need for a Context-Specific Strategy: The Case of Haiti', in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 53 pages ()
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Studies have suggested that the UN has limited state-building capacity and had, as of 2008, no agreed framework of security sector reform (SSR) in post-conflict environments. This chapter addresses these concerns in the context of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). It argues that, while it could be claimed that the UN has stabilized the territory, in terms of justice and security, it has been less successful in reconstructing and developing Kosovar-led national justice and security services. On this basis, the chapter presents recommendations on approaches the UN should employ to support SSR in post-conflict scenarios, all the while suggesting that the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations may not be the most suitable or effective mechanism by which the international community can support the development of justice and security services in post-conflict environments.

Author: Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., 2008, 'UNMIK and the Significance of Effective Programme Management: The Case of Kosovo' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 169-228 Size: 58 pages (52 kB)
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How can Security Sector Reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) be improved? What SSR lessons can be learned from the DRC's United Nations Mission (MONUC)? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) finds that the UN has been slow to address SSR comprehensively in the DRC, but has been hampered by the complex political and security context and the virtual collapse of the state. SSR must take place at different levels simultaneously, together with other reform processes.

Author: Nicola Dahrendorf Source: Mobekk, E., 2008, 'MONUC and the Relevance of Coherent Mandates: The Case of the DRC' in Security Sector Reform and UN Integrated Missions: Experience from Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and Kosovo, eds. H. Hänggi & V. Scherrer DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 113-168 Size: 38 pages ()
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How successful has Georgia been in its security sector reforms? This paper from the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development argues that a lot remains to be done to eliminate legislative flaws and the shortcomings of management. However, in such a fragile state, attempts to introduce best democratic practices immediately, without taking into account Georgia's particular circumstances, could threaten the state. NATO and the EU should assist Georgia and make it a test site for mutual cooperation.

Author: David Darchiashvili Source: Darchiashvili, D., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Georgia 2004-2007', Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi Size: 68 pages (543KB)
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What are the prospects for security sector reform (SSR) in a Lebanon that has endured war and prolonged occupation? This summary of conference proceedings, published by the Henry L. Stimson Center, reviews the state of the Lebanese security sector and evaluates reform options. Most panelists agreed that success at defence and security reform depends on a national security strategy, which is currently lacking. Comprehensive SSR must await independence, peace and a measure of stability, but smaller steps are possible in the meantime.

Author: The Henry L Stimson Centre Source: The Henry L Stimson Centre, 2008, 'Towards a More Secure and Stable Lebanon: Prospects for Security Sector Reform', International Seminar 13th December 2007, The Henry L Stimson Centre, Washington Size: 48 pages (5.4 MB)
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Peacekeeping in Lebanon depends on a sound political base, a well-defined mandate and objectives as well as the cooperation of the parties concerned. However, in discussions about the international force for Lebanon in 2006, these issues were overlooked. Finding a quick solution became the overriding consideration. This study, by the Irish Centre for Human Rights, argues that the current UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has to overcome serious obstacles in order to achieve its mandate. These are linked to broader political and security issues that need immediate attention in order to resolve the problems confronting Lebanon as a whole.

Author: Dr Ray Murphy Source: Murphy, R., 2008, 'UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon a Case Study', International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich Size: 16 pages (1MB)
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How can the Sierra Leone government build public confidence in its agenda as donor support to post-war reconstruction is reduced? This paper, by the International Crisis Group, argues that Sierra Leone has made much progress since 2002 but serious social and economic problems must be dealt with if enduring peace is to be built. To improve accountability and combat corruption, the government needs to do more than call for attitudinal change and a renewed social contract. The UN Peacebuilding Commission can make a major contribution.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sierra Leone: A New Era of Reform?', Africa Report N°143 - 31 July 2008, International Crisis Group, Dakar/Brussels Size: 42 pages (1.2 MB)
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Is Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) fulfilling its mandate to address past human rights violations? This paper, published by Amnesty International, identifies the Commission's shortcomings and strengths during its first two years of operation. National ownership of the reconciliation process is a worthy aim, but it remains vital for the TRC to follow international law in its final phase. Of greatest concern are the commission's current policies on granting "general immunity" to those providing information, and insufficient reparations.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2008, 'Liberia: Towards the final phase of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission', Amnesty International, London Size: 47 pages (432kB)
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What is security sector reform (SSR) and how can it be successfully achieved? This report from the United States Army explains that SSR is the set of policies, plans, programmes and activities that a government undertakes to improve the way it provides safety, security and justice. It is important in order to contribute to a world of legitimate, effectively governed states that provide for the needs of their citizens and conduct activities responsibly within the international system.

Author: US Army Source: US Department of the Army, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform', chapter 6 in 'FM 3-07 Stability Operations', US Department of the Army Size: 208 pages (13.4 MB)
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'National security' is a seriously contested concept in Indonesia. This paper from the Propatria Institute looks at national security debates between policymakers and implementing agencies and at their efforts to develop a law on national security. It suggests that while there is agreement on the need for comprehensive strategies to deal with national security challenges, there is significant divergence on other issues, especially on whether a distinctive system of national response is necessary. It concludes that the debate over the bill suggests that Indonesia is to live with uncertainty for some time to come.

Author: Kusnanto Anggoro Source: Anggoro, K., 2008, 'Bridge Over Troubled Water: Convergence and Divergence in the Formulation of National Security Bill in Indonesia', ProPatria Institute, Mimeograph No_12, Indonesia Size: 65 pages (350 kB)
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How can the security situation in Nigeria be improved? This study, by the Centre for Democracy and Development, analyses public security decision-making in Nigeria. It argues that the failure of public security decision-making to provide for the needs of the public demonstrates the limits of state-centred security decision-making. A more cooperative security, in which both public and non-public actors have clearly defined legal roles, would strengthen security institutions and provide a democratic framework for better security in Nigeria.

Author: Okechukwu Ibeanu | Abubakar Momoh Source: Ibeanu, O. and Momoh, A., 2008, 'State Responsiveness to Public Security Needs: The Politics of Security Decision-Making - Nigeria Country Study', CSDG Papers No. 14, King's College London Size: 78 pages (446KB)
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Nigeria's police are brutal and corrupt despite recent reform plans. Does this mean that reforms don't raise policing standards and practices, even in a relatively democratic environment like Nigeria? This research from the University of Leeds analyses developments in the Nigerian Police since 2005. It argues that reform can change organisational structures and regulations but, without socio-political change, its effects tend to be superficial, localised and temporary. Rather than being incremental, police reforms follow a dialectical process where reform and resistance interact.

Author: Alice Hills Source: Hills, A., 2008, 'The Dialectic of Police Reform in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 46, no.2, pp. 215-234 Size: 20 pages ()
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How have justice sector reform efforts dealt with Afghanistan's legal pluralism? How do traditional religious leaders perceive legal reforms and the role of Western actors in matters of justice? This article from the journal Crime, Law and Social Change examines post-2001 justice sector reforms in Afghanistan. It finds that, rather than developing an inclusive and accommodating justice system, Western-led reforms have emphasised divisions between Islamic and Western legal traditions. To be legitimate and effective, legal reforms must engage with Islamic law and Afghan traditions, which are the foundations of justice in Afghanistan.

Author: Astri Suhrke | Kaja Borchgrevink Source: Borchgrevink, K. & Suhrke, A., 2008, 'Negotiating justice sector reform in Afghanistan', Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 50., Issue 3. Size: 20 pages (255 kB)
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What is needed for Guinea-Bissau to achieve its goals of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This briefing report, published by Observatoire de l'Afrique, highlights promising circumstances for SSR in the country, as well as difficult challenges. As Guinea-Bissau's most powerful actor, the armed forces must in effect reform themselves and take ownership of certain SSR efforts. In addition, the recent spurt of activity by international donors, and the plans to send foreign experts, must be followed up and effectively coordinated.

Author: Koen Vlassenroot (chair) Source: Observatoire de l'Afrique, 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Africa Briefing Report, Egmont Palace, Brussels - 28 January 2008, Observatoire de l'Afrique, Brussels Size: 9 pages (218 kB)
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How has security sector reform (SSR) proceeded in Guinea-Bissau, and what lessons can be done to move these efforts forward? This background paper, presented by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, describes and analyses the current state of the defence, security, and justice sectors. Reform efforts have affected the armed forces, the police and state security intelligence services, paramilitary forces, justice institutions, security management and oversight bodies, and non-statutory security forces.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Security Sector Reform and the Rule of Law, 18 June 2008 Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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How successfully have recent reform plans strengthened the justice sector in Guinea-Bissau? This background paper, published by the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau, analyses the efforts to create an independent judiciary and evaluates future challenges. With the sector unable to properly dispense justice, the average citizen of Guinea-Bissau today remains reliant on traditional justice mechanisms to resolve both interpersonal and community disputes.

Author: www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.shtml Source: UN Peacebuilding Commission, 2008, 'Background Paper on Strengthening the Justice Sector', Peacebuilding Commission Country-Specific Configuration on Guinea-Bissau - Thematic Discussion on Drug Trafficking in Guinea-Bissau and Strengthening of the Justice Sector 28 May 2008 Size: 4 pages (36 kB)
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Why was democracy never successfully established in Guinea-Bissau's post-colonial era? What obstacles has it encountered? This International Crisis Group report offers a brief but detailed outline of the history and development of Guinea-Bissau. Ethnic tensions and individual motives have played a crucial role in the struggle of Guinea-Bissau to become a functioning democratic country. The report reflects on what should be done in order to establish an efficient democratic state after four decades of failure. Problems lie both in the inexistence of a functioning institutional system, as well as the more explicit issues of drug trafficking and political instability. An effective institutional system needs to be established in order for Guinea-Bissau to progress from liberation to an efficient democracy.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, Guinea-Bissau: In need of a state', International Crisis Group, Africa Report Number 142, Bruxelles, Belgium Size: 34 pages (1.4 MB)
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What progress has Azerbaijan made in establishing an effective and accountable military? What are the challenges facing reform of Azerbaijan's defence sector? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines management and reform of the defence sector in Azerbaijan. It finds that Azerbaijan's military requires deep reforms to make it less corrupt and personality driven, more transparent and better directed. So far there has been insufficient political will to increase democratic and civilian control or to stop using the army to serve elite interests.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Azerbaijan: Defence Sector Management and Reform', Europe Briefing N°50 29 October 2008, Baku/Brussels Size: 20 pages (756 kB)
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What are the key challenges facing the post-conflict reconstruction process in Liberia? This situation report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, demonstrates the progress towards peace and stability achieved since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2003. By articulating an appropriate response to the country's basic socio-economic needs, Liberian authorities are in a position to promote peaceful, sustainable development. Finally, four possible future scenarios for Liberia are projected and described, ranging from a consolidation of the peace process to renewed violence.

Author: David Zounmenou Source: Zounmenou, D., 2008, Managing Post-War Liberia: An Update, ISS Situation Report, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (185 kB)
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What are the key obstacles to successful reintegration programmes in post-conflict countries? How can these obstacles be overcome? This report from the United States Institute of Peace makes broad recommendations based on an assessment of Colombia's 2003 disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programme for a major paramilitary group. It argues that reintegration programmes should be characterised by a justice mechanism seen as fair by all parties, and a flexible approach which allows adaption to local needs.

Author: Jonathan Morgenstein Source: Morgenstein, J., 2008, 'Consolidating Disarmament: Lessons from Colombia's Reintegration Program for Demobilized Paramilitaries', USIP, Special Report 217, Washington DC, USA Size: 16 pages (575 kB)
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To what extent has Armenia realised democratic governance of its security sector since its independence in 1991? This article, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), describes the country's current and historical constitutional framework for security policy. It outlines the roles played by parliamentary oversight, the expert community, the media, non-governmental organisations and the international community. It concludes by arguing that a system of democratic control has yet to be established in Armenia due to a number of reasons, though primarily because of the delay of the general democratisation process and the unresolved Karabakh conflict.

Author: Aghasi Yenokyan Source: Yenokyan, A., 2008, 'Country Study - Armenia', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 9-29 Size: 134 pages (1004 kB)
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How has Azerbaijan dealt with the challenge of democratising its defence institutions over the past few years? What progress has it made towards compliance with the principles of democratic governance of the security sector? This report from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the building of democratic defence institutions in Azerbaijan. It argues that despite an official commitment to integration into Euro-Atlantic security structures, Azerbaijan has failed to make significant progress towards democratising its defence system.

Author: Tamara Pataraia | Tata Makhatadze Source: Pataraia, T. and Makhatadze, T., 2008, 'Defence Institution Building in Azerbaijan', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 30-48 Size: 19 pages ()
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What progress has Georgia made towards building effective and efficient national defence institutions under civilian and democratic control? This report from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) examines Georgia's defence sector reforms since 2004. It finds that NATO-Georgia cooperation has played a crucial role in encouraging Georgian efforts to build effective defence institutions under civilian and democratic control. Nevertheless, a number of shortfalls remain in Georgian legislation and management of the defence sector.

Author: Tamara Pataraia | Philipp Fluri (ed.) Source: Pataraia, T., 2008, 'Defence Institution Building in Georgia', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 49-73 Size: 25 pages (970 kB)
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What is the situation regarding reform of the defence sector in Moldova? What impact does NATO and EU enlargement have on security sector reform (SSR) in Moldova? This report from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) examines defence reform in Moldova. It finds that SSR is becoming ever more important for Moldova due to the rapid enlargement of the EU and NATO.

Author: Viorel Cibotaru Source: Cibotaru, V., 2008, 'Defence Reform in Moldova', in Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova, eds. P. Fluri and V. Cibotaru, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 74-92 Size: 19 pages ()
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What role have Serbia's intelligence agencies played in its democratisation since 2000? What does the Serbian experience demonstrate about civilian control of intelligence agencies and the role of the intelligence sector in democratisation? This article from Europe-Asia Studies examines the governance and reform of the Serbian intelligence agencies since the fall of Slobodan Milosevic. It argues that Serbia's intelligence agencies have played an important but complex role in Serbia's ongoing political transition.

Author: Timothy Edmunds Source: Edmunds, T., 2008, 'Intelligence Agencies and Democratisation: Continuity and Change in Serbia after Miloševiæ', Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 25-48 Size: 24 pages ()
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This East European Politics and Societies article provides a detailed and informative account of the transitional justice process in Albania and examines the logic behind the initiation of the lustration process. In essence, Albania was largely unsuccessful in implementing a serious programme of transitional justice after the fall of communism in 1991. Transitional justice in Albania became highly politicised and was used by politicians for political gains.

Author: Robert C. Austin | Jonathan Ellison Source: Austin, R. C. and Ellison, J., 2008, 'Post-Communist Transitional Justice in Albania', East European Politics and Societies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 373-401 Size: 30 pages ()
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What impact have land tenure issues had on violent conflict in Kenya? This conference report, published by the African Centre for Technology Studies, argues that the status quo of land tenure in Kenya inevitably leads to violent outcomes. However, no single meta-narrative can explain the shifting nature of land conflicts in Kenya, or in Africa generally, with greed, grievances and other factors at play. Issues of ownership, access and use all feature in land tenure conflicts in Kenya, causing not only violence but also poverty and economic instability.

Author: Judi Wakhungu | Elvin Nyukuri Source: Wakhungu, J., Nyukuri, E. & Huggins, C., 2008, 'Land Tenure and Violent Conflict in Kenya', African Centre for Technology Studies, Consultative Conference Proceedings, Nairobi Size: 34 pages (2.1 MB)
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What factors cause land-based conflicts to turn violent? This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, analyses and traces the trajectory of a decade-long conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Kenya. A government land resettlement programme - intended primarily for squatters of the Mosop and Soy clans of the Sabaot ethnic group - fell apart under clan and ethnic tension. This report asserts the presence of a significant political dimension to the conflict. A sustainable and peaceful resolution will only result from a variety of processes undertaken in a spirit that is consultative, inclusive and transparent.

Author: Robert Romborah Simiyu Source: Simiyu, R., 2008, 'Militarisation of resource conflicts: The case of land-based conflict in the Mount Elgon region of Western Kenya', ISS Monograph No. 152, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 92 pages (1.7 MB)
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What were the dynamics of the post-election violence that erupted in Kenya in December 2007? This report, published by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, analyses the underlying causes and alleged spontaneity of the violence. Region-specific dynamics played a crucial role, with three patterns of conflict emerging: spontaneous slum outbursts; premeditated land grabs; and retaliatory violence. Violations of economic and social rights, particularly in employment, environmental, health and housing issues, pre-dated the 2007 election and fuelled anger.

Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Source: OHCHR, 2008, Report from OHCHR Fact-finding Mission to Kenya 6-28 February 2008, Report prepared for the United Nationas High Commissioner for Human Rights from OHCHR Fact-finding mission to Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva Size: 19 pages (132 kB)
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Tanzania is a relatively new mining country. What has been the impact of mining on local communities? This study, by Chr. Michelsen Institute, argues that unclear land and mining rights, and conceptual differences in how land and mining rights are perceived, contribute to conflict in the country. There is a feeling among both communities and human rights groups that the government has betrayed ordinary people. The article initially outlines land legislation and mining policy in Tanzania. It then presents examples of recent conflicts, government initiatives to resolve them, and existing consultation and conciliation mechanisms that can be used.

Author: Siri Lange Source: Lange, S.,2008, 'Land Tenure and Mining in Tanzania',CMIReports, No. 2 Size: 44 pages (382 kB)
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In 2005 crime and the fear of crime rose throughout Tanzania. The Police have undertaken a major reform programme. What are the key problems currently facing the Police Force, and what are the main focus areas for its reform? These questions are answered in this document, produced by the Tanzanian Police Force. It highlights the Police Force's problems with regard to human resources management, infrastructure, ICT, its institutional and legal framework, and its finances. It also discusses the Tanzania Police Force Reform Programme, which focuses on community-based policing, professionalism and modernisation.

Author: Said A. Mwema | The President's Office-Public Service Management Source: Mwema, S., 2008, Challenges of Enhancing Performance and Responsiveness in the Police Force, Paper presented at the National Convention on Public Sector Reforms on Achieving Rapid Results in Public Sector Reforms at Ubungo Plaza, 18th June, Tanzania Size: 17 pages ()
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Tanzania is renowned for peace and national unity among its diverse ethnic, religious and racial groups. Zanzibar has been a semiautonomous part of Tanzania since 1964. However, in contrast to the mainland, its politics have been marred by intense competition waged on the basis of race, which has led to violence and unrest. This paper, published in African Identities, attempts to understand why elites in Zanzibar resort to using racial identity for political gain. It also draws out the implications of identity politics for democratic consolidation in Zanzibar and Tanzania as whole.

Author: Bernadeta Killian Source: Killian, B., 2008, The state and identity politics in Zanzibar: challenges to democratic consolidation in Tanzania, African Identities, Vol.6, No.2, pp. 99-125 Size: 28 pages (333 kB)
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What are the main causes of human insecurity in eastern Africa? This research from Witwatersrand University analyses developments in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. It argues that state fragility is the root cause of most conflicts in eastern Africa. Reviving structures that reduce the challenges to human livelihoods will involve a return to strong territorial order, national cohesion, economic viability and the building of regional institutions for security and prosperity.

Author: Gilbert M. Khadiagala Source: Khadiaghala, G.M., 2008, Eastern Africa: Security and the Legacy of Fragility, Africa Program Working Paper Series, International Peace Institute, New York Size: 28 pages (1.83MB)
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To what extent can traditional practices be used to end conflict in Uganda? This study suggests that the Acholi people of Uganda maintain their sophisticated cultural beliefs about the spirit world and their social order. These shape their perceptions of truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation, and they would like to use them for conflict resolution. There is a wealth of knowledge inherent in the traditional practices and culture of the Acholi, which offers credible principles for conflict management and harmonious living within the wider global society.

Author: James Ojera Latigo | International IDEA Source: Latigo, J.O., 2008, 'Northern Uganda: tradition-based practices in the Acholi region', in L. Huyse and M. Salter (eds), Traditional Justice and Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: Learning from African Experiences, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Stockholm, pp. 85-122 Size: 27 pages (1MB)
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The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended Sudan's civil war is at risk in the state of Southern Kordofan. This International Crisis Group paper analyses growing frustrations among Arab and African tribes about CPA implementation and unresolved ethnic and administrative issues. Concrete ethnic integration and reform progress by the National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), Southern Kordofan Government, United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and donors is essential in order to avoid another Darfur conflict.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Sudan's Southern Kordofan Problem: The Next Darfur?', International Crisis Group, Africa Report No.145, Brussels Size: 27 pages (1.20 MB)
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The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) needs to address past human rights atrocities in order to establish peace, security and respect for human rights in the future. This study, published by the University of California, Berkeley, reports results of a population survey in areas most affected by recent conflict in eastern DRC. The Congolese government and other national and international actors need to consult the population in order to set priorities for planning the future of the DRC.

Author: Patrick Vinck | Phuong Pham Source: Vinck P., Pham P., Shigekane S.B., 2008, 'Living with Fear: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes about Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo', University of California - Berkeley, California, USA Size: 72 pages (713.28 KB)
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The contributions of South Sudanese women associated with armed forces during the 22-year Sudanese civil war (1983-2005) remain unrecognised and undocumented. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, reviews women's involvement in the conflict and the lack of official recognition of women in post-conflict programmes. The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and United Nations' agencies need to give women priority Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) treatment and full access to employment opportunities.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'No standing, few prospects: How peace is failing South Sudanese female combatants and WAAFG', Small Arms Survey, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 13, Geneva Size: 8 pages (329 kB)
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Implementing Sudan's Joint Integrated Units (JIUs) mandated by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) has proved to be an obstacle to the broader implementation of the CPA. This brief, published by the Small Arms Survey, discusses the current status of JIUs, challenges to their deployment and functionality and consequences to CPA implementation. Active and immediate international assistance and Sudanese government cooperation are required to improve the JIUs in the interest of improving adherence to the CPA.

Author: Small Arms Survey Source: Small Arms Survey, 2008, 'Neither 'joint' nor 'integrated': The Joint Integrated Units and the future of the CPA', The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Sudan Issue Brief, No. 10, Geneva Size: 8 pages (260 kB)
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The three-day war between Eritrea and Djibouti in 2008 is a reminder that Africa's sub-region remains one of the most unstable and conflict-prone in the world and lacks conditions for a workable peace and security order. This brief, published by the InterAfrica Group, assesses the nature and course of the conflict over borders and its links with peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. If allowed to continue, the Eritrea-Djibouti conflict could endanger strategic interests of many countries and the international war on terror.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M. 2008, 'The Djibouti-Eritrea Conflict', Center for Dialogue on Humanitarian, Peace and Development Issues in the Horn of Africa, Briefing, InterAfrica Group Size: 14 pages (204 kB)
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How can the concept of the Rule of Law (RoL) be successfully integrated into UN peace operations? What lessons can be drawn from the United Nations Mission in Liberia? This article from the Journal of Security Sector Management argues that more work is needed to conceptualise and implement RoL, including the development of benchmarks to qualify and quantify substantial progress. A people-centred interpretation of RoL should be considered as alternatives and/or complemtary tools to state-centred approaches, for example as short-term or interim measures.

Author: Till Blume Source: Blume T., 2008, 'Implementing the Rule of Law in Integrated Missions: Security and Justice in the UN Mission in Liberia', Journal of Security Sector Management, Volume 6 Number 3, Shrivenham UK Size: 18 pages (294 kB)
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What is the possibility of rebuilding Somalia as a functioning state? How does the regional context impact on state-building in Somalia? This book chapter examines the challenges facing state-building in Somalia. It argues that the crisis in Somalia is multileveled, as is the route to a calmer future. State-building in Somalia requires a combination of strategies, preferably ones that include civil society as well as formal political actors.

Author: Annette Weber Source: Weber A., 2008, 'State Building in Somalia: Challenges in a Zone of Crisis', in Hot Spot Horn of Africa Revisited: Approaches to Make Sense of Conflict, Lit Verlag, Berlin Size: 7 pages ()
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A professional, effective, accountable security sector is essential to consolidate peace and security, prevent conflict, and lay the foundations for development and human rights. This report by the UN Secretary-General examines the UN's role in supporting security sector reform, arguing that a coherent UN approach to reform is vital.

Author: United Nations Secretary-General Source: Secretary-General U.N., 2008, 'Securing peace and development: the role of the United Nations in supporting security sector reform', United Nations General Assembly (A/62/659-S/2008/39) Size: 19 pages (93 kB)
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How effective are outside efforts to bring security to African countries, particularly through the use of peacekeeping troops? This study from the German Institute of Global and Area Studies argues that a realistic assessment must include local perspectives on peacekeepers and their relations to other (state and non-state) actors in the security arena. Peacekeepers do harm, just as they do good; and they would profit from a more systematic evaluation of the local perception of their actions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler A., 2008, 'Positive, ambiguous or negative? Peacekeeping in the local security fabric', Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, pp. 40-64, No.5, Uppsala, Sweden Size: 25 pages (1.04MB)
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What opportunities has the decentralisation process given women in Cambodia to participate in political leadership? What obstacles and challenges hinder women's participation and leadership at the local level? This article from Gender & Development discusses the work of Banteay Srei, a Cambodian NGO, in building the capacity of women to participate in leadership. It describes how Banteay Srei's leadership training activities have enabled women in the targeted villages to make the most of leadership opportunities. However, challenges to women's effective political leadership still remain and it is important for NGOs and women leaders to develop strategies to overcome these challenges.

Author: Thavy Chhoeun | Panha Sok Source: Chhoeun, T., Sok, P., Byrne, T. C., 2008, ''Citadel of Women': Strengthening Female Leadership in Rural Cambodia', Gender and Development, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 535-547 Size: 13 pages ()
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What hinders Malawian women's full participation in formal, national-level state politics? How can policy makers support the goal of gender equality in Malawi? This article from Gender and Development draws on qualitative research conducted with Malawian female politicians. Constraints on women's political participation include limited income and education, and gender stereotypes. Women in Malawi are socialised to be followers, not leaders. Gendered expectations among both women and men need to be challenged.

Author: Alinane Priscilla Kamlongera Source: Kamlongera A.P., 2008, 'Malawian women's participation in State politics: what are the constraints?', Gender and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.471 - 480, UK Size: 10 pages ()
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What support is there for chiefdom governance in Sierra Leone? What implications does decentralisation have for the future of the country's chiefdoms? This article from African Affairs examines chiefdom authority in Sierra Leone and public perceptions of local chiefs. It argues that chiefdom authority continues to have considerable support. Chiefs and headmen are seen as particularly important in settling minor disputes, especially in rural areas.

Author: Edward Sawyer | African Affairs - afraf.oxfordjournals.org Source: Sawyer E., 2008, 'Remove or Reform? A Case for (Restructuring) CHiefdom Governance in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue. 428, pp. 387-403 Size: 17 pages ()
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What were the origins of the crisis that grew out of the disputed Kenyan presidential election in December 2007? What lessons does the case of Kenya offer for other states with regard to the debate on democratisation and sequencing? This article from African Affairs examines the wider lessons and implications of the Kenyan election crisis for other states undergoing political liberalisation. It argues that the case of Kenya shows that political liberalisation is a high-risk activity that can produce unintended side effects. The processes of democratisation and reform can be undertaken simultaneously, but require institutional reforms not yet undertaken by many African states.

Author: Daniel Branch | Nic Cheeseman Source: Branch D., Cheeseman N., 2008, 'Democtratization, sequencing, and state failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya', African Affairs, Vol. 108, Issue 430, pp. 1-26 Size: 26 pages (148 KB)
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What role did the 2007 general elections in Sierra Leone play in the country's post-war recovery? This research from the Nordic Africa Institute and Copenhagen University shows how political parties strategically remobilised ex-combatants into security squads, both to protect themselves and to gather votes. It looks at the tactical motives behind ex-combatants' choice to join political campaigning. The 2007 elections strengthened the democratic process in Sierra Leone. However, democracy is still extremely fragile.

Author: Maya M. Christensen | Mats Utas Source: Christensen M.M. and Mats U., 2008, 'Mercenaries of democracy: The 'Politricks' of remobilized combatants in the 2007 general elections, Sierra Leone', African Affairs, Vol. 107, Issue 429, pp. 515-539 Size: 25 pages ()
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How does a rebel movement transform itself into the leading party of democratic opposition? What are the prospects of such a party? This Conflict, Security and Development publication examines the development of the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its emergence as the leading opposition party.

Author: Alex Vines | Bereni Oruitemeka Source: Vines A. and Oruitemeka B., 2008, 'Bullets to ballots: The reintegration of UNITA in Angola', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 241- 263 Size: 24 pages ()
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How successful has the United States (US) been in achieving political reintegration in Iraq? This study from Conflict, Security and Development examines US approaches to the political reintegration of irregular armed groups, from its initial policy vacuum to the informal reintegration seen during 2007 and 2008. It shows that the best attempt at reintegration has been the arrangements between US military units and Sunni groups since 2006. Yet, since these arrangements emerged without support from the central government, they cannot be considered reconciliation or even reintegration.

Author: David Ucko Source: Ucko D., 2008, 'Militias, tribes and insurgents: The challenge of political reintegration in Iraq', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 341-373 Size: 34 pages ()
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Why did the façade of Afghan disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) develop? How did the reality on the ground diverge from the bureaucratic process? What are the implications of such an approach? This Conflict, Security & Development paper examines the contradictions at the heart of DDR and successive Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups in Afghanistan DIAG processes in Afghanistan, analysing the conflicts of interest and limited impacts.

Author: Antonio Giustozzi Source: Giustozzi A., 2008, 'Bureaucratic façade and political realities of disarmament and demobilisation in Afghanistan', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 169 - 192 Size: 25 pages ()
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How can long-term peaceful political transformation of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone be achieved? This study from King's College London argues that successful political reintegration does not simply mean political participation per se, but requires specific forms of political participation that reinforce the primacy of peaceful political interaction for affecting change. The study concludes that despite progress in many key areas, former fighters of the RUF have yet to be fully politically reintegrated.

Author: Kieran Mitton Source: Mitton K., 2008, 'Engaging disengagement: The political reintegration of Sierra Leone's Revolutionary United Front', Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-222 Size: 31 pages ()
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Only when external actors coordinate their long-term approaches and address specific context will it be possible to help Georgia consolidate democracy effectively. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the efforts of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democracy after intra-state war in Georgia. OSCE's overall effectiveness in Georgia has been positive; however, it can only reach its democracy promotion goals if the state government has the will to reform.

Author: Pamela Jawad Source: Jawad P., 2008, 'Conflict Resolution through Democracy Promotion? The Role of the OSCE in Georgia', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 611 - 629 Size: 20 pages ()
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Recent developments of Taiwan's civil-military relations are the result of civilians using increasingly robust strategies to enhance their influence over the military. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses factors that have strengthened the power of Taiwan's civilian elites and weakened the military's bargaining power. While exploitation of civilian control instruments could generatecivil-military conflict in the future, civil-military relations will most likely remain supportive of further consolidation of Taiwan's democracy.

Author: David Kuehn Source: Kuehn D., 2008, 'Democratization and Civilian Control of the Military in Taiwan', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 870 - 890 Size: 22 pages ()
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Comparative democratisation researchers need to analyse cautiously the complex intertwining of statebuilding, democratisation and war in each case of political transformation. This paper, published by Democratization, analyses the inter-connection of democratisation, statebuilding and war in Serbia and Croatia and how the international environment influenced these processes. Despite the international tendency to see states from a regional perspective, differences between Serbian and Croatian statebuilding have had major implications for their progress towards democratisation.

Author: Nenad Zakoek Source: Zakoek N., 2008, 'Democratization, State-building and War: The Cases of Serbia and Croatia ', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 588 - 610 Size: 24 pages ()
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What are the limitations of the civil-military relations (CMR) concept? How can the CMR concept be adapted to better reflect the actual roles of security forces and the relationships between security forces and democratic governments? This article from Democratization sets out a new conceptualisation and framework for understanding what security forces actually do and how they interact with democratic governments. It argues that the focus on civilian control in the CMR literature hinders an understanding of the more complex relationships between democracy and security forces. We therefore need to extend the conceptual breadth of the CMR concept to include not only democratic civilian control, but also effectiveness and efficiency.

Author: Thomas C. Bruneau | Florina Cristiana Matei Source: Bruneau T.C. and Matei F.C., 2008, 'Towards a New Conceptualization of Democratization and Civil-Military Relations ', Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 5,pp. 909 - 929 Size: 21 pages ()
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What is the UN Security Council's approach to transnational terrorism and WMD proliferation post 9/11? How are attitudes steered by the application of hierarchical and soft modes of governance? This Nordic International Studies Association study examines the modes of governance applied towards transnational terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction to non-state actors. Particular attention is paid to the combination of the hierarchical 'command and punishment' approach and the soft 'cooperative' model.

Author: Monika Heupel Source: Heupel M., 2008, 'Combining Hierarchical and Soft Modes of Governance: The UN Security Council's Approach to Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation after 9/11', Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No.1, pp. 7-29. Size: 29 pages ()
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Is security a collective good? What are the theoretical and practical implications if it is conceptualised as a commodity? This article from the European Journal of International Relations examines the implications of the shift from states to markets in the provision of security. It argues that the shift from public to private provision of security is not merely a change of means. Rather it has significant implications for the conceptualisation and implementation of security in the new millennium.

Author: Elke Krahmann Source: Krahmann E., 2008, 'Security: Collective Good or Commodity?', European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 379-404 Size: 26 pages ()
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What is the role of the private security industry in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), South Africa and Uganda? What regulatory frameworks have these countries put in place to control the activities of private security companies (PSCs)? This publication from the Institute for Security Studies presents case studies of the private security industry in the DRC, South Africa and Uganda. It finds that the context in which each country's private security industry operates is informed largely by the country's social, economic and political dynamics.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze S. (ed.), 2008, 'The Private Security Sector in Africa Country Series', Instutute for Security Studies Size: 124 pages (978 kB)
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What role do Zimbabwe's security institutions play in the governance of Zimbabwe and the management of its economy? What part could they play in the transition to a post-Mugabe Zimbabwe? This background briefing from the Council on Foreign Relations outlines the role of Zimbabwe's security institutions. It finds that as Zimbabwe's economic crisis has deepened, President Robert Mugabe has ceded significant power to the country's security forces. However, experts are divided over whether the security sector can help to bring in a new government in Zimbabwe.

Author: Stephanie Hanson Source: Hanson S., 2008, 'Zimbabwe's Security Sector', Council on Foreign Relations Size: pages ()
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How have the government and the international community conducted security sector reform (SSR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)? Why has so little progress been made in reforming the DRC's security sector? This report from the Institute for Security Studies examines SSR in the DRC and its impact on security in the Kivu provinces. It finds that the lack of progress on SSR reveals a fundamental problem in international peacebuilding strategies, and a lack of coordination among donors. The lack of progress also both stems from and contributes to continuing violence in the eastern provinces.

Author: Hans Hoebeke | Henri Boshoff Source: Hoebeke H., Boshoff H., Vlassenroot K., 2008, 'Assessing Security Sector Reform and its Impact on the Kivu Provinces', Situation Report, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 11 pages (137 kB)
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How did the newly elected government of President Joseph Kabila respond to the 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo? How did it act with respect to human rights and democracy in the two years following the election? This report from Human Rights Watch documents human rights abuses and political repression in Kinshasa and Bas Congo following the 2006 elections. It finds that the Kabila government is brutally restricting democratic space in the DRC.

Author: Human Rights Watch Source: 2008, '"We will crush you" - The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo ', Human Rights Watch Size: 100 pages (1.84 MB)
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How did negotiations to end El Salvador's civil war deal with disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR)? What provisions did the peace agreement make for reducing the number of weapons in circulation and providing support to the victims of armed violence? This report from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue examines how El Salvador's peace negotiations addressed issues related to guns and armed violence.

Author: Cate Buchanan | Joaquín Chávez Source: Buchanan C. and Chávez J., 2008, 'Negotiating Disarmament: Guns and Violence in the El Salvador Peace Negotiations ', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Country Study, Number 3, March 2008, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 46 pages (1 MB)
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What is the 'rule of law' and how can it best be implemented in peace operations? This article from the journal International Peacekeeping reviews four publications on the rule of law in post-conflict situations. The books demonstrate that implementing the rule of law is more easily said than done. There is a need to systematise research and specify the conditions of success and failure in order to develop a more tangible policy framework.

Author: Till Blume Source: Blume T., 2008, 'Security, Justice and the Rule of Law in Peace Operations', International Peacekeeping, Volume 15, Issue 5, pp. 713-721 Size: 9 pages ()
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What security challenges does the UK face? What steps is the government taking in response to these challenges? The national security strategy from the UK Cabinet Office sets out how the government will address and manage the security challenges that the UK faces. It emphasises the integrated nature of the responses required to address a range of diverse but interdependent threats, risks and drivers of insecurity.

Author: UK Cabinet Office | www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk Source: UK Cabinet Office, 2008, 'The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an interdependent world', UK Cabinet Office, CM 7291. Size: 64 pages (980 kB)
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What is the current state of human rights in the Maldives? This report, by the US Department of State, attempts to answer this question with respect to six key areas. These are respect for the integrity of the person, respect for civil liberties, respect for political rights, governmental attitude regarding investigation of alleged violations of human rights, discrimination, and workers' rights. The report notes that there were no reports of arbitrary or unlawful killings but the law continues to significantly restrict freedom of religion.

Author: US Department of State Source: US Department of State, '2008 Human Rights Report: Maldives', United States Department of State Size: 12 pages (104 kB)
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Is there a generally accepted way of managing the institutional relationship between a society and its military in the European Union (EU)? Is there something characteristically European about the relationship? This study from the Centre for European Security Studies looks at the common norms and good practices of civil-military relations in the countries of the EU. It argues that although there has been much talk of a common European approach and common values, actual mechanisms vary significantly from country to country.

Author: Anne Aldis (ed.) | Margriet Drent (ed.) Source: Aldis, A. & Drent, M. (eds.), 2008, 'Common Norms and Goof Practices of Civil-Military Relations in the EU', Centre for European Security Studies (CESS), The Netherlands Size: 184 pages (1.17MB)
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What can be learned from field experiences of Security Sector Reform (SSR) to help improve future SSR implementation? This book is based on research by the International Peace Academy Security-Development Nexus Programme and explores nine case studies. The studies cover foreign countries conducting SSR in other states plus nationally-led programmes and the roles of multi-lateral organisations, multi-lateral development banks and private contractors. Findings suggest two main obstacles to the implementation of SSR programmes: managerial deficiencies and insufficient awareness of the political context in which such programmes are designed and implemented.

Author: Gordon Peake (ed.) | Eric Scheye (ed.) Source: Peake G., Scheye E., Hills A., (eds.), 2008, 'Managing Insecurity: Field Experiences of Security Sector Reform', Oxford Policy Management Size: 171 pages ()
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When states fail do they destabilise entire regions? This study from Pennsylvania State University and the University of South Carolina assesses the negative effects of state collapse, focusing particularly on the spatial diffusion of these consequences. It argues that when a state collapses, neighbouring states are also likely to experience higher levels of political instability, unrest, civil war and interstate conflict. It concludes that state failure is not contagious, but some of its most negative consequences diffuse to other states.

Author: Zaryab Iqbal | Harvey Starr Source: Iqbal, Z., 2008, 'Bad Neighbors: Failed States and Their Consequences', Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 25, no. 4, 315-331 Size: 18 pages (405 kB)
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Indonesia's experience with security sector reform (SSR) has been driven largely by an insider-led process and marked by relatively limited direct external intervention. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces,discusses major factors, achievements and challenges that have characterised Indonesia's SSR. Given the local nature of SSR in Indonesia, engagement of external actors needs to be carefully attuned to domestic political dynamics and local culture.

Author: Riefqi Muna Source: Muna R., 2008, 'Local Ownership and the Experience of SSR in Indonesia', in Donais, T. (ed.), 'Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, Switzerland Size: 251 pages (216 kB)
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Although military organisations in Asia still play a key role in state and nation building and maintaining internal and external security, the theoretical study of civil-military relations in this region has not commanded much attention. This paper, published by the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, uses a case study of Indonesia to expand the traditional analysis of subordinate-insubordinate military political behaviour to a more complex model of civil-military relations. This more nuanced model could help inform future research in order to better understand civil-military political behaviour.

Author: Evan Laksmana Source: Laksmana E., 2008, 'Spoilers, Partners and Pawns: Military Organizational Behavior and Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia', RSIS Working Paper, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore Size: 41 pages (258.07 kB)
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In the aftermath of the largely unexpected coup in Thailand in 2006, one question begs to be answered: will other Southeast Asian countries experience similar coups? This paper, published by Armed Forces and Society, investigates whether Indonesia and the Philippines may prove equally susceptible to military intervention in politics. Southeast Asian militaries are generally the most powerful domestic institutions; civilian governments need to find ways to manage the military until its intervention in civilian politics becomes a moot point.

Author: Mark Beeson Source: Beeson M., 2008, 'Civil Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines: Will the Thai Coup Prove Contagious?', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 34 (3), pp. 474-490 Size: 18 pages ()
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The corporate interest perspective cited in recent civil-military relations literature is not an analytically useful tool with which to explain military interventions in civilian politics. Citing civil-military factors in Indonesia and the Philippines, this paper, published by Armed Forces & Society, examines the effectiveness of corporate interest arguments in explaining military interventions. More salient country-specific factors must be considered in order to effectively evaluate the likelihood of military interventions into the political realm.

Author: Terrence Lee Source: Lee T., 2008, 'The Military's Corporate Interests: The Main Reason for Intervention in Indonesia and the Philippines?', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 34 (3), pp. 491-502 Size: 13 pages ()
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The difference in donor approaches to security sector reform (SSR) and its actual practice in Africa is immense. This paper, published by the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, reviews SSR projects in Africa with significant input from external donors. The review reveals considerable variations of approach, while a comparative analysis of SSR in Sierra Leone and Liberia contrasts the differing application of core principles of SSR in these two cases. Generally, donor SSR projects do not substantially differ from the previous piecemeal and uncoordinated approach they have traditionally adopted towards defence, policing and justice reform.

Author: Daniel Bendix | Ruth Stanley Source: Bendix D., Stanley R., 2008, 'Security Sector Reform in Africa: The Promise and the Practice of a New Donor Approach', African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Occasional Paper Series, Volume 3(2) Size: 58 pages (512 kB)
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What challenges do West African parliaments face in carrying out effective oversight of the security sector? This publication from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines challenges and opportunities for parliamentary oversight of the security sector in West Africa. It argues that, despite some progress, West African states have a long way to go to establish adequate parliamentary oversight of the security sector.

Author: Adedeji Eboe (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Ebo, A. (ed.), N'Diayem B., (ed.), 2008, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges', DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 278 pages (2.79)
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How can civil society organisations working in conflict prevention and peacebuilding improve their interactions with the media? Why and when should they use the media? This paper from the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict argues that different types of media can bring about different types of change. Information programming can encourage cognitive change by increasing knowledge and framing public discussion. Entertainment programming and advertising encourage attitudinal change. The media rarely directly affects behaviour, but it influences attitudes and opinions that shape behaviour. Behavioural change happens through the cumulative impact of the media and other social institutions; an integrated strategy is important.

Author: Vladimir Bratic | Lisa Schirch Source: Bratic, V., and Schirch, L., 2008, 'Why and When to Use the Media for Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding', GPPAC Issue Paper, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict Size: 34 pages (725KB)
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What lessons can the international community draw from the statebuilding efforts in Liberia? This chapter reviews the international community's experience in Liberia during its post-conflict transitional period and finds that deeply intrusive forms of intervention often risk long-term sustainability for medium-term success. It argues that unless reforms and reconstruction are rooted in consultation and a sense of local ownership they are likely to collapse as soon as donor interest and resources shift elsewhere.

Author: M McGovern Source: McGovern, M., 2008, 'Liberia: The Risks of Re-building a Shadow State' in Building States to Build Peace, Charles T Call (ed), Lynne Rienner Publishers, USA, ch. 14 Size: 24 pages ()
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Peace agreements that place a heavy emphasis on power-sharing often preclude the people's interests and can impede sustainable peace. This paper, published by the German Institute of Global and Area Studies, analyses the impact of power-sharing arrangements in recent African peace agreements. Many peace agreement failures are caused in part by the international community's support of power-sharing that benefits armed rebel movements to the detriment of long-term conflict solutions.

Author: Andreas Mehler Source: Mehler, A., 2008, 'Not Always in the People's Interest: Power-Sharing Arrangements in African Peace Agreements', GIGA Research Programme: Violence, Power and Security, Working Paper no. 83, German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg Size: 44 pages (784 KB)
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What are the causes and problems of militarised law enforcement in peace operations? How can these be addressed? This paper from International Peacekeeping examines the role of the European Union Force (EUFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). While the military can contribute to law enforcement, such involvement is generally hindered by fear of 'mission creep' and lack of preparedness. Preferable alternatives to military involvement (such as international civil police forces collaborating with local officials) are obstructed by lack of political will. Law enforcement should be addressed early and systematically by the deployment of robust forces that avoid excessive use of force.

Author: Cornelius Friesendorf | Susan E. Penksa Source: Friesendorf, C. and Penksa, S., 2008, 'Militarized Law Enforcement in Peace Operations: EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina', International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 677-694 Size: 18 pages (135 KB)
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What are the risks and challenges facing Bangladesh's democracy and stability? Are Bangladesh's political and social institutions resilient enough to overcome these challenges? This report from the International Crisis Group examines the political risks and challenges facing Bangladesh. It argues that Bangladesh faces twin threats to its democracy and stability: deadlock over elections, and the growing challenge of militant and violent Islamism. The international community can help to address these risks by taking Bangladesh seriously as a strategic partner and moving towards more mature political engagement.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Bangladesh Today', Asia Report 121, International Crisis Group Size: 39 pages (1 MB)
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What progress has the military installed caretaker government (CTG) in Bangladesh made towards holding credible elections? This report from the International Crisis Group examines developments in Bangladesh since the military coup in 2007. It argues that while the military's desire to reform the political parties and tackle corruption is understandable, the CTG's measures undermine the country's democratic institutions.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2008, 'Restoring Democracy in Bangladesh', Asia Report No. 151, International Crisis Group Size: 47 pages (652 kB)
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How do civil society organisations (CSOs) impact upon conflict dynamics and conflict resolution efforts? This Institute of Development Studies (IDS) paper provides critical assessments of local CSO contributions in five conflict cases - Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Western Sahara and Israel/Palestine. It finds civil society facing similar problems across these five intractable conflicts. CSOs could develop this sector further through a number of measures, including actively promoting the values of democracy to be learnt and experienced on the ground.

Author: Nona Mikhelidze | Nicoletta Pirozzi Source: Mikhelidze, N. and Pirozzi, N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Conflict Transformation in Abkhazia, Israel/Palestine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria and Western Sahara', Policy Working Paper, no. 3, MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton Size: 86 pages (721KB)
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How has the Kingdom of Bhutan managed to transform itself from a traditional Buddhist monarchy to a constitutional monarchy with a two party system? This Centre for Bhutan Studies paper examines reform in Bhutan during the reign of Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1974 - 2006), the Fourth King of Bhutan. It argues that the king was instrumental in driving the reform process to its current position. Bhutan now stands on the threshold of new challenges more daunting than those it has confronted in the past.

Author: Thierry Mathou | The Centre for Bhutan Studies Source: Mathou T., 2008, 'How to Reform a Traditional Buddhist Monarchy', The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Bhutan Size: 52 pages (126KB)
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Is the Indian Military structurally, technologically and organisationally modern enough to meet the challenges of the 21st Century? How should current capabilities be enhanced? Written for the Institute of Defence Studies, this paper seeks to examine the factors affecting global and regional security. National aspirations and the changing security environment are analysed, with the need to set up joint military structures highlighted alongside resources availability and improved decision making.

Author: Vijay Oberoi Source: Oberoi V., 2008, 'Need for Holistic Restructuring of the Indian Military', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (1), New Dehli Size: 19 pages (78662 bytes)
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Is India's defence spending affordable? How much can a country afford for its Defence? This Journal of Defence Studies article examines the affordability of India's defence spending, concluding that the burden of the military budget has reduced significantly as GDP and Government revenues have increased.

Author: Laxman Kumar Behera Source: Behera L.K., 2008, 'India's Affordable Defence Spending', Journal of Defence Studies, vol 2 (1), New Dehli Size: 7 pages (284)
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How successful has the opening up of the Indian defence industry to private and foreign companies been in revitalising the sector? This Indian Defence Review article argues that the Indian defence industry, in the context of the country's growing economic development, is now reaping the benefits. The industry has acquired a new found confidence. However, further direction from the Government is required to ensure a sizeable, vibrant and sophisticated defence industry in the next two decades.

Author: Vinay Shankar | Indian Defence Review Source: Shankar V., 2008, 'Defence Industry', Indian Defence Review, Vol. 23.1 Size: n/a pages (n/a)
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In 1971 the Pakistan Army surrendered to Indian and Bangladeshi Forces, marking the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh. This article, published in Terrorism Monitor, compares the situation in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to that which prevailed in erstwhile East Pakistan over three decades ago. It exposes several worrying similarities between the two, and proposes recommendations to prevent the further breakup of Pakistan.

Author: Tariq Ashraf Source: Ashraf T., 2008, 'Military Operations in FATA: Eliminating Terrorism or Preventing the Balkanization of Pakistan?', Terrorism Monitor, Volume 6, Issue 12, Washington, DC Size: 7 pages (48 kB)
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Who are the key players in Pakistan's power dynamics? What role is given to the judicial system and civil society? This report by Jayshree Bajoria offers a brief outline of the political power dynamics in Pakistan's including the traditional role of the military and intelligence agency. It follows by providing a detailed explanation as to other key players which have emerged as dominant stakeholders in Pakistan's power dynamics.

Author: Jayshree Bajoria Source: Bajoria J., 2008, 'Pakistan's Institutions and Civil Society', Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder, New York, USA Size: pages ()
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Despite eight years of security sector reform (SSR) advocacy in Indonesia, basic democracy policy objectives and professional, accountable military and police services have yet to be achieved. This paper, published by the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, examines civil society organisations' (CSO) efforts to promote SSR in Indonesia from 1998-2006. While CSOs need to re-formulate their SSR advocacy strategies, the government should comprehensively evaluate SSR laws, policies and implementation in order to improve security sector accountability.

Author: Nancy Slamet Source: Slamet N., 2008, 'Civil Society and Security Sector Reform in Indonesia: 1998-2006', International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, and Institute for Defense Security and Peace Studies, Montreal, Canada Size: 34 pages (546 KB)
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While Singapore's security governance is distinct from those of its Southeast Asian counterparts, it shares regional traits of technocratic primary and relative lack of democratic controls. This paper, published by Contemporary Southeast Asia, discusses the evolution of and current challenges facing Singapore's security sector in light of current security sector governance theory. While Singapore governs its security sector better than most Southeast Asian countries, its technocratic manner and illiberal approach justify the need for some level of reform.

Author: See Sen Tang | Alvin Chew Source: Tang S.S., Chew A., 2008, 'Governing Singapore's Security Sector: Problems, Prospects, and Paradox', Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 30 (2): 241-263 Size: 24 pages ()
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For countries emerging from conflict, integration of ex-belligerents into society and security forces is a challenging task for the nation, neighbours, civil society and ex-combatants themselves. This paper from the Conflict Study Center discusses Nepal's Maoist integration issue within the context of Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR) as integration models. Nepal's current integration struggle suggests that if it does not achieve peace and stability soon, it may risk another type of socio-cultural ethnic-regional war.

Author: Bishnu Pathak | Conflict Study Center Source: Pathak B., 2008, 'Modeling the Integration of the Maoist Combatants: DDR or SSR?', Conflict Study Center, Kathmandu, Nepal: Situation Update 80 Size: 18 pages (256 kB)
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West Africa presents a unique combination of some of the poorest states on the continent, with the widespread security challenges of recurring violent conflict and long-standing authoritarian regimes. Is it possible to assess the state of the security sector across the region? What are the obstacles to security sector reform (SSR)? This book, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), maps SSR across West Africa, examines the broad range and diversity of challenges in sixteen country case studies, and provides entry points for SSR processes.

Author: Alan Bryden (ed.) | Boubacar N'Diaye (ed.) Source: Bryden A., N'Diaye B., Olonisakin F. (eds.), 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 431 pages (1.5 MB)
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What lessons have been learned from UK experience in stabilisation interventions? This document from the UK Government's Stabilisation Unit outlines emerging best practice guidance on how to assess, plan, resource and carry out stabilisation operations. Major lessons of experience so far are to: recognise the complexity and uncertainty of the action required; ensure an integrated, comprehensive approach between local authorities and external partners; and build on as much understanding and sensitivity to the local environment as can be generated.

Author: Stabilisation Unit Source: Stabilisation Unit, 2008, 'The UK Approach to Stabilisation: Stabilisation Unit Guidance Notes', UK Government, Stabilisation Unit, London Size: 47 pages (823 KB)
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Why has conflict prevention been neglected in the ongoing debates over global security? This article from Global Governance examines attitudes toward the international community's responsibility to prevent conflict since the publication in 2001 of the report The Responsibility to Protect. In explaining the relative neglect of prevention in debates about The Responsibility to Protect, it argues that the answer can be found in a combination of doubts about how wide the definition of prevention should be, political concerns raised by the use of prevention in the war on terrorism, and practical concerns about the appropriate institutional locus for responsibility.

Author: Alex Bellamy Source: Bellamy, A., 2008, 'Conflict Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect', Global Governance, no. 2 (April-June), pp. 135-156 Size: 19 pages ()
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How can international support for early recovery following conflict be improved? This report from the New York University Center on International Cooperation recommends measures to bridge three key gaps in the international response in the early recovery phase: gaps in strategy, financing and capacity. Work across all three areas is needed, and must start with an assessment of national capacity, or 'the state of the state'. The deeply political nature of post-conflict recovery cannot be overemphasised.

Author: Rahul Chandran | Bruce Jones Source: Chandran, R., Jones, B., and Smith, N., 2008, 'Recovering from War: Gaps in Early Action', Report for the UK Department for International Development, NYU Center on International Cooperation, New York University, New York Size: 53 pages (1.47 MB)
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What is meant by 'the rule of law', and how can it most effectively be promoted in post-conflict states? This article from Global Governance considers definitions, and outlines lessons from Kosovo and Haiti. Donors need to recognise rule of law reform as a political activity, and to harmonise as much as possible potentially contradictory elements: (a) local narratives and resources; and (b) the historical connection of the traditional 'thick' version of the rule of law with a liberal democratic state.

Author: Giovanni Bassu Source: Bassu, G., 2008, 'Law Overruled: Strengthening the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict States', Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism, vol. 14, no.1, pp. 21-38 Size: 18 pages (78 KB)
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What can be done to successfully reform the judiciary? What key issues must be considered? What improvements have already been brought about as a result of the enactment of laws? This Halsbury's Law article provides an overview of reforms in the judiciary in India. It argues that unless the citizens of India are educated, the objective of the Constitution to provide legal protection to all will not be achieved. The article discusses various key themes to be considered in trying to reform the judiciary in India in order to bring justice to all citizens, educated and illiterate. The author concludes that the importance of law in changing the minds of the society and in bringing about economic progress cannot be ignored.

Author: Justice AR Lakshmanan Source: Lakshmanan J.A., 2008, 'Reforms in the Judiciary: An Overview', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: WebPage pages (WebPage)
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Why have Indian courts accumulated arrears? What can judges and lawyers do to improve the system from within the existing framework? This Halsbury's Law Monthly article argues that the mental barriers to reforms are dismantled, and that all doses of external remedies are bound to fail. The article first provides a brief historical perspective of the origin and development of the judicial system in India since British Rule. It continues by discussing the issue of accumulation of arrears, and offers guidelines for lawyers and judges as to how to reform the system from within. It concludes with key recommendations for judges and lawyers in order to liquidate the huge backlog.

Author: A.K. Ganguly | Halsbury's Law Monthly Source: Ganguly A.K., 2008, 'Judicial Reforms', Halsbury's Law Monthly Size: pages ()
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How are distinctions between public and private and between global and local security governance in Africa being redrawn? This article surveys the breadth of private security activity on the continent, and the political and economic factors driving its growth. It argues that analysis of private security in Africa must be situated within the significant power shifts taking place in international political economy. Contemporary security involves complex, fluid structures in which public and private agents interact, cooperate and compete. Issues of public scrutiny and accountability have important implications for democratic control and oversight.

Author: Rita Abrahamsen | Michael C. Williams Source: Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C., 2008, 'Public/Private, Global/Local: The Changing Contours of Africa's Security Governance', Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, no. 118, pp 539-553 Size: 15 pages ()
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How can democratic policing be developed in Bangladesh? This chapter reviews policing and police reform, highlighting the challenges of corruption, misconduct and politicisation. Despite promising initiatives by the Police Reform Programme, achieving reform implementation and embedding respect for human rights in police culture remain challenging. Reforms will only succeed in practice if politicians demonstrate the political will for change.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Bangladesh' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp16-31 Size: 15 pages (2.9 MB)
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How successful have attempts at reforming India's police been? What needs to be done to transform India's police from a controlling force to a people-centred service? This chapter examines the current state and pace of police reform in India. The control-oriented, colonial-era 1861 Police Act continues to govern policing in India, and police abuses are rife. The national and state governments have failed to comply with Supreme Court directives to reform the police. New legislation is urgently needed, and the drafting process must be open to civil society and stakeholder input. This will ensure that the new law addresses the concerns of the people most affected by unaccountable and ineffective policing.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'India' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi, pp32-53 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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This chapter finds that despite Pakistan's progressive Police Order of 2002, effective implementation of police reform has been blocked by a culture of political interference in police matters and by opposition from vested interests among the bureaucracy, by elements of the policing community and by alienated provincial governments. A failure to appreciate the impact that inadequate and oppressive policing can have on politics and governance risks repeating the mistakes that have plagued Pakistan since Independence. The regressive amendments to the Police Order since 2002 must be repealed and the successful reform of the National Highways and Motorway Police should be emulated.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Pakistan' in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 54-75 Size: 21 pages (2.9 MB)
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The effort to implement better policing in Sri Lanka has stalled, and international pressure on the government has produced only the appearance of respect for human rights. This chapter finds that police reform will not work while the civil war is ongoing or while politicians are unwilling to end their patronage of the police. In order to begin to democratise the police, the government must scale back the military offensive against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and pursue a long-term political solution that involves devolution to the provinces. To end the culture of impunity, police human rights abuses must be impartially investigated and prosecuted.

Author: Sanjay Patil Source: Patil, S., 2008, 'Sri Lanka', in Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed - Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Dehli, pp. 76-90 Size: 14 pages (2.9 MB)
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Why has the principle of parliamentary oversight of the security sector, asserted since Benin's independence, been poorly implemented? This study highlights logistical, human resource and institutional weaknesses, particularly repeated military incursions into the political arena. While the situation has improved since the 1990 Conférence Nationale, the national assembly must earn citizens' trust by improving its performance and visibility and by providing public access to information. It is also important to train parliamentarians on security issues and to strengthen links with civil society organisations.

Author: Christophe C. Kougniazonde Source: Kougniazonde, C. C., 2008, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Benin', in Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges, eds. A. Ebo and B. N'Diaye, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 79-102 Size: 24 pages (2.79 MB)
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What is the current status and functioning of the Cape Verde parliament and its oversight of the security sector? This chapter examines the specialised committees responsible for scrutiny of the security sector. It finds that Cape Verde is consciously building a framework for democratic control of the security sector, and that parliament has played an important role in securing stability in the country and in oversight of the security sector. However, the performance of the specialised committees responsible for security and defence issues need to be improved and sub-committees are required in order to enhance the performance of the national assembly.

Author: Carlos Nunes Fernandes dos Reis Source: Fernandes dos Reis, C. N., 2008, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Republic of Cape Verde' in Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges, eds. A. Ebo and B. N'Diaye, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 103-116 Size: 278 pages (2.79 MB)
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How accurate is the perception of Mali as one of the most advanced African countries with regard to democratic oversight of the security sector? This chapter argues that although Mali has come a long way (and in some respects presents examples of civil-military relations that other countries could learn from), weaknesses in parliamentary oversight remain. Old habits of secrecy and corruption, an unwillingness to assert the role of parliament in relation to the executive, a lack of resources, and parliamentarians' lack of expertise need to be addressed. It is important to promote a new culture of parliamentary oversight, linking this to broader regional and sub-regional security regimes and best practices.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2008, 'Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Mali', in Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector in West Africa: Opportunities and Challenges, eds. A. Ebo and B. N'Diaye, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 159-176 Size: 278 pages (2.79 MB)
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What are the challenges of security sector governance in Benin? This chapter examines Benin's security sector, finding it poorly organised and resourced, with unsatisfactory democratic oversight and slow reforms. To be meaningful, security sector reform must take place within a broader framework of good governance. This requires a greater focus on democratic oversight and accountability by the executive, legislature and by civil society as a whole.

Author: Sadikou Ayo Alao | Theodore Loko Source: Alao, S. A. and Loko, T., 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Benin' in Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa eds. A. Bryden , B. N'Diaye, and F. Olonisakin, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 27-44 Size: 17 pages (1.54 MB)
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This chapter examines the attempts of Mali's security sector to respond to citizens' needs and increase transparency and participation. It suggests that the reforms are costly for such an indebted government. Furthermore, the population and security agents are reluctant to adopt reforms due to administrative inertia and low confidence in administrative changes. However, once this reluctance has been dispelled, it will be easier to set overall performance indicators.

Author: Nouhoum Sangaré Source: Sangaré N., 2008, 'Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa: Mali' in Challenges of Security Sector Governance in West Africa, eds. A. Bryden , B. N'Diaye, and F. Olonisakin, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp. 185-204 Size: 19 pages (2.97 MB)
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A major problem in security sector reform (SSR) has been a lack of local input to and ownership of the emerging reform agenda. Consequently, many donor governments and organisations have made commitments to the principle of local ownership. Yet this has become more a rhetorical device than a guide to donor practice. This paper, by the Crisis States Research Centre, aims to contribute to operationalising donor countries' policy commitments to local ownership of SSR. It discusses the content and political nature of SSR, and presents guidelines on guaranteeing the engagement of local actors and ensuring the security needs of citizens are met. It identifies obstacles facing SSR and a framework for their analysis. It suggests means by which donors can improve local ownership and makes proposals on institutionalising local ownership in donor governments' procedures. The paper also draws on case studies of Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia, Sierra Leone and South Africa.

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2007, 'No Ownership, No Commitment: A Guide to Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform', Paper commissioned by the Security Sector Reform Strategy of the UK Government's Global Conflict Prevention Pool, University of Birmingham, UK Size: 121 pages (1.9MB)
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How should the components of nation-building missions be organised and employed effectively? This guidebook from the RAND Corporation is based on historical research and best practice lessons from 16 case studies. International military interventions have proved to be the most reliable means of preventing societies emerging from civil war from then slipping back into conflict. Despite some notable setbacks, the overall impact of heightened international activism has been beneficial. Practitioners need to look more closely at previous experiences, learning from them, and then applying lessons into practice.

Author: James Dobbins | Seth Jones Source: The RAND National Security Research Division, 2007, 'The Beginners Guide to Nation-Building', RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA Size: 330 pages ()
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When regulated and accountable, the private security industry can make a valuable contribution to security provision. However, the activities of an uncontrolled or poorly regulated private security industry can present unique governance problems, and in post-conflict states can inhibit peacebuilding and development. This guidance note by Saferworld aims to equip practitioners with the information and research questions necessary to assess whether the private provision of security in a country is problematic, and consider how to incorporate it into Security Sector Reform (SSR) programmes.

Author: Anna Richards | Henry Smith Source: Richards, A. & Smith, H., 2007, 'Addressing the role of private security companies within security sector reform programmes', Saferworld, London Size: 29 pages (414 kB)
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What conditions are climate changes likely to produce around the world that would represent security risks to the United States? What actions should the nation take to address the national security consequences of climate change? This report from the CNA Corporation, with a panel of retired senior military officers and national security experts, considers how climate change can foster instability and affect international security. It addresses specific regional security challenges in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Europe and the Americas.

Author: Noel L. Gerson Source: The CNA Corporation, 2007, 'National Security and the Threat of Climate Change', The CNA Corporation, Alexandria, USA Size: 68 pages (1 MB)
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Before the political upheaval of the 1990s, police forces in the former Yugoslavia and Albania were centralised and repressive components of the state apparatus. Since then, various initiatives have been undertaken to address the numerous problems of police forces in the region. This has provided an opportunity to introduce community based policing (CBP). This policy document aims to set out the principles and key issues of undertaking successful CBP. It emphasises the importance of a strategic management process in undertaking CBP and, based on this, outlines a 'model' for CBP.

Author: SEESAC | Saferworld Source: SEESAC, UNDP Stability Pact, Saferworld, 2007, 'Philosophy and Principles of Community Based Policing (3rd edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 48 pages (868 kB)
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What reforms are necessary to tackle issues regarding the quality and loyalty of Iraqi security forces? This briefing from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) reviews developments within the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police and Facilities Protection Service (FPS). Based partly on a conference including government officials, military officers, law enforcement executives and academic experts, it suggests several reforms. Its recommendations include applying US effort and resources to support the transformation of the Iraqi Interior Ministry and FPS. Further suggestions include assigning responsibility for police training to the US Justice Department and transferring Iraqi National Police (INP) units to the Ministry of Defence.

Author: Robert Perito Source: Perito, R. M., 2007, 'Reforming the Iraqi Interior Ministry, Police, and Facilities Protection Service', United States Institute of Peace, USI Peace Briefing, Washington, DC, USA Size: pages ()
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Virtually all peace agreements include requirements for elections, but post-conflict decisions on state structure and election design are rarely subjected to expert review. This paper by Jarrett Blanc, Aanund Hylland and KÃ¥re Vollan provides an overview of principles and mechanisms of state structures and elections systems. Concepts of division of power and group representation are applied to case studies of the Phillipines, Sudan and Sri Lanka. The paper is designed for use by negotiators, mediators and others involved in peace processes.

Author: Jarrett Blanc | , Aanund Hylland Source: Blanc, J., Hylland, A. and Vollan, K., 2007, 'State structure and electoral systems in post-conflict situations', International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), Washington, DC, USA Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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There is currently little guidance available for ombudsman institutions on how they should structure their work to improve human and public security. This publication, by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), aims to close this gap. It focuses on the role of Ombudsman institutions in monitoring and investigating the security sector. It argues that independent ombudsman institutions can play an important role in strengthening democratic oversight and furthering human and public security.

Author: Katrin Kinzelbach | Eden Cole Source: Kinzelbach, K. and Cole, E. (eds.), 2007, 'Monitoring and Investigating the Security Sector: Recommendations for Ombudsman Institutions to Promote and Protect Human Rights for Public Security', UNDP / DCAF. Size: 92 pages (1076 kB)
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The globalisation of the private security sector (PSS) and its impact on conflict and human security has no better example than Africa. This paper, authored by Sabelo Gumedze, discusses the dynamics of the private security industry, its proliferation and relative lack of regulation, and identifies forces that drive its growth. The issue of the PSS, as it exists in Africa today, must be addressed by effective regulatory mechanisms.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S., 2007, 'The private security sector in Africa: The 21st century's major cause for concern?', Institute for Security Studies, ISS Paper 133, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 2 pages (22.5 KB)
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How have Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes improved and what lessons remain to be learned? This study from Barcelona Autonomous University's Peace Culture School is an update to the one carried out last year. Its aim is to analyse current DDR programmes in 22 countries. Current programmes have a general profile that is quite novel, in terms of the quantity of experiences existing and the number of beneficiaries and the international context in which they are produced.

Author: Albert Caramés | Vicenç Fisas Source: Caramés, A., Fisas, V., Sanz, E., 2007, 'Analysis of the Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) Programs existing in the World during 2006', School for a Culture of Peace, Barcelona Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain Size: 39 pages (575 kB)
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Is building peace through community development a promising approach? This paper from the Chr. Michelsen Institute draws on a recent CMI evaluation of a UNDP-led programme in Ituri district in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Community development can be an effective tool to build peace, even in the midst of violence. The Ituri experience suggests that aid agencies that adopt this strategy will stand a fair chance to succeed in significantly reducing poverty-related violence.

Author: Ingrid Samset Source: Samset, I., 2007, 'A promising experience: building peace through community development', Brief, Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Vol.6 No.3, Norway Size: 4 pages (452KB)
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While the Labour Government of the United Kingdom (UK) has introduced positive arms export policy changes in the past 10 years, these policies have been undermined by poor implementation and decisions that appear to contradict stated criteria. This paper, authored by Mark Curtis, Helen Close, Vanessa Dury and Roy Isbister, examines the Labour Government's arms export policy and identifies a number of "good" policy developments, "bad" policy implementation and "ugly" practices.

Author: Mark Curtis | Helen Close Source: Close,H., Curtis,M., Dury,V. & Isbister,R., 2007, 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly - a decade of Labour's arms exports', Saferworld, London Size: 2 pages (35.0 kB)
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Up to 400,000 people have died since February 2003 as a result of the war that broke out in the Darfur region of Sudan. This paper, by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), examines the problems of civilian protection created by this war. It argues for the strengthening of the African Union (AU) force in the context of United Nations (UN) support and the fast-tracking of the peace process within Darfur between Khartoum and its neighbours.

Author: Peter Kagwanja | Patrick Mutahi Source: Kagwanja,P. & Mutahi,P., 2007, 'Protection of civilians in African peace missions: The case of the African Union Mission in Sudan, Darfur', ISS Paper 139, Pretoria, South Africa Size: 20 pages (345 kB)
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How useful have the OECD's Principles of Good International Engagement in Fragile States been in the context of Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)? This report from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) concentrates on the conflict between the North and the South and on three key elements of the Principles: Donor coordination, state-building and peacebuilding. On the basis of this experience, it finds the OECD Principles to be very relevant for guiding international engagement.

Author: Anita Haslie | Axel Borchgrevink Source: Haslie, A. and Borchgrevink, A., 2007, 'International Engagement in Sudan after the CPA: Report on the Piloting of OECD/DAC's 'Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States' for the Case of Sudan', Paper no. 714, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Size: 46 pages (403 KB)
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Why do some peace processes create conditions for effective protection of civilians while others don't? This paper, authored by Jeremy Brickhill, uses lessons learned from the Darfur Peace Agreement to argue that inadequate attention to security aspects of peace processes leads to failure of peace agreements and civilians left at risk. Security arrangement negotiations and transitional strategies which link short-term stabilisation with long-term security sector transformation are essential requirements for peacebuilding in Africa.

Author: Jeremy Brickhill Source: Brickhill,J., 2007, 'Protecting Civilians Through Peace Agreements: Challenges and Lessons of the Darfur Peace Agreement', ISS Paper 138, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa. Size: 2 pages (31.5 kB)
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Ethnically representative armed forces in post-conflict countries can encourage a sense of commonality across ethnic boundaries and help secure a fragile peace. This paper, authored by Sven Gunnar Simonsen, cites recent efforts to establish ethnically representative armies and security forces in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Iraq, Bosnia and East Timor. While serious limitations to ethnic integration of the military exist, ethnically integrated national armies can help reduce ethnic violence and contribute to peacebuilding.

Author: Sven Gunnar Simonsen Source: Simonsen,SG., 2007, 'Building "National" Armies - Building Nations? Determinants of Success for Post-intervention Integration Efforts', International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Norway Size: 20 pages ()
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While the United States (US), led by the Bush Administration, is promoting both anti-terrorism legislation and democracy around the world, these goals may run the risk of being seen as another example of American hypocrisy. This paper, authored by Beth Elise Whitaker, examines the politics surrounding passage of anti-terrorism laws in the developing world. In promoting anti-terrorism legislation and increased democratisation simultaneously, the US has generated widespread cynicism about the Bush Administration's twin foreign policy goals.

Author: Beth Elise Whitaker Source: Whitaker,BE., 2007, 'Exporting the Patriot Act? democracy and the "war on terror" in the Third World', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2007, pp.1017-1032, Routledge, London, UK Size: 16 pages (159 kb)
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Promoting security, good governance and recovery in weak, failing and war-torn countries requires integrated, coherent approaches. Many international donors are adopting 'whole-of government' approaches that bring together their diplomatic, defence and development instruments: the 3Ds. This report from the International Peace Academy examines these approaches in seven leading donor countries. It argues that policy coherence remains a work in progress.

Author: Stewart Patrick | Kaysie Brown Source: Patrick, S. and Brown, K., 2007, 'Main Findings and Recommendations' in Greater than the Sum of its Parts? Assessing "Whole of Government" Approaches to Fragile States, International Peace Academy, New York Size: 157 pages (1.55 MB)
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The use of private security companies (PSCs) by humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) not only poses management and control issues for NGOs, but can have a serious impact upon the execution of humanitarian policy. This paper, authored by Christopher Spearin, identifies issues that affect PSC/NGO interaction and suggests policy options to clarify the NGO approach to PSCs. NGOs should consider improving their security savvy and take steps to help create a more humanitarian-centric PSC marketplace.

Author: Dr Christopher Spearin Source: Spearin, C., 2007, 'Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations and International Private Security Companies: The "Humanitarian" Challenges of Moulding a Marketplace', Policy Paper 16, DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 31 pages (260kb)
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Liberia's national security sector operates under old structures that are unworkable, wasteful and do not engender the support of the people. This paper, authored by Gompert, Oliker, Stearns, Crane and Riley, recommends the organisation of a new sector architecture of both force structure and security institutions. Liberia must create a new security structure capable of meeting the country's internal and external challenges.

Author: David C. Gompert | Olga Oliker Source: Crane,K., Gompert,D., Oliker,O., Riley,K. & Stearns,B., 2007, 'Making Liberia Safe - Transformation of the National Security Sector', Monograph, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA Size: 118 pages (561kb)
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Security sector reform (SSR) is key to ensuring sustainable democratisation and peacebuilding processes in the Horn of Africa. This monograph, edited by Len Le Roux and Yemane Kidane, compares SSR experiences in the region and highlights security reform challenges facing the Horn of Africa. SSR in the Horn should include both restructuring of security institutions and strengthening of political, judicial and civil society oversight capacities. It should also be based on a comprehensive, accurate analysis of overall regional and national contexts.

Author: Len Le Roux (Editor) | Yemane Kidane (Editor) Source: Le Roux,L. and Kidane,Y. (eds.), 2007, 'Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', Monograph No 135, ISS, South Africa Size: 96 pages (471 kB)
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Since its inception in 2002, the African Union (AU) has promoted peace and security, human rights, the rule of law, consolidation of democracy and sustainable development. This ISS Africa paper, edited by Festus B Aboagye, traces the development of AU policy objectives and highlights security issues of the "New Africa". The AU needs to address the impact of peacebuilding interventions that divert attention from issues of human safety and develop realistic action plans that will help achieve continental and regional security.

Author: Festus B Aboagye (Editor) Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'Complex Emergencies in the 21st Century: Challenges of New Africa's Strategic Peace and Security Policy Issues', ISS Africa, Monograph No 134, South Africa Size: 73 pages (734 kB)
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What are the key linkages between Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and Security Sector Reform (SSR)? How can these inform the development of policy frameworks in post-conflict contexts? This paper developed on behalf of the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa presents some of the key challenges to achieving better synergies in practice between DDR and SSR. Supporting security sector governance institutions provides an important under-acknowledged means to link SSR and DDR concerns.

Author: Alan Bryden Source: Bryden, A., 2007, 'Linkage between DDR and SSR - Understanding the DDR-SSR Nexus: Building Sustainable Peace in Africa', Issue Paper at the Second International Conference on DDR and Stability in Africa, 12-14 June, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo Size: 28 pages (260 KB)
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Is it possible to fight war and manage conflict at the same time? This book from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) explores the causes of conflict and the critical role of conflict management in volatile political environments. Peacemaking and conflict management are essential for creating a less divided, less conflicted world despite the complexities and high odds against success. The international community can check hostile adversaries of the international order and make peace at the same time.

Author: Chester A. Crocker | Fen Osler Hampson Source: Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P., 2007, 'Leashing the Dogs of War', Introduction in Crocker, C., Osler Hampson, F. and Aall, P. (eds.) 'Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World', United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C. Size: 726 pages ()
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Vetting public employees in transitional societies has received less research attention than prosecutions, truth telling and reparations of individuals who have perpetrated human rights abuses under authoritarian regimes or in conflicts. This paper reports results of case studies in countries that have conducted post-conflict/post-authoritarian vetting of public servants. Vetting is more than technical personnel reform; it can help institute new norms for service in public institutions.

Author: Roger Duthie | International Center for Transitional Justice Source: Duthie, R., 2007, 'Introduction' in Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies, Mayer-Rieckh,A. & de Greiff,P. (eds.), Social Science Research Council, New York, USA Size: 22 pages (136 KB)
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Should external actors intervene to trigger or force a transition in extreme cases of autocratic or failed governance? This article considers the case of Burma. It explores the country's deprivations under military rule, identifies means to make its institutions adequate to the task of democratic governance, and proposes limitations on assistance under various scenarios for political transition. It argues that some degree of political transition will have to occur before assistance can be delivered, and that Burma's Asian neighbours will be crucial to any breakthrough.

Author: PRISCILLA CLAPP Source: Clapp,P., 2007, 'Building Democracy in Burma', Working Paper 02, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), USA Size: 77 pages (820 kB)
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Between 2002 and 2004 the Ugandan Government carried out a defence review with the assistance of the UK Government. What lessons from this experience can be applied to similar reviews around the world? This report, produced by the Conflict, Security and Development Group at King's College London in partnership with Makerere University, examines the experience of the Uganda Defence Review (UDR) and highlights achievements and challenges that may help others to navigate security reviews, particularly where external assistance is involved. The report emphasises the importance of national ownership of security reviews and that methodology employed may affect whether political decision-makers accept a review's findings.

Author: Dylan Hendrickson Source: Hendrickson,D. (ed.), 2007, 'Uganda Defence Review: Learning From Experience', Kings College, London, UK Size: 74 pages ()
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To what extent have religious leaders in Afghanistan been involved in the reconstruction of the country? How do they view the Afghans and foreigners who are driving it? This paper, by the Cooperation for Peace and Unity, analyses the debates surrounding religious groups in the country and assesses their potential role as civil society actors. The paper argues that most religious leaders have a positive view of development. The government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) should make greater efforts to forge links with them.

Author: Kanishka Nawabi | Mirwais Wardak Source: Wardak, M., Zaman, I., and Nawabi, K., 2007, 'The Role and Functions of Religious Civil Society in Afghanistan: Case Studies from Sayedabad and Kunduz', Cooperation for Peace and Unity, Kabul Size: 53 pages (380 KB)
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Which factors determine whether former combatants can be successfully integrated into social and political spheres at the end of a conflict? This article published in Conflict, Security and Development compares the political reintegration of the Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) in Colombia in the early 1990s with the reintegration of the paramilitary a decade later. It argues that successful reintegration depends on the acceptance of relevant audiences and the capacity of former combatants to perform as social and political interlocutors.

Author: Alexandra Guáqueta Source: Guáqueta, A., 2007, 'The Way Back In: Reintegrating Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia Then and Now' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 417-456 Size: 41 pages (270 KB)
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Experts agree that police reform involving the community is critical for peace and development. Yet to date there has not been a study on what international practitioners are doing in community-based policing (CBP) initiatives across Southeastern Europe. This document, by the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme, looks at project activities that address the issue of community involvement in police reform in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. It argues that the SSSR Programme is contributing to increased security in Albania and is a model worthy of replication.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'The Critical Link: Community Policing Practices in Southeastern Europe', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 36 pages (339 kB)
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How successful have Community Problem Solving Groups (CPSGs) been at representing their communities and identifying and solving problems? How supportive of their efforts are local government officials? This study from the United Nations Development Programme assesses the Support to Security Sector Reform (SSSR) Programme's CPSGs in Albania. In general, local governments are interested in supporting the CPSGs, local police officers are dedicated to community-based policing, and there are active CPSG members. The CPSGs thus have a lot of potential, which the SSSR Programme should help to realise.

Author: Sean DeBlieck Source: DeBlieck,S., 2007, 'Representation, Relevance and Interest: An Assessment of the SSSR Programme's Community Problem Solving Groups', UNDP Albania/SSSR Programme, Albania Size: 29 pages (336 kB)
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Casualties from antipersonnel landmines in Colombia have increased dramatically in recent years. The use of antipersonnel landmines by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) and the National Liberation Army (ELN) kills and injures hundreds of civilians every year. This report from Human Rights Watch documents the impact on civilian victims of antipersonnel landmines and the assistance the government provides to survivors.

Author: Daniel Wilkinson | HRW Americas Division Source: Human Rights Watch, 2007, 'Maiming the People: Guerrilla Use of Antipersonnel Landmines and Other Indiscriminate Weapons in Colombia', Human Rights Watch, Volume 19, No. 1(B), New York, USA Size: 38 pages (1.03 MB)
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Combating organised crime should occur throughout the conflict continuum, from conflict prevention to post-conflict peacebuilding. This paper, published by Swisspeace, examines the impact of organised criminal groups on peacebuilding efforts in Kosovo and Liberia. Although types of organised crime differ in the two countries, both cases demonstrate that organised crime presents a serious threat to peacebuilding efforts and damages the functioning of democratic institutions.

Author: Nika Stražišar Teran Source: Teran, N. S., 2007, 'Peacebuilding and Organised Crime: The Cases of Kosovo and Liberia', Swisspeace Working Paper 1/2007, Bern Size: 52 pages (489.45 KB)
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Dealing with a legacy of human rights violations is one of the most difficult challenges facing any society in the aftermath of violent conflict. The Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006 considered the cases of Guatamala and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the peace agreements that ended the conflicts in these countries a decade after they were signed and a number of related issues. The introductory article from the conference outlines the factors that lead to establishing truth commissions in one context and judicial tribunals in another, considering how a society can learn to live with the memory of human rights violations, and how external actors can contribute to the process of reconciliation.

Author: Jonathan Sisson Source: Sisson,J.(ed.), 2007, 'Dealing with the Past in Post-Conflict Societies: Ten Years after the Peace Accords in Guatemala and Bosnia-Herzegovina', Introduction at the Swisspeace Annual Conference 2006, Bern Size: 80 pages (871 kB)
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Effective border management can play a significant role in preventing human trafficking, illicit smuggling and terrorism. This book, by the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Indonesian Institute for Strategic and Defense Studies (LESPERSSI), explains the importance of state border management in relation to reforming the security sector. It also considers the experience of Hungarian border guard reform, outlines Indonesia's current border condition, and makes proposals regarding modern border management.

Author: Beni Sukadis | Aditya Batara Gunawan Source: Batara,A. & Sukadis,B. (eds.), 2007, 'Border Management Reform in Transition Democracies', DCAF & Lesperssi, Bern Size: 114 pages (1298 kB)
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While most states in Central Asia have conducted varying degrees of defence and security sector institutional reform, practical application of reform varies from country to country. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the status of defence and security reform in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Weak economies, lack of democratic governance and intractable security issues such as drug smuggling are major hindrances to reform.

Author: Eden Cole (editor) | Philipp Fluri (editor) Source: Cole,E. & Fluri,P., 2007, 'Defence and Security Sector Institution Building in the Post-Soviet Central Asian States', DCAF, Bern Size: 112 pages (563.90 kB)
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While there is emerging recognition in the Ukraine of the benefits of security sector reform (SSR), significant reforms to date are limited to the defence sector. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, reviews the current status of SSR in the Ukraine and recent security policy statements of Ukrainian authorities. Substantial reform efforts need to be applied to internal security institutions, law enforcement agencies and the judiciary.

Author: Vladimir P. Horbulin, Editor | Philipp H. Fluri, Editor Source: Horbulin,V.P., Fluri,P.H. & Pirozhkov,S.I., 2007, 'Perspectives on Ukrainian Security Sector Reform', DCAF & Valentin Ramirovich Suvaldo, Bern Size: 173 pages (557.97 kB)
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What are the key security issues facing post-conflict Nepal? How can ongoing local tensions be addressed? This donor briefing paper from International Alert and Friends for Peace reports on the security concerns of vulnerable and marginalised groups in the country. Donors and communities should work together to promote locally owned security structures, collaboration between political parties and an approach to reconciliation which incorporates development strategies.

Author: Natalie Hicks (not author) Source: International Alert and Friends for Peace, 2007, 'Nepal at a Crossroads: Strengthening Community Security in the Post-Settlement Context', Donor Briefing Paper, International Alert, London Size: 14 pages (660 KB)
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How should the increasing recognition of the interdependence of development and security assistance change the definition of overseas development assistance (ODA)? This paper from the Bonn International Centre for Conversion discusses proposals for possible extensions of the ODA category to cover security-related assistance activities. While certain aspects of conflict prevention, security sector reform and anti-terrorism activity should be included within ODA, any such definitional broadening should be limited. A new "Official Security, Peace and Stability Assistance" category could be added to the OECD DAC (Development Assistance Committee) reporting system to present a broader picture of security-related donor assistance.

Author: Michael Brzoska Source: Brzoska, 2007, 'Analysis of and Recommendations for Covering Security Relevant Expenditures Within and Outside of Official Development Assistance' Paper, no. 53, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn Size: 53 pages (630 kB)
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How influential are civil society organisations (CSOs) in South Africa and Uganda? This article examines the extent to which CSOs influence government policy and legislation and extend citizen participation in public affairs. It also considers how far external funding influences policy engagement and outcomes. The capacity of CSOs to offer citizens a say in decisions and to enhance pluralism may be as important as their ability to influence policy and demand accountability from state actors.

Author: Mark Robinson | Steve Friedman Source: Robinson, M. and Friedman, S., 2007, 'Civil Society, Democratization, and Foreign Aid: Civic Engagement and Public Policy in South Africa and Uganda', Democratization, Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 643-668 Size: 27 pages (160 KB)
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Was the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) an appalling failure? This paper from the Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals (IBEI) analyses the 2003-2005 period of the mission and assesses whether EUPM merited the harsh criticism it received. It finds that while EUPM failed to achieve its goal of 'Europeanising' Bosnian police services, it achieved a number of tangible results. EUPM's lack of success was not entirely its own fault.

Author: Gemma Collantes Celador Source: Collantes Celador, G., 2007, 'The European Union Police Mission: The Beginning of a New Future for Bosnia and Herzegovina?', IBEI Working Papers, Institute Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona, Spain Size: 24 pages (220 kB)
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What security threats and challenges confront the European Union (EU)? How is the EU to deal with these threats and challenges? The 2003 European Security Strategy (ESS) set out the principles, priorities and procedures of how the EU intends to protect and promote its security. This article from European Security Review suggests that the ESS should be revised in light of the changing threats and challenges facing Europe. To become a genuine strategy the ESS should contain clear targets and objectives, and detailed action plans for their achievement.

Author: Stephen Pullinger Source: Pullinger,S., 2007, 'Revising the European Security Strategy: Building a secure Europe in a better world', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (92 KB)
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The conflict in Darfur has killed an estimated 200,000 people and displaced 2.5 million. Although Sudan has accepted a hybrid African Union-United Nations Mission, caveats and resistance from the Sudanese government and other actors make it difficult to restore stability. How should the European Union (EU) engage in fragile situations such as that of Sudan? This article from European Security Review summarises a European Security Contact Group meeting on international and EU engagement in Sudan. It finds that achieving 'good international engagement' in fragile situations like Sudan is greatly complex for the EU.

Author: Giji Gya Source: Gya,G., 2007, 'Engaging Fragile Situations: Sudan', in European Security Review 35, ISIS Europe, Brussels, Belgium Size: 5 pages (97 kB)
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The peacekeeping operation in Darfur needs substantive involvement from the UN and a robust mandate that addresses the humanitarian emergency and protection of civilians. The proposed African Union-United Nations (AU-UN) hybrid mission raises fundamental questions regarding authority. This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) examines the challenges of hybrid command and control arrangements in regard to the peacekeeping operation in Darfur. It argues that difficulties confronting the AU-UN operation result in part from the attempt to portray a conventional joint multinational operation as a hybrid mission.

Author: Festus Aboagye Source: Aboagye,F., 2007, 'The Hybrid Operation for Darfur: A Critical Review of the Concept of the Mechanism', ISS Africa, Occasional Paper 149, South Africa Size: 24 pages (1.31 MB)
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Who has the responsibility to protect people in collapsed states like Somalia? This paper, by the Institute of Security Studies, demonstrates that there still is a need for the United Nations (UN), developed countries and African countries to define clear and equitable standards by which the international community should intervene in such failed states.

Author: Sadiki Koko Source: Koko,S., 2007, 'Whose Responsibility to Protect? Reflection on the Dynamics of an 'Abandoned Disorder' in Somalia', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 12 pages (168.4KB)
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Has the African Union (AU) embraced the responsibility to protect (R2P) in its Constitutive Act? Has it been successful in implementing R2P? This study, by the Institute for Security Studies, assesses its efforts to promote peace in Africa and to deal with emerging crises. It concludes that the AU is committed to R2P, although it is too early for a definitive judgment, since the institutions that the AU has developed to change attitudes need to be given an opportunity to work.

Author: Dr Tim Murithi Source: Murithi,T., 2007, 'The Responsibility to Protect, as Enshrined in Article 4 of the Constitutive Act of the African Union', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 11 pages (131KB)
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In light of the United Nations' (UN) failure to act in the 1990s, are Africa's experiments in cooperative security the future of peacekeeping? How do new approaches to peacekeeping affect the legitimacy of global multilateral security architecture? This article from African Security Review analyses hybrid missions and security collaboration in Africa. These approaches are responses to Africa's political, financial and operational constraints and should not be regarded as alternatives for UN-led peacekeeping.

Author: Timothy Othieno | Nhamo Samasuwo Source: Othieno,T. and Samasuwo,N., 2007, 'A Critical Analysis of Africa's Experiments with Hybrid Missions and Security Collaboration', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (153 kB)
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Is the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) an effective instrument for promoting peace and stability in Africa? How successfully does it address the links between peace, governance and development? This article from The African Security Review critically examines how the APRM self-assessment questionnaire covers conflict detection and prevention. Reviewing the first three APRM country reports, from Ghana, Kenya and Rwanda, it questions whether the APRM is an effective instrument for promoting peace. While the APRM could be useful in describing sources of conflict and tension, Africa should not rely on the APRM alone to prevent conflict.

Author: Steve Gruzd Source: Gruzd,S., 2007, 'Peace, Security and the African Peer Review Mechanism: Are the Tools up to the Task?', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 13 pages (152 kB)
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What challenges confront the peacebuilding agenda in Africa? To what extent have peacebuilding measures been undertaken in conflict-ridden African states? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges, extent and achievement of peacebuilding in Sierra Leone and assesses the prospects for sustainable peace. The experience of Sierra Leone demonstrates growing international recognition that peacebuilding should be an essential part of any multinational peacekeeping operation in Africa. While many positive developments have strengthened the prospects for long-term peace in Sierra Leone, several problems still need to be urgently addressed.

Author: Theo Neethling Source: Neethling,T., 2007, 'Pursuing Sustainable Peace Through Post-conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Sierra Leone', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 15 pages (148 kB)
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What measures should be taken to prevent armed conflict in West Africa? What steps have West African states taken to monitor signs of conflict? This article from African Security Review examines conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms in West Africa. The most effective conflict prevention measures are good governance and improved standards of living and popular education. These measures should also serve as a checklist for early warning systems.

Author: Issaka Souare Source: Souaré,IK., 2007, 'Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Mechanisms in West Africa: A Critical Assessment of Progress', in Conflict Prevention and the 'Responsibility to Protect' in Africa?, ISS Africa, African Security Review Vol 16 No 3, South Africa Size: 14 pages (159 kB)
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How can the use of gender analysis help improve post-conflict peace processes? This paper, published in Gender and Development, discusses the research methodology and results of the 2005 Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis (PCGA) conducted by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) in the Solomon Islands. The use of gender analysis to shape peace processes would help solidify women's gains in status and contribute to economic and civil society development.

Author: Annalise Moser Source: Moser, A., 2007, 'The Peace and Conflict Gender Analysis: UNIFEM's Research in the Solomon Islands' Gender and Development, volume 15, issue 2 Size: 10 pages (115 KB)
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What do ordinary people in Sierra Leone think of the country's transitional justice processes? This article from the Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution reports on popular opinions on the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the truth and reconciliation commission. Contrary to the findings of previous ethnographic studies, there appears to be widespread support for transitional justice mechanisms and a genuine desire for some form of accountability process.

Author: Tim Kelsall | Edward Sawyer Source: Sawyer, E. and Kelsall, T., 2007, 'Truth vs. Justice? Popular Views on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone', The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, volume 7, issue 1 Size: 500 KB pages (33)
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What are the key challenges for justice sector reform in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) highlights both improvements and issues yet to be addressed in the country's administration of law and justice. Whilst it has seen many positive developments since the restoration of civilian rule in 1993, including an increased institutional respect for the rule of law, justice reform remains piecemeal and uncoordinated.

Author: To whom it may concern | To whom it may concern Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Justice Sector and the Rule of Law', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and the Institute for Democratic Governance, Size: 23 pages (100 KB)
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What are the key challenges to the promotion of democracy and political participation.in Ghana? This paper from the Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) reviews the status of institutional reforms and the role of the media, civil society and citizens in the country's movement towards full democracy. While much progress has been made since the return to civilian rule in 1993, there is a need to address outstanding issues, including an incomplete reform processes, inefficiency, lack of funding and continued non-democratic practices.

Author: AfriMAP | OSIWA Source: AfriMAP, OSIWA and IDEG, 2007, 'Ghana: Democracy and Political Participation', Discussion paper by AfriMAP, Open Society Initiative for West Africa and Institute for Democratic Governance. Size: 23 pages (95 KB)
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Are failed states temporary obstacles to democracy or long-term historical problems that cannot easily be solved? This paper from Third World Quarterly assesses four approaches to failed states with regard to the diffusion of democracy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite interest in moving beyond the status quo approach to resuscitating failed states, there is powerful resistance to change. Diplomatic inertia plays a role in the failure to decertify failed states and recognise new territorial states. New diplomatic tools and a fresh interpretation of problem states are now required.

Author: Brennan M Kraxberger Source: Kraxberger, B., 2007, 'Failed States: Temporary Obstacles to Democratic Diffusion or Fundamental Holes in the World Political Map?', Third World Quarterly, vol. 28, issue 6. Size: 18 pages (175 KB)
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What factors determine the degree to which a country is democratic? This study in the European Journal of Political Economy uses a set of graphs and tables to present the pattern of democracy in the world, using the Gastil Index. A statistical analysis is then conducted. Regression techniques are used to analyse the effect on democracy of a number of variables. Poverty, Communism and the Muslim culture are revealed as the main barriers to democracy. Bayesian probability methods make explicit the concept of the 'risk' of countries being undemocratic. The analysis investigates whether the dynamics of the democratic deficit of the Muslim countries is stationary or transitory.

Author: Vani K. Borooah | Martin Paldam Source: Borooah,V.K. and Paldam,M., 2007, 'Why is the world short of democracy? A cross-country analysis of barriers to representative government', European Journal of Political Economy, Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2007, pp.582-604 Size: 24 pages ()
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What is the impact of democratic governance on national security in Southern Africa? How does it affect collaboration in regional security? This study, by the Southern African Defence and Security Management Network (SADSEM), looks at the countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) - South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland and Tanzania. Taking both an historical and comparative perspective, it suggests that the relationship between democratisation, national security and security cooperation in the region is still not clear. The relationship depends on the stability of a country, the nature of its democratic transition and the degree of institutionalisation of its democratic governance.

Author: Gavin Cawthra (ed.) | Abillah Omari (ed.) Source: Cawthra,G., du Pisani,A. and Omari,A. (eds.), 2007, 'Security and Democracy in Southern Africa', The Wits P&DM Governance Series, Wits University Press, Johannesburg, South Africa Size: 340 pages ()
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What are the key features of Nigeria's governance crisis and how can these be addressed? This paper from Human Rights Watch documents the most important human rights abuses of Nigeria's political process. Only determined action to reform key institutions will achieve meaningful change in the way Nigeria conducts its political business.

Author: Chris Albin-Lackey | Ben Rawlence Source: Albin-Lackey, C., and Rawlence, B., 2007, pp. 1-51 and 103-112 in 'Criminal Politics: Violence, "Godfathers" and Corruption in Nigeria', vol. 19, no. 16(A), Human Rights Watch, Africa Division Size: 123 pages (1 MB)
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What impact does conflict have on police culture? This chapter examines some aspects of everyday police practices in three African states, along with some of the internal management and external state and donor influences that have sought to (re)shape them. It seeks to track where changes have occurred following conflict, why, and with what consequences. Whilst reform of small state police forces proceeds slowly, the growth of other policing agencies continues. Policing, as it is experienced in Africa, is a multi-choice affair.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Conflict and African Police Culture: The Cases of Uganda, Rwanda, Sierra Leone', book chapter in, O'Neil, M., Marks, M. and Singh, AM. (eds.), 'Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions', Oxford: Elsevier Science. Size: 2 pages (35 kB)
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What role does community-based policing have in post-conflict states? In his article, Bruce Baker demonstrates that community-based (non-state) policing in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Rwanda has survived conflict, but that its variable form and function is in part the product of conflict. In a context of limited state police resources, community-based policing is not to be dismissed lightly as a significant security provider for post-war democracies.

Author: Bruce Baker | www.africanpolicing.org Source: Baker, B., 2007, 'Post-War Policing by Communities in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Rwanda', Democracy and Security, 3, 2, 215-36. Size: 40 pages (157 kB)
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How effective have international arms embargoes been in reducing the supply of weapons into countries in Africa? What factors determine the success or failure of arms embargoes? This paper from the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) analyses the monitoring and enforcement of United Nations arms embargoes in Africa. Examining international embargoes of nine African countries, it finds that the impact of arms embargoes depends on the commitment of all states to enforce them.

Author: Guy Lamb Source: Lamb, G. 2007. 'Beyond 'Shadow-Boxing' and 'Lip Service': The enforcement of arms embargoes in Africa', Occasional Paper 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 20 pages (302KB)
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There was widespread relief and satisfaction following the successful October 2006 presidential elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Will the elections, however, improve the DRC's situation? This article from African Security Review examines the challenges facing the DRC beyond the elections. The problems facing the DRC will not be solved by the elections alone and will cripple the government if they are not immediately addressed. The elections should not serve as an exit strategy for the international community.

Author: David Kampf Source: Kampf, D. 2007. 'The Democratic Republic of Congo: Beyond the Elections', African Security Review, 16 (1), Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 5 pages (71 KB)
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What is the relationship between corruption and armed conflict? What are the implications of corruption research for the study of conflict, and vice versa? This paper from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) discusses the causal impact of corruption on armed conflict and the impact of conflict on corruption. So far there has been little interaction between empirical corruption research and empirical research into civil wars. Bringing the two strands together enables the observation of anomalies that would have been difficult to detect within each field in isolation.

Author: Jens Christopher Andvig Source: Andvig, J.C. 2007. 'Corruption and armed conflicts: some stirring around in the governance soup', NUPI Working Papers, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo Size: 69 pages (538 kB)
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How can the United Nations play a more effective role in preventing violent conflict? This article from Global Governance analyses the UN's track record and potential role in regard to operational, structural and systemic conflict prevention activities. The UN has had limited effectiveness in implementing conflict prevention programmes, but shows greater potential as a norm setter and strategic centre of political action.

Author: Barnett R. Rubin | Bruce D. Jones Source: Rubin, B.R. and Jones, B.D. 2007. 'Prevention of Violent Conflict: Tasks and Challenges for the United Nations', Global Governance 13 (2007), 391-408 Size: 18 pages (75 KB)
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In 2007 Sierra Leone held fair elections for the president and parliament. Will these lead to increased development and democracy? This essay by the Center for Global Development assesses the elections from the perspective of the country's troubled history and post-conflict state building. The long-term impact of the elections will depend on the government's ability to tackle endemic corruption, rebuild infrastructure and encourage investment. It also depends on the emergence of a constituency that has the knowledge, power and commitment to demand democratic governance from its leaders.

Author: Carol J. Lancaster Source: Lancaster, C. 2007. 'We Fall Down and Get Up: State Failure, Democracy and Development in Sierra Leone', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 10 pages (296KB)
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How should donor countries cooperate with partner countries in conditions of poor government performance and fragile statehood? How should they engage with multilateral organisations in regard to development policy? This strategy paper from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) outlines a framework for development cooperation in countries with fragile governance conditions. If development cooperation is to be more effective in difficult settings it must be adapted to the political and social conditions in partner countries.

Author: Dr Eduard Westreicher | Dr Ludgera Klemp Source: BMZ 2007. 'Development-Oriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance', Strategies 153, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn Size: 44 pages (354 kB)
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Do human rights violations contribute to internal conflict? What effects do different types of human rights violations have on the likelihood of conflict? This article from Human Rights Quarterly examines the links between violations of internationally recognised human rights and the emergence or escalation of internal conflict. It argues that while some human rights violations are associated with conflict emergence or escalation, it is difficult to establish precise causal links. Efforts to address the violation of human rights may, under certain circumstances, run the risk of contributing to conflict emergence or escalation.

Author: Oskar N. T. Thoms | James Ron Source: Thoms, O.N.T. and Ron, J. 2007. 'Do Human Rights Violations Cause Internal Conflict?', Human Rights Quarterly, 29(3), pp.674-705, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Size: 32 pages (1.82 MB)
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What role has land and resource scarcity played in violent conflict in Rwanda? How should the international transitional justice community integrate economic factors such as land distribution into reconciliation processes? This paper from the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation examines the role of land in conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda. It shows that land and resource scarcity are deeply linked to conflict and ethnicity in Rwanda. Unless land issues are integrated into transitional justice processes, reconciliation will remain superficial and the potential for violent conflict will remain.

Author: Zinaida Miller Source: Miller, Z. 2007. 'Constructing Sustainable Reconciliation: Land, Power, and Transitional Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda', Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Cape Town Size: 61 pages (318 kB)
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What do the Burundi peace negotiations reveal about the neo-liberal conception of peace that informs conflict resolution in Africa? Using the Burundi peace negotiations as an example, this article from Review of African Political Economy examines neo-liberal conflict resolution in Africa. Peace negotiations should be seen as political struggles, beyond that between the belligerents, due to the involvement of supporting actors promoting vested interests. Resulting peace agreements are not necessarily consensual or compromises for the sake of peace, but rather temporary stalemates between international, regional and local actors.

Author: Patricia Daley Source: Daley, P., 2007, 'The Burundi Peace Negotiations: An African Experience of Peace-making', Review of African Political Economy, 34(112) , pp.333 - 352 Size: 20 pages ()
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The emergence in the last decade of the human security concept has allowed security debate to refocus on the security of the individual, and to acknowledge the wider role that a range of actors play in security, including non-state actors. Children, however, remain largely invisible in the discussion. This paper from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) links child protection imperatives to post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery. Greater recognition of specific security issues affecting children can best be achieved through strengthening existing security governance frameworks and the human rights perspective of security.

Author: David Nosworthy Source: Nosworthy, D. 2007. 'Children's security in post-conflict peace building', Discussion Paper, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva Size: 20 pages (107 kB)
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Why are international police building projects often not entirely successful? This article from Third World Quarterly focuses on events in 2006 in Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands. It suggests that police building has been a neglected dimension of nation- and state-building exercises, despite its importance to functions of pacification and restoration of law and order. The paper argues that, in both places, the police capacity builders paid insufficient attention to the political architecture and milieu of public safety.

Author: Andrew Goldsmith | Sinclair Dinnen Source: Goldsmith, A. and Dinnen, S. 2007.'Transnational police building: critical lessons from Timor-Leste and Solomon', Third World Quarterly, 28(6), pp.1091-1109, Routledge, Oxford Size: 20 pages (224KB)
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To what extent has the United States developed a coherent and effective response to the challenge of precarious states? This article from the Center for Global Development (CGD) examines the US response to precarious states, evaluating progress made and highlighting remaining challenges. It finds that the US has yet to embrace an integrated, whole of government approach to the challenges posed by fragile, failing and war-torn countries.

Author: Stewart Patrick Source: Patrick, S. 2007. 'The U.S. Response to Precarious States: Tentative Progress and Remaining Obstacles to Coherence', Essay, Center for Global Development Size: 32 pages (403 KB)
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To what extent has the World Bank incorporated gender considerations into its investments in post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) situations? This paper from Gender Action examines World Bank PCR investments for gender considerations, with particular attention to Angola, Cambodia, Colombia, Iraq, Sri Lanka and Rwanda. It shows that the World Bank has integrated gender considerations into its investments to only a limited extent. The Bank must integrate into PCR: 1) women-focused activities; 2) gender aware programming; and 3) the promotion of gender equality aimed at building peaceful societies.

Author: Elaine Zuckerman | Suzanna Dennis Source: Zuckerman, E., Dennis, S. and Greenberg, M. 2007. 'The Gender Dimensions of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The World Bank Track Record', Gender Action, Washington, D.C. Size: 68 pages (843 KB)
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How successful has the UN been in building peace in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2005? This article from Global Governance argues that the case of Afghanistan affirms the benefits of democratisation after war that seeks to bridge the gap in conceptions between old and new authority types. Institutionalisation of democratic authority should remain at the centre of peacebuilding because it creates the conditions necessary to mediate competing domestic interests and to address the causes of a conflict peacefully.

Author: Richard J. Ponzio Source: Ponzio, R. J. 2007. 'Transforming Political Authority: UN Democratic Peacebuilding in Afghanistan', Global Governance 13(2), pp.255-275 Size: 21 pages (219KB)
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How successful has the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) been in its first year of activity? What challenges confront the PBC? This report from ActionAid, CAFOD and Care International UK assesses the first year of the PBC's work in Sierra Leone and Burundi. It finds that the PBC's impact has been largely positive and well received, but that important challenges remain.

Author: Annie Street | Jennifer Smith Source: Street, A., Smith, J. and Mollet, H. 2007. 'Consolidating the peace?: views from Sierra Leone and Burundi on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission', ActionAid, CAFOD and CARE International Size: 44 pages (777kB)
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The international community currently favours an approach to development that stresses the triangular linkage between security, good governance and economic development. This approach informs the European Union's (EU) agenda in Africa. This paper, by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), argues that this agenda is as much determined by the bureaucratic and national affiliations of the concerned EU actors as it is by African realities and international trends. Specifically, African security triggers a competition between different EU institutions, eager to be the driving force behind additional resources and autonomy. Thus the consistency and credibility of the EU security policy in Africa will depend on the responses provided to these institutional rivalries.

Author: Niagalé Bagoyoko | Marie V. Gibert Source: Bagoyoko, N. and Gibert, M.V. 2007. 'The European Union in Africa: The Linkage Between Security, Governance and Development from an Institutional Perspective', IDS Working Paper 284, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton Size: 39 pages (229kB)
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What are the objectives, activities and principles involved in peace support operations (PSOs)? This guide from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) provides information and guidance for UK police personnel on international policing operations in PSOs. It outlines how police personnel should conduct police operations and rule of law activities on PSOs and sets out the main principles of democratic policing.

Author: FCO Library Source: FCO. 2007. 'Peace support operations: Information and guidance for UK police personnel', Police and Justice Team, Conflict Issues Group, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London Size: 60 pages (2.51 MB)
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How comprehensive is the Internal Security Sector Review (ISSR) analysis of security issues in Kosovo? What challenges confront the development of a new security architecture in Kosovo? The ISSR was published in February 2007, and in response, this briefing from Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives outlines the ISSR process and outcome and challenges for the future of Kosovo's security sector. The process and the conclusions of the ISSR fall short of what is needed to help secure Kosovo's future. Nevertheless, much now relies on the quality of implementation of the ISSR's proposals.

Author: Saferworld | The Forum for Civic Initiatives (FIQ) Source: Saferworld. 2007. 'The Internal Security Sector Review: the future of Kosovo's security sector?', Briefing Note, Saferworld and the Forum for Civic Initiatives (Kosovo), London Size: 5 pages (54 KB)
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What role should Nepal's police play in broader efforts towards peacebuilding and national reconciliation? As the primary civil agency for law enforcement and the maintenance of public order, police are key actors in post-conflict environments. In this collection of essays, commissioned by Saferworld, Nepali authors consider police reform and development in post-conflict Nepal. Nepal's security institutions have not traditionally been subject to effective public scrutiny or democratic oversight. Debate, awareness raising and the development of indigenous capacities to address justice and security are critical.

Author: Simon Rynn (ed.) Source: Rynn, S. (ed.), 2007, 'Policing in Nepal: A collection of essays', Saferworld, London, UK Size: 99 pages (849 KB)
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How can security sector reform (SSR) be made genuinely successful? This paper from Arab Reform Initiative considers SSR as an element of Western policy towards the Arab region, focusing on the EU and US. It assesses the context for security sector reform in the Arab region and argues that SSR can only be approached as a fundamentally political challenge. It concludes that meaningful steps towards SSR have only been taken by governments undertaking democratisation, however limited.

Author: Prof. Yezid Sayigh Source: Sayigh, Y. (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in the Arab Region: Challenges to Developing an Indigenous Agenda', Arab Reform Initiative, Thematic Papers n° 2 December, 2007 Size: 39 pages (308KB)
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How successful has minilateral cooperation among France, Germany, the United Kingdom (EU-3) and the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) been with regard to the Iranian nuclear crisis? This paper from European Security argues that minilateral cooperation in the Iranian case and in security affairs in general do not easily translate into multilateral cooperation.

Author: Sebastian Harnisch Source: Harnisch, S. (2007). 'Minilateral Cooperation and Transatlantic Coalition-Building: The E3/EU-3 Iran Initiative', European Security, 16(1), pp. 1-27, Routledge. Size: 28 pages ()
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Is NATO facing its worst crisis ever (again)? Why, despite being widely regarded as the most successful alliance ever, is NATO perpetually perceived to be facing the worst crisis in its history? This article from European Security analyses the 'NATO-in-crisis' literature. It argues that the NATO-in-crisis approach is an analytical dead-end, incapable of producing new, cumulative knowledge about NATO in particular and alliances in general. The concept of an alliance crisis should be treated as a social science concept rather than a rhetorical device.

Author: Wallace J. Thies Source: Thies, W.J. (2007). 'Was the US Invasion of Iraq NATO'S Worst Crisis Ever? How Would We Know? Why Should We Care?', European Security, 16(1), pp. 29-50, Routledge Size: 22 pages ()
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Is a Black Sea regional identity useful for an integrated approach to security? This paper from European Security examines the recent efforts at security-building and region-building that constitute the Black Sea Region (BSR) project. It argues that while a regional and institutional framing of Black Sea security is not unworkable, the BSR project duplicates existing efforts and problems. It ignores the contradiction between geopolitics and democratisation as well as the heterogeneity of the region and it transposes concerns about Russia onto the Black Sea.

Author: Felix Ciuta Source: Ciută, F. (2007). 'Parting the Black Sea (Region): Geopolitics, Institutionalisation and the Reconfiguration of European Security', European Security, 16(1), pp. 51-78, Routledge. Size: 29 pages ()
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As members of the Europe Union grapple with new security issues, will strongly held beliefs about sovereignty give way to an untested supranational order? This paper from European Security provides evidence that integration is already occurring, in large part because of the influential role of transnational experts in security technology. In the context of Europe, the possibility of a kind of EU Homeland Security is at the core of its future security role in the world.

Author: Mai'a K. Davis Cross Source: Cross, M.K.D. (2007). 'An EU Homeland Security? Sovereignty vs. Supranational Order', European Security, 16(1), pp. 79-97, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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Can Ukraine create an effective navy to protect its interests in the Black Sea? This paper from European Security notes the progress that Ukraine has made since the 'Orange Revolution' in developing a balanced, flexible and deployable coastal navy able to engage in a full spectrum of defence activities. Continued progress is likely to be hampered, however, by the high cost of naval transformation, the challenges of democratic consolidation and friction between Russia and Ukraine in the Black Sea.

Author: Dr Deborah Sanders Source: Sanders, D. (2007). 'Rhetoric and Reality: Can Ukraine Create an Effective Navy to Protect its Interests in the Black Sea?', European Security, 16(2), pp. 143-161, Routledge Size: 20 pages ()
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The European Commission's Eurobarometer survey reveals high levels of public support for European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). However, this paper from European Security argues that public support for ESDP is much more ambiguous than it seems. Although Europe's security and defence policy has progressed rapidly, there is a disconnection between ESDP as a European (elite) project and the European people. This is significant because the preferences of Europeans could enable or impede the further development of ESDP.

Author: Klaus Brummer Source: Brummer, K. (2007). 'Superficial, not Substantial: The Ambiguity of Public Support for Europe's Security and Defence Policy', European Security, 16(2), pp. 183-201, Routledge. Size: 20 pages ()
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What is the key to the success of Tajikistan's post-war stabilisation? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development assesses demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) initiatives in Tajikistan. It argues Tajikistan's post-war stability is in part attributable to how the country ignored conventional emphases on political liberalisation, demobilisation and disarmament. President Rakhmonov found a way to move Tajikistan forward that matched the local context. This highlights dangers of applying universal DDR strategies in highly specific local conditions.

Author: Stina Torjesen | S. Neil MacFarlane Source: Torjesen, S. and MacFarlane, S.N. (2007). 'R before D: the case of post conflict reintegration in Tajikistan', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(2), pp. 311-332, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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What are the links between youth, security and development? How can security and development initiatives improve the lives of youths in developing countries? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines how youths feature in global security and development initiatives. It concludes that meeting youths' needs requires close collaboration among stakeholders, with financial assistance from development agencies helping bring together local, national and regional actors.

Author: Olawale Ismail | Abiodun Alao Source: Ismail, O. and Alao, A. (2007). 'Youths in the interface of development and security', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 3-25, Routledge. Size: 23 pages ()
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How can we account for the apparent inability of security sector reform (SSR) efforts to make a visible and sustainable impact, particularly in post-conflict African states? What practical challenges face donor support for SSR? This article from the journal Conflict, Security and Development examines the gap between donors' SSR policies and practice. It argues that this gap can be explained by the tension between donors' state-centric policy framework and the growing role of non-state security actors. The external origin and orientation of SSR needs to be supplemented by greater local ownership and inclusion in SSR conceptualisation, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A. (2007). 'The role of security sector reform in sustainable development: donor policy trends and challenges', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 27-60, Routledge. Size: 34 pages ()
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What are the implications of gender for security and development? This paper from Conflict, Security & Development argues that gender is vital in any discussion of security and development since women are affected by war, conflict and poverty in different ways to men. It also illustrates the ways in which gender systems are bound up with other 'differences' and how these are specific to individual contexts.

Author: Marsha Henry Source: Henry, M. (2007). 'Gender, security and development', Conflict, Security and Development, 7(1), pp. 61-84, Routledge Size: 25 pages ()
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How can we explain the lack of coherence within international conflict-handling mechanisms? This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the gaps in the international community's conflict-handling mechanisms from the perspective of coherence and organisational behaviour. It finds that organisational behaviour is one explanation for a lack of coherence and the various disconnects within international conflict-handling mechanisms. Ultimately, solutions to the organisational problems that inhibit coherence in international peace-building efforts will depend on political will.

Author: Randolph Kent Source: Kent, R, 2007, 'The Governance of Global Security and Development: Convergence, Divergence and Coherence', Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 125- 65 Size: 41 pages ()
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What is wrong with a state-centric approach to Security Sector Reform? This paper examines the value of an alternative approach to SSR policy, namely a multi-layered one in post-conflict and fragile state environments. It argues that there is a state-centric bias in current SSR policy and practice. This contradicts development principles of a 'people-centred, locally owned' approach in post-conflict and fragile state contexts. A more realistic and operationally sound method of attaining state-building and strengthening state capacities is imperative.

Author: Bruce Baker | Eric Scheye Source: Baker, B. and Scheye, E., 2007, 'Multi-Layered Justice and Security Delivery in Post-Conflict and Fragile States' Conflict, Security and Development, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 503-528 Size: 2 pages (30kb)
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How do Albanian and Serbian communities in Kosovo perceive plans for decentralisation? What are the threats to stability that arise from decentralisation? This paper from the Kosovo Institute for Policy Research and Development examines plans for decentralisation in Kosovo. It finds that different perceptions, expectations, fears and interests drive the attitudes of Albanians and Serbs to decentralisation. All those involved in decentralisation must be prepared to respond in an appropriate and concerted manner to mitigate potential conflicts arising from decentralisation.

Author: Ilir Dugolli | Bekim Çollaku Source: Dugolli, I., Çollaku, B. and Agimi, I. (2007). 'Ethnic Centralization and the Perils of Confusing Solutions', Discussion Paper, KIPRED: Prishtina Size: 34 pages (351 kB)
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How is peacebuilding interpreted in meaning and practice? To what extent has it been institutionalised? Peacebuilding is generically defined as external interventions designed to prevent armed conflict. This article, published in Global Governance, surveys twenty-four governmental and intergovernmental bodies that are active in peacebuilding. It analyses how they conceptualise and operationalise their peacebuilding mandate, along with mapping areas of potential concern. It finds that most programmes have focused on the immediate or underlying causes of conflict, to the relative neglect of state institutions.

Author: Michael Barnett | Hunjoon Kim Source: Barnett, M., Kim, H., O'Donnell, M., and Sitea, L., 2007. 'Peacebuilding: What is in a Name?' Global Governance, 13: 35-38. Size: 24 pages (117 kB)
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A focus on "root causes" of civil war would not improve peacebuilding interventions and could even be counterproductive. This paper, published by the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, disputes the explanation that interventions fail in part because they fail to address root causes of civil war. The most pressing question for peacebuilding missions is not why civil war occurs, but how we intervene and improve on currently inadequate results.

Author: Susan L. Woodward Source: Woodward, S.L., 2007, 'Do the Root Causes of Civil War Matter? On Using Knowledge to Improve Peacebuilding Operations', Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, vol. 1, no. 2, 143-170. Size: 50 pages (126 kB)
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How successful has the recent post-war reconstruction of Afghanistan been in the light of historical experiences of similar reforms? This Third World Quarterly article argues that the conflation of post war reconstruction with a broader agenda for development and modernisation has brought out a wide range of tensions associated with social change. The entire project shows signs of severe contradictions that are adding to the problems caused by the growing insurgency.

Author: Astri Suhrke Source: Suhrke, A., 2007, 'Reconstruction as Modernization: the 'post-conflict' project in Afghanistan', Third World Quarterly, 28:7, 1291-1308. Routledge Size: 19 pages (182KB)
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How can donors best analyse governance problems and corruption in partner countries? This paper by the Clingendael Institute describes the Strategic Governance And Corruption Analysis (SGACA) which has been developed for the Netherlands government to facilitate a more strategic approach to governance and corruption analysis. The SGACA captures the informal, societal and sometimes intangible underlying reasons for the governance situation, which can often differ from the formal configuration of the state. Such an analysis can improve the design of donor interventions.

Author: Sue Unsworth | Mette Gonggrijp Source: Unsworth, S., and Conflict Research Unit, 2007, 'Framework for Strategic Governance And Corruption Analysis: Designing Strategic Responses Towards Good Governance', Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, The Hague Size: 31 pages (124KB)
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Security and justice activities in fragile states involve considerable risk. In such environments, what is the way forward for reform? This report, by the Conflict Research Unit at the Netherlands Institute for International Relations, looks at security system reform (SSR) in fragile 'post-conflict' and fragile 'rebuilding' states. It suggests that donors should provide support in three linked stages, which would enable immediate needs to be met while longer-term programming is developed. An iterative approach will strengthen the relationship between state and non-state service providers and service users.

Author: Nicole Ball | Eric Scheye Source: Ball, N., Scheye, E. and Van de Goor, L., 2007, 'From Project to Program: Effective Programming for Security and Justice', Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, The Hague Size: 43 pages (162KB)
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How effective is the Russian approach to arms brokering in light of its role in the maintenance of international peace and security? This Saferworld report argues that although the Russian system of brokering controls is very strong in some areas, loopholes remain. The report provides an overview of the way in which brokering is controlled in Russia, and seeks to promote debate within Russia and internationally about how arms brokering controls can be strengthened.

Author: Duncun Hiscock | Saferworld Source: Hiscock, D., 2007, 'Beyond the reach of state monopoly controls: A comparative overview of Russian controls on arms brokering', Saferworld, Briefing, UK Size: 23 pages (185KB)
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What does the future hold for NATO? This conference paper focuses on defence policy aspects of the future of NATO's Partnerships, including ways in which NATO could continue to develop defence cooperation with its Partners. The conference programme was designed to support the implementation of the decisions taken by the NATO Heads of State and Government in Riga in 2006. The multi-dimensional security challenges which NATO and its Partners face continue to grow. NATO's Partnerships are indispensable.

Author: John Colston | Philipp Fluri Source: Colston, J. and Fluri, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Defence Cooperation Between NATO and Its Partners - Visions of the Future : PFP Conference on Defence Policy and Strategy, Montreux, Switzerland, February 2007', Knizhnovii Svit. Size: 59 pages (386kb)
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How can democratic societies ensure that intelligence services are able to operate effectively while complying with democratic norms and standards? This book chapter from the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces examines the control and oversight of intelligence services in democratic states. It argues that security and intelligence agencies have special features that make effective control and oversight particularly challenging. Democratic oversight and accountability of intelligence services requires constant vigilance from the executive, legislature, judiciary and civil society.

Author: Hans Born | Marina Caparini Source: Caparini, M., 2007, 'Controlling and Overseeing Intelligence Services in Democratic States' in 'Democratic Control of Intelligence Services: Containing Rogue Elephants', Ashgate. Size: 22 pages (213 kB)
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How accountable are nuclear weapons controls? This policy paper adopts a broad, governance focussed perspective and examines the spectrum of political oversight and control mechanisms that may apply within and between nuclear weapon states. It explores the roles and requirements of the state executive, the military, specialised civilian institutions, parliamentary institutions and civil society. It draws on notions of civilian control and democratic accountability, which have been established in the context of efforts for security sector reform.

Author: Hans Born Source: Born, H. (2007). 'National Governance of Nuclear Weapons: Opportunities and Constraints', Policy Paper 15, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Size: 25 pages (242kb)
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How should NATO and the EU deal with problems of security sector reform? This paper discusses how NATO, with its broader geographical focus, and the EU must deal with the problems of SSR. As NATO and the EU increasingly operate outside Europe and deal with complex conflict and post-conflict situations, they have had to encourage and shape SSR in the nations in which they operate.

Author: Walter B Slocombe Source: Fluri, P. and Lunn, S. (Eds.) (2007). 'NATO, EU and the Challenge of Defence and Security Sector Reform', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) / NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Size: 24 pages (269kb)
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What are the priorities for defence institution reform in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova? This volume places Partnership Action Plan-Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB) reform needs in their national and regional contexts and considers common priorities in the region. An attempt to define the status of defence institution building in any nation is a difficult task, as institutionalisation is a complex domain. It is dominated by the dynamics of change which overlap and sometimes blur its perennial aspects.

Author: Philipp Fluri | Hari Bucur-Marcu Source: Fluri, P. and Bucur-Marcu, H. (Eds.) (2007). 'Partnership Action Plan for Defence Institution Building: Country Profiles and Needs Assessments for Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Moldova', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) & The Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB). Size: 42 pages (221kb)
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The powerful 'guardian' role played by the Turkish military poses considerable challenges to the country's commitment to adopt European Union (EU) security sector standards. This paper, published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), discusses Turkey's security sector reform (SSR) and the need to build civil capacity to establish a civil-military security sector relationship. SSR in Turkey can occur only if priority is given to establishing military accountability to constitutionally-elected civilian bodies and civil society.

Author: Ümit Cizre | DCAF Source: Cizre, Ü. (2007). 'Prime Movers, Specific Features and Challenges of Security Sector Reform in a "Guardian State": The Case of Turkey', Policy Paper 17, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Size: 22 pages (262.54 kB)
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In order to institutionalise democratically-based security sectors and achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, Western Balkan countries need to change their value systems substantially. This book, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence and the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) in cooperation with the Partnership for Peace Consortium, is an assessment of the status of security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans. Despite legislative progress, all security institutions in the region need to be more transparent and accountable, and improve their policy formulation and implementation capacities.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Philipp H. Fluri Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Fluri, P.H. and Jurekovic, P. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform', National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes. Size: 492 pages (2.72 MB)
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How can the international community facilitate security sector reform (SSR) in the Western Balkans? This report, by the Partnership for Peace Consortium, reviews democratic standards in SSR and security sector governance (SSG) in the region. European integration is the stimulus for countries to undertake SSR in the region. However, there is a lot to be done to reach the SSG standards necessary for EU and NATO accession. Local ownership and the capacity of international actors to coordinate their activities need to be addressed.

Author: Anja H. Ebnöther | Ernst M. Felberbauer Source: Ebnöther, A.H., Felberbauer, E.M. and Staničić, M. (Eds.) (2007). 'Security Sector Reform in South East Europe - from a Necessary Remedy to a Global Concept: 13th Workshop of the Study Group "Regional Stability in South East Europe"', Austrian National Defence Academy, DCAF and the PfP Consortium. Size: 171 pages (823KB)
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What is the relationship between the security sector reform (SSR) and democratisation? What does this relationship imply for SSR and the democratic transition under the UN in Kosovo? This article from the journal Security Dialogue explores the relationship between SSR and democratic transition in post-conflict contexts, drawing on Kosovo as a case study. It finds that not only do SSR and democratisation agendas interfere with each other, but measures to manage post-conflict security challenges can affect them both. This demonstrates that a well-developed UN theoretical discourse is not matched by UN practices in the field.

Author: Irene Bernabéu Source: Bernabéu, I. (2007). 'Laying the Foundations of Democracy? Reconsidering Security Sector Reform Under UN Auspices in Kosovo', Security Dialogue, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 71-92. Size: 22 pages ()
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How is Latin America and the Caribbean coping with the non-traditional security challenges it faces? This paper examines the two key axes of security dynamics: weak governance and citizen insecurity, and trans-national organised crime. It explores their interlinkages and evaluates coping mechanisms. It identifies the most likely future security scenarios in the region and suggests a number of ways in which regional insecurity might be addressed more effectively. However, the development of a common security agenda remains an elusive goal.

Author: Arlene B. Tickner Source: Tickner, A.B. (2007). 'Latin America and the Caribbean: Domestic and Transnational Insecurity', Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series, International Peace Academy. Size: 20 pages (211 kb)
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The International Criminal Court's (ICC) efforts to reverse the culture of impunity for international crimes can not operate in a vacuum; states and regional political organisations must also be involved.This report, published by the Institute for Security Studies, highlights lessons learned from ICC prosecutions in Africa. The African Union (SU) should play a central role in increasing the ICC's political legitimacy and improving national prosecution of atrocities.

Author: Max du Plessis | Antoinette Louw Source: du Plessis, M. and Louw, A. (2007). 'Report from a symposium on: The investigation and prosecution of 'core international crimes' and the role of the International Criminal Court in Africa', Institute for Security Studies. Size: 119 pages (906.57 kB)
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In Africa, the private security industry has permeated all spheres of life and, in many countries, it has already taken over the state's primary responsibilities. This paper, from the Institute of Security Studies, introduces 'Private security in Africa, manifestation, challenges and regulation'. This collection of essays explores the private security industry, documenting its rapid growth and the approach needed for its containment and regulation. The paper argues that all attempts to analyse issues in Africa must be rooted in the individual country context

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze, S. (2007). 'To embrace or not to embrace: Addressing the private security industry phenomenon in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 3-13. Size: 13 pages (968KB)
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Are weak states victims of global forces or accomplices in the expansion of private security industry? This study, on behalf of Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, South Africa, looks at the reasons for the proliferation of the private military contractors (PMCs) in Africa and focuses on the role of rulers of weak states. It looks at how states have become commercial intermediaries for western businesses and ignore the welfare of their citizens. African leaders need to understand that the existence of weak states constitutes a security threat to Africa.

Author: Sabelo J Ndlovu-Gatsheni Source: Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S.J. (2007). 'Weak states and the growth of the private security sector in Africa: Whither the African state?', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 17-38. Size: 22 pages (968KB)
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Is the privatisation of public security a viable alternative to multilateral conflict management? This study suggests that there are legitimate roles for private military contractors (PMCs) and private security companies (PSCs). However, these companies have often exacerbated conflicts, facilitated human rights abuses and hampered the consolidation of African states. Rather than promoting PSCs and PMCs, the international community should empower UN and the institutions of conflict resolution that are being put in place by African countries themselves.

Author: Mpako H Foaleng Source: Foaleng, M.H. (2007). 'Private military and security companies and the nexus between natural resources and civil wars in Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 39-56. Size: 18 pages (968KB)
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Private military and security companies are associated with mercenaries. This mistaken labelling undermines the useful work they do, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. The increased use of private companies in peace operations has become a fact of life. They assist the international community in ending suffering in some of the world's most brutal conflicts. It is important, therefore, that the positive contributions of the private sector are openly supported within a robust, legal and ethical framework.

Author: J J Messner Source: Messner, J.J. (2007). 'Ethical security: The private sector in peace and stability operations', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 57-70. Size: 12 pages (968KB)
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Do private security companies (PSCs) help or hinder development in Africa? This research by the British Association of Private Security Companies (BAPSC) suggests that PSCs can contribute to improving the security situation in African societies and promote economic development. However, there must be enforceable regulation and private security shouldn't further damage social cohesion by becoming a commodity that only the wealthy can afford. Without access to security for all members of society development will be illusory.

Author: Andy Bearpark | Sabrina Schulz Source: Bearpark, A. and Schulz, S. (2007). 'The private security challenge in Africa: Problems and options for regulation', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 73-88. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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Many people believe that private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs) operate in a legal vacuum in conflict zones. This is not true, according to research from the Institute for Security Studies. In all armed conflict, international humanitarian law (IHL) applies. It provides a legal framework to protect civilians from the effects of the hostilities. As many PSCs and PMCs come into contact with people protected by IHL, it is essential for them to know and respect this body of law.

Author: Jamie Williamson | Sabelo Gumedze (ed.) Source: Williamson, J. (2007). 'Private security companies and private military companies under international humanitarian law', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 89-96. Size: 7 pages (968KB)
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Does international humanitarian law (IHL) define private security contractors as civilians or combatants in armed conflict? This study, from the Institute of Security Studies, shows that the distinction between civilian and combatant hinges on the notion of 'direct participation in hostilities'. This principle is poorly defined in the law and there are few judicial decisions to clarify it. Nevertheless, private security contractors must know their rights and responsibilities under IHL otherwise they could lose their legal protection or be liable to criminal prosecution.

Author: Katherine Fallah Source: Fallah, K. (2007). 'Regulating private security contractors in armed conflicts', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 97-123. Size: 26 pages (968KB)
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South Africa's private security industry has grown enormously. However, only state police conduct is formally monitored. This study by the University of South Africa calls for greater monitoring and oversight of the activities of private security operatives. There must be more professional training and greater cooperation with the state police. A formal framework of accountability would allow private police officers to understand their responsibilities and the limitations on their actions.

Author: Anthony Minnaar Source: Minnaar, A. (2007). 'Oversight and monitoring of non-state/private policing: The private security practitioners in South Africa', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 127-150. Size: 24 pages (968KB)
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Who keeps citizens safe in Swaziland? This study from the University of Swaziland argues that the failure of the Swazi state to provide security to its citizens has allowed private security companies (PSCs) to become actors in the Swazi security sector. It has forced communities to organise into private security groups to protect themselves against physical violence and loss of their property. As PSCs grow, the role of the state in providing public security becomes weaker.

Author: Hamilton Sipho Simelane Source: Simelane, H. S. (2007). 'The state, the security dilemma and the development of the private security sector in Swaziland', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 151-167. Size: 16 pages (968KB)
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How can the international community control the services of private security companies (PSCs) and private military contractors (PMCs)? This paper reports on an intergovernmental dialogue initiated by the Swiss government, in collaboration with the International Committee for the Red Cross. It discussed ways to promote respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) in the operation of trans-national PMCs/PSCs in conflict areas. It concluded that international legal obligations must not be circumvented by states through the use of PMCs/ PSCs. Violations of international law by PMCs/PSCs could become the contracting state's responsibility.

Author: Markus Dutly Source: Dutly, M. (2007). 'The Swiss Initiative on private military and security companies', in Gumedze, S. (Ed.) (2007) 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', ISS Monograph Series No 139, November 2007, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa, pp. 171-184. Size: 5 pages (986KB)
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Why are Lebanese and international efforts failing to stem the flow of weapons into Lebanon? Does the Lebanese government lack the capacity, or the will, to control its borders? This article, by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, argues that Hizbullah's political ascendancy and its re-emergence as the party of resistance will ensure Hizbullah retains an armed capacity. Furthermore, the Lebanese government, regional governments and the UN are reluctant to disarm the resistance. This will hamper efforts to increase Lebanon's border monitoring capacity.

Author: Alistair Harris Source: Harris, A. 2007, 'Bordering on the Impossible: Securing Lebanon's Borders with Syria', in RUSI Journal, Oct 2007, Vol. 152, No. 5, pp. 40-44. Size: 5 pages (161 kb)
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Underlying drivers of conflict, including the decision on future status, must be addressed in order to move Kosovo towards a more prosperous and stable future. This paper, published by the Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld, reports the results of a conflict analysis conducted throughout Kosovo. International and local administrations need to clarify the division of security sector competencies and engage the public in discussions of nation building and security issues.

Author: SafePlace Project Team, Forum for Civic Initiatives and Saferworld Source: Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, 2007, 'Kosovo at the crossroads: Perceptions of conflict, access to justice and opportunities for peace in Kosovo', Forum for Civic Initiatives & Saferworld, Size: 32 pages (506 kB)
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What do Palestinians think about the Security Sector Reform (SSR) process in the Palestinian Territories? How would they like to see their security sector evolve? This book, by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, offers Palestinian perspectives on security sector governance and highlights ways to begin reform. It argues that if international assistance is to promote stability it needs a better understanding of Palestinian security needs as well as Palestinian views of the achievements and challenges of SSR, and a supportive environment.

Author: Roland Friedrich (ed.) | Arnold Luethold (ed.) Source: Friedrich, R. & Luethold, A. (Eds.), 2007, 'Entry-Points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 180 pages ()
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Why do cluster munitions pose a particular hazard to civilians during hostilities and post-conflict reconstruction? How can the international community deal with these hazards? This guide by the Geneva Centre for Humanitarian Demining provides practical information on addressing the impact of unexploded cluster munitions on civilians. Cluster munitions, by design, deliver submunitions over a wide area and are a specific post-conflict hazard to settled and returnee populations. The Oslo Declaration commits states to prohibiting cluster weapons, providing adequate assistance to victims, and decontaminating affected areas.

Author: Davide Orifici Source: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, 2007, 'A Guide to Cluster Munitions', GICHD, Geneva Size: 93 pages (4.2 MB)
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In South Africa, the legacy of apartheid is still felt and transformation of society continues to be a central concern. But how does judicial independence relate to transformation? This study by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation analyses judicial independence and highlights the potential tensions with other aspects of transformation. It argues that the government and the public must understand the importance of judicial independence. They should resist weakening independence in the name of transformation and align other aspects of transformation with strengthening judicial independence.

Author: David Bruce | Amy Gordon Source: Gordon, A. and Bruce, D., 2007, Transformation and the Independence of the Judiciary in South Africa', Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg Size: 61 pages (598KB)
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Does aid promote competition for military supremacy between neighbouring developing countries? This paper from the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics investigates motivations for military spending in developing countries and whether this spending deters internal conflict. Global data indicates that some regional arms races are fuelled by aid and that military spending does not reduce the risk of civil war. This suggests a need to reduce military expenditure in aid-recipient countries.

Author: Paul Collier | Anke Hoeffler Source: Collier,P. and Hoeffler,A., 2007, 'Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races?', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1-27 Size: 2 pages (619 kB)
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What are the important features of intelligence governance in South Africa? Has South Africa managed to transform its intelligence sector into one that serves the state and society? This paper for the Institute for Security Studies analyses intelligence governance in South Africa. The post 1994 reforms of the intelligence sector were comprehensive. However, it is taking much longer to transform institutional culture and political environment owing to the legacy of the apartheid era and liberation struggle. Overcoming the subversion of intelligence for political and personal ends is the biggest challenge for the sector in democratic South Africa.

Author: Lauren Hutton Source: Hutton, L., 2007, 'Looking Beneath the Cloak: An Analysis of Intelligence Governance in South Africa', ISS Paper 154, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 24 pages (484 kB)
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What lessons can the learned from the 2003 peace process in Liberia? This Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue article aims to record the dynamics, actors and elements that determined how and why many of the key decisions were taken that resulted in the 2003 peace agreement. It argues that leaving questions of justice, accountability and the rule of law open for the future may be the optimal approach to negotiating peace.

Author: Priscilla Hayner Source: Hayner, P., 2007, 'Negotiating peace in Liberia: Preserving the Possibility for Justice', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and the International Center for Transitional Justice, Geneva Size: 32 pages (185KB)
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Afghans see their police more as a source of fear than security. But Afghanistan needs a police service not a police force. This research by International Crisis Group argues that policing goes to the very heart of state-building since a national institution that provides security and justice is central to government legitimacy. Police reform should focus on accountability, ethnic representation and professionalism. It should also depoliticise and institutionalise appointments and procedures. The police should not be used to fight the insurgency.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Reforming Afghanistan's Police', Asia Report N°138, International Crisis Group, Brussels/Kabul Size: 35 pages (731 kB)
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What is the experience of security sector reform in Latin America and the Caribbean since the return to democracy? What are the security reform issues specific to the region? This report by the Facultad Latinoamerica de Ciencias Sociales, Chile (FLACSO-Chile) analyses security policy and reform in defence, public security, and intelligence in 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It finds that security sector institutions have struggled to adapt to newly installed democratic regimes and operate in parallel to governments. Limiting their autonomy and using an integrated framework in considering reform is necessary to develop security institutions that support democracy.

Author: Lucia Dammert Source: FLACSO, 2007, 'Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean', FLACSO, Chile Size: 202 pages (1.6 MB)
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How is Burundi's security sector reform progressing? How well are international partners helping to create a sustainable peace and protect civilians through effective security sector reform? This paper, by The North-South Institute and the Centre d'Alerte et de Prévention des Conflits, assesses international contributions to police reform, transformation of the military and civilian disarmament in Burundi. The paper draws on the results of a population survey on perceptions of security and priorities for reform of the security sector. On the basis of these survey results and extensive interviews, the paper argues that the range of international initiatives designed to support national efforts to reform the police and the military and to disarm the population could make an important contribution if a number of keys gaps in the areas of training and enforcement, consultation, coordination and oversight are addressed.

Author: Kristiana Powell Source: Powell, K., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Protection of Civilians in Burundi: Accomplishments, Dilemmas and Ideas for International Engagement', CENAP/NSI Working Paper, The North-South Institute, Ottawa Size: 52 pages (523KB)
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Parliamentary oversight of decisions to deploy troops abroad is seen as a key agent of democratic legitimacy. Yet the European Parliament scrutiny powers are deficient. This study, by the Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, explores the way in which decision-making by the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is scrutinised in parliaments of EU member states. There is a general lack of uniformity in the practice of ESDP oversight. This has negative consequences for the effectiveness of Europe's parliamentary oversight architecture.

Author: Dr Hans Born | Alex Dowling Source: Born, H., Dowling, A., Fuior, T., Gavrilescu, S., 2007, 'European Parliament Report on Parliamentary Oversight of Civilian and Military ESDP Missions: The European and National Levels', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 93 pages (1.27MB)
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What are the experiences in regional approaches to security sector governance in Africa, the Americas and Europe? What lessons can be drawn for promoting good and democratic governance of security sector institutions in these and other regions? This book by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) compares and assesses regional security sector governance approaches. The model of the Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the most advanced of its kind and has inspired African and American approaches. Emphasis must be placed on civilian participation and democratic objectives as opposed to military solutions implicit in the war-on-terrorism agenda

Author: Victor-Yves Ghebali | Alexandre Lambert Source: Ghebali, V. & Lambert, A. (eds.), 2007, 'Democratic Governance of the Security Sector beyond the OSCE Area : Regional Approaches in Africa and the Americas', DCAF, Geneva, Switzerland Size: 323 pages (1.35MB)
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Even in countries with well developed and trained police forces, human rights violations occur. Why is this and how can human rights advocates effectively intervene and engage with police? Answers will differ from country to country, and it is for this reason that interventions must be based on contextual analysis and assessment. This Amnesty International report aims to facilitate such assessments by helping understand the basic functions of policing in a society and with what minimal norms and principles they should comply.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Osse, A., 2007, 'Understanding Policing: A resource for human rights activists', Amnesty International Netherlands. Size: 326 pages (1.69MB)
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What risk does prison overcrowding, understaffing and insecurity pose for wider security and justice sector reform efforts in Haiti? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines the problems facing the Haitian prison system. It argues that extreme prison overcrowding threatens Haiti's security and stability. The most urgent need is to relieve existing prisons by using other space temporarily, while supporting the detention commission in accelerating treatment of pre-trial cases. These measures must be accompanied by construction to meet prison requirements for a generation.

Author: International Crisis Group Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Prison Reform and the Rule of Law', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°15, 4 May 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 12 pages (507 kB)
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What are the challenges facing justice reform in Haiti? What lessons have been learned from the failed interventions of the 1990s? This policy briefing from the International Crisis Group examines Haiti's justice system, efforts at reform and the security crisis. It argues that Haitians and international donors need to review past failures and devise, fund and implement a comprehensive rule-of-law strategy. Building a sustainable criminal justice system will require both short-term actions to address the current crisis and longer-term institution-building.

Author: www.crisisgroup.org Source: International Crisis Group, 2007, 'Haiti: Justice Reform and the Security Crisis', Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°14, 31 January 2007, International Crisis Group, Port-au-Prince/Brussels Size: 16 pages (204 kB)
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How can an independent Palestinian state be made successful? This RAND Corporation book explores the options for structuring the institutions of a future Palestinian state - with a focus on governance and internal security - so as to promote the state's chances of success. A new Palestinian state will need to be characterised by good governance, with state legitimacy a key factor. Also, Palestine's internal security will require assistance from the US and the international community.

Author: RAND Source: The RAND Palestinian State Study Team, 2007, 'Building a Successful Palestinian State', RAND, USA Size: 453 pages (2.81MB)
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Is the holistic, person-centred model of Security Sector Reform unworkable in post-conflict situations in the wake of the 'war on terror' agenda? Whose security is international SSR assistance addressing? This Journal of Peacebuilding and Development article analyses experience in Afghanistan and Iraq and questions the feasibility of translating current SSR policy into effective post-conflict programmes. A new understanding of SSR and a new donor approach is needed.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan and Iraq: exposing a concept in crisis', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.7-23. Size: 16 pages ()
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This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development questions the disproportionate focus in Security Sector Reform on the role of the commercial security sector in West Africa. It argues that the contributions (negative and positive) of other non-state actors need to be considered to facilitate sustainable peacebuilding. The author calls for a comprehensive security agenda to integrate the wide variety of actors operating from different perspectives, and to bridge the gap between the democratic principles of security governance and the practicalities of diverse interests.

Author: Adedeji Ebo Source: Ebo, A., 2007, 'Non-state Actors, Peacebuilding and Security Governance in West Africa: Beyond Commercialisation', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.53-69. Size: 16 pages ()
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How do people protect themselves when the state does not? What can SSR learn from informal security mechanisms? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development examines informal community-based security systems in two fragile states, Colombia and Liberia. It finds that security services, whether state-sanctioned or not, must be viewed as legitimate by the communities they serve. Legitimacy is developed by involving community representatives in managing security oversight structures to ensure relevance to local needs.

Author: Richard Hill | Jon Temin Source: Hill, R., Temin, J., Pacholek, L., 2007, 'Building Security where there is no Security', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.38-52. Size: 14 pages ()
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How can Security Sector Reform in Africa be improved? How can the security problems posed by informal actors such as militias and vigilante groups best be addressed? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development argues that the creation of stronger states is key to these efforts. Case studies of Nigeria and South Africa illustrate that SSR in Africa could be enhanced by taking account of structural conditions that undermine the process of state-making. SSR therefore needs to help to enhance state capacity in order to improve the governance of non-state security actors.

Author: Jeffrey Isima Source: Isima, J., 2007, 'The Privatisation of Violence and Security Sector Reform in Africa: Nigeria and South Africa examined', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.24-37. Size: 13 pages ()
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How have political dynamics influenced Security Sector Reform and peacebuilding in Nepal? How can the longstanding association of the security forces with the monarchy and with oppression and opposition to democracy be overcome? This article from the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development illustrates that a key challenge following the decade of conflict is to separate the army from palace control and bring it under civilian oversight as part of the broader national process of building democratic governance. It also highlights efforts by India, China and the United States to secure a role for the monarchy in Nepal's emerging political system, and the threat this poses to internal security.

Author: Shiva K. Dhungana Source: Dhungana, S., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and Peacebuilding in Nepal: a critical reflection', Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Vol. 3., No. 2., pp.70-78. Size: 9 pages ()
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High levels of violence in Brazil's urban centres, exacerbated by a lack of long-term security policy making, continues to put both citizens and security forces at risk. This report, published by Amnesty International (AI), updates its campaign to focus attention on and generate action to improve Brazil's response to widespread corruption, organised crime and street violence. Brazil's federal and state authorities must put forward detailed, long-term plans to stop urban bloodshed and reverse the country's slide into further lawlessness.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: Amnesty International, 2007, 'Brazil: From Burning Buses to Caveirões': the Search for Human Security', Amnesty International, London Size: 30 pages (1.2 MB)
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What impact have reforms in the criminal justice system had on crime and violence in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica? This working paper from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government shows how the governments of the Dominican Republic and Jamaica can further strengthen their efforts to measure the impact of the justice system, and also how both countries might pursue better coordination among institutions that collectively produce justice and safety. Furthermore, it suggests how they might also link criminal justice reforms to a broader, multi-sector strategy of crime and violence prevention.

Author: Todd Foglesong | Christopher Stone Source: Foglesong, T and Stone, C., 2007, 'Measuring the Contribution of Criminal Justice Systems to the Control of Crime and Violence: Lessons from Jamaica and the Dominican Republic', Harvard Kennedy School of Government, RWP07-019, April 2007 Size: 39 pages (454 kB)
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How can Iraq learn from Mexico's attempts to mount new policing operations and restore order after the 1910 Revolution? This study by the Crisis States Research Centre describes how the challenges of policing regime change in post-dictatorship Mexico laid the foundation for descent into chaos. When new regimes have been born out of violent conflict it is unwise to rush into constitutional reforms that give police power. In Iraq, building state institutions and making them accountable is likely to work better than constitutionally enhancing police powers.

Author: Diane E. Davis Source: Davis, D., 2007, 'Policing, Regime Change, and Democracy: Reflections from the Case of Mexico', Crisis States Working Paper No : 22 (series 2),London School of Economics, London Size: 27 pages (196KB)
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Since 2003, the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and civil security forces in Iraq have been accused of ineffectiveness, corruption, human rights abuses and sectarianism. This paper from the Center for Strategic and International Studies explains why institution-building and reform at the MOI have proved so difficult. It argues that Iraq's political dynamics, combined with the unprecedented burdens placed on the MOI, will continue to make institutional development and reform difficult. However, the MOI is more functional than it at first appears and there are signs of incipient MOI-led reforms, which international efforts must support. Nevertheless, even if technical institutional reforms are successful, it will be important to understand that the MOI will continue to reflect Iraq's political make-up.

Author: Andrew Rathmell Source: Rathmell, A., 2007, 'Fixing Iraq's Internal Security Forces', Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington Size: 21 pages (1.5 MB)
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How successful has the European Union (EU) been in implementing norms for security sector reform (SSR)? This study finds that there is a significant disjuncture between declared norms and their implementation. The key to making progress in EU norm implementation is a greater understanding and awareness of its importance, built on conceptual clarity.

Author: Andrew Sherriff Source: Sherriff, A., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and EU Norm Implementation' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 85-102 Size: 17 pages (1.83MB)
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How successful has the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) been in its security reform (SSR) operational activities? This study, from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, looks at the OSCE's SSR-related operational activities in the fields of border management and policing, particularly in the former Soviet Republics. It suggests that OSCE has accumulated impressive experience in many areas of SSR. However, while its approach to security is global and cross dimensional, it continues to address security sector-related issues in a piecemeal manner, lacking even a coherent understanding of good governance.

Author: Viktor-Yves Ghebali Source: Ghebali, V., 2007, 'The OSCE's SSR Operational Activities: A Piecemeal Approach with Limited Results' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 123-136 Size: 13 pages (1.83MB)
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How far are the norms that underpin security sector reform (SSR) incorporated into World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) activities relating to the security sector? This study from the Center for International Policy examines how the Bank and the IMF have been involved in security-related issues to date. It shows that they have engaged only sporadically in such activities, although the Bank is becoming increasingly active in security-related work. And it argues that security-related engagement should be deepened.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2007, 'World Bank/IMF: Financial and Programme Support for SSR' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 137-156 Size: 19 pages (1.8MB)
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Many international organisations are involved in security sector reform (SSR) in South Eastern Europe. This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) argues that with so many similar mandates, coordination is essential to avoid duplication. With the new complexity of civilian and military peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, there is an urgent need to coordinate across departmental and organisational divides. Failure to do so will jeopardise the prospects for creating stable, democratic and sustainable security institutions in South Eastern Europe.

Author: Ursula Schroeder Source: Schroeder, U., 2007, 'Between Conflict and Cooperation: International Police Reform Efforts in South Eastern Europe' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 197-218 Size: 21 pages (1.06MB)
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How effective has the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) been in leading Afghanistan towards security sector reform (SSR)? This paper by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces looks at efforts to build transparent, effective and democratically controlled Afghan national defence and security institutions. NATO was late in making a serious contribution to SSR in Afghanistan and there are problems of transparency and sensitivities among other international actors. However, these need not preclude a more robust cooperation agenda among international organisations and a coordinated diplomatic approach vis-à-vis the Afghan Government.

Author: Candace Karp | Richard Ponzio Source: Karp, C. and Ponzio, R., 2007, 'NATO, SSR and Afghanistan' in Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, ed. D. Law, DCAF, Geneva, pp. 219-238 Size: 19 pages (1.06MB)
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To what extent might security sector reform help prevent, contain or defeat terrorism? This paper by the Danish Institute for International Studies looks at various approaches to counterterrorism, distinguishing between prevention, active defence and passive defence. It also considers different settings of reform - in the West and in developing countries. It argues that whatever links there may be between SSR and counterterrorism these are likely to be concrete and context-specific. Particular elements of Security Sector Reform (SSR) may be useful against specific forms of terrorism under specific conditions.

Author: Bjorn Moller Source: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2007, 'Security Sector Reform and the Fight Against Terrorism', DIIS Report 2007:12, DIIS, Copenhagen Size: 38 pages (999.5KB)
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The Central African Republic (CAR) has all the problems of a state emerging from prolonged conflict. How can its challenges best be met? This study from the World Bank argues that the political process since elections in 2005 offers an opportunity for security sector reform in CAR, but there needs to be continued support from key international partners. Reform could contribute to ending the recurring political role of the armed forces, while making the sector better equipped to deal with current and future security challenges.

Author: Boubacar N'Diaye Source: N'Diaye, B., 2007, 'Beyond Demobilization: Challenges and Opportunities for Security Sector Reform in the Central African Republic', Working Paper No. 2, May 2007, Multi-Country Demobilisation and Reintegration Programme, The World Bank Size: 40 pages (2.16MB)
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How can the Liberian parliament gain greater oversight of its security sector? This King's College London report highlights the outcomes of a workshop held in Accra, Ghana to assess the authority, ability, and attitude of the Liberian legislature to conduct security sector oversight. It is essential that the necessary support is provided to the Liberian legislature so that as the constitutional custodian of the security sector it efficiently undertakes its vital role.

Author: Eka Ikpe Source: DCAF, 2007, 'Interactive Needs Assessment for Security Sector Oversight for Liberian Legislature', 28-30 March 2007 at Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana Size: 37 pages (238 kB)
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The international community has succeeded in putting an end to the civil war in Sierra Leone. But why has there been so little progress in tackling corruption and the exclusion of many people from public services and resources? This report, from Chatham House, describes the building and reforming of state institutions. It argues that further progress will depend on appropriate coalitions taking opportunities for reform as they arise. The international community needs to make a long-term commitment and develop a thorough understanding of local needs.

Author: Brian Thomson Source: Thomson, B., 2007, 'Sierra Leone: Reform or Relapse? Conflict and Governance Reform', Chatham House, London Size: 48 pages (597 kB)
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What role does local government (LG) play in post-conflict reconstruction? What are the key issues for local government in post-conflict (PC) contexts? This paper, published by the United Nations Development Programme, reviews the literature on local government in post-conflict environments. There is a lack of research on LG in PC environments. Further research is required on the role of LG in conflict prevention, service delivery and establishing security, and on building LG legitimacy. LG is either a stabilising or exacerbating factor in PC contexts. Donors must recognise the significance of LG and engage with LG in PC environments.

Author: Paul Jackson | Zoe Scott Source: Jackson, P. and Scott, Z., 2008, 'Local Government in Post-Conflict Environments', paper commissioned for the Workshop on Local Government in Post-Conflict Situations: Challenges for Improving Local Decision Making and Service Delivery Capacities, Oslo, Norway, 28-29 November 2007, UNDP Size: 34 pages (400 KB)
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How can Nigeria stop the violence and proliferation of small arms in the Niger Delta? This paper, by the Small Arms Survey, looks at the causes of armed violence in Nigeria, surveying the different armed groups and types of weapons involved. It argues that a key element of addressing insecurity and armed violence is comprehensive security sector reform. A political solution is the only way to resolve the rising armed violence.

Author: Jennifer M. Hazen | Jonas Horner Source: Hazen, J., 2007, 'Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective', Occasional Paper No. 20, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 88 pages (1.1 MB)
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What needs to be done to create a modern police service in Ghana? This study, from the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, shows that the police service in Ghana has not kept up with the country's evolution from a British colonial outpost to a modern, independent African democracy. During the years of political instability and military rule, police officers found themselves involved in politics in matters of policing. The government and civil society should now work together to create a democratic and transparent police service.

Author: The Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) Source: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007, 'The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Ghana', CHRI, Accra Size: 80 pages (1.1 MB)
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What policies make for successes and for failures in security sector reform (SSR) in post-war reconstruction situations? This book chapter, published by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria, critically examines the case of Sierra Leone, which undertook to rebuild state security with extensive international assistance. One of the principal arguments is that the process of SSR reform must be spearheaded and owned by Sierra Leoneans themselves in order to be sustainable.

Author: Osman Gibla Source: Gbla, O., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 13-36 Size: 24 pages (163 kB)
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What are the challenges of security sector (SSR) reform in West Africa? This Institute of Security Studies paper argues that challenges range from the concept of security to the freedom from dependency on the West in terms of strategic thinking and funding. The SSR agenda must concentrate on public safety, especially in urban areas. This will form a solid foundation for the internal stability that is needed for political, social and economic development.

Author: Ishola Williams Source: Williams, I., 2007, 'The Challenges of Security Sector Reform in West Africa', in ISS Monograph Series No. 135: Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, pp. 37-50 Size: 14 pages (107 kB)
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What are the challenges facing the development of a security sector reform (SSR) policy agenda for West Africa? This Workshop Report from the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre argues that while Africa happens to be the largest recipient of SSR programmes, it lacks its own SSR concept. The paper explores options and strategies for the design of a comprehensive SSR concept for West Africa. West African security sector reform must address security issues pertinent to the sub-region.

Author: John Mark Pokoo | Eunice Dadson Source: Opoku, J. et al., 2007, 'The Challenges of Developing a Policy Agenda for Security Sector Reform and Governance in West Africa', Workshop Report 5-6 June 2007, Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC), Accra Size: 12 pages (929 kB)
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This chapter in Justice as Prevention examines two approaches to personnel vetting in Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreement. It examines UN efforts to screen and certify the police, and the reappointment of judges and prosecutors by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils (HJPC). It argues that efforts to build public institutions to prevent the recurrence of abuses should generally not be limited to excluding abusers, but requires comprehensive institutional reform, including a full review of personnel.

Author: Alexander Mayer-Rieckh Source: Mayer-Rieckh, A., 2007, 'Vetting to Prevent Future Abuses: Reforming the Police, Courts, and Prosecutor's Offices in Bosnia and Herzegovina', Chapter 5 in Justice as Prevention: Vetting Public Employees in Transitional Societies, A. Mayer-Rieckh and P. de Greiff, (eds.), Social Science Research Council, New York Size: 41 pages (224KB)
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This Austrian Ministry of Defence report assesses the current functioning of the defence sector in Macedonia. Since 2001, Macedonia has enjoyed stable governments which have invested in the development of a reform process. However, economic and political constraints have made the reform process a lengthy affair. Preventing the influence of these constraints on the reform process in the future depends on the degree to which political stability can be sustained.

Author: Islam Yusufi Source: Yusufi, I., 2007, 'Republic of Macedonia: Defence Sector Assessment', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 137-160 Size: 27 pages (2784KB)
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What progress on police reform has occurred in Macedonia since independence? This analysis, published by the Austrian Ministry of Defence, argues that a period of intensive reforms is bringing progress within a longer-term programme of security sector reform (SSR). During the initial decade of independence, SSR seemed to some to represent mere security sector build-up. However, genuine, comprehensive reform has been apparent since 2001.

Author: Lidija Georgieva | DCAF Source: Georgieva, L., 2007, 'Police Reform in Macedonia', in Security Sector Governance in the Western Balkans: Self-Assessment Studies on Defence, Intelligence, Police and Border Management Reform, eds. A. H. Ebnöther, P.H. Fluri, and P. Jurekovic, National Defence Academy, Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence and DCAF in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, pp. 393-408 Size: 16 pages (2.7 MB)
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What are the implications of the massive growth of private security companies in Kenya? This article, published by the Journal of Contemporary African Studies, argues that government failures have driven the proliferation of private security companies (PSCs) over the past two decades. This booming industry may itself represent a security threat if the state does not work to devise and implement adequate regulation policies for it. Based on primary data from site visits and interviews, this overview of the private security industry provides an analysis of its growth and current workings.

Author: Kennedy A. Mkutu | Kizito Sabala Source: Mkutu, K., Sabala, K.,2007,Private Security Companies in Kenya and Dilemmas for Security', Journal of Contemporary African Studies,vol. 25, no. 3,pp 391-416 Size: 27 pages (166 kB)
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What progress did Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro make in security sector reform at the political, organisational and international levels between 2000 and 2006? What lessons do the experiences of these states have for security sector reform in general? How does international policy interact with local circumstancs in this area? This book uses the examples of Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro to examine the theory and practice of security sector reform in transforming societies. It argues that the experiences of these countries demonstrate the utility of the security sector reform concept, as well as some of its limitations.

Author: Timothy Edmunds Source: Edmunds, T., 2007, 'Security Sector Reform in Transforming Societies: Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro', Manchester University Press, Manchester Size: 11 pages ()
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How can sustainable peace be achieved in the Horn of Africa? This paper by the Institute for Security Studies argues that Security Sector Reform (SSR) is central to stability in the Horn. But any SSR strategy must be based on a thorough understanding of the regional and national contexts. This will require all stakeholders to work in a participative manner. Crude, incomplete analyses are unproductive and can undermine the whole process of reform.

Author: Medhane Tadesse Source: Tadesse, M., 2007, 'Overcoming Challenges for Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa', in Len le Roux and Yemane Kidane (eds) Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Monograph No 135, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria Size: 15 pages (100KB)
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Why has statebuilding in Somalia failed so often? This research from Davidson College suggests that the problem lies in the type of state that both external and local actors have so far sought to construct. Somalia needs to develop a mediated state in which a central government with limited power and capacity relies on a range of local authorities to execute core functions of government and mediate between local communities and the state.

Author: Ken Menkhaus Source: Menkahus, K., 2007, Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106 Size: 33 pages (361KB)
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While assumptions based on ethnic ties and availability of small arms suggest otherwise, arms trade between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan is modest. This Small Arms Survey report explores the influence of history, geography and recent conflict on the small arms trade on the border between the DRC and Sudan. Despite the current low demand for weapons, experience has shown that border communities remain vulnerable to the spillover effects of conflict and armed groups.

Author: Joshua Marks | Small Arms Survey Source: Marks, J., 2007, Border in Name Only: Arms Trafficking and Armed Groups at the DRC-Sudan Border, The Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva Size: 23 pages (1.33 KB)
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The totalitarian dictatorship that prevails in Eritrea does not permit a direct entry point for the implementation of security sector reform (SSR). This paper, published by the Institute for Security Studies, discusses current country conditions that impede SSR, regional security issues and examines Eritrean opposition as a possible SSR entry point. The best method for laying the groundwork for SSR in Eritrea is to advance democratic change internally, accompanied by international pressure for democratic elections.

Author: Herui T Bairu | Institute for Security Studies Source: Bairu, H., 2007, 'The security situation in Eritrea: Its implications for the region and its challenges to security sector reform', in L. Le Roux and Y. Kidane (eds), Challenges to Security Sector Reform in the Horn of Africa, Institute for Security Studies, Monograph Series, No. 135, Pretoria, pp. 53-74 Size: 96 pages (470.6 kB)
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What are the implications for northern Uganda of the International Criminal Court's decision to investigate and prosecute the leaders of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)? Why has civil society in northern Uganda not welcomed the ICC's investigation? This article from African Security Review examines the issue of justice in relation to the situation in northern Uganda. It argues that regardless of what happens with the ICC prosecution of the LRA, the problems of northern Uganda will remain.

Author: Karen Williams | African Security Review Source: Williams K., 2007, 'The Challenge and Meaning of Justice in Northern Uganda', Vol. 16, No. 1, African Security Review Size: 16 pages (158 kB)
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What factors contributed to the successful depoliticisation of Panama's security forces in the 1990s? This article from the Journal of Latin American Studies examines the public security reform process undertaken in Panama following the US invasion in 1989. It argues that explanations for the success or failure of reform are unlikely to be found solely in the design and implementation of the reforms. Broader political processes must be analysed in order to understand the dynamic that underpins public security reforms.

Author: Corinne Caumartin Source: Caumartin C., 2007, ''Depoliticisation' in the Reform of the Panamanian Security Apparatus', Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 107-132 Size: 26 pages ()
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Do private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) play a positive or negative role in Africa? How should Africa respond to the private security industry? This book from the Institute for Security Studies looks at the growth of the private security sector in Africa and how to respond to it. It argues that Africa must address the reality of private security and military companies operating on the continent.

Author: Sabelo Gumedze Source: Gumedze S., (ed.), 2007, 'Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation', Monograph 139, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 184 pages (968 kB)
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How prevalent is corruption in southern Africa? What measures have southern African states put in place to prevent corruption and how effective have they been? Between August and October 2007, Transparency International carried out a study of trends in corruption and measures to prevent it in seven southern African states. This briefing provides an overview of the findings from that study.

Author: Transparency International Source: 2007, 'Corruption risk analysis in Southern Africa', Transparency International Size: pages ()
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What factors have influenced the reintegration into society of ex-combatants from the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)? This monograph from the Institute for Security Studies assesses the reintegration of ex-UNITA combatants in three of the most contested provinces in Angola's civil war. It examines the relationship between reintegration, on the one had, and vulnerability, identity, social capital, sustainable livelihoods and political participation, on the other.

Author: J Gomes Porto | Imogen Parsons Source: Porto J.G., Parsons I., Alden C., 2007, 'From Soldiers to Citizens - The Social, Economic and Political Integration of UNITA Ex-Combatants', Monograph 130, Instutute for Security Studies Size: 171 pages (1.21 MB)
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Despite legal provisions requiring respect for human rights and police reforms to entrench such respect, human rights violations by the police continue with impunity in Angola. This paper, published by Amnesty International, documents human rights violations by Angolan police between 2005 and 2007 and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice. Angolan authorities and international agencies should strengthen police accountability mechanisms and create an independent oversight agency in order to end Angola's culture of impunity.

Author: www.amnesty.org Source: 2007, 'Above the law - Police Accountability in Angola', Amnesty International, AI Index: AFR12/005/2007 Size: 32 pages (178.25kB)
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How did the process of producing the South African White Paper on Defence of 1996 contribute to its impact? This case study from the Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform examines the drafting and consultation process for South Africa's White Paper on Defence. It argues that the White Paper is an example of well-designed and consultative security sector reform (SSR).

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan L., 2007, 'South African Case Study: Inclusive SSR Design and the White Paper on Defence' in Nathan L., (ed.), 'No Ownership, No Commitment: A guide to local ownership of Security Sector Reform' Size: 6 pages (1.91 MB)
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What are the policy challenges facing the Indonesian government in its aim of fully financing the military from the governmental budget? This book from the Brookings institution Press focuses on two factors: (a) off-budget revenue-generating activities that enable the armed forces to act independently of the government; and (b) popular pressure to keep the military's share of the central government budget low. The funds generated by the armed forces' business activities are much smaller than is commonly believed, but achieving on-budget financing for the military remains a complex undertaking.

Author: Lex Rieffel | Jaleswari Pramodhawardani Source: Rieffel L., Pramodhawardani J., 2007, 'Out of Business and on Budget: The Challenge of Military Financing in Indonesia', Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Size: 147 pages ()
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How can statebuilding be improved? This paper from the University of California argues that successful statebuilding may be possible if the international community adopts a new framework. It presents a relational concept, using Somalia and Somaliland as case studies, and identifies alternative ways to rebuild state legitimacy.

Author: David Lake Source: Lake D., 2007, 'Building Legitimate States After Civil Wars: Order, Authority, and Institutions', University of California, San Diego Size: 95 pages (902KB)
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What are the key challenges for peacekeeping operations? How might these be overcome? This paper from the International Peace Academy argues that peacekeeping should be thought of as a strategic tool, rather than a strategy, since it is not an end in itself. Many current peacekeeping missions are expected to carry out a mixture of protection, peacebuilding, and counter-insurgency. They require hybrid approaches that need to be better coordinated. A doctrine for 'peace enforcement' as the use of robust force for limited purposes must be developed.

Author: Richard Gowan | Ian Johnstone Source: Gowan, R. and Johnstone, I., 2007, 'New Challenges for Peacekeeping: Protection, Peacebuilding and the "War on Terror"', Working Paper, Coping with Crisis series, International Peace Academy Size: 26 pages (1.16MB)
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The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) initiative can play a crucial role in South-South cooperation in addressing conventional non-traditional security threats in the contemporary global order. This essay, published by the Centre for Policy Studies-Johannesburg, examines the challenges facing South Africa in its efforts to secure regional security and as an IBSA contributor. South Africa's future leadership role will depend upon the ability of regional political elites to balance addressing international and regional obligations while responding to critical domestic issues.

Author: M. Soko | Centre for Policy Studies-Johannesburg Source: Soko, M., 2007, 'IBSA Regional Security Dimensions: The South African Perspective', Policy: Issues and Actors, vol, 20, no. 6, Centre for Policy Studies, Johannesburg Size: 22 pages (294 kB)
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In the aftermath of the 2006 Israeli-Hezbollah War in Lebanon, the Gulf States and Jihad Al Bina, Hezbollah's reconstruction wing, undertook significant post-war reconstruction activities. This article from Conflict, Security and Development examines the extent to which these reconstruction activities constitute an alternative to the liberal peace. While they do not have the critical mass or ambition to constitute a fully-fledged alternative, they reveal limitations in the liberal peace approach to reconstruction.

Author: Roger MacGinty Source: MacGinty, R. 2007. 'Reconstructing Post-War Lebanon: A Challenge to the Liberal Peace?', Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.457 - 482 Size: 27 pages (184 KB)
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Because governments are weak or a new state must be constituted after hostilities, post-conflict countries often need assistance in restoring governance and carrying out reconstruction. International assistance organisations are crucial to helping governments increase their capacity to perform essential functions during post-conflict recovery. This book, from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), examines the challenges of restoring effective governance in crisis and post-conflict countries. Because the challenges facing these countries are complex and varied, governments and international organisations cannot rely on universally applicable approaches to restoring governance.

Author: Dennis A. Rondinelli | UNDP Source: United Nations, 2007, 'The Challenges of Restoring Governance in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries', UN Publication, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/101, New York, USA Size: 168 pages (923 KB)
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The rule of law must be addressed as part of any effort to prevent, manage or resolve conflict. This report, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, argues that local stakeholders should be given as much authority as possible in establishing the rule of law. Although the shape and pace of reform will vary in different areas of the justice and security sector, popular and political acceptance is indispensable to all stages of the transition in order for it to be consolidated.

Author: Annika S. Hansen | Sharon Wiharta Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S. (2007). 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Policy Report', Research Report Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 74 pages (343KB)
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How should local ownership be promoted as part of justice and security sector reform? This handbook, by the Folke Bernadotte Academy, suggests ways of putting the principle of local ownership into practice. Transferring the responsibility for rule of law to local stakeholders is complicated but essential. It is important to build the capacity of local people to drive change and sustain efforts to strengthen the rule of law.

Author: Annika S. Hansen, Sharon Wiharta, Bjørn R. Claussen, Stian Kjeksrud Source: Hansen, A.S. and Wiharta, S with Claussen, B. R. and Kjeksrud, S., 2007, 'The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Practitioners' Guide', Handbook Series, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Sweden Size: 82 pages (1.2 MB)
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How can economy-related activities help to address the factors that undermine sustainable peace? This report from International Alert centres on economic recovery in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Efforts are needed to promote job creation and shared income-generating opportunities, as well as to address the drivers of conflict and fragility, if long-term economic recovery is to be realised. In order to ensure that assistance contributes positively to transformational peacebuilding, donors must be prepared to bear high transaction costs, particularly in terms of staff on the ground and longer time frames.

Author: International Alert Source: International Alert, 2007, 'Peacebuilding in Eastern DRC: Improving EU Support for Economic Recovery', International Alert, London Size: 32 pages (368 KB)
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Terrorism is an urban phenomenon, with states undergoing rapid urbanisation under an increased risk. Historically youth bulges, in conjunction with rapid urbanisation, has been an important contributor to political violence; especially where unemployment and poverty exist. The existence of youth bulges significantly increases the risk of conflict. However, no thorough review exists over government targeted programmes aimed at mitigating the security risk posed by youth bulges. More research is therefore required over youth bulges, political violence and remedial policies; particularly in regards to urban settings.

Author: Henrik Urdal Source: Urdal, H., 2007, 'The Demographics of Political Violence: Youth Bulges, Insecurity and Conflict' in Too Poor for Peace? Global Poverty, Conflict and Security in the 21st Century, eds. L. Brainard and D. Chollet, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 90-100 Size: 11 pages (79.5)
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What efforts have outside actors made to promote democracy in Bangladesh? Do these efforts help and are they legitimate? This paper from the Asiatic Society surveys the state of knowledge on the efforts of external actors to promote democracy in Bangladesh. It argues that the experience of Bangladesh can offer vital lessons for bringing about democratic transitions and consolidating democracy in Muslim nations.

Author: John Barkdull Source: Barkdull J., 2007, 'Democracy promotion in Bangladesh: the role of outside actors', Asiatic Society Size: pages ()
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Bhutan's draft constitution indicates that the King continues to structure his country for his own gain and neglects the welfare of citizens. This paper, published by the Druk National Congress (DNC), argues that current democratisation efforts in Bhutan are designed to continue absolute royal and elite control. All citizens need to assert their rights and appeal to the King to incorporate every level of society in legal provisions to build a constitutional monarchy.

Author: Druk National Congress | Rongthong Kunley Dorji Source: Druk National Congress, 2007, 'Bhutan: on a democratic path?', Druk National Congress, New Dehli Size: 7 pages (101kB)
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What are the necessary steps to guarantee the success of the structural reforms adopted by government of Sri Lanka in an attempt to consolidate peace, enhance economic growth, promote investment by the private sector and reduce poverty? This project information document (PID) of the World Bank provides the outline of the second legal and judicial reforms project initiated by the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The PID provides the background into the issue of judicial reform in Sri Lanka and offers reasons as to the rationale behind the World Bank's involvement. It concludes with identified areas in which the World Bank could offer its support to the government of Sri Lanka with its structural reform process.

Author: World bank | Sriyani Hulugalle Source: World Bank, 2007, 'Second Legal and Judicial Reforms Project', World Bank, Report No.: AB2834. Size: 4 pages (16.8KB)
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How has the Sri Lanka legal system become dysfunctional? How and why has Sri Lanka become ranked for the second year 25th in the failed state index? This book focuses on Sri Lanka's dysfunctional legal system. The authors argue that the failure of the rule of law has diminished the Sri Lankan legal system to a dysfunctional state. The book's conclusion emphasise on a need to recreate in a context where there is nothing left to recover.

Author: Jasmine Joseph (ed.) Source: Joseph J. (ed.), 2007, 'Sri Lanka's Dysfunctional Criminal Justice System', Asian Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, China Size: 78 pages (650KB)
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Although the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is the most competent, best- trained army in Southeast Asia, it suffers from serious ethnic, gender and training weaknesses. This Armed Forces & Society paper examines institutional issues that reduce SAF effectiveness and professionalism and prevent it from realising its full potential. The SAF should make better use of the minority Malay population, increase opportunities for women and institute major reforms of its promotion and training policies.

Author: Sean P. Walsh Source: Walsh S.P., 2007, 'The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces', Armed Forces and Society, Volume 33 (2): 265-285. Size: 22 pages ()
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To what extent have peace agreements incorporated mechanisms for dealing with justice issues? This study from the Centre for Humanitarian dialogue analyses 77 verified peace processes from around the world between 1980 and 2006. Negotiating justice is a complex and difficult process, especially within a peace agreement involving a whole range of additional issues.

Author: Dr Leslie Vinjamuri | Aaron P Boesenecker Source: Vinjamuri, L. and Boesenecker, A., 2007, 'Accountability and Peace Agreements: Mapping Trends from 1980 to 2006', Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva Size: 56 pages (315 KB)
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How can Sudan address the critical environmental issues that threaten its prospects for long-term peace, food security and sustainable development? This report from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) argues that the sustainable management of the country's natural resources is part of the solution. This requires a deep understanding of environmental issues in the culture, policies, plans and programmes of the Government of Sudan and its international partners.

Author: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Source: UNEP, 2007, 'Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment Report', Synthesis Report, United Nations Environmental Project, Nairobi Size: 16 pages (1.8 MB)
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What is hindering Bangladesh's efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? What can the UK Department for International Development (DfID) do to assist Bangladesh? This Saferworld document is a Country Assistance Plan which emphasises the need to associate security, armed violence and development. This briefing highlights the security and development concerns of Bangladeshi communities and emphasises how a failure to tackle physical insecurity and armed violence will affect the Government's attempts to address poverty. The paper suggests key points that need to be reflected in DfID's new Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan (CAP) to support efforts by the Government of Bangladesh to achieve the MDGs.

Author: Rosey Cave Source: Cave R., 2007, 'Bangladesh Country Assistance Plan: linking security, armed violence and development', Saferworld, UK Size: 5 pages (68.62KB)
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What factors promote or hamper Security Sector Reform (SSR) planning and implementation in West Africa? Why has the donor-led focus on formal organisations proven ineffective? This study analyses the interaction between formal organisations and informal networks in the Mano River Basin (MRB). It finds that all socio-economic and social-political action in the MRB is carried out through informal networks. A comprehensive approach to security in the region needs to include a wide range of partners and actors, including 'Big Men' who have unofficial authority.

Author: Magnus Jörgel | Mats Utas Source: Jörgel, M. and Utas, M., 2007, 'The Mano River Basin Area: Formal and Informal Security Providers in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone', Swedish Defence Research Agency, Stockholm Size: 113 pages (3.5 MB)
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The African Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policy Framework, developed by the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) aims to ensure that the peace, security, humanitarian and development dimensions of African post-conflict reconstruction systems should be directed towards a common objective. In this context, this paper published by the German Development Institute examines the challenges facing post-conflict reconstruction systems in Africa, focusing on the new interfaces between security and development. The paper finds that a more coherent post-conflict reconstruction strategy is required.

Author: Jakkie Cilliers Source: Cilliers, J., 2006, 'New Interfaces between Security and Development', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S.,. Bonn, Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 13 pages (833 KB)
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How has our understanding of and approach to human security evolved in relation to the war on terrorism? This paper published by the German Development Institute explores human security as a technology of international governance, examining how the concept facilitates our understanding of populations living in ineffective states. It argues that the war on terrorism has deepened the interconnection between development and security, refocusing aid towards populations, regions and issues seen to present a risk to security.

Author: M. Duffield Source: Duffield, M., 2006, 'Human Security: Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror', New Interfaces between Security and Development: Changing Concepts and Approaches, Klingebiel, S., Bonn, DIE Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 13. Size: 28 pages (833 KB)
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What political, financial and logistical considerations are key to ensuring the success of Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes? This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies reviews the lessons learnt from the recent DDR process in Afghanistan. It argues that the programme was a relative success, supported by a unified control structure, flexible funding and strong national ownership. However, the programme also suffered from undue politicisation, unrealistic targets and an inadequate public information campaign.

Author: Peter Dahl Thruelsen Source: Thrueson, P. D., 2006, 'From Soldier to Civilian: Disarmament Demobilisation Reintegration in Afghanistan', DIIS Report 2006, no. 7, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. Size: 60 pages (607 kB)
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How can a citizen-centred approach to development build effective states by improving relations between state and society? This paper from the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability, gives an overview of current debates and analyses citizens' own views on these issues. It argues that a state's legitimacy is strengthened by civic participation, which often grows up around local issues, and can be empowered through donor support.

Author: Eyben, R. | Ladbury, S. Source: Eyben, R. and Ladbury, S., 2006, 'Building effective states: Taking a citizen's perspective', Development Research Centre, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Size: 28 pages (558 kB)
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How should international actors contribute to the support of justice and security in fragile states? This paper from the OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation analyses the providers, processes and objectives of fragile states' justice and security services, and reviews lessons learnt by donors in this area. It argues that international actors should take a multi-layered, context-specific approach to fragile states, developing the capacity of the state, but also enabling it to engage with non-state justice and security providers.

Author: OECD-DAC | Eric Scheye Source: Scheye, E., and McLean, A., 2006, 'Enhancing the delivery of justice and security in fragile states', OECD/DAC Network on Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation (CPDC) Size: 54 pages (358 kB)
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What national security challenges does the United States face? How will it mitigate those threats through economic policy, military action, diplomatic engagement and domestic institutional reform? This paper from the US National Security Council explores international development and security trends as they impact upon US national interests. It outlines Washington's policy to address poverty, regional instability and terrorism by expanding free trade, promoting democracy, developing cooperative alliances and disabling terrorist networks.

Author: National Security Council (USA) Source: National Security Council, 2006, 'The National Security Strategy of the United States of America', National Security Council, Washington D.C. Size: 54 pages (653 kB)
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What new challenges confront civilian crisis response programmes? How has the European Union's (EU's) response met these challenges? This paper from the Crisis Management Initiative outlines the new risks and opportunities faced by the crisis management community amid the proliferation in media coverage of worldwide crises. It argues that the EU's longstanding experience and wide-ranging capabilities leave it well-placed to contribute effectively to the increasingly important areas of peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction.

Author: K Rintakoski | M Setälä Source: Rintakoski, K., Setala, M. and Ricci, A., 2006, 'From Needs to Solutions: Enhancing the Civilian Crisis Management Capacity of the European Union', CMI, Helsinki Size: 9 pages (301 KB)
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How effectively has the international community dealt with (re)construction of the security sector in countries facing international engagement following severe conflict? This paper, for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), evaluates (re)construction efforts in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Kosovo, Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste. It is argued that external actors have tended to take a limited approach to the security sector. They have focused on the efficiency of security institutions while neglecting managerial and governance capacity.

Author: David M Law Source: Law, D., 2006, 'The Post-Conflict Security Sector', Policy Paper 14, DCAF, Geneva Size: 17 pages (217KB)
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How did the manner in which the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was negotiated contribute to its failure to establish peace? This article, by the Crisis States Research Centre of the London School of Economics, examines the process of negotiations that took place between November 2005 and May 2006 in Abuja, Nigeria, leading to the signing of the DPA. It argues that the deadlines imposed by officials and the intransigence of the parties at the talks prevented effective mediation and contributed to the failure of the DPA to achieve peace. Ending civil wars requires patience and peace agreements have to be shaped and owned by the parties, not forced upon them.

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2006, 'No Ownership, No Peace: The Darfur Peace Agreement', Working Paper, Crisis States Research Centre Size: 21 pages (186 KB)
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What factors have led to the failure of the international mission in Afghanistan to achieve its objectives of security and stability? Five years after their removal from power, the Taliban are back and have substantial support and effective military control over half of Afghanistan. This report from The Senlis Council argues that prioritising a narrow militaristic agenda over cooperation and development has left the fundamental problems of poverty and instability unaddressed.

Author: The Senlis Council Source: The Senlis Council, 2006, 'Afghanistan Five Years Later: The Return of the Taliban', The Senlis Council, London Size: pages ()
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What is the most effective form of aid for countries undergoing the immediate transition from war to peace? Can direct cash transfers to ex-combatants be successfully employed as part of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages? This Overseas Development Institute paper examines empirical evidence of cash transfer programmes in West Africa. It argues that cash transfers can indeed be a successful tool when used in the immediate 'reinsertion', or post-demobilisation stage of the transition process. However, success depends on appropriate choices on how to implement the cash transfer package. Inappropriate implementation can have negative implications for local, national and regional security and development.

Author: Sigrid Willibald Source: Willibald, S., 2006, 'Does Money Work? Cash Transfers to Ex-combatants in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Processes', Disasters, vol. 30 pp. 316-339, September Size: pages (1.7 MB)
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Why has reliance on private security companies (PSCs) and private military companies (PMCs) become so extensive in Africa in the past decade? What implications does the privatisation of security and military functions have for the state and the state system? This paper from the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) argues that military functions should not be delegated to private agents. Examining the dangers and advantages of using PSCs and PMCs, it argues that they undermine state legitimacy and authority. It is therefore dangerous and short-sighted for states and international organisations to use them without considering their impact on states and the state system.

Author: Michelle Small Source: Small, M., 2006, 'Privatisation of Security and Military Functions and the Demise of the Modern Nation-State in Africa', Occasional Paper Series: vol. 1, no. 2, The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), Durban Size: 44 pages (256 KB)
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Global arms trading will soon reach record levels, yet as weapons production has become more globalised, national regulations are insufficient to prevent unlawful use. What needs to be done to ensure that the burgeoning trade in arms is properly contained? This report by Amnesty International, the International Network on Small Arms, and Oxfam International is part of the 'Control Arms' campaign. It argues that there is an urgent need for a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty that will create minimum global standards for arms transfers.

Author: Edmund Caims Source: Amnesty International, 2006, 'Arms Without Borders: Why a Globalised Trade Needs Global Controls', Amnesty International, IANSA, and Oxfam International Size: 42 pages (250 MB)
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Local ownership is imperative for successful security sector reform (SSR), although the principle is frequently breached in practice. This paper, commissioned by the UK Government's Global Conflict Prevention Pool, aims to contribute to operationalising donors' policy commitment to local ownership of SSR. Incorporating planning and diagnostic tools, it argues that SSR programmes must be flexible and responsive to local actors and conditions. Local ownership must be the primary objective for developing a process-oriented approach to SSR that empowers local actors, thereby increasing the chance of long-term success.

This paper has now been superseded by 'No Ownership, No Commitment: A Guide to Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform' (Nathan,L., May 2007).

Author: Laurie Nathan Source: Nathan, L., 2006, 'Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform: A Guide for Donors', Department for International Development, September Size: 65 pages (184 kB)
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What lessons have been learnt in the area of rule of law reform? This literature review from the World Bank provides an overview of common operational initiatives and policy approaches and synthesises the key challenges faced in fragile and post-conflict states. It concludes that, despite two decades of experimenting, the field lacks a common agreement on - the goals of rule of law reform, how different aspects should be sequenced to avoid them working against each other and what sorts of strategies are effective.

Author: Kirsti Samuels Source: Samuels, K., 2006, 'Rule of Law Reform in Post-Conflict Countries: Operational Initiatives and Lessons Learnt', Social Development Papers, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, Paper No. 37, October Size: pages ()
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The link between transitional justice and security sector reform (SSR), although acknowledged, has not been sufficiently explored. This article by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) attempts to establish that they can mutually affect each other in numerous ways. This can have both positive and negative impacts upon long-term reform and sustainable peace. It also evaluates the merits and challenges faced by transitional justice mechanisms and argues for a complimentary approach to transitional justice.

Author: Eirin Mobekk Source: Mobbek, E., 2006, 'Transitional Justice and Security Sector Reform: Enabling Sustainable Peace', DCAF, Geneva Size: 99 pages (1166 kB)
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What lessons can we learn from the conflict in Darfur? This paper from Minority Rights International analyses events in the terms of structural and operational conflict prevention. It argues that the catalogue of political and institutional failures before and during the civil war indicates a need to address minority rights issues at every stage of conflict prevention. Institutional improvements in conflict prevention and early warning mechanisms will help avoid repeating the mistakes of Darfur in the future.

Author: Sharath Srinivasan Source: Srinivasan, S., 2006, 'Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur', Minority Rights Group International, London Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Why is it so difficult to translate an awareness of gender injustice into workable plans for post-conflict reconstruction? Evidence shows that while women are largely absent from formal peace negotiations, they do make a significant contribution at the grassroots level. Yet this gender awareness has not been incorporated into practice. This paper from the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) draws on African feminism to argue for a balanced position between cultural relativism and a 'one size fits all' solution to this problem.

Author: Heidi Hudson Source: Hudson, H., 2006, 'Human security and peacebuilding through a gender lens', Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Working Paper no. 2006/ 37 Size: 2 pages ()
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How can we bridge the gap between policy and practice in Security Sector Reform (SSR)? This Demos report presents the results from a workshop attended by the SSR Strategy Team in 2006. It aims to identify gaps between policy and practice and recommends practical ways forward by taking into consideration participants' experience in the field. The overriding theme to emerge is the need to strengthen the policy-practice nexus and to ameliorate the flow of information between the 'centre' and the field.

Author: Charlie Edwards | Sophie Middlemiss Source: Edwards, C. & Middlemiss, S., 2006, 'Closing the Gap: Creating a shared vision of security sector reform', DEMOS, London Size: 26 pages (1.9 MB)
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Why has Security Sector Reform (SSR) emerged as a key area for research and policy? How has SSR research and practice evolved, particularly since the 9/11 attacks? What research efforts have been made in the area of SSR? This paper charts the emergence of the SSR policy agenda and examines how it has evolved over time. Critically, there is a disjuncture between SSR policy as articulated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC), international security assistance programmes, and the needs of developing countries.

Author: Nicole Ball | Dylan Hendrickson Source: Ball, N. & Hendrickson, D., 2006, 'Trends in Security Sector Reform (SSR): Policy, Practice and Research', International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottowa Size: 43 pages (273 kB)
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What are the opportunities and ways forward for the EU in implementing Security Sector Reform (SSR) approaches? This article from the European Security Review considers SSR as a key framework of action for the EU to have a major impact worldwide in the decades to come. However, certain risks, such as the lack of resources and a misunderstanding of the approach, need to be addressed to ensure that policy is translated into tangible activity.

Author: Damien Helly Source: Helly, D., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform: From Concept to Practice', International Security Information Service (ISIS), European Security Review No. 31, Brussels Size: 4 pages (64 kB)
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What effect have attempts to alter the Security Sector Reform (SSR) agenda to meet immediate security challenges had on the overall state-building project in Afghanistan? This article by Mark Sedra provides an interim assessment of the SSR process and evaluates the strength of the foundations that it has set for the sector. The country's precarious political balance, depressed national economy and volatile security situation have created a difficult environment in which to implement SSR.

Author: Mark Sedra Source: Sedra, M., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan: The Slide Towards Expediency', International Peacekeeping, Vol. 13, No.1, pp.94-110. Size: 18 pages (139kb)
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Since the late 1990s, discussions amongst donors concerning development have increasingly focussed on Security Sector Reform (SSR). This is due to the potentially negative effects on security, wealth and democracy that a corrupt or inefficient security sector can have. This paper, by Catalina Perdomo, examines the arguments underlying the scepticism of donor and recipient countries and development agencies towards the SSR agenda. It uses the cases of the United States' assistance to Colombia and the United Kingdom's assistance to Sierra Leone as examples. In doing so, the paper suggests some ways to limit the potential negative impacts of supporting SSR.

Author: Catalina Perdomo Source: Perdomo, C., 2006, 'International Assistance for Security Sector Reform', Oasis 2006-07, núm. 12, Centro de Investigaciones y Proyectos Especiales, CIPE, Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales. Universidad Externado de Colombia, pp. 77-117, Colombia Size: 42 pages (266 kB)
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What challenges are faced by the European Union (EU) in terms of its future engagements in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)? This concept from the EU is based on lessons learned in the International Community. It aims at ensuring a common understanding with potential partners and includes clear principles for EU support and measures for strengthening the Union's work in this area.

Author: Source: European Union, 2006, 'EU Concept for support to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)', European Commission and Council of the European Union, Brussels Size: 27 pages (116 kB)
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How and to what extent is progress required for arms transfer controls in the western Balkans? This report from Saferworld is based on a detailed assessment of existing national controls (examines Albania; Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia; and the UN administered territory of Kosovo) and concludes with a series of recommendations for national governments and the international community. Whilst progress is evident in all states and entities covered, there are in all cases areas for improvement.

Author: Roy Isbister | Jacqueline Macalesher Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Analysis of National Legislation on Arms Exports and Transfers in the Western Balkans', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 118 pages (1MB)
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What role can parliaments play in small arms and light weapons (SALW) control? What instruments are available to parliamentarians to address SALW issues? This handbook from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) provides guidance for parliamentarians on SALW issues. It suggests ways in which parliaments and parliamentarians can perform their representative, legislative and oversight roles to influence national SALW control policies. Annexes provide specific recommendations for parliamentarians and SALW country summaries for the Western Balkans, as well as summaries of international SALW instruments and frameworks.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Parliamentary Handbook', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 36 pages (1.65 MB)
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How have internal conflicts affected the distribution and impact of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in Moldova? What effect does Moldova's constitutional arrangement have on its capacity to address SALW issues? This survey from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) examines the small arms situation in Moldova.

Author: David Wood Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'SALW Survey of Moldova', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 169 pages (5.79 MB)
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What are the options for disposing of heavy weapons systems and what factors need to be taken into account when considering those options? This paper from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) outlines options for disposing of heavy weapons. It concludes that demilitarisation by dismantling and recycling is the best option for disposing of the majority of heavy weapons systems.

Author: Adrian Wilkinson Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Defence Conversion - The Disposal and Demilitarization of Heavy Weapon Systems (2nd edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 35 pages (654 kB)
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Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards/Guidelines (RMDS/G) provide a framework for small arms and light weapons (SALW) control activities in south-eastern Europe. This guide from the South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SEESAC) defines the role of RMDS/G and establishes principles for their use in SALW control activities.

Author: SEESAC Source: SEESAC, 2006, 'Guide to Regional Micro-Disarmament Standards / Guidelines (RMDS/G) and SALW control measures (4th edition)', South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Belgrade Size: 28 pages (563 kB)
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While peace and justice advocates share ultimate goals, the short-term concerns and tactics of practitioners in the two fields may differ dramatically. This paper by Hurst Hannum argues that the two disciplines need to build on their shared values of impartiality, independence and concern for the less powerful while maintaining the distinctive features of each approach. Collaboration between the two disciplines is feasible, particularly as the international community increases its knowledge of the limits and possibilities of outside intervention.

Author: Hurst Hannum Source: Hannum, H., 2006, 'Peace versus Justice: Creating Rights as well as Order out of Chaos', International Peacekeeping, Vol.13, No.4, pp.582-595. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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Without a coherent and collaborative national security strategy, the United Kingdom (UK) can not respond effectively to the challenges of the 21st century. Author Charlie Edwards catalogues the weaknesses in the UK's current responses to internal and external threats and makes the case for a new national security framework. A more contemporary security strategy would address blurred boundaries between domestic and international politics, develop a framework for bureaucratic collaboration, and provide clarity of vision for both government and citizens.

Author: Charlie Edwards Source: Edwards, C., 2006, 'The case for a national security strategy', DEMOS, London Size: 2 pages (24.0 KB)
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Divisions, rivalries and fragmentation of authority in the international community constitute as big an obstacle to peacebuilding as division and incoherence in war-torn nation states. Authored by Barnett R Rubin, this paper examines attempts to rebuild the Afghan state that illustrate the deficiencies of aid and assistance programmes as currently practiced by international institutions. Peacebuilding mechanisms proposed by the United Nations (UN) Secretary General's High-level Panel would bring order to the array of actors currently involved in international peacebuilding.

Author: Barnett R Rubin Source: Rubin, B. R., 2006, 'Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan: constructing sovereignty for whose security?', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 175 - 185, London Size: 2 pages (33.5 kB)
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What does cooperation between peacekeeping forces and aid agencies entail in practice? This report from Cordaid considers civil-military relations, with a focus on Afghanistan and Liberia. It aims to assist policymakers and practitioners in developing adequate strategies. Closer interaction between military and civil actors is a logical consequence of current developments in the international arena and humanitarian and development sector. Aid agencies, donors and the military need to remain aware of these contextual developments and to reflect on their implications.

Author: Stefan van Laar | Bart Klem Source: Ferks, G., Klem, B., van Laar, S. & van Klingeren, M., 2006, 'Principles and Pragmatism: Civil-Military Action in Afghanistan and Liberia', Cordaid, Den Haag, Netherlands Size: pages ()
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While donors and the academic community are paying increased attention to civil society, few studies examine security sector reform (SSR) and governance from a civil society perspective. This paper by Marina Caparini and Philipp Fluri is the first chapter of a book that explores the nexus between civil society and the security sector. Using conceptual perspectives and studies of central and east european countries (CEE), the book provides a detailed analysis of civil society actors in CEE and its current relationship with the security sector.

Author: Marina Caparini | Philipp Fluri Source: Caparini,M. & Fluri,P., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini,M., Fluri,P. & Molnar,F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.1. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Civilian democratic control of security institutions in the 21st century will require a dual approach that includes both institution building and support of civil society organisations (CSOs). This paper by Johanna Mendelson Forman argues that donor security sector reform (SSR) programmes need to involve non-traditional actors who can support and translate concepts of security to the local level. Long-term development of democratic states will be impossible unless reformed security sectors improve the economic, political and social well-being of the people.

Author: Johanna Mendelson Forman Source: Forman, J., 2006, 'Security Sector Reform - What Role for Civil Society?', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.2. Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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It is essential that governments include civil society as a full partner in the democratisation of security sector governance. This paper, authored by Nicole Ball, discusses the roles civil society can play in the democratisation of security. Despite the improved capacity of civil society to influence governments in general, there are significant challenges to the development of an integrated, effective civil-military relationship.

Author: Nicole Ball Source: Ball, N., 2006, 'Civil Society Actors in Defence and Security Affairs', in Civil Society and the Security Sector: Concepts and Practices in New Democracies, eds. Caparini, M., Fluri, P. & Molnar, F., DCAF, Geneva, Ch.4. Size: 2 pages (23.0 KB)
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Does environmental scarcity cause civil conflict? This paper by Helga Malmin Binningsbø, Indra de Saysa and Nils Petter Gleditsch reports the findings of a study exploring the correlation between the scarcity of natural resources and the presence of conflict or peace. Contrary to the argument that scarcer natural resources propel societies to compete with each other, the study finds that the ecological footprint - the consumption of natural resources - is positively correlated with peace.

Author: Helga Malmin Binningsbo | Indra de Soysa Source: Binningsbø,H., Soysa,I. & Gleditsch,N., 2006, 'Green Giant or Straw Man? Environmental Pressure and Civil Conflict, 1961-99', Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway & Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW) at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) Size: 2 pages (23.5 KB)
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In every successful case of peaceful and democratic conflict avoidance in the world, minority communities have been included and protected by the legislative process. This report by Minority Rights Group International focuses on the electoral system and makes a number of recommendations for best practice in minority representation and electoral system design. The participation of minorities in the legislative process at the stage of electoral reform is a key tool, both in peace building and in future conflict prevention.

Author: Andrew Reynolds Source: Reynolds, A., 2006, 'Electoral Systems and the Protection and Participation of Minorities', Report, Minority Rights Group International, London Size: 36 pages (364 KB)
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While international organisations have concluded that principles of Public Finance Management (PFM) are applicable to all areas of national budgets, few reviews of PFM systems have included the security sector. This report, authored by Peter Middlebrook, Rima Simpson and Karene Melloul, examines a recent World Bank review of Afghanistan's national budget vis-à-vis inclusion of security sector expenditures. Full application of PFM principles in post-conflict national budgets is key to establishing an accountable security sector.

Author: Peter Middlebrook | Rima Simpson Source: Melloul, K., Middlebrook,P. & Simpson,R., 2006 'Post Conflict Security Sector & Public Finance Management', Social Development Report No. 24, World Bank, Washington DC, USA Size: 2 pages (26.5 kB)
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